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Structural Efﬁciency of the Building Form for Optimization the Diagrid

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Article in International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology · January 2020
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 12572 - 12589
Structural Efficiency of the Building Form for Optimization the Diagrid

Structure
Dr. Eleyan Issa Jamal Issa1

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan.
E-mail: issaeleyan@yahoo.com / dr.issaeleyan@aau.edu.jo
Dr. Shagin Musa Saleh Mahmoud2
Architecture department, Faculty of Engineering, Aqaba University of Technology
Aqaba, Jordan
E-mail: mshaheen@aut.edu.jo
Heba Basem Abu-hmaid3
Architecture Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Salwa Al-Mashaqba4
the Hashemite University
Ola Habash5
Architecture Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Abstract
Diagrid system became an ideal structure for tall buildings construction, because
of the characteristic qualities of geometrical configuration, fabrication facilities,
and structural efficiency. Nevertheless, limited academic research has focused on
the structural behaviorand design criteria ofthis structural system. In this study, a
systematic study of building form and geometrical patterns for diagrids will be
examined. For this purpose, form-finding method, and (Grasshopper) program (as
a computational tool) will be employed foranalyzing, evaluating, and optimization
for performance evaluation.The desired results expected from this paper propose
a form-finding model for maximizing structural efficiency of diagrid structures
with complex geometries.
Keywords: Diagrid system, structural efficiency, form, plan shape, architecture.
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ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 12572 - 12589
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The integration of structuralefficiencyand architecture is a challenge between architects
and civil engineers. Architects react to structure with facade designs, encounter with civil
engineer who responds to the different loads that are affected the building. As tall
buildings were widespread in most of the world. Therefore, new types of bracing systems
were inventedin order to resist lateral loads toachievethe structuralefficiency.These
systems including:Interior Structures(Rigidframe, Shear wall structure, and Outrigger
structure); Exterior Structures (Tube System, Diagrid System, Space Truss,
ExoskeletonStructure, and Super Frame Structure).
Diagrid system is a framework of structural elements are diagonally intersecting. It is the
latest version of bracing system, but most of its vertical columns are eliminated. Interior
and corner columns are eliminated in diagrid system, and this feature provides more
flexibility in interior design and facade of the building. Diagrids can be constructed with
various materials, such as steel, concrete or timberdue to the flexibility of triangulated
shape.The optimum angle range of diagrid is 65° to 75° for most economic section. These
features of diagrid provide further resistanceof the structurethat makes this system more
effective and desirable in high-rise building construction.
1.2 Problem statement

This study will explore the structural efficiency of form of building and geometry pattern
the diagrid structure. Form-finding model will be used in the process of optimizing
performances of variablesto achieve the high performance for modeling the diagrid
structure.
1.3 Purpose of study

Diagrid structure is wisely preferred for future high-rise buildings that wish to
combinearchitecture and Engineering, because of its structural efficiency and geometrical
configuration. Several studies have focused primarily on idealized optimizationofstructure
in terms of its material consumption, angles, and height.leaving the issue of optimum the
form of this structural system on the spaces inside the building as well as the façade
design.The purpose of this study is to find the optimal form of building and number of
elements in system to achieve the high performance of diagrid structure.
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1.4 Research questions
 What are active variables affecting the form of diagrid and how can they influence the
structural design?
 What can the best method be employed to evaluate performances of the design of the
diagrid structure?
 Which software tools are effective for analyzing and evaluating performances effect the
design process?
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1What is Diagrid Structure

Diagrid term is a combination of two words diagonal + grid. Diagonal word in term of
astructure is a framework system in which structural elements are diagonally intersecting.
Therefore, the diagrid structure can be defined as supporting framework system in which
members ofare diagonally intersecting based on acertain grid. This framing system
includes angled structural elements (instead of the usual vertical columns), which are used
as vertical components (Xiaolei, H., Chao, H., Jing, J., & Jiamin, T., 2008). Therefore,
because of its structural efficiency and aesthetic potential that arises from the unique
geometric arrangement of the system. It has become the first choice for designing high-
rise building, because of almost vertical supports are reduced(Moon, 2009).
2.2 Why is Diagrid

Recently, the rapid growth of population and limitation of available landare factors trigger
planners and engineers toward the vertical expansion in high-rise model. This model
requires an efficient system to resist lateral forces, that is diagrid structure. Triangulated
configuration of diagonal members can carries gravity load as well as lateral loads by its
axial action, however the conventional bracing system carries shear by the bending of the
vertical columns.
The following reasons examine why diagrid structure is preferred more than conventional
bracing systems (Dhaval N. Sorathiya,Jasmin Gadhiya,Jasmin Gadhiya, 2017, pp. 1-4):
 Diagrid structural system can be stable with minimum or no vertical components
because its capability to resist gravity and lateral loads by diagonal
components(Sundberg, 2009), while another systems like braced structural system can
resist just lateral loads;
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 In term of architecture, the diagrid system gives interior planning more flexibility and
prettify the building façade, so it provides supplementary aesthetic value to the building
itself. Nonetheless other Conventional bracing is not aesthetically preferred, because of
those bracing members (vertical columns) are typically provided in the interior of
buildings,
 Diagrid system has a great potential to modeling any complex shaped buildings like
square, rectangle and curved structures (Hrdya Menon,Paul Jose, 2016, p. 1);
 In addition, the diagrid structural system provides the same stiffness of the bracing
system with less material consumption (Charnish, B., & McDonnell, T. , 2008, March).
2.3 Development of the diagrid system
In 1960s, IBM building in Pittsburgh was the first application of diagrid structural system,
which has the dramatic diamond performance as both skin and skeleton (Figure 2.3.1)‟‟
(P. L. , 2005).
Figure 2.3.1: IBM building in Pittsbugh (pghmodern modern, 2019).
In 1953s, the seminal work of Goldsmith, beneath the supervision of Mies Van Der
Rohe, proposed three diagonalized structures for high-rise structures, these are:
(a)variable-density diagrid;(b) a regular narrow diagrid; (c) a mega-diagonal solution
(Figure 2.3.2)(M., 1953).
Figure 2.3.2: Diagonalized structure solutions (a,b,c) for high buildings proposed by
Goldsmith (redrawn from (M., 1953)).
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In 1969s, John Hancock Center has a remarkable design, with huge X-braces serving both
a structural and a visual purpose (figure 2.3.3). It is a paradigmatic sample of the
structural honesty of the second Chicago school.
Figure 2.3.3: John Hancock Center (John Hancock Center, 2019).
In 2001s, Norman Foster used the diagrid system in the Swiss Re Building (Figure 2.3.4 -
a) in London, which has distinguished with the distinctive shape and the unusual
geometry(P. G. , 2005). In 2006s, Norman Foster also emerged the crystalline pattern
shapes in the Hearst Headquarters (Figure 2.3.4 - b ), that obviously emerges from
rational thought‟‟ (Xiaolei, H., Chao, H., Jing, J., & Jiamin, T., 2008). In 2009s, the
diagrid structure enwraps a challenging building form, similar to a Moebius strip in the
China Central Television (CCTV) (Figure 2.3.4 - c). in 2011s The diagrid gives a subtle
depth, strength and character to the building in the Guangzhou West Tower (Figure 2.3.4 -
d) (I., 2011). All applications of diagrid structure over years prove how this structure has
a great possibility to be the ideal solution for the future construction.
Figure 2.3.4: (a) Swiss-Re Tower (from www.swisspacer.com), (b) Hearst Tower (from
en.wikipedia.org), (c) China Central Television (CCTV) headquarters (from
www.panoramio. com), and (d) Guangzhou West Tower (from
www.worldarchitecturemap.org).
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2.4 Architectural Applications of the Diagrid
Later applications of typical bracing tended not to significantly change the basic
rectilinear shape of the tower (Boake T. M., 2013). Recently, the diagrid structural model
with its capability of the triangulated “mesh” to more simply distort and create both can
be created warped and more random geometric forms using modern 3-D soft wares.
Accordingly, the creation twisted form rowers become possible. In addition, the
improvements in BIM and specialized steel detailing software allow the fabricator to
extract each node to create shop drawings for fabrication, which is sensible to expect that
the structure would be congruous to the shop drawings (Azad, 2014, pp. 80-83).
Capital Gate (Figure 2.4.1) by RMJM Architects in Abu Dhabi is a remarkable
application of using the power of the diagrid to create an 18o backwards based on the
tower. Here the base module of the diagrid (Figure 2.4.2) has been decrease to two floors
(from the usual 6 to 8) to rise the stiffness of the tube. The use of triangulation into
straight elements gives the building façade the impression of multiple curves. The
openings design has been integrated into the triangular pattern. Where the diagrid system
has fixed to a custom triangular steel window frame,whichhas tied back to the diagrid
system and supports the glazing modules. Fire guidelines in the UAE have acceptable the
experience of the steel on the interior through the use of an intumescent coating.
Guangzhou IFC also uses exposed intumescent coated steel. Exposure has permitted
anincrediblepractice of the diagrid on the internal of the building (Azad, 2014, pp. 80-87).
Figure 2.4.2: Cross sections of Internal Diagrid system (Mathews, 2017).
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Figure 2.4.1.: Capital gate Elevation
Another example of the potentials of diagrid in architectural adaption is the round, a

„„twisted knot of steel masts‟‟ (figure 2.7.3 ): the tower is a crazy application of diagrid
for adapting the shape of the building to obtaining elegant façade appearances
(Montuori, G. M., Mele, E., Brandonisio, G., & De Luca, A., 2014). The tower designed
by Anish Kapoor, who starting from base unit of diagrid, to produce different forms that
reflect the concept of designer and the integration between the architecture and structure.
The height of each flat is designed with diagonals placed at various uniform angles that
gradually changing angles along the height in order to determine the optimal uniform
angle for each diagrid. (moon, 2008, pp. 1-14) .
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Figure 2.4.3: ArcelorMittal Orbit (from www.anishkapoor.com)
2.5 Construction of Diagrid Structures
The construction of the connection nodes geometry remains a critical issue in diagrid
structures, Because of the diagrid structures nodes are more difficult than those of
conventional bracing structures. Hence, prefabrication of nodes is pin, and essential
connections using bolts which made at the jobsite, to reduce jobsite work. For instance,
diagrid nodes in rectangular shape buildings can be prefabricated simply because many
nodes have the similar configuration, but in case of irregular building form, generating
appropriate construction modules become essential to produce any complex shape
construction module. Therefore, there is two approaches to generating construction
modules: the first one is extracting regularity from building with an irregular form, then
adjusting the building form following the extracted monotony; the second one is
recognizing the construction modules regular and design universal connections relatively
so that they can accommodate each irregularity (Moon, 2009).
In addition, Curtain walls for building façades require a thoughtful design and
construction techniques to improved constructability, performance, and aesthetic
expression (Moon, 2009). Diagrid cladding are various according to the geometry
shape,the most widespread, cladding with rectangular shape units, such as using the
rectangular shape of curtain walls in The Hearst Headquarters (Figure 2.5.1),But with the
development of computer generation techniques another cladding shapes have generated
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such as triangular, curtain wall, diamond or parallelogram shape units. (Figure 2.5.2)
shows using the diamond shape curtain wall units in the 30 St. Mary Axe project.
Figure 2.5.1 on the left: Hearst Headquarters, New York (Flashback: Hearst Tower / Foster + Partners, 2019)
Figure 2.5.2 on the right: Swiss Re Building, London (Getty Images, 2019).
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2.6 Optimization of Diagrid structure
Currently, optimization diagrid structure is the main concern of several projects and
studies in this field. These studies are directed to achieving the efficiency of this system.
In this context, effectiveness is distinct as the distribution of the load carried by a
structure to its total weight. So, a structure is efficient if it has the maximum strength with
the least weight (Sandaker, 2007). To achieve the efficiency, the following advantages of
a diagrid structure can be considered as the variable in the process of optimization: The
structural pattern system;the diagrid angles;the height of the grid components; and
strength of the structures.
2.6.1 GeometryPatterns
Geometry patterns are the essential feature should be taken in consideration to create the
mostefficient structure.Both regular and variable patterns the characterization of diagrid
structures based on geometrical properties and optimization process.Several studies
examine how the triangular pattern design is more efficient than the hexagonal- pattern
(Figure 2.6.1), and the building with triangular pattern is almost five times brighter than a
hexagonal one(Julistiono E. K., 2011). The diagonal members carry shear and moment
through axial action due to the characteristics of their triangular configurations. The
diagonal members on the web planes carry the shear forces and those on the flange planes
as well as on the web planes, except those around the neutral axis, carry the moments
through their axial actions as shown in (figure 2.6.1.2).
Figure 2.6.1.1: 3Dpatterns of geometry in high-rise building (Azad, 2014).
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Figure 2.6.1.2 A typical diagrid module (Azad, 2014).
2.6.2 Diagrid Angles

The angle of the structural elements system plays alsovery important role in the
optimization process. Structural elements should be designed for both axial and shear
loads. These elements are directed tobe verticalif the axial loadsgovern the design,But,
more horizontal elements are more effective inresisting pressure from shear(Moon, K. S.,
Connor, J. J., & Fernandez, J. E., 2007).In case of high-rise building, we do not need
bending stiffness same shear and along the façade but we need more horizontal elements
at the top of the building and more vertical elements at the base. This provide more
efficiency than uniform grid modules .to achieve the optimal designin diagrid
structures,the typical module angle should be 35 degrees.But in high-rise building , to the
most effective design for 40- and 50-storey buildings theneeds an angle of 63 degrees, and
the angle of 69 degrees for60-storey and taller diagrids (Azad, 2014, pp. 72-75) (Figure
2.6.2).
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Figure 2.6.2: 60- and 80-story diagrid structures with diagonals placed at uniform angles (Azad,
2014).
2.6.3 Height of the Grid Elements
The height of grid elements can be elevated based on the height of the building. In
this context, several studies show how a stiffness-baseddesign method can specify
diagrid members‟ sizes for high-rise buildings. This method is used in the design
processes of a set ofdiagrid structures, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 stories tall, to find the
optimal grid geometries in which the typical floor plan dimensionsare 36 m x 36
m with story heights of 3.9 m (Moon, 2009). Therefore, many designers usually
try to minimize variety in their proposed nodes and angles. In addition,withthe
fabrication technologies development irregular grids become affordableand
construction of high-rise building such as Lotte towerbecome possible
(figure2.6.3)(Boake T. M., 2013).
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Figure 2.6.3:Lotte tower diagrid (Lotte World Tower, 2019).
2.6.4The Intensity of Structure
The intensity of the pattern is one of the most common methods for structural
optimization. This is achieved with control the intensity of structure by using a regular
pattern with same proper ties and elements. Accordingly,the optimization process runs
several times by calculating the distribution of forces that applied on the diagonal
members based on their classifications to achieve the efficiency required for the project
by the following actions: adding bracing members; Keeping them the same; Removing
bracing members (Azad, 2014).
2.7 Structural Optimization Tools
In recent years, computational optimization techniques for optimizing shape, topology
and member sizes have emerged with the development of computer technology, these
techniques including:
 Advanced modelling techniques: optimization structure by defining its structural
members and loads, after that, analyses it using sensitivity information derived from
structural analysis (Julistiono E. K., 2009, pp. 15-22).
 Form-finding system: such as topology optimization; the generative structural shape
strengthening, and Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) (Julistiono E. K., 2009,
pp. 15-22).
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3. METHODOLOGY
This study will be exploring the structural efficiency of form of building and geometry
pattern for the diagrid structure. Multi- optimization process will be used to find the
highest performance of design solution. The analysis method will be adapted in this
research is a form-finding system. In this system different variables will be used as
inputsthese includingform of the building and geometry pattern, whichthey define the
angle of structural elements that play aprimary role in its structural efficiency. The second
step is a computational model that can evaluate the performances of variables.
Grasshopper program will be used as a computational tool for performance evaluation and
optimization. Analysis stage will be modified the building form by stages to achieve the
highest performance of diagrid structure.
3.1 Form of the building
The first variable in the optimization process is the building form. Which is designed by
architects without take in their consideration the adaptation between the best performance
of diagrid structure and initial design. So that, any modification on their design may
unwelcome. Four main areas will be evaluated to modify the initial form to optimum
proposed form to achieve the high performances:
• A: slab areas of the initial form;
• B: Slab areas of the proposed form;
• C: common areas of two sets of slabs;
• D: Different areas of two sets of slabs. (Figure 5.6: virtual example of building form)
A: slab areas of the initial form B: Slab areas of the proposed formC: common areas D:
Different areas
Figure 3.1: virtual example of building form by researchers.
Then, two variables will be defined based on these four areas:

 Area A adaption in Percent 100 x B / A
 Form A Adaptionin Percent 100 x (C - D) / A
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In case the area adaption will gives 100 percent, the proposed form has enough
space for. but it does not mean the proposed form is geometrically adapted to the
initial design. According to the second variable (form adaption), if the variable
will give 100 percent that means the proposed form has the highest geometrical
adaption to the initial form.
3.2 Geometry pattern

The second variable that will be analyzed is a geometry pattern of diagrid
structure. In this case,number of members in each row and the height of members
will be considered as variables. The triangulation form of diagrid depends on the
number of members in each row: Moremembers in each row and taller rows mean
more vertical triangles, while lessmembers in each row and shorter rows mean
more horizontal triangles. More elements in each row and shorter rows cause
fewer loads on each element and thinner cross-sections, but fewer elements in
each row and taller rows cause more loads on each element and thicker cross-
sections(figure 3.2).
Three options will be tested for optimizing the diagrid patterns:
Option 1: Regular diagrid has combined constant module size, and
uniformdiagonal density;
Option 2: Variable angle has combined variable module size, and uniform
diagonal density;
Option 3: Variable density has combined variable module size, and non-uniform
diagonal density.
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Figure 3.2: Variation in Form and Grid Geometry (Azad, 2014).
Finding the number of elements in each row then the height of element will
determine the angle of the diagrid to create the best form of the building for
achieve the structural efficiency. Secondly, the computational model will be used
to evaluate the input variables. Then, these variables will be optimized in loop
process to find the best performance of design solutions. the evaluation will be
depending on two main criteria: structural efficiency and architectural design
adaption.
3.3 Structural Efficiency
Structural efficiency (strength to weight ratio) is the ratio of the load carriedby a
structure to its total weight (Julistiono E. K., 2011). SAP2000 software will be
used for analyzing lateral loads and determine maximum axial load for each
element.
Then, material consumption will be calculated by the following equation:
- Cross-sections in kg X length of all the elements in meters. the optimum result
will be the least consumption.
REFERENCES
[1]. Azad, F. M. (2014). A Generative Design Tool for Multi-Objective Optimization of Free-
Form Diagrid Structures. Canada: the University of Waterloo.
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[2]. Boake, T. M. (2013). Diagrids, the New Stablity System: Combining Architecture with
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Engineering Institute Conference.
[3]. Boake, T. M. (2014). "Diagrid Structures: Systems, Connections, Details". Birkhäuser.
[4]. Charnish, B., & McDonnell, T. . (2008, March). The bow: unique diagrid structural
system for a sustainable tall building‫‏‬. CTBUH 8th World Congress. Dubai: CTBUH 8th
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[5]. Chetan S.Pattar, Prof. Smt. Varsha Gokak. (2018). ANALYSIS OF DIAGRID
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[7]. Flashback: Hearst Tower / Foster + Partners. (2019, 4 8). Retrieved from Archdaily:
https://www.archdaily.com/204701/flashback-hearst-tower-foster-and-partners
[8]. Getty Images. (2019, 4 8). Retrieved from https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/photo/st-
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Structural Efﬁciency of the Building Form for Optimization the Diagrid

Article in International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology · January 2020

Eleyan Issa Jamal Issa Musa Shagin

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Structural Efficiency of the Building Form for Optimization the Diagrid

Dr. Eleyan Issa Jamal Issa1

Keywords: Diagrid system, structural efficiency, form, plan shape, architecture.

1.2 Problem statement

1.3 Purpose of study

2.1What is Diagrid Structure

2.2 Why is Diagrid

Figure 2.3.1: IBM building in Pittsbugh (pghmodern modern, 2019).

Figure 2.3.3: John Hancock Center (John Hancock Center, 2019).

Figure 2.4.2: Cross sections of Internal Diagrid system (Mathews, 2017).

Figure 2.4.1.: Capital gate Elevation

Another example of the potentials of diagrid in architectural adaption is the round, a

Figure 2.4.3: ArcelorMittal Orbit (from www.anishkapoor.com)

2.5 Construction of Diagrid Structures

Figure 2.6.1.1: 3Dpatterns of geometry in high-rise building (Azad, 2014).

Figure 2.6.1.2 A typical diagrid module (Azad, 2014).

2.6.2 Diagrid Angles

Figure 2.6.3:Lotte tower diagrid (Lotte World Tower, 2019).

2.6.4The Intensity of Structure

Figure 3.1: virtual example of building form by researchers.

Then, two variables will be defined based on these four areas:

3.2 Geometry pattern

Figure 3.2: Variation in Form and Grid Geometry (Azad, 2014).

[13]. Julistiono, E. K. (2011). THE APPLICATION OF NON-ROUTINE

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