Sample Thesis Qualitative

QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY
Cabarroguis Campus, Quirino 3400 1
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Introduction
Poverty is one of the main reasons why certain social problems developed.
This entails multifactorial causes. Unemployment is one of the reasons of poverty
to individual or family. One of the vulnerable groups of people who may tend to
experience poverty is single parent.
Poverty incidence among Filipino families in the first quarter of 2018 was
estimated at 16.1 percent. This is defined as the proportion of families whose
income is below the poverty line to the total number of families. This was
estimated at 22.2 percent1 in the same period in 2015 (Bersales, L., 2019).
In Philippines, the unemployment rate registered in July 2019 was
estimated at 5.4 percent. The same unemployment rate was registered in July
2018. Moreover, the numbers of employed and unemployed Filipinos in October
2016 (preliminary results) were estimated at 41.7 million and 2.0 million,
respectively (Mapa, C, 2019).
Despite of the programs conducted by the government to alleviate poverty,
statistics always shows a large percentage that Filipinos suffering from poverty.
Greatly affected are those individuals who are non-working like single mothers
who have dedicated their lives nursing their child or children. Financial hardships
are usually the problem and the impacts or effects are determined.
QSU Research and Development

Societal perceptions often construct single parents as young, female,
unemployed parents with multiple children (Garner and Paterson 2014; Zartler
2014). Single parents are a stigmatized group in that they are in possession of a
set of characteristics that conveys a social identity that is often devalued within
society (Crocker et al. 1998).
The study undertaken aims to determine the perception of non-working
single mothers who are currently facing poverty and to identify their aspirations
in life. Since the researchers are considering the welfare of every individual
especially the mother and child, they get involved in knowing the root cause of
poverty experienced by unemployed single mothers. With that, researchers
would come up definitive actions to address the problem.
Statement of the Problem
Generally, the primary goal of the study was to determine the perception
of non-working single mothers as to poverty.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
1. What are the participants’ insights as to the following barriers of poverty:
1.1. Economic;
1.2. Cognitive;
1.3. Normative;
1.4. Power and Politics?
2. What are their aspirations in life?

Theoretical Framework of the Study
The study was theoretically based from the idea conceptualized by Seelos,
Christian (2014) pointing the four dimensions that shape the face of poverty. All
kinds of barriers that sustain an undesirable, change-resistant status quo. The
theorist separates these barriers into four dimensions:
1. Economic
2. Cognitive
3. Normative
4. Power and politics
Table 1. Faces of Poverty
Face of Poverty
Technical Problems/ Need Relational Problems/ Needs
Economic Cognitive Normative Power/ Politics
 Limited  Low problem  Stifling beliefs  Private
assets or awareness (roles, gender, objectives of
savings  Opportunities forced powerful
 Lack of not perceived marriage etc. actors
infrastructure  Unproductive  Traditions  Inefficient or
 No access to habits reinforce and discriminatin
markets  Superstitious legitimize g policies
 Inefficient learning status quo  Corruptions
intermediarie  Lack of skills  Appropriatene  Tribal
s  Lack of trust ss of persistent disputes and/
 Lack of class and or violence
essential status
product and distinctions
services

Economic and cognitive barriers have closely related implications for
innovation and scaling thus it is commonly referred as technical problems or
needs. Similarly, with normative and power/politics barriers into relational
problems or needs. Often a mix of technical and relational barriers defines
problems. Above are the four types of barriers that characterize the problems and
needs of poor people and communities.
Figure 1. Technical Problems vs. Relational Problems
Above is a summary of some important implications of the “face of
poverty,” and innovation and scaling. Combining knowledge about the general
implications of the “face of poverty” for innovation, and scaling and deep
contextual knowledge should enable organizations and funders to make much

better decisions about intervention design, expected outcomes, measures, and
realistic timescales.
Scope and Delimitations
The study was aimed to explore the responses of unemployed single
mothers as to the impact of poverty at Poblacion Norte, Maddela, Quirino.
Participants must at least 18 years old but not greater than 55 years of age; a
single parent of whatever cause; must have at least one dependent; and
unemployed for at least a year.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study was a remarkable contribution to recognize the
experiences of non-working single mothers and the impact of poverty to their well-
beings.
The following are the beneficiaries of the completion of the study:
Non-Working Single Mother. As the chief beneficiary of this study, after
hearing their concerns and perceptions, interventions to address their distresses
will be conceptualized and these will be delivered to concerned agency for proper
deliberation and execution.
Youth. Respondent’s perceptions are significant in realization of this study.
This can be an eye-opener to others about the experiences they are facing. With
this, the study can be a great impact to the youth to motivate and empower
themselves in building a better future.

Department of Social and Welfare Development. Determining the causes
of poverty experienced by non-working single mothers, strategies might be
created to provide support and address the problems encountered by them.
Future Researchers. This can be a significant reference for their
comparisons in line perception of specific individuals facing poverty.
Definition of Terms
In light of understanding the content of the study, the following terms were
defined:
Cause. It is a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or
condition.
Face of Poverty. It is an appreciation of what poverty really looks like that can
work as a starting point for productive decisions about intervention design
involving innovation and scaling (Seelos, C, 2014).
Impact. This can be described as the effect of poverty experienced by non-
working single mothers.
Mental Health. It includes emotional, psychological, and social well-being of a
person. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and acts. It also helps
determine how a person handles stress, relates to others, and makes
choices. (MentalHealth.gov, 2019)
Non-Working Single Mothers. These are the group of individuals who have lone
responsibility towards their dependent/s, and currently unemployed.

Perception. It defines as a belief or opinion, often held by many people and based
on how things seem (Cambridge English Dictionary, 2019)
Physical Health. This is critical for overall well-being, and can be affected by
Lifestyle, Human biology, Environment and Healthcare service (Eupati.eu,
2015).
Poverty. It is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the
financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living.
Portraits. This is the representation of a person, in which the face and its
expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness,
personality, and even the mood of the person.
Sacrifices. It is a loss or something a person gives up, usually for the sake of a
better cause.
Single Mothers. They are the participants of the study. They are the persons
who live with a child or children and who does not have a spouse or live-in
partner.
Stress. It is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event
or thought that makes person feel frustrated, angry, or nervous
(Medlineplus.gov, 2019)
Unemployment. It is a term referring to individuals who are employable and
seeking a job but are unable to find a job. Furthermore, it is those people
in the workforce or pool of people who are available for work that does not
have a job (Corporate Finance Institute.com, 2019).

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter covers related literature and studies which further elaborate
the content of the study undertaken.
Related Literature
Foreign
The World Bank (2019) illustrates that in 1990, more than a third of people
in the world lived in extreme poverty – living on $1.90 a day or less. In 2015, the
most recent year with robust data, extreme poverty reached 10 percent, the
lowest level in recorded history. Unlike most of the rest of the world, the total
number of extremely poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa is increasing, from 278
million in 1990 to 413 million in 2015. In 2015, Sub-Saharan Africa was home to
27 of the world’s 28 poorest countries and had more extremely poor people than
in the rest of the world combined. Nigeria is expected to pass India as the country
with the most people living in extreme poverty, if it hasn’t already. While the
average poverty rate for other regions was below 13% as of 2015, it stood at
about 41% in Sub-Saharan Africa.
According to Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018, the factors behind the
higher levels of poverty in Africa include the region’s slower growth rates,
problems caused by conflict and weak institutions, and a lack of success in
channeling growth into poverty reduction (The World Bank, 2019).

As Child Trends notes (Verbruggen, R.,2015) 20 percent of U.S. children
lived in poverty in 2015, including 43 percent of those living in single-mother
households but only 10 percent of those in married-couple households. Even in
Europe, kids in single-mother households usually have more than double the
poverty rate of those in married-couple households.
The role of single parent is challenging one especially when the family is
headed by a woman. Problem of single mother are linked with the upbringing of
children, their future and setting down in life. Till the time children get married and
or get jobs they are dependent on the single parent. After that the problems are
considerably reduced. It revealed that financial problem was the main stressor
for majority of the single mothers. The emotional life of the single mother was
also affected by their single status. Majority of the single mother reported that
they felt lonely, helpless, hopeless, lack of identity and lack of confidence. In
social sphere majority of single mothers tried to avoid attending social gatherings
and had changed their dressing style due to depression they had develop poor
food and eating habits. Majority of the single mothers found it hard to maintain
discipline among the children due to absence of male members. The mothers
complained about loneliness, traumatic and depression and found it difficult to
handle the responsibility of childcare and to establish a routine for her children
(Kotwal, N. et. al, 2017).

Local
In the Philippines, 21.6% of the population lives below the national poverty
line in 2015. The proportion of employed population below $1.90 purchasing
power parity a day in 2015 is 7.8%. For every 1,000 babies born in the Philippines
in 2017, 28 die before their fifth birthday (Asian Development Bank, 2019).
Poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. In the past
4 decades, the proportion of households living below the official poverty line has
declined slowly and unevenly (Asian Development Bank, 2019).
Economic growth has gone through boom and bust cycles, and recent
episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on the poor.
Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as
unmanaged population growth, are considered some of the key factors
constraining poverty reduction efforts.
Bersales, L. (2019) reflects on her writings submitted to Philippines
Statistics Authority that in the first semester of 2018, a family of five needed no
less than PhP 7,337, on average, to meet the family’s basic food needs for a
month. This amount is the food threshold. On the other hand, no less than PhP
10,481, on average, was needed to meet both basic food and non-food needs of
a family of five in a month. This amount is the poverty threshold. These are 10.9
percent higher than the food and poverty thresholds from the first semester of
2015.

Furthermore, poverty incidence among Filipinos families in the first
semester of 2018 was estimated at 16.1 percent. This is defined as the proportion
of families whose income is below the poverty line to the total number of families.
This was estimated at 22.2 percent in the same period in 2015.
The poverty incidence among Filipino individuals in the first semester of
2018 was estimated at 21.0 percent. This is referred to as the proportion of the
population living below the poverty line to the total population. During the same
period in 2015, poverty incidence among Filipinos was recorded at 27.6 percent.
One of the main causes of poverty is weakness in employment generation
and the quality of jobs generated (ADB, 2019)
Philippine Commission on Women (2019) reveals that the numbers of
employed and unemployed Filipinos in October 2016 (preliminary results) were
estimated at 41.7 million and 2.0 million, respectively. Female employment was
estimated at 16.2 million compared to 25.5 million males. Female unemployment
rate for the same period was relatively lower at 4.3% which is equivalent to 727
thousand compared to male at 4.9% which is estimated at 1.3 million.
Mapa C. (2019) also provides data on unemployment rate in July 2019
was estimated at 5.4 percent. The same unemployment rate was registered in
July 2018.
According to Section 3 (a) of R.A. 8972, a "solo parent" is a person who
has been left with the child's responsibility or care under any of the following
categories:

 A woman who gives birth as a result of rape and other crimes against
chastity even without a final conviction of the offender, provided that
mother keeps and raises the child.
 Parent left solo or alone with the responsibility of parenthood due to the
following circumstances:
a. Due to death of spouse.
b. Spouse is detained or is serving sentence for a criminal conviction
for at least one (1) year.
c. Physical and/or mental incapacity of spouse as certified by a public
medical practitioner.
d. Legal separation or de facto separation from spouse for at least one
(1) year, as long as he/she is entrusted with the custody of the children.
e. Declaration of nullity or annulment of marriage as decreed by a court
or by a church as long as he/she is entrusted with the custody of the children.
 Unmarried mother/father who has preferred to keep and rear her/his
child/children instead of having others care for them or give them up to a
welfare institution.
 Any other person who solely provides parental care and support to a child
or children.
 Any family member who assumes the responsibility of head of family as a
result of the death, abandonment, disappearance or prolonged absence
of the parents or solo parent.

Related Studies
Foreign
Mbanjwa, N. (2018), shared that majority of children among the black
population in South Africa live in a household where only their mother is present.
A large percentage of these single mothers are unemployed, have low levels of
education and often tasked with the responsibility of caring and playing the
provider role to their children. Since there is a high rate of single parenthood and
unemployment among women in South Africa, research of this nature is crucial.
This research study was aimed at discovering the experiences of unemployed
single mothers leading female headed households. This research hopefully
provided a fresh perspective as it was aimed at studying the experiences of young
single mothers in the townships unlike the majority of the studies which often
focused on older female heads located in the rural areas. The study sample
included 15 participants comprising of single mothers leading female headed
households who were residents of Daveyton and were between the ages of 20
to 33 years. This is a qualitative research study; research participants were
selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The data was
collected using face - to - face in-depth interviews and the instrument used was
a semi-structured interview schedule. The information gathered from the study
was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings in this study indicate that for
youngest women motherhood was unplanned and an unpleasant experience that
gave rise to a number of issues. These included changes in the romantic

relationships of the participants, feeling trapped in their current situation and
power struggles in the household. Factors such as low levels of education
resulted from motherhood and limited the livelihood choices of the mothers.
Admittedly, participants used diverse livelihood strategies such as the child
support grant, family members, and traditional healers, informal trading and
stealing. The evidence in this study suggests that the support from family assisted
in reducing the stress and challenges that came with motherhood.
Using the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2009,
the prevalence and characteristics of lone parent families, analyses the poverty
and deprivation risks of children, and evaluates the potential impact of social
transfer income packages on child poverty reduction. We use the unique personal
identifiers of mothers, fathers and partners to define lone parent families with
greater precision. Using a multi-level framework, we find lower child poverty rates
in countries with more generous social transfers, even after controlling for the
country standard of living. A reverse pattern is observed for material deprivation:
the negative effect of social transfer income washes out when the GDP per capita
is controlled for, which itself has a negative and significant effect on material
deprivation (Chzhen, Y. el.al., 2012).
Local
A case study material from Mexico, Costa Rica and the Philippines by
Chant, S. (2009), argues that ‘poorest of the poor’ is a misleading stereotype for
female‐headed households, that no one cannot generalize about female heads,

and that examination of intra‐household characteristics is essential for the
understanding of economic vulnerability. Also, the article also signposts the
dangers of ‘poorest of the poor’ stereotyping for creating and/or reinforcing
negative public images of, and attitudes towards, women‐headed households.
Tuason, M. T. G. (2011) has investigated the psychological experience of
poverty among 2 groups of Filipinos who were interviewed about the effects of
being raised poor, 12 who became rich, and 13 who remained poor. Using
constructivist and critical theories as research paradigms and grounded theory
as methodology, the results of the study illustrated perceived causes, coping
mechanisms, and cultural factors. Surprisingly, both groups were very similar in
their experiences of not having basic needs met, of negative emotions, and of
generally attributing their poverty to familial circumstances. The ways of coping
with poverty, such as receiving and giving assistance and imploring God for help,
and the cultural features of perseverance (pagpupunyagi) and reliance on others
(pakikipagkapwa) were similarly influential in both groups. Because the main
difference between both groups is the occurrence of chance events that provided
access to education and opportunities to emigrate for those who have become
rich, the oppressive structures of a society that perpetuate poverty are discussed.
In developing countries such as the Philippines, the psychological experience of
poverty is characterized by the impossibility of upward mobility.
Ballesteros, M. (2010) examines the linkages of poverty and environment
at the household level in Philippine slums. Rapid urbanization and the inadequate

infrastructure and basic services in large towns and cities have led to the
proliferation of slums and informal settlements in the country. While poverty
incidence of the population in key metropolitan centers is on average 17 percent
compared to the national average of 32 percent, slum population has been
exponentially rising at an average rate of 3.4 percent. In Metro Manila, which is
the prime city, an estimated 37 percent of the population or over 4.0 million
Filipinos live in slums in 2010 and slum population growth rate is at 8 percent
annually. These slum dwellers and informal settlers confront on a daily basis
another dimension of poverty which is environmental poverty. The underserviced
and bad living conditions in slums impact on health, livelihood, and the social
fiber. The effects of urban environmental problems and threats of climate change
are also most pronounced in slums due to their hazardous location, poor air
pollution and solid waste management, weak disaster risk management, and
limited coping strategies of households. It has also been argued in several
studies that possible trade-offs exist between bad housing and medical care and
between bad housing and education. Bad living environment thus deepens
poverty, increases the vulnerability of both the poor and non-poor living in slums,
and excludes the slum poor from growth.
Synthesis
The present study has aimed to determine responses from specific
individuals sharing their experiences in certain scenario. Since the respondents
are single or unmarried mothers who have suffered for unemployment which

resulted to poverty, substantial information is derived from them which will later
picture out or underscore the various faces of poverty, their struggles and its
effect. Possibilities or interventions are vital feedbacks after scrutinizing their
responses in order to provide resolutions.
Related literature and studies being cited have explained initially how non-
working single mothers faced the dreadful effects of poverty having financially
incapable to support the family. Both foreign and local sources have really
exemplified that mothers who are unemployed are usually experienced
physiological and psychological changes. Behaviors and attitudes are mainly
affected.
Futhermore, few of the related literatures and studies have compared
employed mothers to non-working mothers which resulted to numerous
differences especially when it comes to financial capabilities and motivation
status.
Therefore, it has found significant presenting these literature and studies.
This is to further explain the content of the study undertaken and have different
views that the study has not mentioned due to its limited variables.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the methods and procedures availed by the
researchers to conduct a systematized research.
Research Design
The researchers utilized qualitative exploratory research design because
it uses of open-ended questions and probing gives participants the opportunity to
respond in their own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed
responses, as quantitative methods do. Another advantage of qualitative
methods is that they allow the researcher the flexibility to probe initial participant
responses – that is, to ask why or how.
Since the conducted study focused on the responses of the participants
as to their experiences, perspectives and opinion on the impact of poverty among
unemployed single mothers. Through the exploratory research, the researchers
may have the chance to revalidate or expound the responses earned from the
participants.
Locale of the Study
The study was conducted at Poblacion Norte, Maddela, Quirino. Poblacion
Norte is a barangay in the municipality of Maddela, in the province of Quirino. Its
population as determined by the 2015 Census was 3,111. This represented
8.08% of the total population of Maddela. According to the 2015 Census, the age

group with the highest population in Poblacion Norte is 10 to 14, with 292
individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 80 and over,
with 26 individuals. The latest census figures in 2015 denote a positive growth
rate of 0.21%, or an increase of 34 people, from the previous population of 3,077
in 2010 (Philippines Statistic Authority, 2015).
Sampling Technique
The researchers utilized purposive sampling. It is a non-probability
sampling in which the researchers rely on their own judgement when choosing
members of the population to participate in the study. Participants are mothers
who were currently raising at least one dependent child in a household. In
addition, the participants of this study self-identified with the terms single parent;
unemployed; not supported by parents and must be of legal age with at least 18
years old but not older than 55.
Data Gathering Tool/ Instrumentalization
The main instrument was through conduct of personal interview with the
use of questionnaire guide formulated by the researcher basing or
conceptualized from the gathered literatures and studies. This interview guide
has two parts. The first part contains question on the demographic data of the
participants such as age, number of dependents, number of years as single
mother, number of years of unemployment and the highest educational

attainment. The second part includes the information proper which deals with the
participants’ perception to the barriers of poverty and their aspirations in life.
Data Gathering Procedure
Seeking approval from the adviser and the dean to conduct study was the
initial step. Researchers asked assistance from the community leader, Barangay
Health Workers and Barangay Population Worker of Poblacion Norte, Maddela
to identify eligible participants based on their census and community profiling.
After consenting approval from the eligible participants, the researchers
conducted personal interview where conversations were audio recorded and
transcribed verbatim prior to analysis. Interview was approximately conducted for
a duration of 30 to 90 minutes each participant.
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis which is widely used
as qualitative analytic method because it offers an accessible and theoretically
flexible approach to analyzing qualitative data. The purpose of thematic analysis
was to identify patterns of meaning across a dataset that provide an answer to
the research question being addressed. Patterns were identified through a
rigorous process of data familiarization, data coding, and theme development and
revision.

Data Treatment
As to the demographic details of the participants, this was presented
through mainly by textual and table presentation. Responses of the participants
were organized according to core themes.
Ethical Protocol of the Study
The researchers were adhering to the ethical considerations or guidelines
of the study as well as the dignity and well-being of the participants representing
the population of the study will be protected at all times. Furthermore, the
researchers obtained the consent from the eligible respondents who fulfilled the
criteria. Lastly, the research data and the identity of the population of the study
remained confidential. The names of the participants were not recorded and so
all with the data that were rendered.

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter covers the substantial findings necessary to generate
conclusions and recommendations. It is presented through some tables and
elaborated with textual contents. Different themes were formulated based on
conducted depth- interviews. Data were aligned through document trail to verify
the veracity of each claim.
Part 1. Profile of the Respondents
Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Participants as to Age
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
18- 25 1. 25
26-31 2 50
32-40 1 25
Total 4 100
The table presented the frequency distribution of participants according to
their age. Age group 26- 31 garnered a frequency of 2 or 50 percent while 18- 25
years old and 32- 40 years old age groups both registered a frequency of 1 or 25
percent. Therefore, most of the participants were under age group 26- 31 years
old.

Table 3. Frequency Distribution of Participants as to Number of Years as
Single Mothers
No. of Years Frequency Percentage (%)
1-3 3 75
4-6 1 25
Total 4 100
The table showed the frequency distribution of participants in terms of
number of years living as single mother. As gleaned, most of the participants
experienced being single mothers for 1- 3 years with frequency of 3 or 75 percent.
One participant or 25 percent was spending her life as sole parent for 4- 6 years.
Therefore, dominant number of participants were lone parents or single mothers
for 1- 3 years.
Table 4. Frequency Distribution of Participants as to Number of Children
No. of Children Frequency Percentage (%)
1 3 75
2 1 25
Total 4 100
The table showed the frequency distribution of participants according to
the number of children. Three of the participants had only one child respectively

or 75 percent while only one participant or 25 percent had already 2 children.
Therefore, most of the participants had one child solely raising by mother.
Table 5. Frequency Distribution of Participants as to Number of Years Being
Unemployed
No. of Years Frequency Percentage (%)
1-3 2 50
4-6 2 50
Total 4 100
The table characterized the frequency distribution of participants as to the
number of years being unemployed. Both years’ bracket garnered a response of
2 or 50 percent. This denoted that the participants were experiencing several
years of unemployment.
Table 6. Frequency Distribution of Participants as to Highest Educational
Attainment
Educational Frequency Percentage (%)

Attainment
High School 1 25
Graduate
College 1 25
Undergraduate
College Graduate 2 50
Total 4 100

The table presented the frequency distribution of participants as to their
highest educational attainment. Two of them or 50 percent were Bachelor’s
Degree Holder while one of them was a high school graduate and the other one
was a college undergrad which both had percentage of 25. Therefore, most of
the participants were college graduates.
Part 2. Information Proper
This section covered the informative responses of the participants
collected through conduct of interview guided with constructed question guides.
The findings of the study were categorized into two general characteristics of
faces of poverty namely Technical and Relational Problems/ Needs. Each
characteristic was subdivided into two dimensions which make as the Organizing
theme. Sub-themes were generated through analysis of the responses and
expounded with textual presentation.
1. Insights of the Participants as to the Technical Problems/ Needs on Faces
of Poverty
Enclosed in this category were insights and experiences of the participants
as to the Economic and Cognitive Dimensions on Faces of Poverty.
Table 7. The Organizing Theme and the Subordinate Theme as to the
Technical Problems/ Needs
Organizing Theme Subordinate theme

Economics Lone Financial Responsibility
Physical Health

Cognitive Mental Health Issues
Stress and Stress Management
As gleaned from the table, both dimensions have two themes from the
Technical Problem. Under Economic dimension, subordinate themes were Lone
Financial Responsibility and Physical Health while themes on Mental Health
Issues and Stress and Stress Management ranged on Cognitive Dimension.
Economic Dimension
Theme 1. Lone Financial Responsibility
Single mothers who are taking sole custodial responsibility in raising her
child/children were interpreted financial capacity as “one scratch, one peck”. Not
having enough financial resources to support their children and needing to rely
on other people were described as stressful and worrying. It is a hard situation
thinking daily on how to survive out of financial instability. Participants described
themselves as trapped and helpless and assembled their position as one where
there was a persistent struggle with finances.
“Maisasalarawan ko ang pamumuhay namin bilang isang kahig, isang
tuka. Madalas po hindi kami nakakain ng regular o kung ano ang pwedeng
maihain kahit alam kong hindi sapat ang sustansya para sa aking anak, wala
akong magawa. Wala akong regular na pinagkakakitaan”. (I can describe our life
as “one scratch, one peck”. Most of the time, we don’t eat regularly or in some

cases, I can help myself but to offer food even I know it does not sufficiently
nutritious for my child. I don’t have stable job to earn regularly.) P2
Participants described a range of feelings in response to the constant
concern about providing for a child a single person, including feeling depressed
and stressed. These feelings and stressors did not disperse with time, and were
worsened by unforeseen life events.
“Nakakalungkot lang isipin na ang hirap ng walang kaagapay sa
pagpapalaki ng anak lalo na sa pinansyal na aspeto. Pag nagsunod- sunod na
ang problema, halos di ko na makayanan ang stress”. (I felt sad every time I think
of being a lone provider for my child especially on monetary aspect. If problems
blow consecutively, I almost can’t handle the stress”.) P1
But amidst of the daily struggle experienced by the participants, one of
them still pushing positive view of survival and motivation. Some of them engaged
to small jobs such as selling vegetables grown from their backyards, making
manual laundry, and irregular helper at farm. The little compensation they were
receiving is a huge help for their daily expenses.
“Mahirap ang aming kasalukuyang kondisyon, ngunit nairaraos naman po
sa pangaraw-araw.” (Our present condition is devastating but we struggle hard
for our daily needs.) P4
“Nagtitinda po ako ng gulay na galing po sa aking mga pananim sa
bakuran”. (I am selling vegetables harvested from our backyards.) P3

Most of the participants were relied on the financial subsidiary provided by
the government through the 4P’s Program and the kind or assistance offered by
their parents. This is somewhat relieved them from horrible effect of poverty.
Participants have to budget the financial support subsidized to them in order to
sustain a living.
“Ang nakukuha ko sa 4P’s ay importante na siyang ginagamit ko pambili
ng pagkain at paminsan-minsan humihingi ako ng tulong pinansyal sa aking mga
magulang.” (The financial subsidiary I have received from 4P’s was significant in
procuring our foods. Sometimes, I ask financial help from my parents.) P2
Theme 2. Physical Health
The effects of having unsustainable financial capacities meanwhile
caused them physiological concerns/ problems that eventually added to the
stress and worsening the condition of their lives. Nutrition wise, their children
often listed at their community as malnourished. Insufficient consume of food or
skipping meal sometimes triggered them difficulty initiating sleep, body weakness
and abdominal cramps.
“Minsan hindi na po kami nakakain ng regular kaya nakakaranas po ng
panghihina at pati pagtulog naapektuhan po.” (Sometimes, we don’t eat regularly
that is why we experienced body weakness and sleep got affected.) P1
“Minsan talaga wala kaming makain at hindi sapat ang aming pagkain
kaya medyo payat ang mga anak ko”. (There was a time when no food has to eat

and sometimes foods really were insufficient. It is obvious that my children were
so thin.) P3
The accumulative effect of stress related to money worries and sole
responsibility were suggested to interrupt sleep and lead to sleeplessness.
Participant described that health is something to be neglected because food is
preferred over consulting physician or purchasing medicines to relieve symptoms
or treat certain disease.
“Kung iniisip ko palang kung saan ako kukuha ng pera para sa pang-araw-
araw naming gastusin, hindi ako makatulog ng maayos”. (I experienced
sleeplessness every time I was thinking where I could get money for our daily
expenditures.) P4
“Pag minsan walang maibili ng gamot. Sa halip na ibili ng gamot ay ibibili
nalang ng bigas”. (Sometimes we prefer obtaining foods like rice over the
medicines for our ailment.) P3
Cognitive Dimension
Theme 1. Mental Health Issues
Sleepless nights, frustration and distress were common. Participants
described feeling anxious about everything. Often at the center of this worry were
concerns about providing food, which were constructed as part of an ongoing
daily struggle. Some single parent participants described feeling judged by others
and had feelings of paranoia. Similar to physical health, descriptions of mental
health were underlined by stress, rumination, and the turmoil of circumstances.

“Sa sobrang hirap ng buhay, madalas hindi ako makatulog dahil
napakarami ng aking ininiisip dahil na rin siguro sa kulang ang kinakain o minsan
sa buong araw wala kaming makain. Ni wala ring ipon para sana sa mga
panahong ito, may maibili ng pagkain o nakapag imbak man lang. Nakakastress
isipin kung bakit nagging ganito ang aking buhay” (Due to extreme poverty, most
of the time, I experienced sleeplessness because I overthink of our condition.
Maybe this attributes to insufficient food or no food to eat in a whole day. I don’t
have money savings which I could use to purchase or save for our foods. Thinking
so stressed why I experienced this life.) P1
Participant described poverty as the lowest state of living. Some
participants constructed a definition of poverty which is having no or insufficient
money, no food to eat, unsecured shelter, no means of earning, and
unemployment. Participants viewed money worries as being a central part of
everyday life, and was a repeated stressor which could not be avoided.
“Para sakin, ang kahirapan ang pinakamababang estado ng buhay.” (For
me, poverty is the lowest or degrading part of life.) P1
“Pagiging mahirap ay walang pera, walang makain at walang maayos na
tahanan.” (Being less fortunate person is having financial instability, no good
shelther and no foods to take.) P2
“Ang kahirapan ay masasabing walang pagkukuhanan ng pera at walang
permanenteng trabaho para matugunan ang aming pang-araw- araw na

pangangailangan.” (Poverty is described as no means of earning and no
permanent job to sustain our daily needs.) P3
Education is also a huge factor as mentioned by one of the participants
who signified regrets of not finishing until college.
“Hindi ako nakapagtapos ng pag-aaral. Kung nakapagtapos sana ako sa
pag-aaral, baka sakaling umangat kami sa buhay.” (I don’t finish my studies.
Maybe I became successful in life if I just finish my studies.) P2
Theme 2. Stress and Stress Management
The stress and the worry about food was constructed as being constant
and life-consuming, and was therefore something that regularly occupied their
thoughts. It was this sense of rumination about being unable to provide
necessities that lead to feelings of sickness, with some single parents describing
the bleakness of their current circumstances, with feelings of hopelessness and
depression. The distress and anxiety experienced were linked by participants to
parenting responsibilities and financial hardship.
“Mahirap magbudget ng wala naming ibubudget. Mahirap buhayin ang
dalawang anak ko kasi wala naming pinagkukuhanan ng pambili ng pagkain
naming.” (It is really hard to budget money if you don’t have it. Also, I can’t feed
my two children regularly due to shortness of fund.) P2
“Nakakalungkot at nakakalugmok ang aming kondiyon. Hindi ko maibigay
yung mga nais ng aking anak. Lagi kong naiisip pano na ang buhay namin.
PinagpapasaDiyos ko nalang ang lahat” (I felt so down and depressed. I can’t

able to provide my child’s wants. This affects me so much and this always keeps
me thinking why we are in this condition. I keep on praying to God.) P1
Feelings of entrapment, desperation and being unable to get out of the
current situation led to suicidal thoughts. But others were really empowered with
constructive views about life. Diversionary activities enforce them to manage their
stresses in life.
“May pagkakataong nais ko ng mawala sa mundo, ngunit kapag iniisip ko
ang kapakanan ng aking anak, hindi tamang tapusin ko ang aking buhay.
Kailangan ako ng aking anak.” (There are times when I want to lose the world,
but when I think about my son's well-being, it's not right for me to end my life. My
son needs me.) P4
“Minsan po namamasyal kami sa bukid, naglalakad-lakad kasama ng
aking anak.” (Sometimes we go out to the fields, walking with my son.) P1
“Malaking bagay na kung minsan may kaunting pinagkukuhanan ng
pinansyal. Naglalabandera ako ngunit hindi madalas. Yung pinansyal na tulong
sa 4P’s ay malaking tulong sa aming arawan na pangangailangan. Sa susunod
na pagkakataon, nanaisin kong magsumikap sa buhay para sa aking pamilya.”
(It's great that sometimes there is little financial source. I do laundry service but
not as often. The financial assistance of 4P’s is a great help to our daily needs.
Next time, I want to work hard for my family.) P2

“Mainam na may mga kaibigan at pamilya ako maari kong kausapin sa
panahon ng kagipitan.” (It's good to have friends and family to talk with especially
in times of emergency.) P3
2. Insights of the Participants as to the Relational Problems/ Needs on
Faces of Poverty
The participants had shared experiences or insights on Relational
Problems/ Needs of Faces of Poverty.
Table 8. The Organizing Theme and the Subordinate Theme as to the
Relational Problems/ Needs
Organizing Theme Subordinate theme
Normative Psychosocial Effects
Making Sacrifices
Power/ Politics Seeking for Support
Feeling of Inferiority
The table presented the constructed themes basing from the interview
conducted. Normative Aspect yielded two subordinate themes namely
unproductive habits and making sacrifices. Under Power/ Politics, seeking for
support and feeling of inferiority were categorized as subordinate themes.
Normative Dimension
Theme 1. Psychosocial Effects
Perceptions about poverty were delineated by the participants as a great
challenge from God which has to be surpassed and experienced. A life of a

person is a cycle and the tendency of rising from downfall is eventually
achievable.
“Hindi ako naniniwala na kapag pinanganak kang mahirap, mamatay kang
mahirap. Alam kong mahirap ang kalagayan ko ngayon ngunit hindi ito ang
dahilan upang ako ay sumuko. Nariyan ang mga inspirasyon ko sa buhay.
Makakabawin din kami.” (I do not believe that when you are born poor, you die
hard. I know my situation is difficult now but that is not why I gave up. My
inspiration for life is there. We can overcome it too.) P1
Some single parent participants also suggested that the financial hardship
had a negative impact on their social interactions. Social isolation, loneliness and
withdrawal were suggested to disintegrate their psychological wellbeing and
mental health. Not having enough money to participate in social activities was
suggested to be a physical barrier, however, the embarrassment of having little
money was a social and psychological barrier which was suggested to underlie
their tendency to withdraw socially. This meant that social withdrawal and social
isolation were often associated with financial stress and financial hardship.
“Nais ko siyang ipasyal ang aking anak o ibili man lang ng magandang
laruan kaya lang hindi sapat ang pera ko. Pinipili nalang naming na manatili sa
bahay.” (I want her to go out with my child or at least buy him a nice toy but I just
don't have enough money. We choose to stay home.) P4
“Nais kong maghanap ng trabaho ngunit walang mag-aalaga sa aking
anak.” (I want to find a job but no one will take care of my child.) P3

Theme 2. Making Sacrifices
Participants constructed their usual duty for feeding children as significant,
and incontestable. Participants also described doing whatever it took to ensure
that their children had food, so that their children would not go hungry. In doing
so, however, participants would reduce their own food intake or go hungry,
arguably leading to the detriment of their own physical and mental health.
“Lagi kong iniisip na dapat mabigyan ko ng pagkain ang aking mga anak
kahit hindi na ako kakain. Makita ko lang na busog sila ay masaya na ako. Ayoko
silang magutom.” (I always thought that I should give my children food even when
I was not eating. I can only see them full, I'm happy. I don't want to starve them.)
P3
Participants described attempting to shield their children from poverty
through missing their own meals.
“Kaya kong isakripisyo ang aking sariling kapakanan para sa aking anak
kahit magutom ako.” (I can sacrifice my own well-being for my child even when
I'm hungry.) P4
Psychological research has identified that parental self-sacrifice is a
negative core belief, which is associated with negative outcomes and often
accompany feelings of shame and a lack of control (Shah and Waller, 2000). The
impact and consequences of self-sacrifice styles of decisions making on factors
such as wellbeing and long-term financial hardship should play a role on poverty
related decision-making models.

Power/ Politics Dimension
Theme 1. Seeking for Support
Participants were all beneficiaries of 4P’s Program of the government.
They expected monthly monetary support for their expenses. Due to limited
financial aid, participants has to seek help from other person or have to engage
to unregularly small works with lesser wages.
“Malaking tulong ang binibigay ng gobyerno sa pamamagitan ng 4P’s
Program. Dahil dito naiibsan ang aming pangamba na baka wala na kaming
makain. Ngunit mahirap din ibudget dahil limitado lamang ang pinansyal na
tulong. Nagpapasalamat ako ng lubusan sa tulong na ito.” (The government
provides financial assistance through the 4P’s Program. As a result, our fears
eventually diminishing that we might have nothing to eat. But, it is also difficult to
budget because financial aid is limited. I am very grateful for this help. P1
“Humihingi ako ng tulong pinansyal sa aking mga magulang o kaibigan
lalo na sa panahon na may sakit ang aking mga anak at kung walang- wala na
kaming makain.” (I ask for my parents or friends for financial help especially when
my children are sick and when we have nothing to eat.) P2
“Sa panahon ng sakahan, ako ay umeextra sa bukid para kahit papano
may panggastos sa bahay.” (During harvesting season, I went to the farm to take
farming job for somehow provide me money for our daily needs.) P3

Theme 2. Feeling of Inferiority
Participants constructed that poverty expresses feeling of inferiority. This
act simply degrades their dignity and weaken their confidence. Discrimination is
always experienced in the society due to status in life, physical appearance and
past life’s involvement as described by participants.
“Minsan pagpunta namin ng grocery store, pinagtitinginan kami ng mga
tao at parang pinandidirihan kami marahil dahil sa aming kasuotan at itsura.”
(Sometimes when we go to the grocery store, people look at us and we seemed
to be humiliated because of our clothes and appearance.) P2
“Maaga daw kasi akong nabuntis at nagkaanak kaya ganito ang aking
kinahinantnan.” (They always say that suffered this condition because I got
pregnant unexpectedly at early stage). P3
“Hindi ako ginagalang ng mas nakakabata sa akin lalo na kung kinakausap
ako.” (The younger ones don’t respect me especially during conversation.) P1
All of her energy had been devoted to caring for her children, and once
they were asleep, she would spend the time alone in a state of distress which
involved exhaustion, crying, feeling overwhelmed, and sleeplessness.
“Ang lahat ay para sa aking mga anak. Nakakaranas ako ng lungkot at
hirap dahil masakit para sa isang ina na hindi maibigay lahat ng pangangailangan
ng anak. Umiiyak na lamang ako at kadalasan hindi makatulog.” (It's all for my
kids. I experience sadness and hardship because it is painful for a mother who
cannot provide all of her child's needs. I just cried and often couldn't sleep.) P4

Part 3. Participants’ Aspirations in Life
Participants denoted that their only aspiration in life endpoint is to seek
better future despite of challenges and difficulties in life and amidst poverty, still
the glare of hope will be seen. Motivation came through the people around them
such as the emotional support from their parents and friends; and the strength
brought about by their children. They described aspirations as free and unique
that every individual has their own ambitions in life and no one demands them to
pay for it.
“Balang araw, magiging matiwasay ang aming pamumuhay. Gagawa ako
ng paraan upang magkapaghanap ng ikabubuhay nang mabigyan ko ng
magandang kinabukasan ang aking anak”. (Someday, our lives will get better. I
will make ways to find job so that I may able to achieve better future for my child.)
P1
“Masaya ako na nariyan ang aking mga magulang at kaibigan upang
suportahan ako ng kaunti at syempre and aking anak na natatanging inspirasyon
ko sa buhay upang patuloy na mangarap“. (I am glad because I continuously
received support from my parents and friends even in little things. Of course, my
child is my absolute inspiration to strive for my dreams.) P2
“Sabi nga sa isang kanta, libre lang mangarap at naniniwala ako dun.
Madami akong pangarap sa buhay, makapagpatayo ng maliit na Sari-sari Store
para kahit may kaunting mapagkakakitaan para sa pang- araw- araw na gastusin
sa bahay”. (As on song says that dreaming is free and I do believe in that. I have

plenty of aspirations in life, one of which is to have my own Small Convenient
Store where I could earn just enough to sustain our daily expenses and needs.
P1
Furthermore, their aspirations were centered on having the essential
needs such foods and shelter. According to Maslow (1954) Hierarchy of Needs,
the most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that
motivates human behavior.
“Nais ko lang naman makakain kami ng tatlong beses sa isang araw, may
secured na tahanan at higit sa lahat nabibigay ko ang ibang pangangailangan ng
aking anak tulad ng edukasyon.” (All I want is to have three meals a day, to have
a secured house and most importantly, to provide the basic needs of my child like
education.) P3
Lastly, participants were aiming to surpass the effect of poverty and have
a prosperous future ahead. But then, they were also mindful that without proper
intervention or actions, all these aspirations will get stocked and become
unrealistic.
“Nasa Diyos ang Awa, Nasa Tao ang Gawa. Walang makakaalis sa
kahirapan kung hindi ka gagalaw para sa iyong magandang kinabukasan.” (God
have mercy to human but human must act upon. No one gets out of poverty if
you can’t execute to achieve better future). P4

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
After careful analysis of the data generated, the researchers have arrived
with essential summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations.
Summary of Findings
1. Profile of the Participants. Participants were all females; under age
group 26- 31 years old; with 1-3 years living as single mothers; raising only
one child; and with at least 1-6 years range of unemployment; but mostly
were college graduate.
2. Insights of the Participants as to the Technical Problems/ Needs on
Faces of Poverty. The perceptions which attributed to the Economical
and Cognitive Dimensions on Faces of Poverty were lone financial
responsibility; physical health; mental health issues; and lack of skills.
3. Insights of the Participants as to the Relational Problems/ Needs on
Faces of Poverty. Normative and Power/Political Barriers were two
dimensions under Relational problems/ needs. Insights of the participants
were arranged and organized through various themes and arrived with the
following: unproductive habit; making sacrifices; seeking for support; and
feeling of inferiority.
4. Participants’ Aspirations in Life. Aspirations were described as free and
unique. Basically, participants were striving to attain basic essential needs.
It is significant to put all these aspirations into actions. Their great

motivations were the support and love coming from their family, friends
and most especially their children.
Conclusion
Based from results gathered, organized and analyzed, the researchers
found that both the technical and relational problems reflected the faces of
poverty among unemployed single mothers. Each dimension produced relevant
picture of how poverty affect the lives of a human that was best described by their
experiences, insights, views or perceptions. Participants’ positive view about life
despite difficulties, keeps them motivated and enthusiastic to outstrip poverty.
Recommendations
The researchers have respectfully reached with definitive
recommendations basing from the drawn conclusions.
To the Community Leaders
Leaders of the community has to organized a livelihood programs for
single mothers who are apparently unemployed and belong to unprivileged family
in order to teach them with simple ways on how to earn money for their living.
To Single Mothers
1. They should have to be open with any job opportunities to be offered which
has also considerations on things like work from home or modified working
schedule so that they could spend more time with their children.
2. They must receive psychological counselling, debriefing and self- awareness
activities.

Future Researchers
A follow-up conduct of study is recommended to monitor or assess
development of the participants.

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APPENDIX
Interview Guide
Demographic Characteristics
1. How old are you? (Ilang taon na po kayo?)
2. How many dependents do you have? (Ilang anak ang iyong sinosoportahan
sa ngayon?)
3. For how many years you considered yourself as single mother? (Ilang taon ka
ng single mother?)
4. For how many years you have been unemployed? (Ilang taon ka ng walang
trabaho?)
5. What is your Highest Educational Attainment? (Pagdating sa pormal na
edukasyon, ano ang natapos mo?)
Information Proper
1. What are your perceptions to barriers of poverty?
A. Economic
1. How do you provide the basic needs of your family such as foods?
(Paano mo nabibigay ang mga pangunahing pangangailangan ng iyong pamilya
tulad ng pagkain?)
2. How do you describe your housing condition?
(Paano mo maisasalarawan ang kondisyon ng iyong tahanan?
3. How do you describe your financial capability?
(Paano mo maisasalarawan ang iyong pinansyal na kapasidad?)

4. Is the geographical location of yours affect you to experience poverty? Why?
(Ang lokasyon mo ba sa ngayon ay nakakaapekto upang makaranas ka ng
kahirapan? Bakit?
5. What is the impact of poverty to your Physical Health as well as to some
members of the family?
(Anu- ano ang epekto ng kahirapan sa iyong pisikal na kalusugan at sa ibang
miyembro ng pamilya?)
B. Cognitive
1. On your own description, what is poverty?
(Sa iyong sariling opinsyon, ano ang kahirapan?)
2. What are the things you have done before which you think led you to
experience poverty?
(Ano ang mga bagay-bagay na sa tingin mo ang naghatid sa iyo upang
maranasan ang kahirapan?)
3. How important is education in your life?
(Gaano kaimportante ang edukasyon sa iyong buhay?)
4. Does poverty affect the development of one’s creative ability?
(Naaapektuhan ba ang kahirapan sa pag-unlad ng isang malikhaing
kakayahan?)
5. What are your experiences in dealing stress being a non-working single
mother? (Anu-ano ang iyong karanasan bilang isang ina na walang trabaho at
nag-iisang bumubuhay sa pamilya?

6. What is the impact of poverty to your Mental Health as well as to some
members of the family?
(Anu- ano ang epekto ng kahirapan sa iyong mental na kalusugan at sa ibang
miyembro ng pamilya?)
7. What are the coping mechanism you have availed despite of the challenges of
poverty?
(Anu-anong mekanismo ng pagkaya ang iyong pinamalas upang malagpasan
ang hamon ng kahirapan?)
C. Normative
1. Do you believe that once born poor, dies poor? Why?
(Naniniwala ka ba na ang isang indibidwal na isinilang na mahirap ay
mamamatay ding mahirap? Bakit?)
2. What practices or belief in your town that affect you to continuously experience
poverty?
(Ano ang mga kasanayan o paniniwala sa iyong bayan na nakakaapekto sa iyo
upang patuloy na makakaranas ng kahirapan?)
3. What hinders you from searching job?
(Ano ang pumipigil sa iyo sa paghahanap ng trabaho?)
D. Power and Politics
1. Have you received any financial support from the government?
(Nakatatanggap ka ba ng tulong pinansyal na galling sa gobyerno?)
2. Is corruption related to the poverty that you are experience?

(Ang korupsyon ba ay may relasyon sa kahirapan na iyong nararanasan?)
3. Have you experienced discrimination because of your condition in life?
(Nakaranas ka na ba ng diskriminasyon nang dahil sa iyong kondisyon sa buhay?
2. What are your aspirations in life?
1. What are your plans in the future to alleviate poverty?
(Anu-ano ang iyong plano sa hinaharap upang mabawasan o mapawi ang
kahirapan sa buhay?
2. What are the things you consider to achieve these goals in life?
(Ano ang mga bagay na kinokonsideera sa pagkamit ng mga hangarin na ito sa
buhay?)

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QUIRINO STATE UNIVERSITY

Cabarroguis Campus, Quirino 3400 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This entails multifactorial causes. Unemployment is one of the reasons of poverty

experience poverty is single parent.

estimated at 16.1 percent. This is defined as the proportion of families whose

In Philippines, the unemployment rate registered in July 2019 was

2018. Moreover, the numbers of employed and unemployed Filipinos in October

respectively (Mapa, C, 2019).

Despite of the programs conducted by the government to alleviate poverty,

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Societal perceptions often construct single parents as young, female,

society (Crocker et al. 1998).

The study undertaken aims to determine the perception of non-working

poverty experienced by unemployed single mothers. With that, researchers

would come up definitive actions to address the problem.

Statement of the Problem

of non-working single mothers as to poverty.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. What are the participants’ insights as to the following barriers of poverty:

1.4. Power and Politics?

2. What are their aspirations in life?

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Theoretical Framework of the Study

kinds of barriers that sustain an undesirable, change-resistant status quo. The

theorist separates these barriers into four dimensions:

Table 1. Faces of Poverty

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Economic and cognitive barriers have closely related implications for

innovation and scaling thus it is commonly referred as technical problems or

needs. Similarly, with normative and power/politics barriers into relational

problems or needs. Often a mix of technical and relational barriers defines

needs of poor people and communities.

Figure 1. Technical Problems vs. Relational Problems

Above is a summary of some important implications of the “face of

contextual knowledge should enable organizations and funders to make much

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better decisions about intervention design, expected outcomes, measures, and

Scope and Delimitations

The study was aimed to explore the responses of unemployed single

mothers as to the impact of poverty at Poblacion Norte, Maddela, Quirino.

unemployed for at least a year.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study was a remarkable contribution to recognize the

The following are the beneficiaries of the completion of the study:

Non-Working Single Mother. As the chief beneficiary of this study, after

hearing their concerns and perceptions, interventions to address their distresses

deliberation and execution.

Youth. Respondent’s perceptions are significant in realization of this study.

themselves in building a better future.

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Department of Social and Welfare Development. Determining the causes

of poverty experienced by non-working single mothers, strategies might be

created to provide support and address the problems encountered by them.

Future Researchers. This can be a significant reference for their

comparisons in line perception of specific individuals facing poverty.

Cause. It is a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or