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    UNIT-I OP-AMP APPLICATIONS - Compressed

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    UNIT-I OP-AMP APPLICATIONS - Compressed

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    ap amp applications

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    36 views96 pages

    UNIT-I OP-AMP APPLICATIONS - Compressed

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    Dr A Pradeep Kumar asst.Prof(ECE)
    ap amp applications

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    7 UNIT 2 4 —_ Inteqvated Ctrcutts Entroduction‘- ane term IC. means integrated ciycutts, where all the active and passive components ove fabricated on the come clip. mast ofthe Tes ove produced oy *he monolythic process. In this process! all the active vie elements elements Wke transistors and all the pass) capacttances ave fabricate single piece of semiconductor material generally silicon: Tis 7% called silicon wapouw wafer oY substrate? Such makes low cast Mass production of ike vesistances , dona Q monolithic process Ics possible - } here ! Advontages of IC technology i PARES Se mr A) small sizes Proctically size of an Ic’ is thousands of | | 4 | Hees smoller than +he discrete Civcutt: 2D Low costi- qhousards oF St wafers consistinge of numb of companents sndividually , ave produced simultaneously, | : called mass production. Due to ynis, cost of TC is very | very low: Hen use, amually — umber of components ove fobricated or hence weignt of Te is very much less civeurt consisting of som e millions. of ICs are NOW in -d-vess weight : |e 0. Singles Si wafey cormpared +0 0 discrete numbey of components: 4) Low Supply vottagess- ICs work at lower voltag avoids te need of the large supply vattoges- 4 es which 5) Low power consumption :~ The power consumption of Ics 26 very very low. 9 Highy hors eo e 10, alosence of eoldered connections ard less Dui intev ereretions, the Ics are high! vise of tes 35 salsa low chich the reliability , accuracy and the ly reliable -om the kemparature furthey incveases fe of Ics: D Fost speed With xcs the vovious applic use he absece of cations cov) work woth great speed This is woiny,, bed etlects Uke paraatic capacitances te + classification of FS The cg ave braddly classified Os , » Digital res 2) Uneay Ics she Yequirements of the above 4twoctypes of Is Oe different rence methods ‘of Fabriating +these two ® types of Ics are also different: “the vayious technologes used to olovicate these “Ics We, a) Monolithic Tech roby 2) Wick and 4Kn film 4echnology | 3) Ryprid 4echrolagy: The Tes usted for mpl fiestion a. Daca opertions fs called Aradey To's. h, where as i tae perp a ea eel ae MWe i et o — . ’* 4) Monolithic Technology’- In monolithic technology all Ics have active as well as passive components along ith inter conne ctions oye integrated on a single economical -for small. quantities: LTE Ship "Ste! ond iatvcut comlexttyrs Tn 1943, Prof! Bardeen and’ ‘prof. Bratton, the Members of a reaearch group at Bell laboatories , Tattea| “First “Ge' device Crangistor). Actually the team 4008 atieiemting Sn: make a device resembling a FET. Eventhough te basic Principle behind the operation of \ MOSFET wos proposed ‘in 1935, it tak long period to materialized this device. ®Y the year of ABL dre 8ITS and TFETs came in the market. In (tsa St tagk the ploce of Ge ‘n BITs and in (9660 First 6 MOSFET eas produced. Depeneting upon, the . sumbey af active devices per | chipy Ahere ave diffevert levels of; integration os explained below. When She? active devices per chip ave less thon 100 Aven His referred as srall scale iateqrotions1 ynast of 4he ‘ssi chips use integrated yesictors, diodes and bipolar -transistars - wiben wwe count of devices per chip are | 400 to 41000 , then it ts referred as medium scale between integration (Mmsz). In this, BITS and, EMOSFETS ove. Integrated: an lorge scale Anteqyation (\sI) Ics, she number of active devices Per Chip anges between 1000 +o 100,000 + “In general, LST cb¥ps’ Use” MAS: -HANSiStOS: lohen the active devices per chip ave over hundreds of tousonds, then %t is vefevved as very large scale “Integration (Vist) - Almost all madern chips empky VIST technique. Recently new level oF Wtegration’ has. been antroduced which is know os) VIO large Scale integration (ULSI). Jn OUST) teclonique ,, move than | one willion active devices ate integrated 09 ‘0. Single chip: Pentium microprocessor a use ULST { technology: Yy iL Wwlow table dives dhe \categovies of TCs on numhey af active devices: note, tnat the is mathing but Tre ake ass. of eumber of actie devies per chip dhe hunker of onsistors. per chip- sometimes an alternative parameter for transistor count pey che tay We | used? Tt is. veered as "gate court? _ Saat) 4 j= ari Level OF -integyation, “urbe y of £ active devices | per rips oo |) 4) Small scale’ tekeqration (S33), essa Aga om (toc Gale) Nae 2 recur scale Integration (mst) 100 = 4.0000 ho | large, ae integration 50) 1000- 100,006 (10,000 Gi 19 0 qa [Ae \very large Scale ‘ratty Over 100,000, wo | a X Ge! 5 jotta ee ‘ale integration (UIST), _ Over A million A rato Mw The op-amp ICs ae available Yr vavious packages . The IC pockoges ove classified aS, 1) metale Can (To) “9 Dual ih flock (DIP) B vat pack the Lechnigne “to Snevecse “the aumber 4 devices f= chip fs callesd levet of toege nic D Selah comcceeeecnst The metal Can packages are available with 3,5,8,10 and 49 irs. The melat Sealing plane is at the bottom over which he ckip is bonded: The plane eHective foy the reat dissipation, hence these are well suited For pour amplifies in whic heat dissipation 'S important Ht also pevmits the external heat sink: Bis also called varsistor pack: The various tuPes of metal can packags ave ag Shown in fig: i \ if j ii \ | 4 rl / fh rasa ; fy NSE 60> sire a“ fy | \ \ “Dual fn HAs Radial formed @ : \| nha bos esHfareed teods "ads To- style packoge 10-3 tak TO-5 Style pockoaF (2 \ead) fockage | (6,810, 12 105) > pe ap Une Packages” wre dual in line packag applicotions. In this type, ghe chip is mounted inside a < or cevamic case - at is easy to handle and cank e ts popular for cormnney ico ost mounted easily hence most widely used * 1h 8 pin DIP is called mininrP. But it fs also available stb 12514,16 and) 20. pins. As the number of components integyated, on,-the, same chip increases, the snumber:, of pins als0. increases. For example an M 6% 60 ‘ wicvopracessor, chip, , there ae 64 pins: 5) = . Ne Ny) oye * ao % teod version B14.) lead \veision ided se ‘ eke Plostic package weided sealcevamic potkag Hat pock:- Fov civcults Lohere Space fs critical, the flat pack gues a compact packog+ IN this type, the chip is enclosed Wn a. vectanguiay ceramic cases the terminals ove taken aut through the sides and ends. Tt is avaliable wrth 8.10 ,14 ov 16 leads: 10 lead version Tw Ss 2 Tovveduction to. op Arnp= The = spevational arptifiey, most commonly yefevred as « > Op. Amp” wos! “intraducedt!iin laaos. We first operational amplifier was designed In (94g, USING, Tr “ABOEE Re“tads| used for saving -eaathematical problems Qrnps were bulky , vacuum “tubes: Due 40? ‘vole usins tubes, the eay OPT paver consuming and expensive: play boob © Robert: To.vaidlor,.at Fairchild brought Out the “popular > 42 Te. OP ANPP between, 96a to es with doe Walp ok icterop-amP ») the, reat nas become very simple. “Te variety of eivcults Con ike \ toullt worthout renowing albout the complex anternal dhe necessiietypor ensire, ake civouttry . ‘More overs / IC op-amps axe inex Gand CONSUME: less power amplifier, in Hs paste form is a | upless Space 2 Tre operational high gain diffevential amplifier * op-orsp syria) and’ Tewingls” aaa Yee "swe dual supply is generally ‘balanced be, 4 | _ the valtages OF the ve supply Ver and sdk. Al the op-Amps have atkast following 5 tevminals: 2) The positive: Lpply: voltage terminal (Vec (on +v)- 9) The ‘negative supply voltage +ermingl (Vee (Orv )- 3 The’ output terminal: “® The tnverting: input teyminal chemanal) 5) the” nah Torerding “Input terminal. (tve tevminal) - _* Pouser | Supply he op pind works “onal dual supply A dual Suppl consists of two supply vdltages’ “hath: dc, whose middle paint é genevally the «ground terminal: | 9 Maz that of the negative supply Vee Aare - be 4 same &8 in Magnitude - The “typical ... — F commertcially ‘used! power, Supply ‘ G0 SaidcWee = IBY voltages ave *+15V. But tH the two fol anced : Vor suv vottage magnitudes axe not as same : i “ os tre dual supply. at is called ’ — unbalanced dval supply- he bolarced and unbalanced types of dual supply are as Shown in fig: ll vnbolanved b - ~Vee* 12V Pactically in most of the op-Amp Cilculis balarced dual supply is used+ The other popular bolanced duol supply wltages aye +4V, +12, 4+22V ee. © deal op- Amp °- ° The ‘idegl op-amp fs basically an amplifier which : amplifies the difference between the tug input signals: j Tn HS basic form, the op- AMP is nathing but o di tterentia amplitiey: * Ideal ditevential Amplifier: we aifferential amplifier which amplifies the % i difference between tre Pa gikferential| . amplifier | 9% 4un input vottages. Hence ane j | 5 oye, 5 \, . ‘ Ht is cated differential "2 bey santana aroplitiey: "ay deat differential oimplifier, the output vokage Vo is proportional +o the difference. between she ap inp signals. Néie TH eo9-be coriternas, Vy & W-V9 * | * Differential gain (Aad):- \ Vo= AdlYr Va) \ cwhere Ad 1s ne gain, with which differential “amplifier amplifies the differerxe between the +0 Input’ signals, Hence, the gain of the “ditfeventiot amplfiey Tus) Ad = DieHerenrtial_ gain : (ane ldiHerence between the Inputs weve) is generally catled diHererce voltage (vd) - at J. Voz Aad: 3 Ade Ne. Ma > fa = 30 109,92) ind® * Common mode Gain Ae) TF ue apply tun , input votoges Which are equal in al) the respects to the diffeentral amplifier i-¢ Mi=Ve then ideally the output vottoge Vo= =e URAL ‘ash be 720 Gut the cutput voltage, of te sede differential avopltfier not anly depends on +e, differential voltage laut also depends on the overage ‘corarnon level of the Ywo signal Inputsé Such) an avevoge level oF the two ‘Wwput signals is called Common mode Signal (vo). + Ve Mit Vo =z q Proctically , the differential amplifier praduces +the output votage Propartfal to such common wade signal, also: We agin with which R omptitres the common mode signal to produce we output (s, level Iorveases,, ell such ahigh dic;, vatoge level ry ,gatwotien: This further may cause | due to clipping Wis roy Wientt tre mavirnum arc: ouctput voltage eusing warrout any fare the | autput stage, it is necessary to | voltage level to 2¢70 wats with respect to ground: | we level shrHey stage byirgs the dc ound potentials when signal is oppliect at tbe is given to the last distortton: Hence be pring Such ahigh 4c 9g jnput terminals + Then the signa stoge unich & the output stage- Tre butler fs usually an emitter follower vobose | input Impedance ‘is very high This prevents loading of | the high gain stoge: The output stage of OP-amp supplies the lood and | provides tow diput impedance . The requirements af pod output stoge are level down to f . 5 4) large output valtoge suring capobility 9) Large autput cUment suing, capability X Law output impedance A) Law quiescent power. dissipation 5) shat civeuit pyatection: A pushpull Ginpltfrer in class AB or dass 6 aperation saristies ail’ the’ above vequirementsand hence commonly usecl ‘as the output Stag? of an ap-Arp. Te fiquiea shows class & push pull annplifiev lobich 5 basically emitter féllower’ with comple mentary _ Honsistors: Ma 'S Charactevistics and. performance parameters of Op-Amp= cy) Input offset vol t whenever both the input tevrninals of the opamp ‘ave G¥aunded, fdeally the output variage should be 7210: ) However, i) this candition.. the practical op-omp oe small ron-2er9 quiput valtage: his is due ta mis-matching | Present in the internal civoutt oF ap-amp: Such @ voltage jo? couse evar in the practical application, for which ap-amp is used , } i Ta make such a voltage 2€10, TE TS Necessary te F Apply small difference voltage: ‘between ‘the tw00 input terminals of ‘Op-omip. This voltage is, ,calledigput 4he 4G “‘Toput tevminals of an.:op-amp..t0, make the ’ ’ OiBUR Valtage 210 ts called,” input offset, rahage ard dente bY Vigs: % The Vigs can be positive or negative hence absolute ° value of the Vios ‘s mentioned in the datasheet. *% ‘The smaller the value of Vios, better 7s the matching of input tevmirab: * The input ottset vottoge depends on the | temperature: * Foy on FP 441 ac the input offset voltage’ 1S! 6 mV: 3) Teput offset current The, Agebratc Afefevence between the currents louing inte ape tnput terminals of the oPé amp is called input offset current and denoted OS Ligg. Mathematically, (Tey Deel bb tk twohevé Tj) = \ourrent venteving jinto nan inverting Twput Th? Cuvrent enteving tno inverting input wate Weally Tias ts ord teh ep-amp..34.4 Ic, maximum value’ of °/ Tiagis 200 DAY This is tthe eunvent, responsilde fo prodiice° the ‘output’ through Input, teymninals ore gyainded: The average volue of the tun cuvtents flowing fnto we op-amp ‘input 4erminols fs eR Th called Input bios cunent, wwe Wis denated by To: output ak g = Ty Tb, + Te = | 2 = deally it should be zev0 while for op-amp FIC, maximum volue of Ip is 500 OR _—— | Aopen loop voltage gain’ ‘The yatio of output voltage 0 the differential toput soltage,’ dhe apramp.:is in open, logp contiguyation, wthaut any feedback: Tt is alsa called layge signal voltage gain and denoted 9S Rot’ Pav .* For Op-amp F416 B® cmeee 6) Powey subply Rejection Ratio (PS aR) {i The votio of differential voltage’ gain Ad'tb the commen - Me Vo mode voltoge gain Ag: emees exptessed 48 d8" For op-amp, FAA he “pouser supply Yejection” Yatio Ad ‘ “he The’ einen’ as generally specified for the op-ampP LH is) typically 200,000. and fs He 8 ode besR e). fs, defined as the Vato of ane clange’ to the Tinput offset voltage due to change in power supply voltage yproducing it, Keeping oihey power supply voltage! constant: Tt is abo PGRR = Neco 3h. Vee 18” Constant and) due to certain change AVi0S, -bverrlconstant, Vee’ r calle “parser Supply “sensitivity: (psy) an Voc) there is change iN input affset vattog then pser = 4Vios AVec tae Vee + 2 Ps Input offset voltage fs very srnall, PseR Caprese in V/V oF V/s + Whe ‘ayprcat vali’ of PSRR for IC. 744 OP-aMp is 30M, * PSER ‘is alsd dd\led SUPPLY voRoge rejection ratio denoted as “ever”. 9 Stao voter OTe -skw Yate fs defined as the maximum vate of change of output voltage uth time: Ht fs spectied Yo, V/usee , Tous, . slevo vate (S) = ave} at wna? tre sku vale indicates how fost output charges ie put % “Also” changing: “This. Peclfied, by operating OP-Amp in UBAY gain candition: Thus if input is instantly Charging Whe squave wave then for unity gain, output also’ ‘ppust chang. Instantly. But practically ft tan rot Change instantly, ‘The slew vate Indicates how fost the | output can change: : + The deen vate, 18: caused due 40 limited clmging vale of cormpensating) ‘capacitor and cunent limiting and saturation Of the internal Stages of Op-AMPs when a high frequerry tonge amplitude signal ts. applied: “he itrtemal capacitor voltoge cannot rchange tnstantaneausty + It is given by die! <4 'For tage charging vate, the capacitor Shoutl dt ¢ , gmail oy charging curverrt should be large: Heree the sleco vate @for the ap-amp whose maximum internal capacttor chavging current is Known, can be Obtained aS. S= Iwox, ¢ | Skew vate quation:— we we \ Consider unity gats op-omp civcutt | uotth Purely as input Siousidal efrput: Tre. output mist” bev Same | | Vg = Vin Stowt } 2 Mo = Vinsinat > We = Vin cau Oo “ae 4 p piu sre €aQ@ bos moxireum volue wren cost = 1 Se Vw = 2nt Vin Nisee Tt % called Slew yale equation: y distortion free outputy,, te, 10%! enicy Fry con be obtained, 4s, Fmurs “allowable input a | | fmt 2-H: av | tre iS colled full power band width of -the op-amp: | i cok of output waveform « 9 Gdin Rahdusat products (ARMA nnn AT it Wis the wandestith 608 af op-amp when voltoge gain ‘s unity (4). TH Is dendted aS GB- Te opin is generally Sipressed in d&» Thus uorty | gain thas value sologa=OdB. 6 \. 3 S50 on the gyaph of the gain in dB inna 7 aggintst frequency, the @8 as shown in figure : Tt tS about 1MN2 for op-amp F41C-" The BB is also Colled unity goin landeaidis (6B) oY closed loop Vrond. width « deol Op-Amp chayacteristts:- FOO OTS Soe “The deal op-Amp has two 4nput signals Va and V2 applied +o non-inverting and Snverting terminals , vespectively: Tdegl op- AeP The following’ Wings can, be, olosevvect foy ideal op-amp ag shown iD figure: 4) Te Ideal op-amP dvaws ro cuvent at bath the ‘put terminals jes y2 4950+ Thus Hg finput iropedaree ig infinite » Ary Source can dywe, H andl theve (se loading OP the dviver stage. 9) Tre goin of an ideal ap-amp ‘s infinte (00) , hence the giHferential input vgs Vy-Vs i essentially 2610 for the finite output voltage Vo. 5 ‘ 1D The output ‘voltage Vo ts independent of curvent drawn fvam the output -teyminals. Thus its output ivnpedance Is 2ev0 and bence output aan drive, an infinite number of othey circuits, p- Amp, as tollows , 45 ape differential he! properties 1oF OF * 0) Snfinite | voltage gain (Aor = 2)- Tt ee Open loop odin And is. infinite, for, OP Ydeal, op-AMP- Tats infinte | b infinite input impediance (Rinz) Wa ssteslss yer t . foy an. fdeal op-Amp- This ensures that no CUY can flaw into an ‘deal op-oMP- 3 2ev0 output impedance (Ry=0 0)" “he output inopedance is aw p: “This ensuves that te output inespective oF the | ( zevo for on Ueod op-arn) vottoge of tre op- amp yermains | Same volue of the load résistance connected « A) Dew offset voltage (igs 207 we reser =0 % called a offset Amp: “This evisues ce of We smal} ) “output VoHage “through: Va=Vo: bvoltoge (ekissZeva foni0n ideal, OP | zero. output for, 2evo input, signal voltages | 6) Infinite loond widto’ athe ange of frequency aver which dine Orepliftey,, performance is ion is called Hs band woidtn: The’ bandsoidty of 4 Bp amp is infinHe- This means: the operating: | frequency. range. f¥OM ator: - This ensues that the goin. of the op- Amp will we - | conclant over the frequency vange -from AC (gere | | frequency) to Winite frequency: So op-amP can arnplify dec. os well as ac+ Signals: cone” N bee méinite emaR! (Zee) We ration at differential , gaia tind commiors mode gay ts defined) OS CMPR. Thus Yndintte cMRR Of avy Tdealop-omp ensures, 2010 Common made gain, Due to 41s) common | mode Noise: output voltage is 2¢v0 “for an {deal op-amp. ) Infinite Sew vate (seee)’- This ensures that the charges th whe’ output wottages occur giroyttareously, with the changes in the input valtoge: ¥ Infinite, slew Yate Wdf'cates that output changes cimukaneously _ wit the changes an the PUL valtag « ot Wy NO, gttect 9 oF tempevature— : The chayactevistics | of op-amp do not eRange 1) @Sth) temperature: 1) Pousey Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR=O)-— v4 The “Power Supply Rejection ratio is defined as ' tbe votto of the ‘change vin input offset, vattage due 4a chang? in’ supply vottoge sproducing it, Kee ping othey power Supply voltage constant: Et iso also called! power supply «sensitivity: he Ov; pser= Vie HOG yp! Fi lqacS ie Bvee | Vee constant ci DM ee | Vetourster”” a4 tg) expressea’! 19 mV yo ov: UV/v. and its ideal volue %S zeva: r | | 1 Characteristics ausipl une | values Open loop voltage gain | | Aou , @ -Anput Impedance Ren, | «stp mmpediance 9! Re ° stset voltage veo o Band width ae BN. Oe _emen s fon f° i deorate 0 S| Power supply rejection PSRR r ° } citi RALOioy_tuc by Ideal op;aMP choyvacteristics Equivalent cticutt of pyactical ”op~ Aropt- wee ! | arnevtiva, : - os aaah sf 1 “eo ' ee ° | Ye ! S SR (1) Bova > = A e - » 3 1 ’ ' f | va ' : vorectiog | FL - We cheutt which represents op-amp pavaneles interms of physical camponents , foy the analysis Purpose is called equivalent circult-of an OPp-armp The circuft, shows the OP-omp.pavameters like input yesistance , output yesistarce , the oper bop voltage gain wn terms of clroutt carsponents Vike ‘Rin, Qj etc- The op- amp amplifies tre difference betucen the two input voltages - Vo = AarYa = Aor Wa-Vo) 1 Where AgL= large Signo) open loop voltage gain Va = Difference wattage Mar Yo. Vy = Non-interting input voltage” wrth respect * ground: Va = inverting i/p voltage c-y.t ground: Re input yesistance of op-amp Ro = output vesistance of ap-amp . | she output voltage fs directly proportional to differe ree | | voltage CVd) + | Be chayocteristics of Op - Arp: 4) tnput bias current (Tp) | 9) Input offset cunevit (Iigs) | Input offset voltage (Vigs) | 4 Thermal drift: Thermal dvi /- the Op-amp. pavameters input offset voltage Vios» are fnput bios icunient Ty, jad oput (biog) current Tyos eet ottse fot Constants but vary with “the factors: 3 Tempevatiire 73) Supply voltage charges, fii) Time sect of +) effect ofA cloput offset voltage” the ¢ | The; change of temperature a | onthe» Input otgeek: voltoge + t is defined wya factor called | ther voltage drift: Ftyis ly A | also. called jas input offset Lh. voltage dvi: ' . t We +—> Te thermal ‘voltage di «gH obs wer P50 tne average rate of change of input f mis | | As defined as | off set voltage given by tnput offset voltage dritt = pey unit change 19 4eMMPLY OLUNE > | AVios ' | ar | tH fs. expressed in MV/G. The drift "6 1m over Spectfied operating temperature aot constant ands not untfo yange: “re value of ov decrease with the are graph shows ‘input voltage veysus tercpevatuve input offset voltage may increase increasing sternpevatuve- for wmcs7ad Op-amp- The ‘input offset vattage 1s 210 ot vogrn temperature of we. | | » Effect on input offset and bias currents:~ ‘ Input ‘Was Clivent ord ‘input offset CUNE Rts om net constants “but vary oith: temperature. We effecy Of +empevatuye 60 me Input bias current is. defined by a’ foctay called fnput. bias current drift” bile effect on the Wput cuvent is de Fined by 0 foctor called“ input off set current vet The avevoge vate oF change of taput bias current pey unit change in temperature is called toput bias eunent dif: Tre avevage vate of Ueput offset cuyrent unit Charge in tempevorture is called input off set current dvift. these axe expressed! in MA] ‘c, OY pal’c- Ty (nh ‘ Ty (nb) sos (nt) 190 | Loe _ Tt we 6 bu ; 4 a 66 x mm a A 1 \ 4 . “190 40 9 OH Hage Je —_ — . Me hy 35 4 24 we 2 ee jinpet aff get curient une dir AC chavacteristfes of op- AMP: DAE AAA AD nd en A) slew vote 9) Frequency’ response. # Te plot showing tre vwriatfons in magnitude anol phose angle of the gain due change ‘in frequency is Of Op-amp: called“ Frequency response” open loop configuration oF oP-Amnp: Te Simpleset possible woy to use an op-amp és | 1 tne op-amp mode: | | we know wat the dc | Supply voltages applied +0 | | | Aine op-amp aye Vcc and v | Ver and output varies agit Mele) | 1 Gneavty only between Voc Vee" Since the gain is very | ;layge tn open loop condition ——_____ ‘| oo | Ahe output voltage Vo is i vas Veg | either at ‘ts positive satwation : / ainsi 3 (AVeos) or negative, Meg 0 i satuvetion (Vogt) 0S, Va, > Ve Ov Ve>V4 vespectively- Thus very srvall roise voHoge present at the input als | gets implied due-o its, high open loop goin anal ap-ornP ger saturated + Se can he seen F0 m the figure, only for small range OF input signal. (from paint a to b), F gt be hoves finery. i S and practically dve to high apen taap..qain; 00-AMP, ether shows +Vaat O1-Veo level, instal This vange is very smo pitty of op-arnp tO AOrk error 3 the Ope? loop "mak, This Indicates, “the as ca linea. Small signal aropl open loop 0 frOP configures iens amp. can be | re open loap oP: used in ore modes while using , 4) Differential omplitiey 3) Inverting amplifier 3) Wan inverting amplifier: 1) pitferentiol amplifier ie ch amplifies the difference . The amplifier whi between the two input voltages is’ called odttferential ore itier. Tn Fig: Ve §Ve can be “dee ov ac+ lpecause +he op-are con, amplify both de: § ac voltages ~ ‘The values oF By Ps ane procticolly vevy smalls Hence the drop acvoss these vedstarce ist 5 On be neglected! thus Vie Vine 8'Ve= Vind” ~ Win, Re . . Op-amP amplifies the. altference votloge we can unite, {vo* Por Va © Pod (uw) Poi (ina > Vins) | IE eventing amplifier — Te ampltfier fn which the output is inverted fee having 180. pose obit vert the ‘output is called van inverting amplifier: Tn such configuration the: Input is apphed to the inverting Input only ard the Hone toverting teyminal ts oroundest i Mow, RS» is very smal) } we hove Mo = Vga ' The input vj=0 Os gvourded: SO, Vo = Aor \Va7¥5) B= Aot (o-Vo) ™ Vet -VoRol Me 3 non tiverting amplifier’ ‘The! amplifier tn which, the output n input and tg. amplified Ynput uoithout ary phase shit betwee auttpurt’ 4 calle non inverting am plifter. The input and: dutput ave in phase: , In such configuration the {Input fs appliek to the non inverting terminal ard other Aevniinal is gvounded « As Rea is very small, Vo=0 aS qyoursded - so, Pet ye Poth Min0) 9 PabMan # we Wave Vaz Vina * The input Vo= Por Ys ~~) nmermee: “ = Sex : 2 - : : \ JS %s ° wy, ¥ a r—\ ] 3 J i No The closed loop’ operation is possible with the help of feedback: The. feedback ,allaws +40 feed some part of | the output back 40 the Input +evminals: Th the lineay applications, the Op-amp is always used with negative feedbock: “The ~ve feedhock helps i cOntvalling gain, wahich other wise drives the Op-amp out of its lineay vanges even for a small noise Vologe at input! tevwinals- The negative feedback %s possible 'y adding a yesistor called feedback resistoy: The feedloack is said 4o te negative as the feedback resistor conyers the output to the imevting input seyminal: The goin resulting with feedback is called “closed | oop gain” oF “Sp amp: Diet feedback vesistance there | is veduction 1 goin: the close than the loop gain: vantages a) Tt reduces the gain and makes 2) rt veduces the possibility of distortion: increases the bandwidth te. frequency Yang: fncveases the input resistance of the op-amp- d loop goin is much tess it controllaue: 3 mt (4 rt 5) at decreases the output resistance oF the op-amp- 6 Tt recluces the effects of +empevoture, povory supply 09 the gain of the civeult © | ! ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ * c e « »-AYNo Frequency compe Several purpose of Ope Amp Fai | The Ic 741 fs high performance monol tic opamp rc. Tt 6 awilable in Spin,' topPin, 4 pin configuyoction:. Tt con opbrote’ aver a temperature of ~Br'e to 1950: Features‘ nsation required 9), Short circuit protection provided’ 3) offset. voltage null Capability : 4) Lovage common made & differential’ voltage Yonge . 5) pno-toteh Up. ; > The Bp DP. Package of Ic #44:- ™ 1 x rot . oa att sek null o OP 8AF) cob Rao canned ion Pnverting, Se ' br 4M input | 3074) , BI] ee Ror invert [Vou 204 ll 5] offset null input ELELE Vee 2. Op-Amp Applications Virtual grounds Tk defined as the dttfererntial input voltage Va | between the non-inverting and ‘inverting, input tevminals is essentially 2€v0- mis is obVious because even 1 output voltage is few volta, due to large open loop gain of op-amyp, the i" differential vattoge Va ot the input terminals, fs almost zevo: Eq:- % ofp voRoge ts tov and the Aart» open loop gain is ict then Vo = Va Aor er vg Mo = 10 amv Po. 0% im Hence Va is very small, voltage V4-20 and veslistically assumed to ne Por » the diferente be 2eYO Foy analysing the circuits: vi vg eve Fou (M-Mp) = “Mo <0 ~ | oithe MEM | Thus we can Soy that under linear range “of operatio | there gs virtually cohort ciicuit between +e two input | terminals, fn the Sense that thay vattages are SOME - ws From the input termmals 40 gyound- ; wo cuvrent lo ————— aA anne ‘The figure shovos the Concept oF she virtual: QvoUN ds The. ahick: Line indicates the vivtual stort, -— Cieutt | between. the ‘input terminals, Row 16 the non-faverting terminal fs _qroundes by dhe concept. oF , virtual Short, the inverting termina! 15 also at qvound patentiot , hough sere is 0 Physical conection between tre invevting ~ermiral ancl the gvounds This is the “princigle of virtual gous. Ideal inverting Amplifier: 1 ARE a eu 4 =n ‘abla ceed © Such an, amplifiey — vininy” - ones 1, % Do tesy hod 404-7 AS inverted oS compared a Bi yl"9 to the input signal. Te towerted output signal are having. a phase slit of 480° as compared to te ‘nput signal. So, on amplifiey which provides a phase shift OF 480° between input and output & called inverting amplifiey. | Deyivation oF clased loop gdvn— 5 rode B is grounded, nade A is also at gvourd Potential, from the cancept of virtual gvound, Var0 3 T= Vin-Vq Rr (: vpeo) 3 Ie Vin “= —o mow From the output side, considering the divection oF cuvvent +, we can wvite a t= Va-Vo RE | » I= —@ RE yy) ; , | Entive cumvent I posses trough Re & op-omp input | cuyent is 2evo, y | Equating eqs @r® ‘ | Vin ~~ \% } i RF ; i Aye = Mos “Re _ F vin R4! @ : The RE yy 1 * * tiv | als +e gain of the amplifier while negative k Sign indicates that the polavity of outpub IS possible to tat of input. Hence iM is” called inverting amplifier. o + a m1 2 4 Ve Mn 7 = Mit af Z y “sy GZ , é ae 7 “> st i | Mah “ rhate Fit of leq" >t adel ae ampliftey:— ae which amplifies 7 + fer™ Al ~ the input without ia IN SN | fs producing ony @ hs phase shift between “ey sob input and outputs 13 called non-imerting amplifier Devivation, oF tloced loop gaio'— the nade iis att potestial of point A is same AS & which is Vin, fron the concept. oF virtual share. . Vp =Ve= Vin —@, Frorry the output side we cantarite, | te Vo-VA RE 1 T= Yon Q Zs “= = At ine wwerting terminal , T= Va-0 Ra foe Mo, o=—, © Ra Entire cunent passes through Ry As input cuvent of OPAMP js “Ze. equating eqs @ 4G, J. Morin. Mo RE Ry (RR) RRE wo} » Mig May Moe. Yin |, Re “Rt * “Ra => Voltage Buffer (Follawey) = Yornye n docutt tru Hf ouput volloge follaws tne be DL ntegy, ' Input voltage , fatto» is called due : o 5 voltage follouxey clyeult » if k é awe voltage follower civeutt: Ot c The nade B is at potential = = Vin+ ade A is also at the Same patential as 8 1 Yin: w VA = Vee Vin ane ® now nade A is divectly connected to the output. Hence we CAN vorite, Yo=ve - @ Equating te eas OO Vo ={Viior + , For this circuit , the voltage gain. 7S unity: spus the output voltage Vo is equol to he input j Vattage Vin’ TF Vin fneveases ; Vo ‘also increases: : Wot TF Vin dereases. ther Vo al decreases: Thus ouput Q ence tre civcurt is called voltage follows tre input 0 follow cirouit 1S Called source fallouer, unity goir amplifier, buffer arnplifier 05 fsdotfon amplifier. Te input and output cooveforms aye OS shown in Figure: Sevantogs'- 2 Very large input resistarre , of order of Mon. o . \ . +) tow output impedance , vt \ gf almost evo. Hence itcan | we used to connect high ~irmpedarre source at a low impedance load, os A buffer. 3 Tt has high band width 4) Tre output follows the input exactly “without a pose Shift - . > Surmer or Adder Circuit hs the input impedance of an op-amp is extremly lavge, mare than one input signal can be applied to the inverting amplifier. Such clycult gives the addition of | se applied signals at anes: Hence it is called summer ov oddey civeu” Depending upory the Sig of the output, the summey circuits are classiticcl as inverting summer and nan- inverting Sumrtr. AmMNTANnsas j 4) Invevting Summer'- . e Tn this cveutt, Ay - wee ibs eras all the input ve) applied ~ Signals “to the OW . ‘ Invevting termina? fy, OF the o9-aMP- As ‘point B is qvounded due tg virtual ground concept tne nade A is also ot virtual ground patentiat -. Va=0 —@ Novo, from, the input side, he Yes. y a Ry R, S Yobr To = Merve =“ —_@ Aa Ow TR, 2 0 FHS, Pay @ Eom the output side , ais VacVo 2aVe eB) RE RE sub 5,9,3 in 4 @ 3 Wee Mave aves [Burkey] -~@ RE ag Re Ry Ro TF REER,=Ro then | Ve = ~ (y+) | — @ ) Non-inverting Summey!+ ny ph A summer that gives t | {. \ | non inverted Sum of Mt — 5 = | ~T oa < —lywiny ia ‘the Input signals is ma) | te called non-inverti ip 8 "3 +, ~bs} summering amplifier, tet the voltage of bidet Vg: Now the nade A Ys at the same potential as) that) af 8,, due to virtual g VarYe — Os From the font side, = os “ ga 3a = a =) » But 8 the Wput ‘cuvsent of op-arnp is evo , f Q= DtTeioo ® 3 We 4 VeT¥B -9 Fond RQ Ry eer ea bigih.),, ° aT Be ow Ri ORs Re | 3 Var (Revit Riva) a) j row, at A = a - Me Cc Va=Ve) shia tom WTO) ond T= YorVa’ s ore | a = No —@ RE RE Eqpating eqs OVO” Vp. 8 Re > M _ Ve (452) RES e awe ve ee) = -— @ in, eub- e98 G4O de we, get Voie (RM Riva) (RERE) é RIR+Res) No = +R a= RlRRD Yay (RaRe) a) RR +Rs) RL Rit Re) TF R= RFRE= RH, we get —_——_— [Mo = vet¥e"] = @ e6ubtractoy or differentamice orplifier:— swe subtoctian of two input voltages js possile with the help of op-amp circuit, called sulstvactor ov differential civcult. To find the relation between the inpule V, acting, assuming Ys tO be 2ev0, and Voy be the output , with Input Vs acting, assuming Vv, to bt 7ev0: . 2 Mse = with Vy 2e¥0, te clveut PN clveult acts as an fe poy, é 18 . oO ~. Overting amplifiey, ag “IL ls Sy shown in fig. 4 (b)- we eae : < = 2 i - 2 Vor a ‘4 —@© i" oe a Case N= while with My — 2 2 | ‘ AS 210, the civcuit ee ae “ ay * yeduces 10 as oY Shown in fig le). Le Let potential of nade & in fig aCe) is Vg. the patential of node A is same as B ic. Vez Ve Apply voltage divider vule to the wmput Ve l0OP> ve= fv, —@ ak Ro +Rt Now, 1= Ya =%8 -@ R, Ry) Fe @se Dir with Vo 210, tre clycult acts as an fnverting ampliftey, as shoon in fig. 4 lb): (0 D> while with y as 2ev0, the civeuit yedluces tO as shown in Fig 1(c)- £ Let potential of nade & is Vg. The patential of node A is some as B ic. Re tig Ab) nh) Ann Yer Me 5 V0 Apply vottage divider vule to the = tig 100) input Vg !00P, 34, Yer RE ys — 6 ae Ro AR$ = Now, r= Ya = 4 -@ R, R, pnd, T= Vog-VA _ RE RE @ Equating the 04s O46, AB wiggly R 7 Re Nog = RE RE Ve my Vos = + Be \ve — Gi Ry substituting Vg frm @ in © we get, Vos. = ‘ [+2] re = tee Hence using superposition Principle, = Vo, *Veo “2 wa fi +#aRe jae =, ©, ae = are % the vesistarces ave selected as R= RE RE ry, + [ee z)( arenes Rey + Rtv, “Ri RQ Ro, Now , £ ; Vo = + RF (us-v) —® R} TF R=Rax= RE, Vo = Va* Va —® ac per :— ~ re op-Omp tan amplify bolh the types of signa’, dc and dc. The op-amp vesponding to a-c- signal is called Oc: amplifrer- For such amplifiey, the | Yow and high frequency limits rust be taker care of. | Similarly if the ac fnput signal is along with some | dc: level, it is neessary to use sucty an A-c- avoplifrey , + with a Coupling capacitor. ‘ Tere ave %00 types AC. amplifiers are ther, ] 1) Tnverting ac. amplifier ti) won- inverting ac canplif ier: 4) Investing AC amplifier In e ef yesistance and network is vequired: The vesistance Reamp % offset minimising resistor. The coupling capacibY © Locks any dic. level exisiting due to previous stages FR also provides a low frequency cut-off limt- - oe Ta As the input cunent of ap-arnp is Mikyean yf 7 | 2eY0,, the node,B iS at, ground. potential: par y | Hence the nade Ais alsa, at vivtual ground: Re J | Tre source vesistarce is & while Rigs Zoe the ac input vesistane of ac amplifier. ., | | Tre voltage at node x, i.e Vp is amplified j _ by the gees inverting amplifier. — From the fig: ‘uti e FS fig. 100) | Using vortage divider rule, Vy = Be (Vin) ew Rg + og, + Ri - Wy = _Jots Rie Cute) om > AaySine! ahem then (Ro Rig) jos +4 w= jlni ee Y) ——__g jlemfcs) (Rt Rif) +4 (mw, fe 4 , 4 — Lower cut off acs Rs Ree) S frequency) Vg Com Cy RIE) Vin) ‘qa oe * Mf) +4 | the cutpat of ac. amnplifier, 3s, 9 Vor + (SE Vue — @ jontcg Rif) gy [ESE mo IGS44 | | “wo R 2 MA) so astre frequency # charged, the gain also “increases. Put | nen f= fc, the denominator becores 14 )(1) whose erognitude js Va. Hence ts eHect on the | overall gain is Af ve: 20 10g 44g = -3-01 dB. Herce the frequery 4, 's cated’ oreo! “cut off frequency” oop gain of the amplifier and | amplifier , Bw = Fiy- ft | The high frequency cut off Fy, Ve. e0 ( Ses) 6 WL obi de | | a sod Y 4 et ans Frequrrey response ‘ k frequency ‘ or low Q depends on tre closed unity gain bandwidth of —® and Ap ai Re -@ when} | eg! regligible within Bo \ Olan rater es 2 re ——E 1100 1AOABS aA ann nctaeeriu The 100k. pat is ‘used for offset | woRtage compensation: Rs is the source | resistance and Rig is tHeinnut,aS Se5 Yesictarne of the amplifier: Tre cheult 6 same, asthe input wh Crroutt fav the inverting @ amplifier: ; | | awe equa Hence tre results ontaind = for inverting anpliter are equally applicatsie -for non—invertirg Ac: AMP: inpid chtenit vgs amce Rie) lve) ® 5{ fe 5[4a) 4 where © F1S6__ + 1 | Om Ce (Rs kif) | the output) is given by, | Weil lve Re [ JOM Ce ae Wigas 8 Ry Wes rape TE the reactance of Ce i negligiisle’’ th Td BM, then Aegan) = 1+ RF —@, Rg, => * voltoge *3 cuvrent convertey:— sn voltage to current converter, the output load cunrent is poportional to the input voltage. According to tne connection oF load there ave two types of vaio T converters + Floating type and grounded +ype: | Netlose 40 Curent Converter, with flagting load: | | we Moating : toad i a Wy ete | Tet) Fe input current of opamp fs ze, ne heM o — 9 Ra ® Ta VE Thus the load cuvvent is always proportional to the input voltage and Circutt works aS Voltage to Curent Convert TE the load is a capacitor , tt will chotige or dischonge at constant rate. Herre Such converter Civeults are used to generate the sawtooth ov triangulay wave fons: the proportionality constant is genevally Ipaq bere this CiveuH is alsa called t¥ONS Corductanre amplifier, THis also called O vatlage controlled cuvent source (VCCS)+ We expression Ti= Vi/ay holds vegadless of the type of the load. Jt con be linear | non Hineay | aime dep WO mgtter tolat whe Wad 7s, the op-amp will drow the Curent Ty whose mognitude depends only on vy &R- b a Annee tres 3100 1ROABS 2 Voltage ty Current converte agence witty Grounded lead RL )— [* ‘wait Lab i | —+—---0 Vg aie{ | Ges “Mee | poh yt when one of the end of the load is QYoundled, it is no langey Possible +o Place the lagd with fn feedloack 1008 of the op-Arop. Tt, is.also Known as “Howland Cuyrent converter”. \ The analysis of the cheuit ig actornplished by first | detevminig, tne Volo Va ot the Ten aver ting input terminal and tren esta.blisioing the yelationship betuveen v, and tre taad cuyrent | Pecording K¢L at node Vy , we get Iy4a5 TH > Mah te ude Yeres Hy b R- 3 Viton 2M). =\ELR 3 VS) MPV, STOR ; —@ The ght af Op-amp: in noninverting mode is:given as R= 4 Re/pl For this citunt it 15 14 Rip = 2. Heree, Vy = ayy = Weve TUR — 6 | OF W-TR | i=ILR | aus — 6 | R | Tevefore Ty 1s depends on input voltage & Resstane, * cunent to voltage Comerter:— t 4g : . , as 2 Th such a converter, the awn i is ALS. output voltage is proportional Co SRO} to! the tnput “ovent. Tt —_ . t 1, Ny 1 kev lA eT | Occepts an input curvertt 7; va Tavce | and yields an output voltage a so Ve such that Vo= ATi, a where A & the gain of the | | Civeurt sice AS measwed ¥ Ww ohms, Ht is mare appropriate | to. denote gain by the contr symbal R Because of this v-T chanverters are also called as trans vesistance amplifiers - the node A 6 0 Virtual gyound as node 61s grounded + uence Yar Zy= Va~Yo -~Mo — 8 R Ri. 2 Vee “TR “Thus, the | output» voltage’ is proportional. +¢ the input, ‘ cument’ ard civayit orks aS a aairent to veltage converte’. hic civcutt also ‘effeved as current contvalled yoltage sounce (ccs): TF resistance in civouit is replaced by the impedance 2, the Civeut is called trons - impedarce amplifier. = Tnteqvator'- th an Uiegrator civduit, the output voltage 1 the are integrator eircurt like op-anp while dIUO TRO4AAS Antegration of the input veltage- can be oblained without using active devices transistors ete. ts called "passive integyator™. on integrator using an active devices like op-amp is ealled active Integvotar: : ‘deol Active Op-amp integrator consider the op- amp ‘integrator civeuit , : Rs node & is grounded: My ie Te nok A is also at “the ground | patential Zhe From the cancept | of, virtual Ataund. j a armen air .’, Va =O = Xp. As input cunent of op-amp. is.2e0, -the entire cuvrent I flowing through Ry, also Flovty though ce as Shown io fig. From’ input iside ji ube: can. write te Vina Vig a Ra Rr From output Side, We con Write T= ' cp day) dt Te + Cipdve at @ Equating the tia eS O'@ Vin - ~cge dvo = = cf = Va bewy + Ra ot ® ' it Tn tegyating boln sides , pte zt Vie — av 3 | eats cafe an — ®@ } ry " + “2 [M2 at = C4 Vo ¢ ka t =1 9 Mer S— Wig dt + vel") 9 here Vo la) is He constant of integration , indicating the initia) output voltage - Te eq) shows that the output is - Yeace times the integral of the input and Gg my is eaters "Ainne constant of the integratoy: div 1R044R ma mmmetra ere he negative sigh Indicates that Wheres is a phase shift OF seg between toput and output: We main advntage of such ar active integrator és ane layge time constant Be a resistance Reomp= Ry connecter *0 tre the bios Ccoropersation No-~imvevting terminal 40 provide’ p ig 2010, te node As the) Input current of ap-any B Ss still con te treated at ground potential i this covcult: Tnpet ond. output coveforrns:— iy step Toput Sigral'— ip sdogquordy lopat % qv Let the input wave A» orm is of step type with a magnitude of A units: mathematically the step input con we expressed 2 oof Vin= A for t>0 -@ and <¥0 fort <0 21 \ £ | c oe ¥ tor 4 O, ReCp=1 \ % (0) =0: . i a ond Vo mA Bornp aytnu? signal we can wile, % + ' = Aw — | vgiyat =~ Ja dt = Aya ath Ne) = 4 é 6 et, Onglide eAb a © The output wave fom Is "a! straights Ine (wrth slope of “A neve ANS magnitude of the step input: %) Squaye input signal Gah Let the Input waveform TR bonis | square wl is @ square coove. ! D Pomme nie donee H can be observed that i i / the square wave 6 PIE gi | ri vf up of steps Fr. a step oF \ . Lic ws | A’ between the ime period yo, i of 9.40 T/e-while a step + 7 ‘2 2 - Tre: 7 : of -A units between a | : JL oh time peviad of Voto T ETE PAR NZ ay Ae $ slopes A yatslye « and 9 on: | i Mothematically At con be | , L expressed AS, Vins A, O J Vin dt . nf Vmsinak dt 5 ml gh (co500t) wWR)= A¥m cost — Od) wo Frequency veSPonse of an ideo! integrotov:— Consider the atput equotion of an ideal integrator, Vis =! t lt) = RG \ Vin dt ° Assume that the Wnitid voltoge Vo (0) aS 2er0. Taking iT. , of above ¢4, Vo (Sy= _- 4 [vent i ) | S Rag To get tne frequercy vesponse vepace S$ by jw, Va tio) = Vin (0) an (C) Jo Ry Cg Hence tre goin of tre integvater is, Vol}®) -, - 1 a — © vinGe) JeRi Cg Te get the Frequenty vesponse, detain the magnitude OF tre gain} ‘which ts | _ her} - \= | | Vina) JORC | \ - 4 A> ———_—— > —_—— ene WRG amt Rc, ® pt very kw frequencies “such'as dice (F=0), the gain becomes infinite. This is) because the capacitive veactance becomes very highs! for low requencies, - t ~“e at wery low eqns he | \ GIN AHA, such as “de. (420), the gs Ne 20 re BH Anemos; THe + ‘ gain vecames iOfinte. —(o \ “goldeete This is because the, CapAacWive Yeactanbe!% 5b) mth ty ohn he es becomes very high fy 4o,teadl ode} - low frequencres: Hence x «aaty | # acts as an open pee 9 —— = cfeult, and rus op- orp oF yy ie MRE vot 10s +p works 10 open loop configuration: And the open loop gat of the op- amp is olwnst infinite. As the frequercy increases, be gain dyaps. The vespanse is similay +0 that oF tora pass Filte- let fof, be tre Frequency at tehich igainof the op-amp Wweames Ore I-e- od B- At f=fo, 96 loQA= 206 log ode IM 4yRC) t Az + _. IMAL RS = 44° — QTR, Te OM drops to” O18 ot *hequercy $2 fy, fom ‘ts very igh voke ot bo Frequencies. lane gain “olls off at d rate of 90 dBJdecade - BR con be seen form the frequency vesponse trat 3de down ward widthof 4” ideal inteyyator is Very gmall: GWOIS In aN’ ideal inteqvator:— he Op-aryp Vas frput!’ offset voltage (Vigs) a0d the ' ‘i oput bids Cunent (14). tn the alesence of input voltage ov at 2210 frequency (d-c-) op-amp gain is very high- awe input offset vattage gets anplifies and appeays ot | " ne output os an ervoy voltage. “The bias curent also yesults iN O capacitor charging current and adds + effect in an output enor votoge. Te two compa nents , _ due to high adic. gain of op-amp cause output to | yamp up or down, derending Upon tre polarities of | offset voltage ard /or bias Cunentt- ‘After some Hmm, | output of opamp wray achieve TES saturation Vevel« Hence | tree 6 a possi bility of op-amp saturation due to such an enor vottage and it is vey difficul out af sotuation, Thus “the outpur af an ‘deal jtegratoy 10 abexre of input signa) is likely to be offset rovvards positive ov regotive satuvati it to Pull op-arP ‘on Jevels: signal also, ~tre two | te | tre | Tn the presence oF He snput ‘components nary offset voltage nd bios cunent, comtibule ‘an enov iwottage ot the outpd Ths it © not possible to get (a tue. integiation of Snput signa) at the output» Output “wovefowm — nay bt distorted due %o such an evvoy | voltage: prother limitation of an ideal integroror fs its bandwidth, which IS VEY smalls Herre @n ideal ‘Integrator can loe ~S Used for a very svball Requenty VYarge of the input only ' Due-to this, alt limitations an ideal integrator 6 ryt | used ins practicer:: Sane additonal, compore’s ave aseq along wits the. asic integrator civeuit to reduce the eff HOF on. evran yoltage iq practice. Such n integrator Hs 4s, cated, Practical, inkegvatoy civeur Practical totegvator- ‘creo ii — ‘ — her t ri oH r ve Ho sd oF play ale ame : Resttotione of an ideal inteqyalor Can be Uminintsed,....in, the, Practical integrator civout, which OSES @ ovesistance, RF tn spralle| with capacitor CF: The “vesistarte “ReGmp salsa calledt. used 40 overcome thé? SYrdiS Gui! Ad” thE bids) coWent. a restshanee : - veduces: te loo Hyequienry gain of the .Op~amp- i ' The analysis of practical Integrator | As the input cunernt of op-Grnp is 2¢r7, +the ea | is still at ground potential. Hence the noden is alto | at the ground potential from the concert of virtual qu So Varo , then a= VieYa _ Vin — @ Ry Ry swalony Ty = cg dlvare) . -c¢ de — ® at at ond Ip= Va _ 2% ae 2 ee RE RE ‘at node a. applying KCL, T= TtT2 —6 ' Min = -cp Se. ve 6 Ra dt RE Taking Laplace of this equation , Ne lS). agcp yagre SO © 7 | Rp RF | > Vis) Lavi [see +t : - * Vinls) 2 7 tS) (44 8Ce Re) ile: | Ri Re v2 ® | DPS } 3 Vols) = - RF u dd | | ay Clases BF) | Volsh> — Vin) ——-@® ($cpe, 4 Ry ou When Re 8S) very lave Amen Ry / Ape Can be Neglected \ and. hence), Giycuit behays ike on ideal integrator as, “ bop VatS) = A Dk pity) bas & S Rly WS - 4 ue (vids ae as-t= far —@ Race re = Frequency Response (gh practical istegrator— “To determine the frequency vesponse lets Obtain the expression ov the, GAin oF dhe practical insteg vator ‘interms af the frequency, from 28) | VvolS) | = REI Ry Q Vins) 14 SCE RE ~ i Replacing S by JO in the steady stole | Vo (eo) ~ 2 Re/es Vio(jws) ixiocree —— O R= ~ Re} rey = Bain ag. a function of i+ JanF Cprp frequerry — (3) Q, Nh: 61 Ry Vey te a5 A , where fa= oF Cy Be ® pvteciietapiea——~ereee ie | This is the break frequency or the covner frequery | Frequ Of the practical integvatoy. Thus in the frequer | Yespanse , d-¢ gain vemains constant ‘ov all fequenics [tess 4inan fq) and tigm the frequency fa onwards, Fas the Frequency incveaxs , gain veduces at a rate of 20 dB) decade The magnitude of the gain A is, | whe 26M wg | ; = | wo a At f-0, te. de condition , = 26104 (4) ds — | in\= Re/Ry = Thus an infinite de gain of op arop in case of an ideol integyator, gets limited +0 Re] py in the Practical integrator. similarly , fefq we get | ta) = ee/Ry = 0-309 af wae \ 4 vid FE 39 19g Lal = 36 109 (0-309 ae) = 20 log (0-403) +20 109 (#) 20 togiAl= -3dB+de gain @®.- thas “the maciqnittiide of gain drops BY 38 at frequent) f= fa whic es he break Frequency’ Nay fov the intebvotion , the Frequency fesparse WUSt Ine straight line oF stope 30 de/decade’, whieln ™S POSKi ble for the frequencies, greater than, Fa\andoless an “te Thus in between fa 44 practical integrator, ots as integrator -, Belo fo, integration, does not takes ple, on an . ‘, ; , ry = “deal inteqva’ay ~\ SN +d | SN pad 4 yoy st pad 8 doar ot ff, +90 “Ars ae M ~a0dulde-ade | iA ods ~ = atioa a SS - 208) Lt Teg FR gt : | vang | ; . ap ba re = fq 184 Bw of » Mewes (practical) = For ary input bias curvent, OY current due +0 offset voltage . the path of current & through RF vathey thar dough the capacitor Cr. Thus He output voltage S decided by the yesistarce ratio (Re/Rx) which S dypically selected aS 310 Aor (Re [y) of 20, the requercy fo. becomes: (Flin) sAhis ensures the tH integrotion of the input signal. re, fov proper imtegyation , the time period 1 of the put Signgl bs +0 he lavger thon or equalto RE cy, SO Meg = \ ot fo where RF G = Te practical integrator civcuit is also called as “lossy integrator” os H haves as integrator only over the upper Frequency range: Applicatio — 3 Tn Abe Analog computers 9 In coving tre diffevential equations. 3) In analog to digital corevts: 4 Vovious gral wove shaping civcuits 5) In vamp gerevators. > differerstiator'— The cveuit whieh produces the differentiation of | the input voltage at ts output is called ciffeventiatoy. ' The diffeventiatoy civcuich which does not use any active device 's called possive diffeventiatar. while the diffeventiotor using an actve device like op-amp is called an octive olHerentiator « Teal dit-ferentiator'— Ya Se 6' % Cy RE | Tre active differentiator q | N Civeurt can he obtained ica 5 NN ~» ] rents by exchanging the positions, Dog za DP we mot oe OF Rande in the baste | < active integator chrcutt. Tre nade 8 is grounded The nade As also at the gvound potential Vaz: As the input cuvvent of ap-amp 42° 2er0,) | ebtive Current Ty flocs through. vesistance Rey ., From input) i Ty? AMARA)» -riag dio .-= to +=T and So on, Mathematically , Vink) = 9 o

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