Ce 315 RCC Ii

DESIGN OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES II
CE 315
European University of Bangladesh

Mid Term
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CE 317- Design of Concrete Structure – II
Instructor: Dr. E. R. Latifee
Suggested Text Books:
1. “Design of. Reinforced Concrete”- Jack C. McCormac, Clemson University Russell H. Brown. Clemson University.
2.”Design of Concrete Structures”- Arthur H. Nilson. Professor Emeritus. College of Engineering. (Cornell
University) David Darwin (University of Kansas), Charles Dolan (University of Wyoming)
What is Design?
Design is to come up with the size and the detailed specifications, dimensions of the particular
member or structure, so that it will be sufficient to withstand the influences of dead loads, live
loads etc.
What is Analysis?
Analysis of a beam/column refers to finding out the capacity of that member given the
dimensions and other properties. Also, Analysis of a member/structure can be to find out the
effect, such as stress, strain due to external loads on all or part of it.
Structural Analysis- A detailed evaluation intended to assure that the deformations will be
sufficiently below allowable values that structural failure will not occur.
What is the difference between Stress and Strength?
Stress = Any Load/Cross sectional area
Strength= Failure Load/ Cross sectional area
What is Concrete?
Concrete is the world’s single most widely used construction material and after water, it is the
most consumed (used) material on earth.
Concrete: According to ASTM C125 “a composite material that consists essentially of a binding
medium within which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregate; in hydraulic-cement
concrete, the binder is formed from a mixture of hydraulic cement and water.”
[ASTM C125 Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates]
What is Reinforced Concrete?
Reinforced concrete: Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile stress, very weak in
tension, only about ten percent of its compressive strength. Therefore reinforcement is
provided mainly to resist internal tensile forces. Also, reinforcement is provided in compression
zones to increase the compression capacity, enhance ductility, reduce long term deflections or
increase the flexural capacity for beams. Lateral reinforcement (stirrups, ties and hoops) are
used to resist shear stresses.
What is a Structure?
Structure is something, as a bridge or building that is built or constructed and designed to
sustain a load.
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Progress of Internal Micro-cracking in concrete: The Progress of Internal Micro-cracking in
concrete goes through various stages, which depend on the level of applied stress. It reflects
four stages of concrete behavior:
Stage 1:
Even before the application of external loads, microcracks already exist in the transition zone
between the matrix mortar and coarse aggregate.
The number and width of these cracks depend on:
 Bleeding characteristics
 Strength of ITZ (Interfacial Transition Zone)
 Curing history of concrete
 Below 30% of the ultimate load, the transition zone cracks remain stable.
Stage 2:
 Above 30% of f’c, as the stress increases, the ITZ microcracks begin to increase in length,
width and numbers.
 Until about 59% of the ultimate stress, a stable system of microcracks may be assumed
in ITZ.
 At 50 to 60% of f’c, cracks begin to form in the matrix.
Stage 3:
 Increase the stress up to 75% of f’c.
 The ITZ cracks become unstable.
 The cracking in the matrix will increase.
 At 75 to 80% of f’c the rate of strain energy release reaches the critical level necessary
for spontaneous crack growth.
Stage 4:
Above 75% of f’c bridging of cracks in matrix and ITZ
Figure: Diagrammatic representation of the stress-strain behavior of concrete under uniaxial

compression.
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CE 317- Design of Concrete Structure – II Instructor: Dr. E. R. Latifee
Assumptions for Flexure Theory and Two Way Slab

What are positive moment, negative moment and reinforcement regarding beam?
A moment that causes compression on top surface of a beam and tension on the bottom surface
will be called a positive moment. A moment that causes tension on top surface of a beam and
compression on the bottom surface will be called a negative moment. The steel provided in the
positive moment region is called positive reinforcement and the steel provided in the negative
moment region is called negative reinforcement.
Slab reinforcement: Main reinforcement: Used to resist bending moment due to Live and
dead load.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement: Used to prevent cracking from
shrinkage/contraction of the concrete due to water loss from concrete mass at different stages,
temperature variation and differential thermal gradient.
What are the assumptions for flexure theory in beam design?

There are three basic assumptions for flexure
I. Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending which are plane before bending remain
plane after bending.
II. The strain is in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same level.
III. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the strains using
stress- strain curves for concrete and steel.
Additional
IV. The tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural strength calculations (ACI sec.
10.2.5).
V. Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches a limiting value.
VI. The compressive stress strain relationship for concrete may be assumed to be rectangular,
trapezoidal, parabolic or any other shape that results in prediction of strength in
substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests (ACI 10.2.6).
Define Slab
Slab is a common term used to describe the structural elements such as floors and roofs where
the thickness of the element is very small compared to the length and width. Rectangular Slabs
are mainly two types: one-way and two-way.
One-way slab means the load is transferred in one direction, therefore, the bending occurs in one
direction only. When a rectangular slab is supported on all four sides, but the ratio of longer side,
L, to shorter side, S, is two or more, L/S ≥ 2.0, then the slab will act as a one-way slab, with
bending primarily occurring in the short direction. Such slabs are designed as one-way slabs
where the span length (Ln) is equal to the length of short direction.
Here, main reinforcement is placed in the shorter direction which is the span, while shrinkage
reinforcement is provided in the longer direction to limit cracking.
Note: Special case: When the slab is supported on two sides only, which is uncommon, the load
will be transferred to these sides regardless of its longer span to shorter span ratio, and it will be
classified as one-way slab.
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What is a Two Way Slab?

Two-way slab means the load is transferred in two directions, therefore, the bending occurs in
two directions. In this case, Long span/Short span is less than 2.0 or L/S< 2.
Figure: Two way slab (a) Bending of center strip, (b) grid model
Figure: Moment variations of a uniformly loaded slab with simple supports on four sides.
One way slab Two way slab
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Common Concrete Floor Systems

Types of slabs
Two way slab with beams
Figure: Grid or Waffle slab
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Others: Hole Deck
One available configuration of Holedeck. Image Concrete Slab System that claims to save up to 55%
Courtesy of Holedeck Concrete
Figure: Hollow Core Slabs from PCI
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318-14: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary-provides

minimum requirements for the materials, design, and detailing of structural concrete
buildings and, where applicable, nonbuilding structures. This Code addresses structural
systems, members, and connections, including cast-in-place, precast, plain,
nonprestressed, prestressed, and composite construction. Among the subjects covered
are: design and construction for strength, serviceability, and durability; load
combinations, load factors, and strength reduction factors; structural analysis methods;
deflection limits; mechanical and adhesive anchoring to concrete; development and
splicing of reinforcement; construction document information; field inspection and
testing; and methods to evaluate the strength of existing structures.
Strength Reduction Factors, F, of the ACI Code (ACI Section 9.3 of ACI 318)
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Types of slabs, Design of Slabs and Yield Line Theory
Different floor and roof slab types:

Floor and Roof Slab System
1. One way Slab Supported by

Monolithic Concrete Beam
2. One way Slab supported by Steel
Beam with shear connectors
3. One way Slab with cold form steel
decking as form and reinforcement
4. One way joist floor (also known as
ribbed slab)
5. Two way supported by edge beam
6. Flat Slab with column capital or
drop panel or both but without any
beam.
7. Flat Plate without column capital,
drop panel and without any beam.
8. Two way joist with or without
beams on the column line.
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Direct Design Method
In the Direct Design Method, the Static moment, M0, is calculated for each panel. This moment is
then divided between positive and negative moment regions using arbitrary moment coefficients
and the positive moments are adjusted to reflect pattern loadings. In the Elastic Frame Method,
all of this is accomplished by frame analyses.
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Equivalent frame method may be used in those cases where:
• slab layout is irregular and those not comply with the restrictions stated previously in Direct
Design Method
• where horizontal loading is applied to the structure
• where partial loading patterns are significant because of the nature of the loading
• high live load/dead load ratios.
Slab Analysis methods:

1. Elastic theory
2. Elastic-plastic analysis
– Finite element analysis (FEA)
3. Approximate methods of analysis
a. Direct design method
b. Equivalent frame method
c. Assignment of moments
4. Limit analysis ( essentially Plastic analysis)

– Yield Line Theory- – Lower & upper bound analysis
Yield Line Theory
Define yield line theory.

The theory is based on the principle that:
Work done in yield lines rotating = work done in loads moving
The yield line theory is largely based upon the yield lines that develop in any reinforced concrete
slab (rectangular, circular, square or any other geometrical shape in plan) before its final
collapse. This stage reaches under loads approaching collapse load or ultimate load that the
slab can carry. The collapse loads, movements and shears can be calculated from the crack
pattern developed in slab, under idealized support conditions and only uniformly distributed
loads.
Yield Line Design demands familiarity with failure patterns, i.e. knowledge of how slabs might
fail. This calls for a certain amount of experience, engineering judgement and confidence, none
of which is easily gained. Yield Line Design tends to be a hand method. This may be seen as both
an advantage and disadvantage. Each slab has to be judged on its merits and individually
assessed. The method allows complex slabs to be looked at in a simple way, and, in an age of
computers, it gives an independent method of analysis and verification. This is especially
important for those who are becoming disillusioned with the reliance placed on Finite Element
Analysis. They see a need to impart greater understanding and remind designers that reinforced
concrete does not necessarily behave in an elastic manner.
Yield Line Analysis: Yield line theory permits prediction of the ultimate load of a slab system by
postulating a collapse mechanism which is compatible with the boundary conditions. Slab
sections are assumed to be ductile enough to allow plastic rotation to occur at critical section
along yield lines.
1.Postulate a collapse mechanism compatible with the boundary conditions
2.Moment at plastic hinge lines ≈ Ultimate moment of resistance of the sections
3.Determine the ultimate load
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4.Redistributions of bending moments are necessary with plastic rotations.
What are the characteristic features of yield lines?

 Yield lines end at the supporting edges of the slab
 Yield lines are straight
 A yield line or yield line produced passes through the intersection of the axes of rotation
of adjacent slab
 Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of supports and pass over any columns.
Draw the typical yield line pattern for different slabs.
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Two Way Beam Supported Slab
References:
1. Design of. Reinforced Concrete, 2014, 9th Edition, ACI 318-11 Code Edition, by
Jack C. McCormac. Clemson University. Russell H. Brown. Clemson University
2. Design of Concrete Structures 14th Edition, 2009,
by Arthur H. Nilson. Professor Emeritus. College of Engineering. Cornell University,
David Darwin (University of Kansas), Charles Dolan (University of Wyoming)
3. Others
Types of slabs
Figure: Grid or Waffle slab
One way slab Two way slab
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Figure: Two way slab (a) Bending of center strip, (b) grid model
Figure: Moment variations of a uniformly loaded slab with simple supports on four sides.
Two way Slabs with Beams on All Sides:

The parameter used to define the relative stiffness of the beam and slab spanning in either
𝐄cb 𝐈b
direction is α, calculated from α = .
𝐄cs 𝐈s
In which Ecb and Ecs are the modulus of elasticity of the beam and slab concrete (usually the
same) and Ib and Is are the moments of inertia of the effective beam and the slab.
Then αm is defined as the average value of α for all beams on the edges of a given panel.
Minimum Thickness for two way slabs:
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Question: What are the ACI guidelines for the minimum thickness, h for slabs with beams
spanning between the supports on all sides?
span
**-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*--*-*
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(1) According to ACI code 9.5.3.3, for αm equal to or less than 0.2, the minimum thickness
of ACI Table 9.5(c): shall apply.
ACI Table 9.5(c): Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams

Without Drop Panels With Drop Panels
Yield Exterior Panels Interior Exterior Panels Interior
Stress fy, Panels Panels
psi Without With Edge Without With Edge
Edge Beamsa Edge Beamsa
Beams Beams
40,000 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36 ln/36 ln/40 ln/40
60,000 ln/30 ln/33 ln/33 ln/33 ln/36 ln/36
75,000 ln/28 ln/31 ln/31 ln/31 ln/34 ln/34
a
Slabs with beams along exterior edges. The value of α for the edge beam shall not be less than 0.8.
(2) For αm greater than 0.2 but not greater than 2.0, the slab thickness must not be less than
𝒇𝒚
𝒍𝒏 ⁡[𝟎.𝟖+ ]
𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
h= and not less than 5.0 inch….. (01)
𝟑𝟔+𝟓𝜷(𝛂𝐦 −𝟎.𝟐)
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(3) For αm greater than 2.0, the thickness must not be less than
𝒇𝒚
𝒍𝒏 ⁡[𝟎.𝟖+ ]
𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎
h= and not less than 3.5 inch….. (02)
𝟑𝟔+𝟗𝜷
where 𝑙𝑛 = clear span in long direction, inches
αm = average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel.
𝜷= ratio of clear span in long direction to clear span in short direction.
fy = Yield strength of steel in psi
Note: At discontinuous edges, an edge beam must be provided with a stiffness ratio α not less
than 0.8; otherwise the minimum thickness provided by Eq. (01) or (02) must be increased by at
least 10 percent in the panel with the discontinuous edge.
Additional Notes:
In all cases, slab thickness less than stated minimum may be used if it can be shown by
computation that deflections will not exceed the limit values of ACI Table 9.5 (b).
ACI Table 9.5 (b): Maximum allowable computed deflections

Type of member Deflection to be considered Deflection
Limitation
Flat roofs not supporting or attached Immediate deflection due to the live 𝑙
to nonstructural elements likely to be load (LL) 180
damaged by large deflections
Floors not supporting or attached to Immediate deflection due to the live 𝑙
nonstructural elements likely to be load (LL) 360
damaged by large deflections
Roof or floor construction supporting That part of the total deflection 𝑙
or attached to nonstructural elements occurring after attachment of the 480
likely to be damaged by large nonstructural elements (sum of the long-
deflections time deflection due to all sustained loads
Roof or floor construction supporting and the immediate deflection due to any 𝑙
or attached to nonstructural elements additional live load) 240
not likely to be damaged by large
deflections
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14
Flat Plate With Spandrel Beams* and Flat Slab
13
12 Flat Plate With Spandrel Beams*

Minimum Thickness h(inches)
11
10
Flat Plate
9
7
Two Way Beams Supported Slab(β=1)
5 Two Way Beam Supported Slab (β=2)
3
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Longer Clear Span (ft)
Finding the slab thickness for two way slab with edge beams
Approximate Alternate Method for determining the slab thickness for two way slab with
edge beams
For grade 60 steel, thickness, h, inches = P /160 [note: P=, Perimeter in inches]
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Example: The two-way slab shown in Figure below has been assumed to have a thickness of 7
in. Section A–A in the figure shows the beam cross section. Check the ACI equations to
determine if the slab thickness is satisfactory for an interior panel. f’c = 3000 psi, fy = 60,000
psi, and normal-weight concrete.
Solution:
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The following example was done by Mr. Naim Hassan, 3rd Year 2nd Semester Student of CE
Dept., AUST
10
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Calculation of Inertia for T beam-Example:
Alternate Design:
Design Procedure of Two-way Slabs using ACI Moment Coefficients:
Step 01: Determination of thickness of the slab panel.
Determine the thickness of the slab panel using previous article.
Step 02: Calculation of factored load.

Wu= 1.2*DL+1.6*LL
where DL= Total dead load (i.e.: Slab self weight, Floor finish, Partition wall, Plaster etc.)
LL= Live load.
Step 03: Determination of moment coefficients.

A
m=
B
where A= Shorter length of the slab.
B= Longer length of the slab.
Case type is identified from end condition. Using the value of ‘m’ corresponding moment
coefficients are obtained for respective ‘case type’ from corresponding tables. The co-efficients
are:
 CA neg and CB neg
 CA DL pos and CB DL pos
 CA LL pos and CB LL pos
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Step 04: Calculation of moments.
Positive moments:
+MA= CA DL×WDL×LA2+ CA LL×WLL×LA2;
+MB= CB DL×WDL×LB2+ CB LL×WLL×LB2.
Negative Moments:
-MA= CA , neg×WT×LA2;
-MB= CA , neg×WT×LB2;
WDL×LA2+ CA LL×WLL
WLL =Uniform Live load per unit area, WDL =Uniform Dead load per unit area
WT = Total Uniform load per unit area = WLL + WDL
Start with Max moment, M then,

𝑀
As= 𝑎
.9∗𝑓𝑦 ∗(𝑑− )
2
𝐴𝑠∗𝑓𝑦
Now, find a =0.85∗𝑓 ′ 𝑐∗𝑏
Then, do at least another trial, with new a, and find area of steel.
Last Updated: May 27, 2016
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Finding the slab thickness for two way slab with edge beams
Note:
Preliminary slab thickness may be taken as, h, inches = P /160 (for less than 19 ft longer span),
or P /145 (for more than 19 ft longer span) where, P = Perimeter, inches
Example 1:
The following example was done by Mr. Naim Hassan (13.02.03.048), AUST Batch 31, Student of
CE Dept., AUST
A two-way reinforced concrete building floor system is composed of slab panels measuring 16 x14
feet and supported by shallow column line beams width of 12 inches on all four sides , beams’
depth 12 inches below the slab. The slab is a typical interior slab. fy =60 ksi , f’c=3 ksi ;
Determine the minimum thickness of the slab.
Solution:
Here,
Perimeter = (16+14) x 12 x2 = 720 inch

720
So, Thickness of the slab, hf = = 4.5 inch
160
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼 𝑏
Now, 𝛼f = 𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
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Calculation of Is1 and Is3:
Value of Is1 and Is3 is same. Because B1 and B3 both are interior beam and for both cases, clear
span on transverse to the beam B1 and B3 are same
16𝑓𝑡 ×12𝑖𝑛𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑠×4.5𝑖𝑛𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑠 3
IS1, IS3 = = 1458 in4
12
Calculation of Is2 and Is4:
Value of Is2 and Is4 is same. Because B2 and B4 both are interior beam and for both cases, clear
span on transverse to the beam B2 and B4 are same.
14𝑓𝑡 ×12𝑖𝑛 .×4.5𝑖𝑛 .3

IS2, Is4 = = 1275.75 in4
12
bw+2hw≤bw+8hf → 12+2x12≤12+8x4.5
bw+2hw=36 in (ok)
for beam the centroid is,

4.5 12
36×4.5× +12×12×(4.5+ )
2 2
y = = 6.13 in
36×4.5+12×12
12×12 3 36×4.53
Ib = + 12x12x((4.5+12/2)-6.13)2 + + 36x4.5(4.5/2-6.13)2 = 7190.14 in4
12 12
𝐼𝑏 7190.14
𝛼m1,3= 𝐼 = = 4.93
𝑠1,3 1458
𝐼𝑏 7190.14
𝛼m2,4= 𝐼 = 1275 .75 = 5.64
𝑠2,4
4.93+4.93+5.64+5.64
𝛼mavg = = 5.29
4
𝑓𝑦 12 60000
𝑙 𝑛 (0.8+ ) (16− )×12(0.8+ )
200000 12 200000
Since 𝛼mavg>2 ; hmin= = 15 =4.27 inch say, 4.50 inch.
36+9𝛽 36+9×
13
Selected, Slab Thickness, h minimum= 4.50 inch
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Example 2: Determination of minimum thickness of a slab
The following Example was done by Md. Mahmudun Nobe, ID - 12.01.03.078, AUST Batch no. 28
A two-way reinforced concrete building floor system is composed of slab panels measuring
20x25 ft in plan, supported by shallow column-line beams cast monolithically with the slab as
shown in Fig. below. Using concrete with f’c=4000 psi and steel with fy= 60,000 psi, determine
the minimum thickness of the slab.
Figure: Two-way slab floor with beams on column lines:

(a) Partial floor plan;
(b) Section X-X (section Y-Y similar).
Solution: At first select the largest slab panel from floor slab plan. In this example, dimension of
the slab panel is 20ꞌ×25ꞌ. Here, Perimeter= 2×(20+25)×12= 1080 in
1080
So, preliminary thickness= = 7.45 in≈ 8 in. (say)
145
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Moment of Inertia for beam B4 (Exterior beam):
20×14×10 +(12×8×4)
Y̅4= = 8.47 in
20×14 +(12×8)
14×20 3 12×83
Ib4= 12 + 20 × 14 × 10 − 8.47 2 + 12 + 12 × 8 × 8.47 − 4 2 = 12418.95 in4
Moment of Inertia for Beam B1, B2, and B3 (Interior beam): In this case, those three beam’s
dimension is same and those are interior beam. So here moment of inertia for beam B1, B2, B3 is
same.
20×14×10 +(12×8×4)×2
Y̅1= Y̅2= Y̅3= = 7.56 in
20×14 +(12×8)×2
14×20 3 2 12×83
Ib1= Ib2= Ib3= + 20 × 14 × 10 − 7.56 +( + 12 × 8 × 7.56 − 4 2 ) × 2=
12 12
14457.67 in4
Calculation of Is4:
150ꞌꞌ
(150+7)×83
Is4= = 6698.67 in4
12
Calculation of Is3:
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(150+150)×83
Is3= = 12800 in4
12
Calculation of Is1 and Is2: Value of Is1 and Is2 is same. Because B1 and B2 both are interior beam
and for both cases, clear span on both side transverse to the beam B1 and B2 are same.
(120+120)×83
Is1= Is2= = 10240 in4
12
𝐄cb 𝐈b
Calculation of α: We know α= . Here Ecb= Ecs. Because of beam and slab concrete is same.
𝐄cs 𝐈s
𝐈
So we can write α= 𝐈b .
s
𝐈 14457 .67
For this example α1= 𝐈b 1 = = 1.41
s1 10240
𝐈 14457 .67
α2= 𝐈b 2 = = 1.41
s2 10240
𝐈 14457 .67
α3= 𝐈b 3 = = 1.13
s3 12800
𝐈b 4 12418 .95
α4= 𝐈 = = 1.85
s4 6698.67
1.41+1.41+1.13+1.85
Average value of α, αavg= = 1.45 4
The ratio of long to short clear spans is β= 286 226 = 1.27. Then the minimum thickness is not
to be less than that given by Eq. (13.8a):
60000
286(0.8+ )
200 ,000
h= 36+5×1.27(1.45−0.2) = 7.16 in
Selected, Slab Thickness, h minimum= 7.50 inch
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Table for CA neg and CB neg
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Table 04: Table for CA DL pos and CB DL pos
13
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Table: Table for CA LL pos and CB LL pos
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Alternate Design Method- Design Procedure of Two-way Slabs using ACI

Moment Coefficients and Approved by BNBC 2013
Scope and Limitations (BNBC)

6.5.8.2.1 The provisions of this section may be used as alternative to those of 6.5.1 through 6.5.7
for two way slabs supported on all four edges by walls, steel beams or monolithic concrete
beams having a total depth not less than 3 times the slab thickness.
6.5.8.2.2 Panels shall be rectangular with a ratio of longer to shorter span centre to centre of
supports not greater than 2.
Step 01: Determination of thickness of the slab panel.

Determine the thickness of the slab panel using previous article.
Step 02: Calculation of factored load.

Wu= 1.2*DL+1.6*LL
where DL= Total dead load (i.e.: Slab self weight, Floor finish, Partition wall, Plaster etc.)
LL= Live load.
Step 03: Determination of moment coefficients.

A
m=
B
where A= Shorter length of the slab.
B= Longer length of the slab.
Case type is identified from end condition. Using the value of ‘m’ corresponding moment
coefficients are obtained for respective ‘case type’ from corresponding tables. The co-efficients
are:
 CA neg and CB neg
 CA DL pos and CB DL pos
 CA LL pos and CB LL pos
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Step 04: Calculation of moments.

Positive moments:
+MA= CA DL×WDL×LA2+ CA LL×WLL×LA2;
+MB= CB DL×WDL×LB2+ CB LL×WLL×LB2.
Negative Moments:
-MA= CA , neg×WT×LA2;
-MB= CA , neg×WT×LB2;
WLL = Uniform Live load per unit area= 1.6 LL, (Factored since USD will be used)
WDL = Uniform Dead load per unit area = 1.2 DL (Factored since USD will be used)
Wu =WT = Total Uniform load per unit area = 1.2*DL+1.6*LL (Factored since USD will be used)
Start with Max moment, M then,

𝑀
As= 𝑎
.9∗𝑓𝑦 ∗(𝑑− )
2
𝐴𝑠∗𝑓𝑦
Now, find a =0.85∗𝑓 ′ 𝑐∗𝑏
Then, do at least another trial, with new a, and find area of steel.
Last Updated: May 13, 2017
The following Example was done by Md. Mahmudun Nobe, ID - 12.01.03.078, AUST Batch
no. 28
Design of two-way edge supported slab by using moment coefficients.
Beam-column supported floor slab of a 93ꞌ-6ꞌꞌ×75ꞌ-6ꞌꞌ (center to center distance of extreme
columns) “cyclone shelter” is to carry service live load of 100 psf in addition to its own weight,
1/2ꞌꞌ thick plaster and 3/2ꞌꞌ thick floor finish. Supporting columns of 14 in square are spaced
orthogonally at an interval at 31ꞌ-2ꞌꞌ and 25ꞌ-2ꞌꞌ on centers along longitudinal and transverse
directions respectively. Width of each beam is 14 in. Using BNBC/ACI code of moment
coefficients design the slab by USD method, if fꞌc= 3000 psi and fy= 60000 psi.
Page | 25
Page 35
Solution:
3 @ 31ꞌ-2ꞌꞌ = 93ꞌ-6ꞌꞌ
4 8 4
3 @ 25ꞌ-2ꞌꞌ
9 2 9
= 75ꞌ-6ꞌ
4 8 4
Figure 03: Slab panel orientation and case type, e.g., case 9 is typical exterior, 4 is corner slab etc.
Here A= 25ꞌ2ꞌꞌ-1ꞌ2ꞌꞌ= 24ꞌ and B= 31ꞌ2ꞌꞌ-1ꞌ2ꞌꞌ= 30ꞌ= ln.
𝑓𝑦 60000
𝑙𝑛 ⁡
(0.8+ ) 30∗(0.8+ )
200000
t= = 200000
30 = 8.38ꞌꞌ≈ 8.5ꞌꞌ say.
36+9𝛽 36+9∗
24
So d= 8.5ꞌꞌ-1ꞌꞌ= 7.5ꞌ
WDL= (8.5+0.5+1.5)*12.5*1.2= 157.5 psf
WLL= 100*1.6= 160 psf
Wu = 317.5 psf
m= A/B= 24/30= 0.8
2 4 8 9
-CA 0.065 0.071 0.055 0.075
-CB 0.027. 0.029 0.041 0.017
CA DL 0.026 0.039 0.032 0.029
CB DL 0.011 0.016 0.015 0.010
CA LL 0.041 0.048 0.044 0.042
CB LL 0.017 0.020 0.019 0.017
Controlling coefficient.
[Note: In this slab, there are four different types of cases among all panels. We take the
maximum value of moment coefficient from four cases.]
+MA= CA DL*WDL*A2+ CA LL*WLL*A2

= 0.039*157.5*242+ 0.048*160*242
= 7961.76l lb-ft/ft
= 7.96 k-ft/ft
-MA= CA*Wu *A2
= 0.075*317.5*242
= 13716 lb-ft/ft
= 13.6 k-ft/ft
+MB= CB DL*WDL*B2+ CB LL*WLL*B2
= 0.016*157.5*302+ 0.020*160*302
= 5148 lb-ft/ft
= 5.148 k-ft/ft
-MB= CB*Wu *B2
Page | 26
Page 36
= 0.041*317.5*302
= 11716 lb-ft/ft
= 11.716 k-ft/ft
Rebar for short direction/transverse direction:
M∗12 M∗12 M 7.96
+AS A= a = a = a = = 0.244 in2/ft (Controlling).
0.9∗f y ∗ d− 0.9∗60∗ d− 4.5∗ 7.5−0.24
4.5∗ d−
2 2 2
A s fy A s ∗60
and a = 0.85f ′ b = 0.85∗3∗12 = 1.96*AS = 1.96*0.244 = 0.478 in.
c
Amin= 0.0018xbxt = 0.0018x12x8.5 = 0.1836 in2/ft

Using φ10mm bar
Area of bar used ∗ width of strip 0.121∗12
S= = 0.244 = 5.95ꞌꞌ ≈ 5.5ꞌꞌc/c at bottom along short direction
Requried A s
crank 50% bar to negative zone.
M 13.61
-AS A= a = = 0.427 in2/ft (Controlling).
4.5∗ d− 4.5∗ 7.5−0.42
2
a = 1.96 ∗ As = 0.838 in
Amin= 0.1836 in2/ft.
0.121∗12
Already provided As1= 11 = 0.132 in2/ft
Extra top required, As2= (0.427-0.132) = 0.295 in2/ft.
Using Φ10mm bar S= 4.92 ≈ 4.5ꞌꞌ c/c extra top.
Rebar along long direction:
5.148
+AS B= 4.5∗ 7.5−0.15 = 0.155 in2/ft
Amin= 0.1836 in2/ft (Controlling).
Using Φ10 mm bar @ 7.90”≈7.5” c/c at bottom along long direction crank 50% bar to negative
zone.
11.716
-AS B= 4.5∗ 7.5−0.36 = 0.365 in2/ft
0.121∗12
Already provided As1= 15 = 0.0968in2/ft
Extra top required, As2= (0.365-00.0968) in2/ft = 0.2682 in2/ft
Using Φ 10mm bar @ 5.41” ≈ 5ꞌꞌ c/c extra top.
Corner Reinforcement (BNBC 2013)
a) Corner reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners in both bottom and top of the
slab, for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to one‐fifth the longer span of
the corner panel as per provisions of 6.5.3.6.
6.5.3.6.1 Corner reinforcement in both top and bottom of slab shall be sufficient to resist a moment per
unit of width equal to the maximum positive moment per unit width in the slab panel.
6.5.3.6.2 The moment shall be assumed to be about an axis perpendicular to the diagonal from the
corner in the top of the slab and about an axis parallel to the diagonal from the corner in the
bottom of the slab.
6.5.3.6.3 Corner reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction from the corner equal
to one‐fifth the longer span.
6.5.3.6.4 Corner reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top of the slab and
perpendicular to the diagonal in the bottom of the slab. Alternatively, reinforcement shall be
placed in two layers parallel to the sides of the slab in both the top and bottom of the slab.
Page | 27
Page 37
Figure: Reinforcement details of slab in plan.
Page | 28
Page 38
Column-Supported Slabs: Flat Plates and Flat Slabs
Concrete slabs are often carried directly by columns without the use of beams or girders.
Such slabs are described as Flat Plates [Fig. 2.1(a)]

and are commonly used where spans are not large
and not particularly heavy.
A very similar construction Flat Slab [Fig. 2.1(b)]
is also beamless but incorporates a thickened slab
region in the vicinity of columns (called Drop
Panels) and often employs flared up column tops
(Column Capitals). Both are devices to reduce
stresses due to shear and negative bending around
the columns.
Fig. 2.1: Typical flat slab structural forms (a) Flat Plate, (b) Flat Slab with Drop Panel and Column Capital [Nilson]
Flat plates have assumed wide acceptance because of their aesthetic beauty, reduced story height, simpler formwork,
quick construction, adequacy for placing utilities of air conditioning and plumbing as well as flexibility of using the
spaces without obstacle. Much brighter appearance due to little obstruction to light, better ventilation, better fire-
resistance due to fewer sharp corners and better scope of structural inspection are among some other advantages of flat
plate system. Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 show some of these advantages in typical flat plate and flat slab constructions in office
building, parking lot and residential facilities.
Fig. 2.2: (a) Flat plate in an office building, (b) Flat slab in a parking structure
Fig. 2.3: No beam, free layout and large windows create bright and open spaces in flat slab floors
8
Page 39
Elements of Flat Slab
Drop Panel
As mentioned, Drop Panels reduce the stresses due to shear and negative bending moment around the columns. They
are square or rectangular, with prescribed sides at least one-third the span. ACI Code specifies that its total effective
thickness must be not more than 1.5 times the slab thickness.
Column Capital
The columns in practically all cases flare out toward the top, forming a capital of a shape somewhat similar to an
inverted truncated cone. The effective diameter of the capital should be taken as the diameter of the circle at the point
at which a 45º line form the base of the capital intersects the bottom of the slab or dropped panel.
Column Strip and Middle Strip L2
For the purposes of design, a typical flat slab panel is divided
into Column Strips and Middle Strips.
A Column Strip is defined as a strip of slab having a width on
each side of the column centerline equal to one-fourth the Column Strip
L2/4
smaller of the panel dimensions L1 and L2. Such a strip includes
column-line beams, if present.
Middle Strip L1
A Middle Strip is a design strip bounded by two Column Strips.
Fig. 2.4 shows the distribution of Column Strips and Middle L2/4 Column Strip
Strips in a typical slab, where L1  L2.
Fig. 2.4: Column Strip and Middle Strip
Slab Thickness
The required thickness of flat slabs is governed by deflection criteria. The minimum thickness of flat slabs (i.e., slabs
without interior beams) according to ACI 9.5.3.2 must not be less than those mentioned in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Minimum Thickness of Flat Plates [fy = 40 ksi]

(Ln is clear span in long direction)
Exterior Panels Exterior Panels
Interior Panels
without Edge Beams with Edge Beams
Ln/33 Ln/36 Ln/36
* For reinforcements with fy  40 ksi, the tabulated values are to be multiplied by (0.8 + fy/200).
* Drop panels permit a further reduction in minimum thickness of about 10%.
* In all cases, the minimum thickness of flat plates should not be less than 5 in, and those of flat slabs (with drop
panels) not less than 4 in.
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Analysis of Flat Slabs for Vertical Loads
In flat-slab analysis, the full load is assumed to be carried by the slab in each direction. This is in apparent contrast to
the analysis of two-way beam-supported slabs, in which the load is divided. In two-way slabs, as in flat slabs,
equilibrium conditions require that the entire load is carried in each of two principal directions.
Though the structural analysis of flat slabs can be carried out using computer based structural modeling, the two
widely used methods for this purpose are the semi-empirical Direct Design Method and Equivalent Frame Method.
Direct Design Method

Moments in two-way slabs can be found by the Direct Design Method, subject to the following restrictions:
* There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
* The panels must be rectangular, with the ratio of the longer to shorter spans within a panel not greater than 2.
* The successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than one-third of the longer span.
* Columns may be offset a maximum of 10% of the span from either axis between column centerlines.
* Loads must be due to gravity only and the live load must not exceed twice the dead load.
* The ratio of stiffness of the beams (given by α/L2) in the two perpendicular directions must not exceed 5.
Total Static Moment at Factored Loads
For purposes of calculating the total static moment M0 in a panel, the clear span Ln in the direction of moment is used.
The clear span is defined to extend from face to face of the column, capitals brackets, or walls but is not to be less than
0.65L1. The total factored moment in a span, for a strip bounded laterally by the centerline of the panel on each side, is
M0 = wn L2 Ln2/8 .........................................(2.1)
Assignment of Moment to Critical Sections
For interior spans, the total static moment is apportioned between the critical positive and negative bending sections
according to the following ratios:
Mu() = 0.65 M0 Mu(+) = 0.35 M0 ..........................................(2.2)
Depending on the conditions of edge restraint, the ACI Code specifies five alternative sets of moment distribution
coefficients for end spans, as shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Distribution Factors applied to Static Moment M0 for Positive and Negative Moments
Ext Edge Slab with beams between all No beam between interior supports Exterior Edge fully
Position of
unrestrained supports Without edge With edge restrained
Moment
(a) (b) beam (c) beam (d) (e)
Exterior M() 0.00 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
Interior M() 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
M(+) 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Fig. 2.5: Distribution of M0 to critical sections (Nilson)
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Transverse Distribution of Moment
Fig. 2.6: Moment variation across width of sections Fig. 2.7: Portion of slab to be included with beam
Having distributed the moment M0 to the positive and negative moment section as described, one must distribute these
design moments across the width of the critical sections. For design purposes, it is convenient to consider the moments
constant within the bounds of a middle or column strip (Fig. 2.6) unless there is a beam present on the column line.
The distribution of total negative or positive moment between slab middle strips, slab column strips, and beams
depends upon the ratio L2/L1, the relative stiffness of the beam and slab, and degree of torsional restraint provided by
the edge beam. A convenient parameter defining the relative stiffness of beam and slab spanning in either direction is
α = EcbIb/EcsIs …………………………(2.3)
where Ecb and Ecs are the moduli of elasticity of the beam and slab concrete and Ib and Is are the moments of inertia of
the effective beam and the slab respectively. Subscripted parameters α1 and α2 are used to identify α computed for the
directions of L1 and L2 respectively.
Beams include that part of the slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to its projection above or
below the slab hw (whichever is greater) but not greater than 4 times the slab thickness hf (Fig. 2.7).
The relative restraint provided by the torsional resistance of the effective transverse edge beam is reflected by the
parameter βt defined as
βt = EcbC/2EcsIs …………..…………….(2.4)
where Is is calculated for the slab spanning in direction L1 and having width bounded by panel centerlines in the L2
direction. The constant C pertains to the torsional rigidity of the effective transverse beam.
The constant C is calculated by dividing the section into its components rectangles, each having smaller dimension x
and larger dimension y, and summing the contributions of all the parts by the equation
C = ∑(10.63 x/y) x3y/3 …………………………(2.5)
The subdivision can be done in such a way as to maximize C.
With the parameters defined, ACI Code 13.6.4 distributes the negative and positive moments between column strips
and middle strips, assigning to column strips a percentages of positive and negative moments, depending on the panel
width-to-length ratio and beam-to-slab stiffness ratio in the direction of the analysis. Linear interpolations are to be
made between the values shown. As an alternative, the following equations are suggested in ACI Code 318-95.
% of Exterior M() supported by Column Strip = 100 −10βt + 12 βt (α1 L2/L1) (1−L2/L1) …………………(2.6a)
% of M(+) supported by Column Strip = 60 + 30 (α1 L2/L1) (1.5−L2/L1) …………………...…..…..(2.6b)
% of Interior M() supported by Column Strip = 75 + 30 (α1 L2/L1) (1−L2/L1) …………………...…..…..(2.6c)
In Eqs. (2.6), α1L2/L1 is to be taken = 1, when it is  1 and βt is to be taken = 2.5, when it is  2.5
For slabs without beams between supports (α1 = 0) and without edge beams (βt = 0), the portion of negative moments
in column strip is simply 100% and 75% for exterior and interior supports, respectively, and portion of positive
moment in column strip is simply 60%.
11
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Example 2.1
Design the panels of a flat slab of size 20 14 c/c (without any edge beam) as shown in Fig. 2.8, if it carries FF = 30
psf, RW = 50 psf, LL = 60 psf [Given: fc = 3 ksi, fy = 50 ksi, fc,all = 1.35 ksi, fs,all = 20 ksi].
Clear slab size = 1913; i.e., Maximum Clear Span = 19

A B B A
14 Slab without edge beam  Thickness = Ln(0.8 + fy/200)/33
C
= 19  (0.8 + 50/200) 12/33 = 7.25; i.e., assume 7.5 slab
Using k = 0.378, j = 0.874, d = 6.5, 6.0;
D 14 i.e., As = M/9.47, M/8.74
No edge beam along panel length  1 = 0,
and no transverse beam  t = 0
C 14 Self weight = 7.5  150/12 = 93.75 psf
 Total load on slab w = 93.75 + 30 + 50 + 60
= 233.75 psf = 0.234 ksf
20 20 20 20
Column Strip width = 14/4 = 3.5
Fig. 2.8: Plan of sample flat plate Middle Strip width = 73.5 = 3.5 (for A, B)
Slab A and = 103.5 = 6.5 (for C, D)
M0 = wL2Ln2/8 = 0.234  7  192/8 = 73.84 k
Support (c)  MExt= 0.26 M0 = 19.20 k, M+ = 0.52 M0 = 38.39 k, MInt = 0.70 M0 = 51.69 k
Column strip moments are MCExt = 100% MExt = 19.20 k, MC + = 60% M+= 23.04 k, MCInt = 75% MInt = 38.76 k
Column strip moments and reinforcements are Middle strip moments and reinforcements are
MCExt = 19.20 k = 5.48 k/  AsCExt = 0.58 in2/ MMExt = 0 k = 0 k/  AsMExt = 0.00 in2/
MC+ = 23.04 k = 6.58 k/ AsC+ = 0.70 in2/ MM+ = 15.36 k = 4.39 k/  AsM+ = 0.46 in2/
MCInt = 38.76 k = 11.08 k/  AsCInt = 1.17 in2/ MMInt = 12.92 k = 3.69 k/  AsMInt = 0.39 in2/
Slab B
M0 = wL2Ln2/8 = 0.234  7  192/8 = 73.84 k
Interior Span  MInt = 0.65 M0 = 47.99 k, M+ = 0.35 M0 = 25.84 k
Column strip moments are MCInt = 75% MInt = 35.99 k, and MC + = 60% M+ = 15.51 k
MM+ = 10.34 k = 2.95 k/  AsM+ = 0.31 in2/
+ + 2
MC = 15.51 k = 4.43 k/ AsC = 0.47 in /
Slab C
M0 = wL2Ln2/8 = 0.234  10  132/8 = 49.38 k
Support (c)  MExt= 0.26 M0 = 12.84 k, M+ = 0.52 M0 = 25.68 k, MInt = 0.70 M0 = 34.57 k
Column strip moments are MCExt = 100% MExt = 12.84 k, MC + = 60% M+= 15.41 k, MCInt = 75% MInt = 25.92 k
MCExt = 12.84 k = 3.67 k/  AsCExt = 0.39 in2/ MMExt = 0 k = 0 k/  AsMExt = 0.00 in2/
MC+ = 15.41 k = 4.40 k/ AsC+ = 0.50 in2/ MM+ = 10.27 k = 1.58 k/  AsM+ = 0.18 in2/
Slab D
M0 = wL2Ln2/8 = 0.234  10  132/8 = 49.38 k
Interior Span  MInt = 0.65 M0 = 32.10 k, M+ = 0.35 M0 = 17.28 k
Column strip moments are MCInt = 75% MInt = 24.07 k, MC + = 60% M+ = 10.37 k
MM+ = 6.91 k = 1.06 k/  AsM+ = 0.12 in2/
+ + 2
MC = 10.37 k = 2.96 k/ AsC = 0.34 in /
Flexural reinforcements should be checked against AsTemp = 0.036t = 0.27 in2/, which may govern in some cases.
However, dreq = (Mmax/R) = (11.08/0.223) = 7.05  Thicker slab, or stronger concrete, or USD required.
12
Page 43
0.39 0.50 0.78 0.73 0.34 0.73 0.78 0.50 0.39
0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27

0.58 0.70 1.17 1.09 0.47 1.09 1.09 0.47 1.09 1.17 0.70 0.58
0.27 0.46 0.39 0.36 0.31 0.36 0.36 0.31 0.36 0.39 0.46 0.27
III IV III IV III IV III IV III

I
3.5
II 7
I 7
II 7
I 7
II 7
3.5
I
13 7 13 7 13 7 13

3.5 3.5
I #4@3.5c/c, alt ckd + 1#4, 1#5 extra top III #4@5c/c, alt ckd + 2#4 extra top
II #4@5c/c, alt ckd + 1#4 extra top IV #4 @8c/c, alt ckd + 1#4 extra top
13
Page 44
Example 2.2
Design the panels of a flat slab of size 20 14 c/c (supported on 1212 edge beams), if it carries FF = 30 psf, RW =
50 psf, LL = 60 psf [Given: fc = 3 ksi, fy = 50 ksi, fc,all = 1.35 ksi, fs,all = 20 ksi].
Slab size (= 20  14 c/c) = 1913; i.e., Maximum Clear Span = 19
Slab with edge beam  Thickness = Ln(0.8 + fy/200)/36 = 19  (0.8 + 50/200) 12/36 = 6.65; i.e., assume 7 slab
Using k = 0.378, j = 0.874, d = 6.0, or 5.5; i.e., As = M/8.74 or M/8.01
The edge beam is made of two rectangular sections (12  19) and (12  7)
y = (12  19  9.5 + 12  7  3.5)/(12  19 + 12  7) = 7.88
Moment of Inertia of external beam-slab, Ib = 12  193/3 + 12  73/3  (228 + 84)  7.882 = 9412 in4
Torsional rigidity of edge beam, C = (1 0.63  12/19) 123  19/3 + (1 0.63  7/12) 73  12/3 = 7457 in4
12 12
Width = 7.5; Moment of Inertia of edge slab, Is  7.51273/12 = 2573 in4
For the edge beam along panel length; 1 = EcbIb/EcsIs = 9412/2573 = 3.66 7.88 7
t = EcbC/2EcsIs = 7457/(22573) = 1.45  2.5
12
Design for Distributed Moments in Slab
Self weight = 7.0150/12 = 87.5 psf
 Total load on slab w = 87.5 + 30 + 50 + 60 = 227.5 psf = 0.228 ksf
Effective beam with slab
Slab A
M0 = wL2Ln2/8 = 0.228  7.5  192/8 = 76.99 k
Support (d)  MExt = 0.30 M0 = 23.10 k, M+ = 0.50 M0 = 38.50 k, MInt = 0.70 M0 = 53.90 k
L2/L1 = 14/20 = 0.70, 1L2/L1 = 2.56  1.0, t = 1.45
Total column strip moment percentages are
For MExt = 100 − 10  1.45 + 12  1.45  1.0  (1 − 0.70) = 91%
For M(+) = 60 + 30  1.0  (1.5 − 0.70) = 84%, For MInt = 75 + 30  1.0  (1 − 0.70) = 84%
Total column strip moments and reinforcements are
MCExt = 0.91MExt = 20.96 k; i.e., 20.960.85 = 17.81 k in beam, 3.15/3.0 = 1.05 k/ in slab, AsCExt = 0.12 in2/
MC+ = 0.84M+ = 32.34 k; i.e., 32.340.85 = 27.49 k in beam, 4.85/3.0 = 1.62 k/ in slab, AsC+ = 0.18 in2/
MCInt = 0.84MInt = 45.27 k; i.e., 45.270.85 = 38.48 k in beam, 6.79/3.0 = 2.26 k/ in slab, AsCInt = 0.26 in2/
Total middle strip moments and reinforcements are
MMExt = 23.1020.96 = 2.14 k; i.e., 2.14/3.5 = 0.61 k/ in slab, AsMExt = 0.07 in2/
MM+ = 38.5032.34 = 6.16 k; i.e., 6.16/3.5 = 1.76 k/ in slab, AsM+ = 0.20 in2/
MMInt = 53.9045.27 = 8.62 k; i.e., 8.62/3.5 = 2.45 k/ in slab, AsMInt = 0.28 in2/
Slab D
M0 = wL2Ln2/8 = 0.228  14  192/8 = 143.72 k
Interior Span  MIxt = 0.65 M0 = 93.42 k, M+ = 0.35 M0 = 50.30 k
L2/L1 = 14/20 = 0.70, No longitudinal beam  1L2/L1 = 0, and no transverse beam  t = 0
Total column strip moment percentages are
For MInt = 75 + 30  0.0  (1 − 0.70) = 75%, For M(+) = 60 + 30  0.0  (1.5 − 0.70) = 60%
Total column strip moments and reinforcements are
MCInt = 0.75MInt = 70.07 k; i.e., 70.07/7.0 = 10.01 k/ in slab, AsCInt = 1.15 in2/
MC+ = 0.60M+ = 30.18 k; i.e., 30.18/7.0 = 4.31 k/ in slab, AsC+ = 0.49 in2/
Total middle strip moments and reinforcements are
MMInt = 93.4270.07 = 23.36 k; i.e., 23.36/7.0 = 3.34 k/ in slab, AsMInt  = 0.38 in2/
MM+ = 50.3030.18 = 20.12 k; i.e., 20.12/7.0 = 2.87 k/ in slab, AsM+ = 0.33 in2/
Flexural reinforcements should be checked against AsTemp = 0.036t = 0.25 in2/, which may govern in some cases.
14
Page 45
Punching Shear Failure of Flat Slabs
Most collapses related to flat slabs can be attributed to punching shear failure. It is a type of failure of RC slabs
subjected to high localized forces. This occurs around column support in flat slab structures. Fig. 2.10 shows the basic
mechanism of punching shear failure in laboratory tests and at a public place.
Fig. 2.10: Punching Shear failure in (a), (b) Laboratory Tests, (c) Public place at UK
Punching is an extremely brittle failure mode. A column can suddenly punch through the slab without nearly any
warning sign that could cause the slab to collapse on the slab underneath. The sudden drop of the top slab causes a
large impact load on the slab below, which it is unable to withstand and collapses as well. This creates a series of slab
failures heaped on one another like a pack of cards (called a ‘pancake’ failure). Figs. 2.11(a)~(c) show pancake
failures of overloaded slabs in Bangladesh, USA and earthquake action in Haiti.
Fig. 2.11: Pancake failure of slabs in (a) USA (1981), (b) Bangladesh (2005), (c) Haiti earthquake (2010)
Punching Shear Strength

Failure due to punching shear occurs with the potential diagonal crack following the surface of a truncated cone or
pyramid around the column, capital or drop panel. The failure surface extends from the bottom of the slab, at the
support, diagonally upward to the top surface. The critical section for shear is taken perpendicular to the plan of the
slab and a distance d/2 from the periphery of the support. At such a section, in addition to the shearing stresses and
horizontal compressive stresses due to negative bending moment, vertical or somewhat inclined compressive stress is
present, owing to the reaction of the column. The simultaneous presence of vertical and horizontal compression
increases the shear strength of the concrete. Tests indicate that the nominal shear strength (in psi) may be taken as
Vc = 4√fc bo d ……...…………………………….………...… (2.3a)
according to ACI Code 11.12.2 [where bo = Perimeter along the critical section]. However ACI states further that Vc in
punching shear must not be taken greater than
Vc = (2 + 4/βc) √fc bo d …………………………………….… (2.3b)
Vc = (2 + αs d/bo) √fc bo d ……….………………………………. (2.3c)
with βc (= Long/Short side of column), and αs = 40, 30, 20 for interior, edge and corner columns respectively. The
punching shear strength of flat slabs is to be taken as the smallest of the values of Vc given by Eqs. (2.3a), (2.3b) and
(2.3c). The basic requirement is then Vu ≤  Vc [ = 0.75] ……….………………………………. (2.4)
In WSD, allowable punching shear stresses can be taken as half the values given by Eqs. (2.3a)~(2.3c), with = 1.
15
Page 46
Shear Reinforcements in Flat Slabs
Shear reinforcements are provided in flat slabs mainly to protect them from the destructive shear failures mentioned.
Among various such options used in practice, only two are mentioned here (and shown in Fig. 2.12).
Fig. 2.12: Shear Reinforcements for Flat Slabs (a) Bent Bars, (b) Integral Beams with Vertical Stirrups
Bent Bar Reinforcement
If shear reinforcement in the form of bars is used, the limit value of nominal shear strength Vn, calculated at the critical
section d/2 from the support face, may be increased to 6√fc b0d (3√fc b0d for WSD) or according to ACI Code 11.12.3.
The shear resistance of the concrete, Vc is reduced to 2√fc b0d (1.1√fc b0d for WSD), and reinforcement must be
provided for the excess shear above Vc. The total bar area Av crossing the critical section at slope angle α is easily
obtained by equating the vertical component of the steel force to the excess shear force to be accommodated
 Av fy Sin α = Vu   Vc ……….…………….…(2.5)
Therefore Av = (Vn  Vc)/(fy Sin α) ………….………….…(2.6)
In WSD, the allowable steel stress fv should replace fy in these equations.
Integral Beams with Vertical Stirrups

The bent bar shear reinforcement is not expensive, but may lead to troublesome congestion of reinforcement in the
column-slab joint region. Shear reinforcement using vertical stirrups in integral beams avoids much of this difficulty.
The first critical section for shear design in the slab is taken at d/2 from the column face, as usual, and the stirrups if
needed are extended outward from the column in four direction for the typical interior case, until the concrete alone
can carry the shear, with Vc = 4√fc b0d (or 2√fc b0d in WSD) at the second critical section.
Within the region adjacent to the column, where shear resistance is provided by a combination of concrete and steel,
the nominal shear strength Vn must not exceed 6√fc b0d according to ACI Code (or 3√fc b0d in WSD). In this region,
the concrete contribution is reduced to Vc = 2√fc b0d (or 1.1√fc b0d in WSD).
The second critical section crosses each integral beam at a distance d/2 measured outward from the last stirrup and is
located so that its perimeter b0 is a minimum for the typical case, defined by 45 lines between the integral beams.
Example 2.3
Check central columns of the slab (in Example 2.1) for punching shear and calculate shear reinforcements if required.
Tributary area for central columns is = 20  14  The maximum axial force in column = 0.234  20  14 = 65.45 k
For slab thickness = 7.5, and d = 6.5, punching perimeter bo = 4  18.5 = 74 and punching area = 74  6.5 = 481 in2
 Punching shear force = 65.45  0.234  (18.5/12)2 = 64.89 k
Using WSD version of Eqs. (2.3), [using βc = 1.0, αs = 40, d = 6.5, bo = 74]
Maximum allowable punching shear force = 2√fc b0d = 2√(3/1000)  481 = 52.69 k, which is  64.89 k; i.e. Not safe
If shear reinforcements are provided (as may be even more necessary for seismic design)
Maximum allowable punching shear force = 1.1√fc b0d = 1.1√(3/1000)  481 = 28.98 k
Shear reinforcements are to be provided for the additional force = 64.89  28.98 = 35.91 k
Spacing of #4 stirrups S = Avfv d/(VVc) = 1.60  20  6.5/35.91 = 5.79  d/2 = 3.25 around four sides of column
If 45 inclined stirrups are used, Av = 35.91/(20 Sin 45) = 2.54 in2, requiring at least 12-#4 bars around the column
All these bars should be extended full development length beyond the critical sections.
16
Page 47
Additional Seismic Risks and Design Provisions of Flat Slabs
Vu
T d
Mu C
(a)
c1 + d
vr
c1 vl
c2 + d c2
cl cr
cl cr
(b) (c)
Transfer of moment from slab to column (a) Forces resulting from vertical load and unbalanced moment;
(b) Critical section for an interior column; (c) Shear stress distribution for an interior column
4.0
3.0
Drift Ratio, DR
Column Strip
c1
c2 + 3h
c2 2.0
1.0
0.0
At least ¼ top reinforcement in 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
column strip continued along span Shear Strength Ratio, VR
h Drift Ratio vs. Shear Strength Ratio
At least ½ bottom reinforcement at

midspan carried to support and anchored
Exterior
Column Interior Flat Slabs are banned in regions
At least ⅓ top reinforcement
column strip only
Column of major earthquake risk
All top and bottom reinforcement anchored
Reinforcement requirements in regions of moderate seismic risk
17
Page 48
Final Term
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DESIGN OF CONCRETE

European University of Bangladesh

Figure: Diagrammatic representation of the stress-strain behavior of concrete under uniaxial

Assumptions for Flexure Theory and Two Way Slab

What are the assumptions for flexure theory in beam design?

What is a Two Way Slab?

One way slab Two way slab

Common Concrete Floor Systems

Two way slab with beams

Figure: Grid or Waffle slab

Others: Hole Deck

Figure: Hollow Core Slabs from PCI

318-14: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary-provides

Different floor and roof slab types:

1. One way Slab Supported by

Slab Analysis methods:

4. Limit analysis ( essentially Plastic analysis)

Yield Line Theory

Define yield line theory.

What are the characteristic features of yield lines?

Draw the typical yield line pattern for different slabs.

Figure: Grid or Waffle slab

One way slab Two way slab

Two way Slabs with Beams on All Sides:

ACI Table 9.5(c): Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams

where 𝑙𝑛 = clear span in long direction, inches

αm = average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel.

𝜷= ratio of clear span in long direction to clear span in short direction.

fy = Yield strength of steel in psi

ACI Table 9.5 (b): Maximum allowable computed deflections

12 Flat Plate With Spandrel Beams*

5 Two Way Beam Supported Slab (β=2)

Step 02: Calculation of factored load.

Step 03: Determination of moment coefficients.

Start with Max moment, M then,

Last Updated: May 27, 2016

Perimeter = (16+14) x 12 x2 = 720 inch

Calculation of Is1 and Is3:

Calculation of Is2 and Is4:

14𝑓𝑡 ×12𝑖𝑛 .×4.5𝑖𝑛 .3

for beam the centroid is,

Selected, Slab Thickness, h minimum= 4.50 inch

Example 2: Determination of minimum thickness of a slab

Figure: Two-way slab floor with beams on column lines:

Moment of Inertia for beam B4 (Exterior beam):

Alternate Design Method- Design Procedure of Two-way Slabs using ACI

Scope and Limitations (BNBC)

Step 01: Determination of thickness of the slab panel.

Step 02: Calculation of factored load.

Step 03: Determination of moment coefficients.

Step 04: Calculation of moments.

Start with Max moment, M then,

Last Updated: May 13, 2017

+MA= CA DL*WDL*A2+ CA LL*WLL*A2

Amin= 0.0018xbxt = 0.0018x12x8.5 = 0.1836 in2/ft

Figure: Reinforcement details of slab in plan.

Such slabs are described as Flat Plates [Fig. 2.1(a)]

+MA= CA DLWDLA2+ CA LLWLLA2