FOR 213: PRINCIPLES OF

ECONOMICS
ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS
CURVE (EKC)

MD. DANESH MIAH

INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY &
ENVIORNMENTAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONG
dansmiah@gmail.com
 LEARNING OUTPUT
• Economic growth
• Economic development
• Environment
• History and background of EKC
• Shapes of EKC
• Turning point in the EKC
• Bangladesh on EKC
 ECONOMIC GROWTH
• Economic growth is the increase in value of the goods
and services produced by an economy

• It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of

increase in real gross domestic product, or GDP

• As economic growth is measured as the annual

percent change of GDP

• The real GDP per capita of an economy is often used

as an indicator of the average standard of living of
individuals in that country, and economic growth is
therefore often seen as indicating an increase in the
average standard of living
 GDP AND GENERAL WELL-BEING
• GDP per capita does not provide any information relevant to
the distribution of income in a country

• GDP per capita does not take into account negative

externalities from environmental damage consequent to
economic growth. Thus, the amount of growth may be
overstated once we take environmental damage into account

• GDP per capita does not take into account positive

externalities that may result from services such as education
and health

• GDP per capita does not include activities of the informal

sector of the economy in precise form. Only as approximate
estimates
GDP GROWTH RATE IN
BANGLADESH
MACRO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF
BANGLADESH
MACRO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF
BANGLADESH
 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• Economic development is the development of economic
wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their
inhabitants

• From a policy perspective, economic development can be

defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-
being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or
retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the
tax base

• It typically refers to improvements in a variety of indicators

such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates
 PROFESSOR DUDLEY SEERS
ARGUES THAT

• Development is about outcomes, that is,

development occurs with the reduction and
elimination of
• Poverty
• Inequality
• and Unemployment within a growing economy
 PROFESSOR MICHAEL TODARO SEES
THREE OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT

• Producing more ‘life sustaining’ necessities

such as food, shelter, and health care and
broadening their distribution
• Raising standards of living and individual self
esteem
• Expanding economic and social choice and
reducing fear
ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS
CURVE (EKC)
Thank you very much for your
patient hearing