Applied Mathematics Letters 48 (2015) 177–179

Linear Algebra and its Applications 466 (2015) 102–116

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Applied
LinearMathematics
Algebra andLetters
its Applications
www.elsevier.com/locate/aml
www.elsevier.com/locate/laa

Inverse eigenvalue
Adomian decomposition method problem of Jacobi
is a special case ofmatrix
Lyapunov’s
with mixed data
artificial small parameter method ✩

1
Ying Wei
Xiaolong Zhang, Songxin Liang ∗

School of MathematicalDepartment
Sciences, Dalian University Nanjing
of Mathematics, of Technology, Dalian,
University 116024, China
of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Nanjing 210016, PR China

article info abstract

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The Adomian decomposition method and Lyapunov’s artificial small parameter
Received 19 March 2015Article history: method are two popular In this paper,methods
analytic the inverse
for eigenvalue problem differential
solving nonlinear of reconstructing
equa-
Received
Received in revised form 12 April16 January tions.
2014 a Jacobi matrix fromAdomian
its eigenvalues, its leading principal
Accepted 20 September In
2014 this short paper, we show that the decomposition method can be
2015
derived from the moresubmatrix and partartificial
general Lyapunov’s of the small
eigenvalues of method.
parameter its submatrix
Accepted 12 April 2015 Available online 22 October 2014 is considered. The necessary and sufficient conditions for
Submitted by Y. Wei © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Available online 27 April 2015 the existence and uniqueness of the solution are derived.
MSC: Furthermore, a numerical algorithm and some numerical
Keywords: examples are given.
15A18
Lyapunov’s artificial small parameter
15A57 © 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc.
method
Adomian decomposition method
Keywords:
Jacobi matrix
Eigenvalue
Inverse problem
Submatrix
1. Introduction

It is well known that Lyapunov’s artificial small parameter method (LASPM) [1], which was proposed
first by Lyapunov in 1892, is a powerful analytic method for solving nonlinear problems. The method has
been widely used in science and engineering [2–6]. In many cases, Lyapunov proved the convergence of the
series solutions obtained by the LASPM. The idea was further employed by Karmishin [7] to propose the
so-called δ-expansion method. In essence, the LASPM is the source of the δ-expansion method.
One prevalent method for solving nonlinear differential equations is the Adomian decomposition method
(ADM) [8] introduced by Adomian in the 1980s. Since then, many researchers have improved the method
a lot, for example, giving the noise terms [9,10], adjusting the convergent rate [11] and proving the conver-
gence [12,13].
E-mail address: weiyingb@gmail.com.
1
However, the mysterious
Tel.: +86 13914485239.between the two methods has not been given so far. In the present
relationship
paper, we prove that the ADM can be derived directly from the LASPM.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2014.09.031
0024-3795/© 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc.
✩
This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91230103).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: topmaths@yeah.net (X. Zhang), sliang668@dlut.edu.cn (S. Liang).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2015.04.011
0893-9659/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
178 X. Zhang, S. Liang / Applied Mathematics Letters 48 (2015) 177–179

2. Derivation of ADM from LASPM

One shall begin considering Lyapunov’s artificial small parameter method in standard form. Consider a
general nonlinear ordinary differential equation

L[u] + N [u] = f (x) (1)

with some initial conditions, where u = u(x), L, N and f (x) denote some unknown function, a linear
operator, a nonlinear operator and a given source term respectively. Placing the parameter ϵ before the
nonlinear terms N [u], Eq. (1) becomes:

L[u] + ϵN [u] = f (x), (2)

where ϵ is called Lyapunov’s artificial small parameter. One then sets

+∞
uk (x)ϵk = u0 (x) + u1 (x)ϵ + u2 (x)ϵ2 + · · · .

u(x) = (3)
k=0

Substituting (3) into (2) and balancing the coefficients of powers of ϵ, one gets
L[u0 (x)] = f (x),
L[u1 (x)] + N [u0 (x)] = 0
..
.
Combining the initial conditions, solving the equations above, one obtains uk (x), k = 0, 1, 2, . . . recursively.
Setting ϵ = 1 in Eq. (2), one has

u(x) = u0 (x) + u1 (x) + u2 (x) + · · · , (4)

which is the solution of (1). The approach is called LASPM.

We then deduce the ADM from the LASPM. By decomposing the linear operator L of (1) into two parts:
an easily invertible operator L and the remainder R, Eq. (1) becomes

L[u] + R[u] + N [u] = f (x). (5)

Using LASPM and placing the small parameter before R[u] + N [u], one gets

L[u] + ϵ(R[u] + N [u]) = f (x). (6)

Multiplying (6) by L−1 yields

u(x) = φ(x) + L−1 (f (x)) − ϵ L−1 (R[u(x)]) + L−1 (N [u(x)]) .

 
(7)

Substituting (3) into (7) and collecting the coefficients of powers of ϵ then give

u0 = φ(x) + L−1 (f (x)),

(8)
uk+1 (x) = −L−1 (R[uk (x)]) − L−1 (Ak (x)) , k ≥ 0,

where
 +∞ 
1 dk  
Ak (x) = N ui (x)ϵi  , k≥0

k! dϵk i=0

ϵ=0

are Adomian polynomials. Therefore, we obtain the ADM.

 X. Zhang, S. Liang / Applied Mathematics Letters 48 (2015) 177–179 179

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