EHS G12 CB V01 2022-2023 Book

Grade
12

2022-2023
Applied Environment,
Health and Safety
Coursebook
Applied Environment, Health and Safety Coursebook Grade 12 1443 - 1444 A.H. /2022 - 2023 A.D.
1
Applied Environment
Health and Safety
Coursebook
Grade 12
Volume 1
Certified óª
The materials in this óªà©e Ü
book are certified by the
Ministry of Education º«∏©àdGh
1443- 1444 A.H. /2022- 2023 A.D.
How to use this book
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
All rights reserved. No part of this page may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing of the publisher.
08 Perform a workplace risk assessment .................12
Unit overview...................................................................................13
Learning outcomes.........................................................................14
Chapter 1. Preparing for a risk assessment....................................15
Section 1.1: The scope and requirements of a risk assessment............. 15
Workplace risk assessments.............................................................. 15
Legal requirements............................................................................ 17
The scope and purpose of a risk assessment................................. 22
Section 1.2: Risk assessment tools, techniques and methods............... 23
Techniques and methods................................................................. 24
Tools.................................................................................................... 27
Seeking advice ................................................................................. 28
Chapter 2. Hazard identification....................................................30
Section 2.1: Identifying hazards............................................................... 30
Hazard identification tools................................................................ 30
Identifying hazards through inspections.......................................... 37
Section 2.2: Consulting and documenting hazards.............................. 40
Consulting employees...................................................................... 41
Documents........................................................................................ 44
4 G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety

Chapter 3. People at risk................................................................46
Section 3.1: Employees at risk.................................................................. 46
Permanent employees...................................................................... 46
Temporary employees....................................................................... 47
Section 3.2: Vulnerable populations........................................................ 48
Children.............................................................................................. 48
Older adults....................................................................................... 48
People of determination................................................................... 49
People with illnesses.......................................................................... 49
Pregnant women and mothers of young children.......................... 50
Chapter 4. Assessing risk................................................................51
Section 4.1: Conducting a risk analysis................................................... 51
Using a risk matrix.............................................................................. 53
Section 4.2: Using a risk register........................................................ 55
Components of a risk register........................................................... 55
Chapter 5. Recommending control measures................................58
Section 5.1: Hierarchy of controls............................................................. 58
Elimination......................................................................................... 59
Substitution........................................................................................ 59
Engineering controls......................................................................... 59
Administrative controls...................................................................... 60
Personal protective equipment (PPE) ..............................61
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The materials in this óªà
book are certified by the
Ministry of Education º«∏
G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety 5

Section 5.2: Industry standards................................................................ 63
International standards .................................................................... 63
Local standards................................................................................. 64
Confirming industry standards......................................................... 67
Chapter 6. Presenting the results....................................................68
Section 6.1: Keeping a record.................................................................. 68
Types of records................................................................................. 68
Organising records............................................................................ 72
Section 6.2: Reporting the results............................................................. 73
Recipients of the results..................................................................... 74
Section 6.3: Presenting the results............................................................ 75
Ways to present results...................................................................... 76
Methods of communication............................................................. 78
Chapter 7. Reviewing and updating...............................................80
Section 7.1: Reviewing your assessment................................................. 80
What to update................................................................................. 81
Section 7.2: Making updates................................................................... 82
Describe the Features of an Environment, Health and Safety
Audit ..............................................................................................94

09 Describe the Features of an Environment, Health and
Safety Audit ...............................................................96
Unit overview...................................................................................97
Learning outcomes.........................................................................98
Chapter 1. Requirements of a health and safety audit..................99
Section 1.1: The purpose of a health and safety audit.......................... 99
Section 1.2: Types of audits...................................................................... 103
Chapter 2. The audit process..........................................................105
Section 2.1: Pre-audit Activities................................................................. 105
Section 2.2: During the audit.................................................................... 112
Reviewing the evidence.................................................................... 113
Resources to support the audit........................................................ 116
Section 2.3: Post-audit activities............................................................... 117
Reporting results and following up................................................... 119
Maintaining records.......................................................................... 120

Perform a workplace risk assessment
G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety

9
08 Perform a
workplace risk
assessment
1.1: The scope and requirements of a risk assessment
1.2: Risk assessment tools, techniques and methods
2.1: Identifying hazards
3.1: Employees at risk
3.2: Vulnerable populations
4.1: Conducting a risk analysis
4.2: Using a risk register
5.1: Hierarchy of controls
5.2: Industry standards
6.1: Keeping a record
6.2: Reporting the results
6.3: Presenting the results
7.1: Reviewing your assessment
7.2: Making updates

Unit overview
A risk assessment is completed at the workplace for
many reasons. A health and safety risk assessment
identifies risks to people and the environment from
workplace activities. It also measures the level of risk,

the consequence and recommends how to reduce
the total risk. In this unit, you will examine each step of
a workplace health and safety risk assessment. You will
also practice performing a risk assessment yourself.
Learning outcomes
Identify relevant regulatory guidelines for workplace risk assessment.
Complete hazard Identification.
Document who can be harmed and how.
Assess the level of risk.
Recommend appropriate control measures.
Record and report workplace risk assessment.
Review and update workplace risk assessments.

Chapter 1. Preparing for a risk assessment
Section 1.1: The scope and requirements of a
risk assessment
Workplace risk assessments

Managing risks at work is important to prevent injuries, illnesses and harm to

people and the environment. All workplace activities have some level of risk,
which is the likelihood and severity of the possible consequence resulting from a
Keyword Did You Know
workplace hazard.
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READING ENGNEERING
Think
Review hazards and

Safety Think risk
Identify two hazards in your current environment. Remember, a hazard is

anything that is dangerous. Determine their risks, which includes how likely
the hazard is to cause harm and how severe or damaging the harm could
be. Determine which hazard has a greater risk. Explain how this risk could be
reduced.
Example Information

Although not all hazards can be removed from the workplace, they can be
modified so that their risks are reduced. You’ll remember from previous units that
this process is risk management. An important part of risk management is risk
assessment. A risk assessment is a project that assesses the level of risk from all
hazards in a specific workplace. The aim is to identify all hazards and their risks.
This helps to determine a plan on how to reduce these risks.
Risk Assessment
• Elimination
• substitue
• Engineering Control
• Admin Control
• PPE
A risk assessment must be suitable, meaning it must be appropriate for the

workplace, situation, work activities, work environment etc. It must also be
sufficient, which means it needs to reduce all risks as best as possible while still
allowing the workplace to continue its activities.

Legal requirements
According to UAE law, employers must protect their employees at the workplace.
There are many laws that explain this responsibility and how to ensure the safety
of workers. These are legal requirements that every workplace must follow to
manage workplace health and safety.
Federal Law Number 8 of 1980

His Excellency, Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, along with the Council of
Ministers and the Federal National Council established this law that outlines
the organisation of labour relations1. This law explains the requirements for
employment of all employees, including juveniles and women. It outlines the
requirements for contracts, records, remuneration, working hours, leaves, safety,
protection and health and social care. This law states the following:
• Employers must protect employees from workplace hazards.
• Employers must provide instructions on preventing fires.
• Employers must provide a medical aid box.
• Employers must provide cleanliness and ventilation.
• Employers must appoint one physician to do full medical check-ups.
• Employers must provide medical care.
• Employers must inform employees of occupational dangers and how to

prevent them
1 UAE Labour Law Federal Law No. (8) of 1980; Labour Law and its Amendments. 2022.
Government of Dubai.

• Employers must not permit alcoholic drinks in the workplace.
• Employees must follow all safety instructions.

Top Tip Click here Zoom in UAE hero
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY READING ENGNEERING
ART MATHEMATICS Safety Think
Research Discussion Example Information
Activity
Research the safety, protection and health and social care articles
Use an internet search engine to access the Federal Law Number 8 of 1980.
Review the articles 91-101 in safety, protection and health and social care
of the employees. Discuss how these laws help keep employees safe at
work. Int Pr
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Activity

Local Order Number 61 of 1991
The Dubai Local Order on the Environment Protection Regulations also states
that employers must ensure the safety of their employees. In addition, it states
every workplace must also ensure the health and safety of the environment2. This
includes the following topics:
• Use of land and water
• Disposal of waste
• Air pollution
• Noise control
• Protected areas for wildlife
Local Order Number 11 of 2003

This order aims to protect public health and community safety related to the
following projects3:
Fighting
Health Drinking
public health Public safety
hazards water
pests
Smoke Building Public

control safety cleanliness
2 Local Order No. (61) of 1991 on the Environment Protection Regulations in Dubai. 2022.
Government of Dubai.
3 Local Order No. 11 of 2003 Concerning Public Health and Safety of the Society in the Emirate
of Dubai. 2022. Government of Dubai.

Executive Council No. 42 of 2009
This order states the laws related to environment, health and safety and for the
protection of human health and environment safety. It also emphasises the
conservation of natural resources4. This framework states that employers must
have risk management programs for the workplace. It also states that employers
must communicate with their employees to stop or reduce work-related injuries
and illness and promote health and well-being.
Dubai Municipality Technical Guidelines

A guideline is designed to help people follow the law. This guide states that in
Dubai, all employers must provide workers with the correct training and tools to
do their job safely. 5
4 Decree of the Chairman of the Executive Council No. 42 of 2009 on the Environment, Health
and Safety Management System (EHSMS) of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Informea
5 Dubai Municipality Technical Guidelines. 2022. Government of Dubai

OSHAD-SF Management System Elements
The Abu Dhabi Occupational Health and Safety Center (OSHAD) has developed
many guides to help employers, employees and workplaces conduct work in a
safe way. It explains how to put laws into action6.
The OSHAD system framework (SF) provides guidance on different parts of

health and safety management systems. Element 1 of the OSHAD-SF outlines the
different responsibilities as stated by law:
• A competent authority oversees the implementation of a health and safety

management system.
• A regulatory authority offers support and guidance to workplaces to

implement safety management systems.
• The workplace (or entity) must comply with all health and safety laws and
regulations.
• Employers must maintain the safety of their workplace and employees.
• Employees must work safely.
Element 2 outlines the risk management requirements, including its aim,

implementation and the minimum requirements for a workplace risk
management program. Elements 3 to 9 outline the methods for communication,
training, investigation, inspections and review.
6 Al Adaa OSH Electronic Application. 2022. Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre.

Activity
Review OSHAD-SF Element 2
Use an online search engine to access OSHAD-SF. Read Element 2 and
identify the key points of this part of the framework.

Int Pr
The scope and purpose of a risk assessment
l
Now
Activity e
that you are aware of what a risk assessment and the legal reasons for why
it is important to do, you are ready to begin planning how to conduct your own
risk assessment.
When conducting a risk assessment, it is important to understand the purpose of

the risk assessment.
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• Scheduled
Core life skills risk assessments are planned to be conducted at certain times
of the year, based on the type of workplace. This could be annually, twice
a year, every three months etc. It depends on how high the risks generally
are at the workplace.
• Following an incident, such as an injury or fire, it is sometimes important to

do a risk assessment to improve the risk management at work and ensure
the incident doesn’t happen again.
• Following a change in laws or regulation, it might be important to re-do a

risk assessment to ensure the changes haven’t affected the level of risks at
the workplace. And if they have, then the risk assessment will identify these
and recommend changes.

It is also important to understand the scope of your risk assessment. The scope
gives you the boundaries of your risk assessment. A risk assessment can be
down for an entire workplace, specific work type activities, or specific location
at the workplace. Knowing the scope helps to determine how much time and
resources your risk assessment will require.

Section 1.2: Risk assessment tools, techniques
and methods
The identification and assessment of risks in the workplace can be done using a
variety of different risk assessment tools and techniques.
Techniques and methods
Stop-look-analyse-manage (SLAM)
The SLAM technique reminds workers to stop work if they think their health or
safety is at risk. By remembering SLAM, workers may stop what they are doing if
they think a task is putting their health or safety at risk. They may also stop their
colleagues behaving in an unsafe way.
Stop and think before starting a task. Ask yourself - Are

Stop
you comfortable doing the task?
Look around before, during and after a task. Ask yourself

Look
- Are there any hazards in the area I am working in?
Check you have the knowledge, skills and equipment for
Assess the task. Ask yourself - Have I been trained? Do I have the
right equipment?
Managers must take action to eliminate and minimise
Manage hazards. Ask yourself - Have I told my manager about the
problems with the task?

Select a job to be analysed.
Break the job down into steps.

Identify the possible hazards at each step.
Find preventative safety measures to reduce the risk

of these hazards.

Job safety analysis (JSA)

A job safety analysis is a way of breaking down a job or task to make it safer. A
job safety analysis
Research requires fourExample
Discussion steps: Information
Activity
Conduct a JSA
Use the JSA technique to determine the hazards, risks and preventative
measures of cooking or driving.

Int Pr
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Failure modes, effects and analysis (FMEA)

Activity
Failure modes, effects and analysis is a step-by-step process to identify all the
possible failures or hazards in a process. Failures are any errors, faults or hazards.
Failure modes are all the ways (modes) in which something might fail or the
Forway in which
applied a hazard
digital booksmay occur. Effects analysis is about studying the results
of those failures or hazards. The purpose of an FMEA is to take actions to stop or
reduce failures or hazards. We start with the most important ones.
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Inspection
Core life skills
To conduct a more thorough risk assessment, health and safety experts conduct
site inspections. This involves carefully observing all aspects of the workplace
that fall within the scope of the risk assessment. This method uses a combination
of many techniques to assess risks from all perspectives. A suitable and sufficient
workplace risk assessment will always be done using an inspection with many
different techniques.

Tools
When conducting a risk assessment, the assessor can use many different tools to
help them.
Checklists
Some workplaces have checklists that can be
used to check all identified hazards for their
risks or list the steps of a risk assessment. This
can help the assessor to ensure they haven’t
missed anything.
Templates and reports

Templates and blank reports can be used to collect data from a risk assessment.
This can save a lot of time and ensure all documents are written in the same
way.
Risk assessment programs

Digital programs use artificial intelligence to help guide assessors on conducting
a risk assessment. These can provide steps and suggestions as well as prompt
the assessor to consider things they might not have thought of themselves. These
are an expensive tool but very helpful, especially if the scope a risk assessment is
very big.

Activity
Research tools online
Use an online search engine to access checklists, templates and risk
assessment programs available for conducting a risk assessment.
Determine which of these you would like to use in the future.
Int Pr
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Activity
Seeking advice
It is important to understand your own limitations when conducting a risk
assessment. You may have to conduct a risk assessment at a workplace you
Foraren’t
applied digital
familiar books
with, which may have equipment you haven’t seen before and
conduct activities you haven’t assessed before.
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Do your research
Core life skills
Before conducting your risk assessment,

do as much research as you can about
the type of workplace you are going to. You
should think about the size of the workplace,
the number of employees that could be
harmed from workplace risks, the types of
equipment and activities that could be
done there and how the workplace interacts
with the environment.

Ask questions
An important part of your risk assessment is talking
to the employer and employees at the workplace.
Be prepared with questions and ask a question
any time you need information. You can ask an
employer what measures they have to keep their

employees safe. You can ask an employee how
to use a specific piece of equipment. Asking
questions is a great way to collect data for your risk
assessment.
Seek expert advice

Sometimes you have questions that haven’t been asked before. This can
happen when you see a new technique, new tool or unique activity being
used. It is important to ask a competent or regulatory authority any questions
you have about things that may be unfamiliar. Sharing this information with
them can also help them improve their regulations, since you might have seen
something that has never been observed before.

Chapter 2. Hazard identification

Section 2.1: Identifying hazards
Recall that a hazard is anything with the potential
to cause harm. You’ll remember the six different
categories of hazards that can be found in the
workplace. There are many different tools, techniques
and
Research processes used to identify
Discussion hazards in theInformation
Example
workplace.
Activity

Recall the types of hazards.
List the six different categories of hazards. Give an example of

each.

Int Pr
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Activity
Hazard identification tools
You can use many tools to help you identify hazards in the workplace.

Checklists
Many regulatory authorities and workplaces have checklists
you can use
Lab that tlist what you
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should look for
esearch
when Aidentifying
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hazards at a workplace. There are different checklists for

I
different workplaces.
Core life skills

Activity
Research checklists
Use an online search engine to access hazard identification checklists for:

a hospital, a Remember
Video school, a factory. Explain howDidthe
Keyword checklists are different.
You Know

Int Pr
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Templates
Activity
When identifying hazards, you need to record what you find. There are templates
and forms available that describe what you need to write. This can help you stay
organised and remind you all the data you need to collect.

Labels
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During an inspection, you should look at labels

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on hazardous substances. These explain why the

Core life ART
skills MATHEMATICS Safety Think
substance is a hazard, how it can cause harm
and how it should be stored safely. You should
check that all labels are readable and the
instructions on them are being followed during
your
Researchinspection.
Discussion Example Information
Activity
Review hazardous substances
Review what a hazardous substance is. Describe the different types and
their effect on individual health and the environment’s health.

Int Pr
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Safety data sheets
All hazardous substances have a material safety data sheet. This explains
in detail everything you need to know about a hazardous substance. This is
not found on the label of the substance but rather in a binder or folder near
where the substance is stored. You should read this carefully to make sure all
instructions are being followed at the workplace. The information it includes is:
Health effects upon exposure to the hazardous substance
How to use it safely
How to respond if someone is affected by the hazardous substance
The ingredients that make it hazardous
Physical qualities of the substance, such as its colour, odour, boiling point,
freezing point, acidity and more
Its reactivity when in contact with other substances or certain

environmental conditions

There are specific requirements you need to meet when conducting a safety
inspection that involves hazardous substances.
1. Read all information about the hazardous substance.
2. Protect yourself properly at the workplace based on the information. This

could include using certain personal protective equipment, such as gloves

and masks and accessing the hazardous substance in a safe room, such as
one with ventilation and fume hoods.
3. Check that the hazardous substance is stored as instructed. Check that it is

sealed properly and has labels that are readable. Check that it isn’t stored
near anything it is reactive with.
4. Check for any information about the specific substance item, such as
its expiry. An expired hazardous substance should be removed from the
workplace.
5. Observe that the hazardous substance is being used as instructed. The

employee should be wearing the correct personal protective equipment
and using techniques such as work-rotation, breaks and equipment such as
fume hoods and ventilation.
6. Check that appropriate disposal is available for hazardous waste and

personal protective equipment that has come in contact with hazardous
waste at the workplace. Certain hazardous substance need to be disposed
in specific containers and in specific ways, or separately from one another
so they don’t react with each other.
7. Meet with the workers to check their understanding of how to work safely
with the hazardous substance. Check if they received training and have
read the material safety data sheet.

Certain substances are hazardous to human health. You will remember these will
have the following symbols:
Corrosive – this Toxic – this can Radiation – these Biohazard – this

can cause cause sickness are substances is a biological
skin irritation, if inhaled, that cause substance (that
rashes and ingested or radiation and comes from a living
burns. absorbed affect the cells in organism) that
(through the your body, making carries something
ART MATHEMATICS
skin). Safety
you sick.Think harmful to humans,
such as an
infection or poison.
Activity
Safety symbols
List all of the safety symbols you learned about before. Explain the
precautions you need to take when handling hazardous substances with
these symbols.
Int Pr
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Activity

Equipment manuals
Machines, vehicle and other equipment that are used at the workplace can
cause injuries if they are not used safely. All types of equipment come with a
manual. You should check the manual for each equipment and make sure that
the guidance and instructions are being followed. There will be instructions on:
• How to use the machine or equipment safely
• How to store it
• How to turn it on and off
• When it should be used

• Guards, safety switches and sensors
• Emergency buttons
• Alarms and lights

Activity
Review an equipment manual
Use an online search engine to access an equipment manual. Identify

the important information in the manual. Discuss how you can check all
information in the manual is being followed at a workplace.
Int Pr
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Activity
When you are conducting a safety inspection at a workplace that uses
dangerous tools, equipment, vehicles and machines, you need to check that
these are being used safely.
1. Check that the safety control measures, such as barriers, signs and guards
are in place and being used.
2. Using a visual check, determine the condition of the equipment or machine.

There should be no damage to any part of it.
3. Check the servicing data. All equipment and machines need to be serviced
at certain times, which will be indicated on each item’s label. Check the
service date and make sure it’s correct.
4. Observe an employee using the tool, equipment, vehicle or machine.

Confirm that they are following all safety measures as indicated by signs,
forms and manuals.
5. Meet with the employees that use the equipment or machine. Confirm that
they understand the safety requirements and are following them. Check
that they have received instructional manuals and training, if needed.
Administrative Data
Data such as leaves, absences,
accidents, hours worked and who
is assigned to different tasks are
important data to review. These can
help you identify hazards, such as
those that are:

• causing absences due to workplace injuries and illness.
• causing a negative work environment and workplace stress due to long work
hours or challenging work.
• causing work stress and conflicts due to the wrong people being assigned
certain tasks, such as heavy labour assigned to older adults at increased risk
of injury or technical tasks to individuals that aren’t qualified.
• causing accidents due to missing or insufficient qualifications of the workers.
Identifying hazards through inspections

Planning your method
Before beginning your hazard
identification inspection, you should
have a plan about which tools,
techniques and resources you will
be using. You need to select the best
method, including the tools, techniques
and resources that are most suitable
for the workplace location, types of
workplace activities and the time you
have to complete the assessment.
Consider the following:
1. Who at the workplace is being inspected?
2. What type of workplace is being inspected? What tools, equipment and

processes are being inspected?
3. Where will the inspection take place?

4. When will the inspection happen? What date and time? How long will it be?
5. Why is the inspection being done? What is the scope and purpose.
6. How will hazards be identified? Which hazard identification tools will be

used?
Your method should include the following information:
• The tools you plan to use
• The resources you will need to access
• A list of questions you plan to ask and who you need to ask
• The workplace areas you need access to
• The workplace activities you want to observe during your inspection
• The preferred order of areas and activities you want to observe.
This plan should be made clear to the employer at the workplace so that
they can support all your needs. Your plan should help you complete your
assessment quickly and effectively. But your plan needs to be flexible as well. You
should have contingency plans if certain people or resources aren’t available
during your inspection to provide you data. The best method to conduct a risk
assessment and identify hazards will be different for different workplaces, workers,
activities, location and more.

Activity
Plan an inspection
Select a workplace you would like to conduct a safety inspection for. Create
a plan for the inspection that includes all considerations.

Int Pr
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Types of inspections
Activity
The most common type of inspections are periodic inspections. These are
planned inspections which investigate the equipment and processes that are
most likely to cause serious injury or illness at the workplace. Periodic inspections
Forare usuallydigital
applied part ofbooks
a preventative maintenance plan.
Sometimes, a regulatory authority may conduct a random inspection. This is

to check the Lworkplace
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expecting it. It is important to conduct such inspections so that you can see how
the workplace conducts work on a regular basis.
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A spontaneous inspection may also be conducted following an accident. The

purpose of period inspections is to prevent accidents. If an accident does occur,
an inspection should be done immediately to understand how this hazard was
previously missed and what can be done to reduce the risk.

Section 2.2: Consulting and documenting
hazards
Talking to employees and listening to their
feedback can be a very good way to
identify hazards. Employees have the most
to gain from identifying hazards; they also
have the most to lose if hazards remain
unidentified. Employees also know the most
about the possible hazards linked to doing
their jobs.
Employees should always be encouraged to participate in health and safety

at work. Encouraging employees to participate in health and safety shows the
employer takes their opinions about it seriously. They should also report health
and safety concerns. Employees are usually in the best position to identify
hazards, unsafe conditions, near misses and incidents. By encouraging workers
to report accidents, employers can fix problems before someone gets hurt or
becomes ill.
Employees are more likely to share this important information if the workplace
makes them feel safe and comfortable enough to do so. Employers should
always give employees access to health and safety information. This develops
trust between managers and workers. Employees should be involved in all
aspects of health and safety, not just during an inspection.
Regular meetings and reminders should be used so safety is talked about all the
time. These casual discussions will allow employees to freely discuss ideas and
solutions to reduce risks. It also helps employees to feel safe and reminds them
that their employer prioritises their safety.

Consulting employees
An important part of your inspection will be to consult employees. Once you are
familiar with the type of workplace and high-risk activities that happen there, you
should have a list of questions or topics you want to discuss with the employees
directly.
When to consult employees

You can speak with employees at the workplace at any time. You should
make sure that you are not interfering with their work. If they look busy or are
conducting a high-risk activity, wait until they are done.
The best time to consult an employee depends on the type of information you
want to receive. If you want to know how well they understood their training
information, you should speak to them after the training. Ask them how effective
and valuable the training was and if they still have any questions.
You can also check how well they understand the safety measures for using a
specific tool or equipment, consult with them when they are ready to work with
the tool or equipment. Ask them to show you how they would use it safely. Ask
them if they feel safe when using it.
You can learn about the work culture and whether employees feel safe and
protected at work, by comparing feedback from new employees and long-term
employees.
Finally, following an incident, it’s important to consult employees immediately.

You should investigate how the incident happened. The employees can explain
exactly what they were doing at the time, where they were and what they think
may have caused the incident. They can also tell you what they saw, heard or
smelled.

Ways to consult employees
There are many ways you can use to consult employees. The way you use will
depend on the type of information you want, the amount of time you have and
the amount of time the employees have for the consultation.
One-to-one consultations are meetings between you and the employee alone.
This can be casual and informal if you want general information. It can also be
formal, in which you ask specific questions and guide the discussion. In both
cases, you should always record notes.
Group consultations are effective meetings in

which more than one employee meets with you
at one time. This usually makes the employees feel
more comfortable and willing to share information
that they may be too shy to mention on their
own. The way the employees interact during the
group consultation can also inform you on work
relationships.
Surveys are a great way of getting information in writing, without meeting with
the employees directly. You can collect a lot of information in a short amount of
time because multiple employees can complete a survey at the same time. This
is faster than meeting with each employee separately. Surveys are also written
data, which means you can compare the information from one employee to
another very easily. The survey can also be in many formats:
• Short answer allows for employees to input their information freely
• Multiple choice guides employees to respond with specific answers only
• A numbered scale helps employees give an assessment rating about

something

Activity
Communication Skills
Discuss the communication techniques you should use when consulting

with employees that can help you get the most information but also make
the employees feel comfortable with you.
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Collecting data
There is a lot of information available in documents
that exist at the workplace that should be reviewed
within the scope of your assessment. Attendance
and absences reports can help determine common
reasons for leaves
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Incident reports can outline previous injuries, illnesses

or damages that have happened in the past, their
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causes and what was done to prevent them from
recurring. Previous surveys and forms that have been
filled out by employees in the past should be revisited.
Some of these have recommendations and requests from employees that you
should check have been implemented. Statistical reports on the number of
different types of activities, their duration, incidents and more can indicate if
these are improving or worsening.

Recording data
It is important to record all of the information you collect during your
investigation. You can use checklists and standard templates during your
investigation and share a record of these with the employer and regulatory
authority. You should also keep a record of all of the information you’ve collected
during your inspection, including:
• A record of your observations
• A list of the hazardous equipment, vehicles and

substances found
• A record of the forms and surveys employees have filled

out
• Notes from employee consultations
• A report on your recommendations

Chapter 3. People at risk
Section 3.1: Employees at risk
For each hazard, it is important to be clear about who could be harmed. Groups
of people should also be identified as part of a risk assessment instead of
individuals alone.
Permanent employees
Permanent employees are the first group of
people that should be identified as part of
the risk assessment process and are the most
obvious group to consider. They spend the most
time at the workplace and may have been there
for many months or years. This increases their
exposure to workplace hazards and increases
their health risks.
Long-term employees are exposed to hazardous substances chronically, or for

a long period. Chronic exposure to hazardous substances can have long-term
health effects. Long-term employees are at higher risk for job dissatisfaction.
This can happen when an employee doesn’t feel like they have progressed in
their job and no longer feel as valuable. Permanent employees are exposed to
occupational hazards from tools and machines for a long time. This puts them
at higher risk for occupational illnesses such as hand-arm vibration syndrome,
deafness, blindness and more. Permanent employees working with vibrating
tools, loud machines and bright lights should be given regular medical checks
and work-rotation or breaks.
Remember, not all permanent employees are long-term, but they usually do work
long-term and long hours.

Temporary employees
Temporary employees are hired for short-term projects or tasks. They usually have
shorter durations of exposure to workplace hazards. However, there are other risks
which are unique to them. Temporary employees often don’t receive extensive
training or time to learn new tasks and how to complete them safely. Since the
job assignment is short, the time available to conduct training is also short.
This leaves them vulnerable to missing important information and not having
enough time to practice the activity in a safe manner. Temporary employees
also don’t usually spend enough time at the workplace to provide feedback on
the health and safety measures in place. They also might not be given time to
share their feedback because their assignment is very short.
Regardless of the type of employee, it is important to know the total number of

employees at the workplace. This can help you determine the following:
Does the number of

Are there enough Are there enough
employees at the
employees to employees available
workplace at any given
complete the so they can practice
time exceed the fire
workplace’s activities job-rotation and
safety regulations of the
safely? breaks?
workplace?
You can use attendance data and hiring data to determine this number.

Section 3.2: Vulnerable populations
Employees aren’t the only people at a workplace. Many workplaces have
visitors, such as managers, inspectors, authority service providers and more.
Some workplaces also have visitors, such retail stores and restaurants that are
open to the public. It is important to consider all these people when conducting
a risk assessment. These people can be classified into specific vulnerable
populations.
Children
Children are at increased risk at any
workplace. This is because many children
might not be able to understand safety signs
or know when they are doing something
dangerous. A workplace should always look
for children and make the area as safe as
possible for them.
Older adults
Older adults are at increased risk of tripping, slipping and falling. Some older
adults may struggle with walking, balancing, seeing and hearing. They may
not be able to see or understand signs and safety symbols. They may not be
able to hear safety alarms and drills. It is important that there are plans in place
to support older adults that need extra assistance. This includes making signs
bigger and clearer and giving instruction visually and in writing. Some older
adults may also have illnesses that affect their decision making, memory, mood
and understanding. They may also have illnesses that increase their risk from
inhaling hazardous substances or fumes.

People of determination
Certain people have a disability that increases their risk of injuries. It is important
that there are ramps and elevators available for people on crutches or
wheelchairs. People with hearing deficits will need safety information shared
with them in writing. People with vision deficits will need information explained
verbally or in braille. They may also need support and direction when walking
from one place to another.
People with illnesses

Some illnesses increase risks for individuals. It isn’t always easy to identify people
with illnesses, such as respiratory illnesses, allergies, mental health illnesses and
other sensitivities. There should be signs and alternative options available for
these people so they can choose a safe approach to visiting the workplace.

Pregnant women and mothers of young children
Pregnant women and women with young children are considered a vulnerable
population because certain conditions can put their baby at risk. These women
need to be protected from hazardous substances and fumes, uneven and
slippery floors and poor lighting. These can increase their risk of illness and
injuries.

Chapter 4. Assessing risk
Once you have identified hazards at the workplace,
you need to determine their level of risk. There are a
few important steps to assess risk:
1. Risk analysis – determine how likely and severe the risk is
2. Identify those at risk – determine who and what is at risk
3. Prioritise – assign a level of priority for reducing each risk
4. Document – Keep a record of all data from the risk assessment
Section 4.1: Conducting a risk analysis

Assessing the risk of a hazard requires analysis. You need to analyse the risk
from different perspectives to determine its actual level of risk. Risk is assessed by
measuring the likelihood of the hazard causing a risk and how severe the risk
caused is.
Likelihood can be analysed by how likely it is for the risk to cause harm. For
example, it is likely that someone will slip on wet floors if there is no ‘wet floor’ sign
visible. But it is unlikely for someone to slip on wet floors if access to the wet floors
is blocked by a barricade.

It is important to note that the levels of likelihood can be described in different
ways. Likelihood can be considered in three levels, such as unlikely, likely and
definite, or even more levels.
Severity can be analysed by determining the impact, or how harmful, the harm
from a hazard is. A paper cut is not considered a severe injury, but a natural
disaster such as a flood can be catastrophic.
Severity levels can also be defined differently by different assessors. Severity can
be found in three levels, such as low, moderate and critical or many more levels.
The risk level can be determined by comparing the likelihood and severity.
Risk levels can be described from lowest to highest. These can also be in three
levels, four levels or even five levels.

Using a risk matrix

A risk matrix is visual chart that helps to determine the level of risk of a hazard
Top Tip
using its likelihood and severityZoom
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assessment. UAE hero
Once you have determined how
many levels of likelihood and severity you are considering to assess the risk levels
of hazards, you can create a risk matrix that will quickly calculate the risk level for
you. All you need is to do is the following:
1. Determine how many likelihood and severity levels you will have.
2. Create a risk register with these levels.
3. ART Determine the risk levels forSafety

MATHEMATICS all combinations
Think of likelihood and severity.
4. Select a hazard and determine its likelihood and severity.
5. Use the risk matrix to determine the hazard’s risk level.

Activity
Research risk matrices
Use an online search engine to identify three different types of risk matrices.
Identify how they are different. Determine the benefit of each of the type of
matrices.
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Qualitative risk matrices
A qualitative risk matrix doesn’t use numbers for likelihood and severity. It uses
descriptions such as unlikely and likely or low and severe. This is valuable when
the data available doesn’t have statistical information. This also means that the
assessor needs to use their judgement and as much information as is available
to assign the levels as accurately as possible.
Quantitative risk matrices

A quantitative risk matrix looks very similar to a qualitative risk matrix, except
it uses numbers. The numbers come from real, statistical data. For example,
you can determine the exact number of fires or injuries that happened at a
workplace in a given year by reviewing the workplace’s incident data. Using
these numbers, you can determine a quantitative probability value and assign a
risk level that is supported by statistical, numerical data.

It is important to consider the benefits of both qualitative and quantitative
risk matrices. One is not necessarily better than the other. One is usually
more suitable than another in certain situations. Often times, you can use a
combination for the same risk assessment, depending on the data available
and the outcomes desired.

Section 4.2: Using a risk register
Risk registers are a very important tool for managing risks. After risks have been
identified they should be recorded in a risk register. The risk register contains all
the information needed to manage risks including the actions to be taken.
There are many ways to create a risk register. Businesses and organisations often
create their own risk register to suit their business needs.
Components of a risk register

Number and Date
Each risk on the register is given a number. If there are ten risks, they will be
numbered from one to ten. Some workplaces include the most critical risk at the
top of the register and the least critical at the bottom. The most important risk will
be numbered one and the least important risk will be numbered ten.
The date is simply the date that the risk was identified and included on the risk
register. This is an important way to priotise your risks.

Description
The description column includes a short description of the risk. This should
be simple and brief but very clear and specific. The reader should be able to
determine exactly why this risk has been included in the register.
Likelihood, severity and risk levels
Using your risk matrix, you will have scores for likelihood, severity and risk levels.
Whether these are qualitative or quantitative, they are listed in the risk register.
Action
Once risks are assessed and prioritised, an action should be recommended for
each. The action should be very specific, suitable and reasonable. Each action
should also have a due date.
Current status
The aim of a risk assessment is to reduce risks in a suitable and reasonable way
that is effective, quick and realistic. It is important to determine the current level
of risk:
Generally These are low risks which will have little effect or are unlikely
acceptable (GA): to happen. Some of these risks can even be ignored.
As low as This is an acceptable level of risk. Low and medium
reasonably ranked risks can be categorised here. If a risk is as low as
possible (ALARP):
reasonably possible, it doesn’t have to be fixed right away.
Generally High or extreme risks can be found in this category. Work
unacceptable cannot continue if a risk is generally unacceptable. These
(GU)
risks need to be fixed immediately.

Review date
The review date is the date that the identified risks and the actions assigned
need to be reviewed again. The review date should be reasonable enough
to allow the workplace sufficient time to take the action and make change.
It should also be as quick as possible so that the risk is resolved as early as
possible, minimising its likelihood.
Review dates are important because risk assessment is an ongoing process.

Risks change as conditions change. Some examples of changing conditions
include new equipment, new staff, changes to a process and equipment
becoming old and broken. These are just some of the changing conditions that
can affect risks which is why it is so important to revisit risk registers regularly.

Chapter 5. Recommending control
measures
Once hazards have been identified and risks have been assessed, precautions
need to be decided. Precautions are the actions taken to prevent or reduce
risks. They are also known as control measures.
You will recall from previous chapters that the best control measure reduces
risks to zero. However, this isn’t always possible. Some tasks require certain risks,
otherwise the task cannot be completed. For example, when you drive a car,
you are accepting that there is a risk of an accident because you are using a
vehicle at high speeds and near other fast-moving vehicles. However, control
measures, such as speed signs, signals, lanes, mirrors and seatbelts are used
to reduce the risk of injury. But this doesn’t reduce the risk to zero, so vehicle
operators have to accept a certain level of risk.
Section 5.1: Hierarchy of controls

The control hierarchy is used to select the best method to reduce risks. It lists the
methods from most to least effective, the most effective being generally more
difficult to achieve, but also most likely to reduce risks to zero. Control measures
need to be applied to any generally unacceptable risks. These risks should be
reduced so they are classified as either one of the less hazardous categories.
You should attempt to reduce risks using a method from the most effective end
of the control hierarchy, moving move down the hierarchy if the most effective
method is not reasonable.

Elimination
READING ENGNEERING
Elimination means to stop the hazard by removing it completely from the
workplace.
Think
Safety What can be Think

eliminated?
Think about some hazards at the workplace can be eliminated or

completely removed. Determine the impact this would have on workplace
activities.
Example Information
Substitution
If you cannot eliminate the hazard, you can replace it
Core lifewith
skills a less hazardous
Essay option. This is called substitution.
Engineering controls
Engineering controls are methods of changing the conditions surrounding the
hazard.
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These are usually done using construction or equipment and include
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Safety guards Ventilation systems Fume hoods Barricades and
are added to are installed in are used barriers are used
dangerous parts areas that have when working to separate
of machines, such high levels of fumes with harmful moving machines
as those with or vapours in the chemicals in a or vehicles from
blades. air. laboratory. people.
Administrative controls
Administrative controls are minor adjustments that management can make to
make the workplace safer. These include many things:
The use of safety signs Staff training on health Regular staff breaks and
and information boards and safety. work rotation.
to share health and
safety information.

Personal protective equipment (PPE)
If a risk cannot be reduced to an acceptable level in any other way, employers
have to provide personal protective equipment (PPE). Personal protective
equipment is anything an employee can wear to protect them from a hazard.
There are many examples of PPE:
• Helmets and boots to protect from falling objects

• Goggles or masks to protect from moving or flying objects
• Masks to protect from harmful particles in the air

• Aprons, gowns and coat to protect from harmful bacteria or substances
Activity
Research PPE
Use an online search engine to identify 10 different types of PPE. Describe

their purpose and in which conditions they could be used.

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It is important to consider the entire hierarchy of controls when reducing risks,
beginning with the most effective control method possible.
You can also (and should) use a combination of control methods, where
possible. Consider replacing harmful cleaning chemicals with less harmful ones,
using the control method of substitution. The employees using the cleaning
chemicals should still use administrative controls, such as reading the labels, as
well as personal protective equipment, such as gloves and masks. Combining
control methods reduces risks further.

Section 5.2: Industry standards
There are many standards available that explain the type of controls that should
be used in certain types of workplaces and for certain workplace activities. You
don’t have to determine the controls on your own. You should use the industry
standards when they are available to determine the best control methods.
Aligning with industry standards will also help you to confirm that you have met
the minimum requirements with your controls.
International standards
International standards are created by experts from different countries. They
meet and discuss what these standards should be. These standards become the
common health and safety practices.

Activity
Research the ILO
Use an online search engine to access the International Labour
Organisation. Briefly read their documents to learn more about the
international standards for health and safety.
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Local standards
Activity
Local standards are created by experts from one country, region or city. The
UAE has standards that all emirates need to follow. Each emirate can also have
standards that only need to be followed in that emirate. A workplace can also
have its own standards that only need to be followed at that workplace. All local
standards can be guided by international standards.
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guides for different workplaces and conditions in the UAE.
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Standards and guidelines values

There are certain standards or limits for various hazards, including the amount of
air pollution, noise pollution, work hours and more. There are also standards for
what makes a sufficient risk assessment and how to develop an effective safety
management system.
• The OSHAD-SF Safety Manual describe the requirements for compliance,

risk management, investigations, inspections, control methods and
documentation.
• The OSHAD-SF Occupational Standards and Guidelines Values describes the

limits for things like air pollution and noise pollution.

• The OSHAD-SF Management System Elements describes the requirements for

risk management, communication of health and safety information at work,
Research Discussion
training, emergency Example and more.
procedures Information
Activity

Review the suggested standards
Access the standards listed above and determine the requirements of

each component.

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Guides for safe practices

Activity
Many guidance documents are available in the UAE to inform workplaces on
how to remain compliant with health and safety laws and standards. These
guides list the potential risks at specific types of workplaces and for specific
types of workplace activities. They also give recommendations on how to reduce
Forthese
applied
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• OSHAD Procedure documents are technical guides that provide information

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• Codes of Practice are documents that are created for specific activities or
conditions and identify potential hazards, their risks and suggested control
measures. There are dozens of codes of practices available in the UAE, for
situations such as working with electricity, handling food, working in the heat
and more.

Activity
Review the guides
Access the technical guides and the codes of practice available online.
Select the most beneficial documents that should be used for different
types of workplaces, such as a hospital, school or construction site.
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Activity G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety
Confirming industry standards
It is important that during your risk assessment, you confirm any and all industry
standards that fall within the scope of your risk assessment. You should always
do the following:
1. Determine the types of risks associated with the workplace where you are
conducting the risk assessment.
2. Check that all safety laws, that are standard for all workplaces, are being
followed.
3. Review which international standards are relevant to your workplace and

check those are being met.
4. Determine which technical guides, manuals and codes of practice are

relevant to the workplace and check that the workplace is compliant with
the information there.
You shouldn’t rely on only one source of standards. International laws and
standards, local laws and standards, local guides and manuals should all be
considered during your risk assessment.

Chapter 6. Presenting the results
You have just examined the entire risk assessment process.
You now need to do the following check your records contain all the information
from your assessment and communicate the information to the right people.
Section 6.1: Keeping a record

During your risk assessment, you will have a collected a lot of information from
many sources and in different formats. It is important to have a record of all the
information.
Types of records
There are many different ways you can collect information and maintain a
record of them.

Paper records
You will have records on paper, either
print or digital, about any administrative
information. This includes employee
attendance, leaves, accident reports
and more. You may have also used

templates and forms to collect new
information, such as feedback from
employees, notes from meetings and
consultations, observation reports and
more. Your paper records should be
clearly organised:
• They should have dates and a list of people involved.
• They should have contact information for who completed the document or
who can provide access to the document or more information about it.
• They should have a suitable title that explains their purpose.
• They should be easy to read.
Audio records
Audio records or recordings are a great way to
maintain a record of information from meetings
and consultation, where it might be difficult to write
paper notes for at the time. Your audio records
should be saved as digital files with the following
requirements:

• Dates and a list of people involved
• Contact information for someone who can provide more information about it
• Suitable title that explains their purpose
• Fair quality so it is easy to understand
It is also possible to create paper records from audio records, such as a written
transcription of a conversation or written notes from an audio recorded meeting.
This will help you review your records more easily than having to listen to the
entire recording again every time you need information from it.
Visual records
Some information you collect will include videos, pictures, illustrations or maps
from the workplace. It is important to maintain a record of all of these as well.

• Videos of someone completing a hazardous activity can be reviewed later by
other experts
• Pictures of the workplace can describe how safe and clean the workplace
is, including the safety signs and symbols that are visible, amount of lighting,
seating areas, accessibility of walking areas and more.
• Illustrations are often used to give instructions and guidance to employees.

A record of these are useful to keep a record of so you can review them and
determine if they are effective and sufficient or missing information.
• All workplaces should have some form of a map, especially for evacuation
purposes. You should keep a record of these as well so they can be reviewed
to check they are accurate and contain all necessary information.
When you collect pictures or videos of the workplace and employees, you need
to confirm that you have the permission of the employees to be in the picture or
video. You cannot violate their privacy rights.
When collecting illustrations or maps from the workplace, you always want to ask
for a copy of them instead of taking the originals. The originals should remain at
the workplace.
Organising records
It’s good practice to organise your records in an easy to understand and easy
to access way. You may end up with dozens or even hundreds of records upon
completion of your risk assessment. It will be very difficult to review these later if
they are not organised. There are some standard practices you should use to
organise your records.

Location
Dedicate a specific place for your records for each risk assessment separately.
This can be a specific folder in a cabinet or a specific digital folder on a
computer or cloud. It is important that access to the records are limited to only
those that are allowed to have access. Physical files should be locked and
digital files should be password protected.
Categorisation
Categorise the documents into easy-to-understand categories. The categories
selected should be what works best for the data you have:
• Categorising by type of data would mean separating audio records, visual

records and paper records
• Categorising by source of data would mean separating employee

consultation data, observation reports and administrative data)
• Categorising by type of work area would mean separating data by the

different rooms or locations of the workplace
• Categorising by activity would mean separating data by different activity

types that happen at the workplace
The way you will categorise these will depend on the scope of your risk
assessment and the type of data you have. It’s always a good idea to consider
layers of categories. This means having categories within categories.

Section 6.2: Reporting the results
Once you have completed your risk assessment and have all of your records
in place, you need to report the results to the right people. Before doing so, you
need to check all your records and have a clear idea of the recommendations
you are making.
Recipients of the results

A recipient is someone that receives something. The result of your risk assessment
is information that needs to be sent to someone. Certain parts of your risk
assessment will be sent to different people.

Reporting to employers
Employers need all the useful information you have collected. They need a
summary of your overall assessment and recommendations:
An analysis of the
List of hazards List of those at risk
risks, listed in priority
A date of when you

A date by which the will return to the
Your recommendation
action for reducing workplace to check
for reducing the risk
the risk should be that the action has
achieved been achieved
Reporting to employees
It is the employer’s responsibility to share the key information from the risk
assessment to their employees. However, as the expert, you should make yourself
available to meet with the employees after the assessment. You should thank
them for their participation and contribution. You should also share the key
information from your results so they have an opportunity to ask you questions
directly.

Reporting to authorities
Some of your findings may suggest non-compliance with standards and laws. It
is important that these specific findings are shared with regulatory authorities. It
will be their job to determine the necessary consequence to the workplace for
non-compliance. This could include fines, closing of operations, or suspension of
certain employees.
You should also report interesting findings to regulatory authorities. If you

discover a new technique, method or practice being used by the workplace
that you feel could help other workplaces to improve their safety, you should
share this information with the regulatory authority. The authority can then create
new standards and recommendations or update the existing ones and share
this information with all workplaces within the same sector.

Section 6.3: Presenting the results
When you share your results, you should present them in a professional and
efficient manner. You should provide all the necessary information in a way that
is easy to understand. You need select the right information for sharing with
different people and the best method for presenting the information.
Ways to present results

The results from your risk assessment includes a combination of data, reports,
numbers and descriptions. Each of these can be presented in different ways.
Written reports
Written reports should be shared when a lot of information needs to be
summarised. The entire risk assessment should be condensed into a written
report, with specific titles and sections that make it easy for the reader to
follow. Written reports will always need to be shared with the employer of the
workplace. They will usually need to be submitted to a regulatory authority as
well.

Charts and graphs
Numerical and statistical data, such as number of employees, number of leaves,
frequency of accidents and so on, is better presented in a visual manner. Charts,
graphs and table are an effective way to present information with numbers. It
allows
Video
the viewer to compare data
Remember Keyword
more easily. You can also colour-code your
Did You Know
chart or graph and add many measures. Charts and graphs aren’t mandatory,
but they are very effective in communicating information in a visual manner.
Activity
Research types of graphs
Research line graphs, bar graphs, scatter plots and pie charts. Determine
which type of information is best presented in each of these types of graphs.

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Presentations
You can create a slideshow to combine the key information in a very simple
presentation. This is a combination of written text and visuals, including charts
and graphs. Presentations aren’t usually submitted for an employer to view. They
are used for the assessor or inspector to present their findings during a meeting.
Presentations are rarely submitted to a regulatory authority, unless an assessor or
inspector is invited by the regulatory authority to present new information.
Methods of communication
When presenting your results, you can use many different methods of
communication. The method you choose will depend on your objective.

In-person
You can communicate your findings through an in-person meeting. You
can choose who to invite to the meeting and modify the contents of your
presentation depending on who attends the meeting. An in-person meeting can
be:
An open A conversation
A presentation discussion for all between people
Meeting in person allows people to discuss and ask questions when they don’t
understand. It’s an effective way to reduce misunderstandings and clarify
concepts.
In writing
It is important to share all information in writing because written communication
is evidence that the communication did happen. This protects you from being
accused of not sharing the results. Written information is also accurate and
exact. In person you might generalise a concept, such as saying ‘a lot injuries
were caused by the use of tools in the workplace.’ But in writing, the data is more
specific and exact, such as ’18 injuries in the last year were caused using various
hand tools, including hammers and saws.’ It can be difficult to remember all the
details of numerical data during a presentation, so sharing information in writing
is very important.

However, when you share results in writing, it does not allow the reader to discuss
the contents or ask questions. It is important to be available in-person as well as
provide written information.

Chapter 7. Reviewing and updating
After you have completed your risk assessment and communicated your
findings with the right people, it’s important to return to the workplace
after a certain time to review the risk assessment. You need to check if the
recommendations from your assessment have been implemented. You also

need to update your assessment based on your new findings.

Section 7.1: Reviewing your assessment
Before returning to the workplace to review your risk assessment, you should
have an idea of what you’ll be looking for. You should review your risk assessment
to identify the following:
• The hazards you already identified
• The level of risk you assigned each hazard
• The control measure you recommended for each hazard
• The timeframe you provided for the workplace to action your

recommendation
You should have a clear outline of the purpose and scope of the review. You
do not need to conduct a whole new risk assessment. You only need to revisit
the parts of the risk assessment that required actions and changes. This outline
should be clear to the employer so they know what you are looking for in your
review and they can make sure the necessary changes have been made.
What to update
When you visit the workplace to review the risk assessment, you should begin
with the hazards you previously identified and check if your recommendation
was implemented and the impact this has had on the risk.

If your recommendation was
not implemented, you need to
investigate the reason for this. It’s
possible your recommendation
was not reasonable or suitable
for the workplace. Speak with the
employees and employers and

collect data to determine why
your recommendation was not
implemented and consider a new
recommendation.
If your recommendation was implemented, you need to re-assess the level of

risk. Determine if the risk has been reduced to GA or ALARP. If it hasn’t, you will
have to make a new recommendation.
You should also look for any new hazards that may have been introduced since
your last assessment. New hazards can present when there are changes at the
workplace.
• Hiring new employees or firing old ones can change the employee numbers
• A new equipment or tool presents new risks and requires all safety measures
• A new process can present new risks and requires all safety measures
You should use all previous methods of hazard identification, including

observations and consultations, during your review.

Section 7.2: Making updates
During your review, you will have collected new information. This could be
newly identified hazards, changes in the workplace, implementation of
recommendations, new administrative data and more. You need to update
your risk assessment with this new information. This does not mean deleting
the information you collected in your previous risk assessment. It means to add
new content to your risk assessment. You also need to inform the employer and
sometimes the employees or regulatory authority of the updates.


83
End of Unit Summary
In this unit, you explored the steps of conducting a suitable and

sufficient workplace risk assessment.
In section 1.1, you learned about the guidelines for a risk assessment:
ϐ Legal requirements, including international and local laws and

orders describe the requirements for workplace health and safety.
ϐ A suitable risk assessment is appropriate for the workplace and a

sufficient risk assessment reduces risks as low as possible without
affecting the workplace negatively.
In section 1.2, you learned about risk assessment tools, techniques

and methods:
ϐ Tools, including templates, forms and checklists can help you

conduct a risk assessment.
ϐ Methods and techniques, including SALM, JSA, FMEA, inspections

and consulting with employees can help you gather information
for your risk assessment.
In section 2.1, you learned how to identify hazards:
ϐ You should use a combination of tools, techniques and methods to

identify all hazards at a workplace.
ϐ You need to use extra precautions when identifying hazards

associated with hazardous substances and dangerous equipment.

In section 2.2, you learned about consulting and documenting
hazards:
ϐ Employees are an excellent source of information and should be

consulted throughout your risk assessment.
ϐ You should document all of your findings.
In section 3.1, you learned about employees at risk:
ϐ Permanent and temporary employees have different risks at

the workplace. Both need to be considered during your risk
assessment.
In section 3.2, you learned about vulnerable populations:
ϐ Specific precautions should be taken for vulnerable populations,

including children, older adults, people of determination and
pregnant women.
In section 4.1, you learned how to assess risks:
ϐ Risk is measured by multiplying its likelihood with its severity.
ϐ Risks can be assessed using a qualitative matrix, involving quality

descriptors.
ϐ Risks can be measured using a quantitative matrix, involving

statistical and numerical information.

End of Unit Summary
In section 4.2, you learned about risk registers:
ϐ A risk register is used to record your risk assessment measures.
In section 5.1, you learned about control measures:
ϐ The hierarchy of controls is a useful tool that helps you determine

the most effective and reasonable control for each risk.
In section 5.2, you learned how to meet industry standards:
ϐ There are international, local and workplace or work activity

specific standards. These guides can help you to check that a
workplace is compliant with industry standards.
In section 6.1, you learned about keeping records:
ϐ Different types of records, including paper, audio visual, have

different benefits and purposes.
ϐ You need to organise your records so you can easily follow the
large amount of data you have collected.
In section 6.2, you learned about reporting results:
ϐ There are different recipients, including the employer, employees

and authorities, that need different data reported to them.

In section 6.3, you learned about presenting results:
ϐ There are different ways to present your findings, including written

reports, charts and presentations.
ϐ There are different methods of communication that have different

benefits, including in-person and through writing.
In section 7.1, you learned about reviewing and updating your risk
assessment:
ϐ Reviewing your assessment requires re-visiting the workplace to see

if your recommendations have been implemented.
In section 7.2, you learned about updating your risk assessment:
ϐ You need to update your risk assessment with all new findings.

Describe the Features of an Environment, Health and Safety Audit

89
09 Describe the
Features of an
Environment, Health
and Safety Audit
1.1: The purpose of a health and safety audit
1.2: Types of audits
2.1: Pre-audit Activities
2.2: During the audit
2.3: Post-audit activities
2.3: Post-audit activities

Unit overview
An audit is an evaluation of a system to determine
its quality and effectiveness of implementation.
A workplace environment, health and safety
audit evaluates how effective the workplace’s risk

management system is. In this unit, you will explore the
features of an environment, health and safety audit
and practice conducting an audit of the workplace’s
safety management system.
Learning outcomes
Identify legislative requirements for a health and safety audit.
Outline the audit process.
Identify relevant EHS performance data and related information for an audit
Outline audit reporting requirements.

Chapter 1. Requirements of a health and
safety audit
Section 1.1: The purpose of a health and safety
audit
Every process and system should be reviewed so that it can be improved if

needed. A process, like a risk assessment, or a system like a health and safety
management system, needs to reviewed to identify if there are any parts of the
process or system that is not meeting the goals or is not compliant with health
and safety laws and standards. If a risk assessment process isn’t suitable or
sufficient, it is possible that not all hazards get identified or risks get minimised. If
a health and safety management system isn’t comprehensive, it is possible that
the workplace isn’t as healthy or safe as it can be. An audit is when processes
and systems like these are assessed on how effective they are and if they are
really meeting all the goals they are designed for. An audit requires collection of
evidence to support if the process or system is effective.

Discussion
Discuss ways to manage workplace health and safety.
Discuss the difference between assessing workplace risk and conducting a
health and safety audit.
A health and safety audit is a review of

evidence from all processes and systems
that have to do with the health and safety of
Lab v Theory teracti actica
In
the workplace. This can include an audit of: Pr
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Evacuation procedures
· Activity
· Safety training programs
ForRisk
· assessment
applied digital process
books
· Hazard identification process

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· Health and safety management systems
Core life skills

· Communication protocol
· Recording and reporting process
· Investigation process

Legal requirements
The Executive Council No. 42 of 2009 on the Environment, Health and Safety
Management System (EHSMS) outlines some legal requirements of health and
safety audits in the UAE1:
· Auditors must be licensed and registered with a relevant authority.
· Auditing must be done to monitor health and safety management as

needed by the competent authority.
· An audit supervised by the regulatory authority needs to be done

periodically.
· Workplaces must conduct at least one annual audit.
Local standards
The OSHAD-SF Technical Guideline for Audit and Inspection outlines the process
of an audit, its standards and methods2. It is important to remember that local
standards are not law, and their contents are not legally required to do. However,
it is good practice to use these standards as a guide when conducting an audit
to make sure your audit is compliant with the law.
1 Abu Dhabi EHSMS Regulatory Framework v1.1. 2009. Abu Dhabi Emirate Environment, Health
and Safety Management
2 OSHAD-SF Technical Guideline for Audit and Inspection. 2016. Abu Dhabi Occupational Safety
and Health Centre

Activity
Research Auditing Certifications
Use an online search engine to research what other certifications individuals

can obtain to become an auditor

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Best practices
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Although
Activity an internal audit can be conducted by anyone, it is best practice
that an internal audit (and mandatory that an external audit) is conducted by
qualified individuals. To be qualified to audit, these individuals, often referred to
as auditing consultants, will have some form of certification related to auditing,
Forsuch as Certified
applied digital Internal
books Auditor (CIA). These certifications ensure that, in
addition to having the appropriate industry knowledge, they are also trained on
how to perform an audit correctly and efficiently. External auditors will always be
certified with Laab similar
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Core life skills
Section 1.2: Types of audits
It is important to understand the difference between a health and safety audit
and an inspection. The health and safety inspections you learned about when
conducting a risk assessment is the process of identifying hazards, measuring
and minimising risks. A health and safety audit is an evaluation of any workplace
policy or procedure related to health and safety. An audit will use evidence from
the workplace to evaluate if the policy or procedure is thorough, compliant and
considers all necessary factors needed to be effective.
Internal audit
An internal audit is conducted within the company. The auditor can be from
within the workplace or outsourced externally, and the findings are reported
to the company to improve company operations. Every workplace needs to
conduct an internal audit at least once a year and report these findings to
relevant authorities. Internal audits are important because each workplace has
a responsibility towards the health and safety of the employer, employees and
workplace. The employees need to contribute to and improve workplace health
and safety through inspections and audits. An internal audit that is conducted
by an internal employee is effective because the auditor is familiar with the
workplace, so they may already be aware of issues or concerns that need to be
addressed during the audit. An internal audit conducted by an external auditor
is effective because they are not personally or emotionally connected to the
workplace, making the audit less biased.

External audit
An external audit is an audit conducted for an external organisation. Regulatory
authorities may conduct an audit of a workplace and the findings would
be reported to the regulatory authority rather than just to the workplace. The
purpose of this is so the authority can monitor and gather data from different
workplaces over a period of time. They can ensure the workplace is compliant
with local and global standards. An external audit is always conducted by a
registered auditor from outside of the organisation. External audits are powerful
because
Video the auditor will conduct the
Remember Keywordaudit objectively.
Did You Know This means the auditor is
not personally or emotionally connected to the workplace, offering a report that
has a clear view of the workplace.
Discussion
Discuss internal and external audits.
Discuss which type of audit is more beneficial. Are there certain situations in
which one type of audit may be preferred over another?
ab heory rac t
Chapter 2. The audit process
The audit process can be divided into three steps: pre-audit activities, the audit
itself, and post-audit activities.
Section 2.1: Pre-audit Activities

The purpose and scope
Before beginning the audit, the purpose of the audit needs to be clear. Is it a
periodic and planned audit? Is it an audit happening because of an incident?
Is it an internal or external audit? The purpose will help define the scope of the
audit. It will also help determine who needs to conduct the audit.

The scope, purpose and objectives of a health and safety audit should be
clearlyTopstated
Tip Clickthe
before Zoom in Whether UAE
here audit process. a hero
specific process within the risk
assessment or the entire health and safety management system is going to be
audited needs to be described.
The size of the workplace will also READING

help determine the scope of the audit. A
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGNEERING
larger workplace may need to conduct several smaller audits whereas a smaller
workplace may be able to include all processes within the scope of a single
audit. Having a clear idea of the scope, criteria and objectives will help to
determine which resources are needed to conduct the audit and how long it will
take.
Discussion
Determine the scope of an audit.
Consider you are auditing the health and safety management at a school
compared to a construction site. Which would have a larger scope and
require a longer time to complete? Explain why.
Setting the criteria

Once you have collected all of oyour evidence, you need to decide how the
Lab The ry eractiv actica
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evidence is going to be used as an assessment tool for your audit. You need to
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determine the criteria, such as what you are measuring and what conclusions
Activity
you need to make from the measurements. Your criteria should always be SMART:
specific, measureable, agreed, realistic and time-bound. You need to have a
clear assessment method that will determine whether the evaluation is positive,
meaning the policy or procedure being audited is compliant with all standards,
or negative.
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READING ENGNEERING
Think
Recall SMART objectives

Safety Think
Recall other areas in environmental health, occupational health and

workplace safety where SMART is used.
Performance
Example indicators
Information
Once your criteria are determined, you will need to assess the evidence against
the criteria. Performance indicators are measures used to determine if the
evidence meets the criteria. You will need to know which performance indicators
you will be using before the audit.
Core life skills Essay

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Lagging indicators
Some indicators inform you on what has happened in the past. Although this
is an important outcome of an audit, such as how many risk assessments were
conducted, or how detailed the health and safety policies are, they do not
indicate what the workplace has done to prevent health and safety issues. These
indicators are considered lagging indicators and do not offer many solutions.
Leading indicators
Leading indicators inform the auditor on what the workplace has done to
prevent health and safety issues from happening. For example, calculating how
many inspections were planned and how many were actually conducted is a
leading indicator.
This value indicates the percentage of planned inspections conducted,

suggesting how committed a workplace is to their health and safety plans.
Compare this to seeing only how many inspections were done. This would be
a lagging indicator because it doesn’t suggest how many inspections were
planned, cancelled or not completed. Examples of leading indicators include:
• Percentage of completed planned health and safety activities, such as

inspections, trainings and more
• Percentage of non-compliance resolved
• Percentage of implementation of action plans and recommendations
• Number of work days lost due to injuries or leaves
• Frequency rates of injuries, illnesses and accidents

Absolute and relative indicators

Absolute indicators are an exact measure of a type of evidence. This can
include the total number of injuries at a workplace. Relative indicators consider
different factors that could affect the evaluation of the measure. For example,
the number of injuries experienced by experienced employees relative to new
employees can indicate if experience reduces injuries and can suggest that
more training earlier in an employee’s career is necessary. Relative indicators
can be compare evidence between genders, age, experience, and more.
Comparative indicators
Whenever possible, it is good to compare indicators between organisations,
years and even countries. If there is a benchmark available that can be
compared, the indicator can be considered comparative. Absolute and relative
indicators, leading indicators and lagging indicators can all be considered
comparative when they are being compared.

Using thresholds
Some indicators have pre-determined thresholds. You need to check that the
evidence is meeting the threshold requirements. For example, there are upper
limits and
Video standards for air pollution,
Remember noise pollution,
Keyword water consumption,
Did You Know
electricity consumption and more. Evidence such as air monitoring reports,
water usage and electricity data can be assessed against the known thresholds.
Discussion
Discuss types of indicators.
Discuss which types of indicators are the most important. Discuss which
factors of an audit will help determine which types of indicators should be
used.
Identifying relevant evidence

It is important to identify which sources of information you will need during your
audit. These will serveLabas evidence.
Theory Evidence
Int
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tica any type of data or
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record that can be assessed against the performance indicators to determine if

the Activity
criteria for compliance have been met.

The evidence required will also depend on the purpose and scope of the audit.
If you are auditing a training program, the evidence you will need is different
than if you are auditing a safety management system. The evidence can be
requested by the auditor or the workplace can volunteer certain evidence. Types
of evidence include:
• The safety policy
• Incident investigation reports
• Attendance reports
• Meeting minutes and recordings
• The training plans and records
• Receipts of ordering safety related material, equipment or training programs
• Employee certificates
• Employee surveys
For example, if you need to audit a workplace’s safety training program, you
may ask the workplace provide you the training records, attendance records
and receipts of training program orders. You may also want to review evidence
of incident reports before and after the training session, to determine if the
training was effective in reducing the number of incidents. The workplace may
also offer you additional evidence to support the effectiveness of their safety
training program. This is why it is important to communicate to the workplace
management what your criteria are and which performance indicators you will
be using to assess the evidence.

Section 2.2: During the audit
Once the plan for the audit is prepared, the thresholds determined and
evidence collected, it is time to conduct the audit.
Opening meeting
An initial meeting between the auditor and workplace management should be
conducted. The purpose of the meeting is for:

• Introductions
• Confirming the scope, purpose and plan for the audit
• ARTSummarising the audit activities

MATHEMATICS Safety
that will take
Think
place
• Confirming channels of communication
• Providing an opportunity for the workplace to ask any questions and prepare
Activity
Open a meeting
Demonstrate how you would introduce yourself, the audit, its scope and
requirements to a new business owner who has no experience in auditing.

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Activity

Reviewing the evidence
Sampling the evidence
Once you have collected your evidence, you need to select a sample of the
evidence for review. This means you select a specific portion, either at random or
calculated, to collect information from. Sampling is an effective tool when there

is a lot of similar data to review. For example, you may be auditing workplace
communication. You may want to review meeting minutes as part of your audit.
It is not feasible to read every meeting minute in detail, because there could be
hundreds. It would be sufficient to sample a portion of all meeting minutes. Your
sample may include 10% of all meeting minutes within a one year scope of your
audit.
Your sample should be balanced. This means the meeting minutes sample
should represent the reality of all meeting minutes. You would be aware that
the meeting minutes may look different at busier times of the year compared
to less busy times. They may also look different depending on who recorded
the meeting minutes. To make sure your sample is balanced, you should select
meeting minutes from different times of the year, recorded by different individuals.

Qualitative measures of evidence
Evidence can be measured against the criteria in a qualitative way. This means
reviewing the evidence for things that can’t be measured quantitatively, or with
numbers. Qualitative measures include:
· The quality of information or detail in the evidence provided
· The relevance of the information provided
· How well the evidence aligns with standards and benchmarks
· The way the information is recorded or presented
· How well the information is organised
One way to evaluate the evidence is to compare them. For example, if you
are auditing a workplace safety process, you should compare the reports and
check the following:
· Do the reports follow the process as outlined by the workplace policies and
local or global standards?
· Are the same sources of information used every time?
· Do different reports have different findings?

· Does each report indicate the use of suitable tools, techniques and
methods?
· Are the documents organised in a way that is easy to read, follow and
compare?
Comparing the same process that has been done at different times is an
effective way to audit if a process is consistent. You should also compare one
workplace’s audit process with another, without sharing confidential information.
You can, however, share ideas and suggestions from other workplaces and
improve the overall practice in the industry.
Quantitative measures of evidence

Quantitative measures are the most
accurate indicator of meeting criteria.
Performance indicators, such as number
of accidents, days lot due to injuries,
number of equipment breakdowns, are
all quantitative measures. Performance
indicators can be quantitatively measured
in many ways, often depending on the
indicator itself.
• Incidence is the total of number of times something has happened.
• Frequency is how often something happens in a given time.

Discussion
Discuss measures
Would you prefer to use qualitative or quantitative indicators? Explain why.
Further investigation
During the sampling and reviewing of evidence, the auditor may feel the need
to gather more specific information. This can happen when the evidence
is unclear, inconsistent
Lab or contains
Theory errors.
Int The
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workplace and observe procedures directly, speak with employees or request

additional
Activity documents for evidence.
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Resources to support the audit

There is no single way to conduct an audit. It is important that all important
information is reviewed and evaluated during an audit. Certain resources can
be used to support this process.

Checklists
Many regulatory authorities and workplaces have checklists
you can use that list what you should look for during an
audit. There are different checklists for different types of audits
depending on the purpose and scope of the audit. It is useful
if the workplace provides an initial checklist to the auditor to

guide the auditor on the type of evidence available at the
workplace. This is especially useful during an external audit,
where an auditor may not be familiar with the workplace.The
checklist should be a guide and the auditor can expand it or
do further investigation when needed.
Templates
There are templates and forms available that can help you collect data in a way
that is organised and easy to read.

Section 2.3: Post-audit activities
Once all evidence has been reviewed and evaluated, the auditor must
conclude about the procedure or policy they were auditing. The outcome of
an audit is a statement of approval or rejection. This is achieved when all of
the evidence is evaluated and a conclusion is made, using indicators such as
quality, consistency, threshold data and all other information together.
Preparing the audit report

The final report of the audit will include a summary of all key findings from the
audit. It should explain which evidences were used, how they were sampled,
what criteria they were assessed against, and whether or not they passed the
assessment. It should be structured as follows:

· Audit objectives
· Audit scope, duration and processes audited
· Individuals that contributed to the audit

How data was

· Video collected
Remember Keyword Did You Know
· How evidence was sampled
· Dates and places where on-site audit activities were conducted

· Audit criteria
· Audit findings
· Audit conclusions
Activity 3
Create a report template.
Create a template for an audit report that could be used by anyone for
reporting an audit. Be sure to include all minimum requirements.

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It also a good idea to mention in the report which areas were not covered, but
could be, any recommendations or unresolved issues that should be addressed
in the future. Remember, you can’t include all information within the scope of a
single audit, so it’s better to suggest what should be done in the future.
Conformance
Your audit report should indicate
whether the findings fulfilled the criteria
of the audit. If so, the process or policy
being audited is said to be conforming
with requirements. Otherwise, it is
considered non-conforming.
Reporting results and following up

An internal audit report should be shared with the workplace management
and include any recommendations to improve operations and compliance. An
external audit needs to be submitted to the sector regulatory authority within 30
days to ensure compliance.
Methods to feedback
Verbal feedback should be provided through meetings and presentations.
Written feedback, such as the report itself, should be shared as well. Sometimes a
meeting or presentation is used to review the written feedback.

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Maintaining records
The reports should always be stored in an archive for a specified duration. They
should be organised in a way that they can be reviewed in the future, if needed.
READING ENGNEERING
Any confidential information should be protected.
Think
Recall how to organise

Safety Think records.
Recall the methods of organising records from previous units. List three
important considerations for maintaining records.
Example Information
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s
End of Unit Summary
In this unit, you learned about the audit process for health and safety
policies and procedures.
In section 1.1, you learned about the purpose of a health and safety
audit.
ϐ An audit is a review of evidence from the workplace to determine

compliance.
ϐ There are legal requirements, local standards and best practices for
an audit.
In section 1.2, you learned about types of audits.
ϐ Internal audits are reported to the workplace.
ϐ External audits are reported to an external authority.
In section 2.1, you learned about pre-audit activities.
ϐ The purpose and scope of the audit should be determined before

the audit.
ϐ Clear criteria and their performance indicators need to be

determined.
ϐ Different types of evidences are used to assess the performance

indicators.

In section 2.2, you explored the processes during the audit.
ϐ You need to conduct an opening meeting to discuss the scope

and purpose.
ϐ You need to review the evidence through sampling and using

qualitative and quantitative measures.
ϐ You need to conduct further investigations when you need

additional information.
ϐ Resources, such as checklists and templates can support you

during the audit.
In section 2.3, you learned about post-audit activities.
ϐ You need to prepare an audit report that is shared with the

relevant people.
ϐ The report needs to be store and organised in an archive.

Reference Pages
Government of Dubai (2022) UAE Labour Law Federal Law No. (8) of 1980 Labour Law and its
Amendments. Available at https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/11956/69376/
F417089305/ARE11956.pdf (Accessed: 24 June 2022)
Government of Dubai (2022) Local Order No. (61) of 1991 on the Environment Protection Regulations
in Dubai. Available at https://www.dm.gov.ae/municipality-business/legislation/ (Accessed: 24
June 2022)
Government of Dubai (2022) Local Order No. 11 of 2003 Concerning Public Health and Safety
of the Society in the Emirate of Dubai. Available at https://www.tlg.ae/source/uploads/ck_
files/1569998304.pdf (Accessed: 24 June 2022)
Informea (2022) Decree of the Chairman of the Executive Council No. 42 of 2009 on the
Environment, Health and Safety Management System (EHSMS) of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.
Available at https://www.informea.org/en/legislation/decree-chairman-executive-council-no-42-
2009-environment-health-and-safety-management (Accessed: 24 June 2022)
Government of Dubai (2022) Dubai Municipality Technical Guidelines. Available at https://www.
dm.gov.ae/municipality-business/technical-guidelines-list/ (Accessed: 24 June 2022)
Abu Dhabi Public Health Centre (2022) Al Adaa OSH Electronic Application. Available at https://
aladaa.adphc.gov.ae/en/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed: 24 June 2022)

Abu Dhabi Emirate Environment, Health and Safety Management (2009) Abu Dhabi EHSMS
Regulatory Framework v1.1. Available at http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/uae173005.pdf
(Accessed: 24 June 2022)

Abu Dhabi Occupational Safety and Health Centre (2016) OSHAD-SF Technical Guideline for Audit
and Inspection. Available at https://www.adphc.gov.ae/-/media/Project/ADPHC/ADPHC/PDF/
OSHAD-SF/Technical-Guidelines/Audit-and-Inspection-Eng.pdf (Accessed: 24 June 2022)

Doctorate Degree / Applied Sciences
Education System in the United (3-5 years)

Arab Emirates
Master’s Degree / Applied Sciences
(2 years)
Postgraduate Diploma / Applied Sciences

(1-2 Years)
Bachelor’s Degree / Applied Sciences
(3-4 years)
Diploma / Postgraduate Diploma
(2-3 years)
Joining Bridging
Work Program
Continuous Education
Home General & Applied Literacy

Vocational Qualification Schooling Academic Stream Stream
Vocational Education and

Development Centre
Guideline
Doctorate Degree
UAE National Qualifications

Classifications
Framework Level 10
International
24
(3-5 years)
Master’s Degree Dual Degree Master’s Degree
UAE National Qualifications

Classifications
Bachelor’s / Master’s
International
Framework Level 9
22
(2 years) (2 years)
Postgraduate Diploma Postgraduate Diploma

(1-2 year) (1 year)
UAE National Qualifications Framework

Classifications
International
(4-5 years)
18
Levels 7-8
Bachelor’s Degree / Applied Sciences Bachelor’s Degree
Advanced University
(3-4 years) Enrollment
(3 years)
The Ministry coordinates with national higher education institutions to admit students in various majors in line with the needs of the labour

market and future human development plans. Higher Education institutions also determine the number of students that can be admitted
according to their capabilities, mission and goals. They also set the conditions for students’ admission to various programmes according
Classifications
International
to the stream they graduated from, the levels of their performance in the secondary stage, and their results from the Emirates Standard
Levels 5-6
Assessment Test. 18
Integration and coordination between General and Higher Education systems allow for the approval and calculation of school
study courses within university studies according to the school stream and university specialisation, which reduces the duration of
university studies.
Technical & Vocational Streams Academic Streams Cycle 3 / Secondary Stage

Applied Specialised Technical Technical General Advanced Elite
Academies General Advanced Classifications
International
Top 10 percent 12 Levels 1-4

Applied Technology of students in
Secondary School Program national test scores
Grades 9-12 Ages 14-18 (4 years)
Cycle 2
Classifications
International
Elite Program (Grades 5-8)

Grades 5-8 12
Top 10 percent of students in national test scores
Basic Education
Ages 10-14 (4 years)

Ages 10-14 (4 years)
Cycle 1
Classifications
International
Grades 1-4 6
Ages 6-9 (4 years)
Early Childhood
Classifications
International
Kindergarten Ages 4-6 (not compulsory) 3

Nursery/ Care Ages 0-4 (not compulsory) Theoretical
Starting Age
Supported by:
Within the Chance initiative to support youth:
‫ﻓــــﺮﺻـــﺔ‬
Chance

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Key term Engineering

Research CoreLife Skills

Core life skills Top tipEssay Reading

Indicates access to more resources or carrying out scientific experiments, tests,

Chapter 1. Preparing for a risk assessment....................................15

Section 1.1: The scope and requirements of a risk assessment............. 15

Workplace risk assessments.............................................................. 15

The scope and purpose of a risk assessment................................. 22

Section 1.2: Risk assessment tools, techniques and methods............... 23

Techniques and methods................................................................. 24

Seeking advice ................................................................................. 28

Chapter 2. Hazard identification....................................................30

Section 2.1: Identifying hazards............................................................... 30

Hazard identification tools................................................................ 30

Identifying hazards through inspections.......................................... 37

Section 2.2: Consulting and documenting hazards.............................. 40

4 G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety

Section 3.1: Employees at risk.................................................................. 46

Section 3.2: Vulnerable populations........................................................ 48

People with illnesses.......................................................................... 49

Pregnant women and mothers of young children.......................... 50

Chapter 4. Assessing risk................................................................51

Section 4.1: Conducting a risk analysis................................................... 51

Using a risk matrix.............................................................................. 53

Section 4.2: Using a risk register........................................................ 55

Components of a risk register........................................................... 55

Chapter 5. Recommending control measures................................58

Section 5.1: Hierarchy of controls............................................................. 58

Personal protective equipment (PPE) ..............................61

G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety 5

International standards .................................................................... 63

Confirming industry standards......................................................... 67

Section 6.1: Keeping a record.................................................................. 68

Section 6.2: Reporting the results............................................................. 73

Recipients of the results..................................................................... 74

Section 6.3: Presenting the results............................................................ 75

Ways to present results...................................................................... 76

Chapter 7. Reviewing and updating...............................................80

Section 7.1: Reviewing your assessment................................................. 80

Section 7.2: Making updates................................................................... 82

Describe the Features of an Environment, Health and Safety

6 G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety

Chapter 1. Requirements of a health and safety audit..................99

Section 1.1: The purpose of a health and safety audit.......................... 99

Section 1.2: Types of audits...................................................................... 103

Chapter 2. The audit process..........................................................105

Section 2.1: Pre-audit Activities................................................................. 105

Section 2.2: During the audit.................................................................... 112

Reviewing the evidence.................................................................... 113

Resources to support the audit........................................................ 116

Section 2.3: Post-audit activities............................................................... 117

Reporting results and following up................................................... 119

Maintaining records.......................................................................... 120

G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety 7

G12 - volume 1 - Applied Environment, Health and Safety

1.2: Risk assessment tools, techniques and methods

2.1: Identifying hazards