CHAPTER : 1 The living world


All living beings reproduce All biochemical reactions take place The process which results in Term used to refer the varieties of living
their progeny inside a living system. A sum total synthesis of a compound. organisms found in a geographical area.
of all biochemical reactions taking
place inside a living system is The process which results in
known as metabolism. breaking down of a compound.
All living organisms grow in
Classification
size and number
All living beings are conscious to
sense their envirornment and Biological
respond to the stimuli. Taxonomy Nomenclature

The place where plants species are What is Living ?

dried for preservation Diversity in the
living world
Specialized gardens having collections
of living plants for reference and
identification purposes.

N
• Generally in Latin and written in italics.
Place where dead plants and animals are • First component is genus, with capital letter.
preserved for study and reference. The Living • Second component is species, with small letters.

Taxonomical
World ICBN - ICZ • When handwritten, the names are underlined.
Places where live animals are
kept in protected environment Aids
under human care.
(International code for biological nomenclature)
It is a device used to identify each and
species in a group of organisms based (International code for zoological nomenclature)
on dissimilarities.
Taxonomic
Categories Need for
Show historical data about flora
Classification
and fauna of a particular Taxonomy and
geographical location. Systematics
• Kingdom Concept of • It makes identification of
Species organisms very clear and easy.
• Division/Phylum
• Class • Study of organisms become
• Taxonomy is the study of organisms on convenient
the basis of their characteristics • Order • Evolutionary trends can be
• Systematics is the study of diversity of • Family easily understood
organisms and all their comparative • Genus
and evolutionary relationship. • Species It is basic unit of classification
 CHAPTER : 2 biological classification
Infectious agent,
smaller than
They are non-cellular organisms which virus
remain in inert crystalline form outside •Kingdom Plantae
the living cell. As they infect a cell, they •Kingdom Animalia
take over the machinery of the host cell
killing the host.

Vi
Lichen

ru
s
Phycobiont Mycobiont

Biological
Algal component Fungal component
Classification

(symbiotic association)
Halophiles

Animal like
Phycomycetes Protists
Thermoacidophiles

Ascomycetes
Methanogens
Basidiomycetes Diatoms and
Photosynthetic
golden algae
Autotrophs
Deuteromycetes
Chemosynthetic
autotrophs
Gonyaulax, Mycroplasma
Plasmodium
Noctiluca Englena Heterotrophic
Poronema bacteria
 CHAPTER : 3 plant kingdom

Example– Marchantia

Has two cotyledons in their seeds.

E.g: Mustard, Pea, Beans etc.

Bryophyta Example– Funaria

Algae

Angiosperm
Example – Psilotum

Plant Kingdom Example – Selaginella

Have one cotyledon in their seeds. Pteridophyte
E.g: Grasses, Wheat, Rice etc.

Gymnosperm
Example – Equisetum

Plant with naked seeds.

E.g: Cycas Example – Dryopteris
Plant life cycle
Zygote Sporophyte
(2n) Meiosis
Sy (2n)
n ga Zygote
m (2n)
y Spores
Syn A
A (n) gam
y
Meiosis
Gametogenesis
B Gametogenesis
Haplo-diplontic
B Spores
Haplontic (n)

Gametophyte (c)
(n)
(a)
Gametophyte Example–In algae such
(n)
as Spirogyra Example– Gymnosperm, angiosperm Example– bryophyte, pteridophyte.
 CHAPTER : 4 animal kingdom
Bony fishes
(Anguilla, Salmon, Hippocampus)

Snake, Crocodile, Lizard

Frog, Toad
Cartilaginous fishes
(Shark, Ray, Skates)
Example– Sycon Example– Aurelia

All birds (Sparrow,

Living parrot, ostrich)
jawless fishes
(Lampreys) Kangaroo, Man, Tiger Example– Pleurobrachia
Vertebrata

Animal Kingdom
Cephalochordata Chordate

Urochordata

Example– Balanoglossus Example– Taenia

Example– Ascaris
Example–Pila

Example– Apis, Pila, Butterfly, Scorpion

Example– Asterias Example– Nereis

 CHAPTER : 5 morphology of flowering plants

• Fabaceae • For Storage • Tap • For storage
• Solanaceae • For Support • Fibrous • Support
• Liliaceae • Respiration • Adventitious • Protection
• Vegetative
Propagation
• Assimilation
of food

Modification Types of Root Regions of Root • Nodes

Basipetal succession • Inter nodes

Families Bears

Modifications
Racemose
Stem • Alternate
• Opposite
• Simple • Leaf base
• Whorled
Inflorescence Root • Compound • Petiole
• Lamina

• Parallel
Cymose
• Reticulate
Morphology of Leaf
Flowering Plants • Unisexual
Acropetal succession
• Bisexual
• Tendril
• Spine • Epigynous
Epicarp Fruit
Flower • Phyllode • Hypogynous
• Bulb • Perigynous
Mesocarp Placentation Parts of flowers • Pitcher

Endocarp Apocarpous
• Marginal Gynoecium Androecium Corolla Calyx Types of flowers
• Axile
Seed • Parietal Syncarpous Consist of Gamosepalous
• Free central • Anther
• Basal • Filament Polysepalous
Seed Coat Embryo • Epipetalous
Consist of
• Epiphyllous
• Ovary • Trimerous
• Polyandrous
• Style • Monoadelphous • Tetramerous • Brateale • Actinomorphic
Plumule Radicle • Stigma • Diadelphous Polypetalous Gamopetalous • Pentamerous • Ebracteate • Zygomorphic
 CHAPTER : 6 anatomy of flowering plants
Parenchyma Collenchyma Fibre Sclereid
Sclerenchyma
Apical Intercalary Lateral
• Tracheids
Activity of cambial ring Simple Xylem • Vessels
Complex • Xylem fibres
Formation of • Xylem parenchyma
cambial ring Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
Spring and autumn wood • Sieve tube elements
Phloem
• Companion cells
Heart and sap wood Tissues • Phloem parenchyma
• Phloem fibres
Trichomes
Vascular cambium Epidermis Stomata
Secondary growth

Anatomy of Hairs
Cork cambium Flowering Plants
Appendages
Or phellogen
Tissue System

Epidermal Tissue system

Phellem or cork Phelloderm Anatomy of Dicots
and Monocots

Ground Tissue System

Cork cambium, Phellem • Endodermis
Periderm
and phelloderm • Pericycle
Vascular Tissue System • Pith
• Cortex
Stem Leaf
Root • Medullary rays

• Xylem
• Phloem
Dicot stem Monocot stem Dicot root Monocot root Dicot leaf Monocot leaf • Cambium
 CHAPTER : 7 structural organization in animals

Open type- Have Foregut Head


Salivary gland Pharynx Prothorax
poorly developed
blood vessels Midgut Salivary
reservoir
Oesophagus Mesothorax
Anterior aorta
Hindgut
Digestive Crop
Thorax
Alary muscles Circulatory Gizzard Metathorax
Hepatic caeca
Morphology
Mesenteron
or midgut
Malpighian
Abdomen
tubules
Ileum Rectum
Cockroach
(Periplaneta Americana) Colon
Chambers
of heart
Respiratory

Trachea Spiracles
Structural Organization
Segmentally arranged Nervous
ganglia joined by in Animals • Cell body
paired longitudinal • Dendrons
Reproduction • Axon
connectives
Tight
Testes Male Morphology of Cockroach
Female Excretion
Neuron
Adhering Junctions Animal Tissues
Ovaries
Malpighian
tubules Neural
Testts
Gap Epithelial
Phallic gland
Muscular Connective
Neuroglial
Small tubules
Long tubules
Seminal vesicle Glandular Simple Compound Loose connective tissue
Vas deterens
Ejaculatory duct
Right phallaomere Squamous
Anal cercus Ciliated Fluid connective Areolar Adipose
Left phallomere Pseudopenis Caudal style tissue.
Titillator (a)
Skeletal Dense connective tissue
Cuboidal (Striated)
Ovary
Oviduct Dense Regular Dense irregular
Spermatheca Columnar Smooth
Common oviduct Lymph
or vagina (Non-striated) Blood
Collaterial glands Genital Supportive connective tissue
Genttal chamber pouch
Gonapophyses Vestibulum
Cardiac
(b)
Cartilage Bone
 CHAPTER : 8 cell : the unit of life
70 S 80 S Centrosome Nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic Ribosome and Centriole
Nuclear pores Metacentric
Prokaryotic ribosome Cilia and flagella
Nucleoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes Nucleolus Sub–metacentric
Chloroplast
Chromosomes
Plastids
Chromoplast Acrocentric
Nucleus

Leucoplast Telocentric

Outer Membrane

Cristae, possess
F0-F1 particles. Cell : The Unit of
(Power house of cell)
Life
Mitochondria
Inner Membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
SER

RER Cytoplasm
Cytosol + Organelles
• Cisternae Golgi Apparatus
• Vesicles
• Tubules
Endomembrane system Cell Envelope Cell wall
(in plants only)

Eukaryotic cell Cell Membrane

Trans face or Cis face or
maturing face forming face
. Given by Schleiden Plant cell
Schwann
Suicidal bags of cells Lysosomes All living organisms
. and
composed of cells
Food vacuole All cells arise from
. are Example – Bacteria, Blue Green
Vacuoles pre–existing cells. Algae, Mycoplasma and PPLO Animal cell
Contractile vacuole
 CHAPTER : 9 biomolecules
Organic compounds 1. Living tissue is grinded with • Oxidoreductase E + S ↔ ES→EP →E + P Enzyme action

are present in this fraction the help of mortar and • Transferase Vmax
pestle in trichloroacetic acid • Hydrolyase (a) (b) (c)

to obtain slurry. • Lyase

Acid soluble pool • Isomerase Vmax
• Ligase 2

Enzym e a c t ivit y
3(a)Filtrate

Veloc it y of r ea c t ion (V)

2. Strain it
pH Temperature Km [S]
3(b)Retentate
• Simple enzyme
• Conjugated enzyme
Acid insoluble pool Method to Analyse (Co factor + Apoenzyme)
chemical composition
Chemicals present in living Enzymes
organisms are known Example– amino acid ,
as biomolecules. sugar, nucleic acids,
lipids etc.
Metabolism
Biomicromolecules (Sum of all
Types biochemical Metabolites
Biomolecules reactions)
Biomacromolecules

Nucleic Acids
Glycosidic bond Example– pigments,
is present Made up of alkaloids, toxins,
monosaccharides Proteins Lipids drugs etc.

• Primary DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

• Secondary Glycerol
• Tertiary
• Quaternary RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Made up of same Fatty acids
monomer unit. Nucleotides

Made up of different
monomer unit. • Simple proteins • Nitrogenous base
• Fibrous protein • Pentose sugar
• Conjugated proteins Saturated Unsaturated
• Globular protein • Phosphate group
• Derived proteins fatty acid fatty acid
 CHAPTER : 10 cell division and cell cycle

G1 S G2 1. Leptotene (Duplicated 3. Pachytene ( Synapsis

chromosomes start complete, Crossing
to condense) over occurs)
Inter phase
Early Prophase 4. Diplotene ( Synaptonemal
2. Zygotene ( Synapsis
is begins) complex starts disappearing,
kines
Cyto
Bchiasma visible)
Cell Cycle
5. Diakinesis ( Bivalent
ready for metaphase)
Late Prophase Prophase I
(a)

Metaphase I
Interphase
Cell Division
and Cell Cycle Meiosis- Reductional Meiosis I Anaphase I
Metaphase M–phase Division
(b)
Mitosis-
Equational Meiosis II Telophase I
Division
Prophase Karyokinesis

• Prophase II
Stages of Mitosis
Metaphase • Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
Cytokinesis
• Telophase II Prophase I Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Anaphase Telophase 1

Telophase

Starts with
appearance of
furrow in the Cell wall formation
plasma membrane starts in the centre Prophase II Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
 CHAPTER : 11 transport in plants
One molecule move When both molecules move Both molecules move Energy is required to

Sugars leave sieve tubes;
independent of other. in the same direction in opposite direction pump molecules against
water follows by osmosis concentration gradient.
Tip of stem

Sugar solution flows Sugars enter sieve tubes; =High • Water Potential (ψw) : Ψ s + Ψ p
water follows by osmosis turgor
Facilitated Diffusion
to regions of low
turgor pressure pressure • Osmosis Diffusion of solvent
Phloem
Sugars leave sieve tube (water) across the semi-
for metabolism and
storage; water follows
permeable membrane.
by osmosis Means of Transport • Plasmolysis: Shrinkage of
Passive movement of
substances from protoplasm in a cell, away from
Root its cell wall and toward the center
high concentration
to low concentration. • Imbibitions

Mass flow hypothesis

Transport in Plants
It is the most accepted theory for the
translocation of sugar from source to sink.
- Source cells are cells which are the
supplier of the food material, mainly leaves.
- Sink cells are cells which require food
material for growth and repair. Water movement up a plant

Absorption of water
It is the loss of water through
Uptake and Transport stomata of leaves and other
of Mineral Nutrients aerial parts of plants in form
of water vapour.
Symplast Pathway

Unloading of mineral ions occur at

Minerals are absorbed by the roots fine vein endings of the leaves It is a positive pressure Transpiration creates
by passive and active transport. through diffusion. Some minerals that develops in the roots transpirational pull for
The active uptake of ions requires are also remobilised from old by the active absorption absorption and Apoplast Pathway
ATP energy. senescing parts N, P K, S. of nutrients from the soil. transport in plants.
 CHAPTER : 12 mineral nutrition

Soil Hook
particles

Root hair
Infection
thread
Bacteria containing
bacteria
Bacteria Inner cortex and Mature nodule
(a)
pericycle cells
Development of root under division

nodules in Soyabean Transamination

Fate of ammonia
Hydroponics Reductive amination
Substrate Product
H
[nitr ogen gas (N2 )] [ammonia (NH 3)]
Metabolism of Nitrogen H
N
Nitrogen cycle N H H N H
N Reduction
H H
H H
N Reduction H N Reduction H N H N Release
Plant is cultured in Methods to Study N H N H N H N of products

soil–free defined the Mineral Mineral Nutrition H H

H
Enzyme Binding +2 H +2 H +2 H
minerals solution Requirements of Plants (nitr ogenase) Free nitrogenase
of substrate can bind another
molecule of N 2

Steps of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia by nitrogenase

In higher dose, micronutrient enzyme complex found in nitrogen-fixing bacteria
become toxic. Toxicity of one
element may lead to deficiency
Essential Mineral Elements Mechanism of Apoplast
of other elements since the
Absorption
former may inhibit the
of Elements
uptake of latter.
Criteria
Symplast
Element must be absolutely
necessary for normal growth Two Categories
and development of
Elements
Element must be
directly involved
in the metabolism
of plant.
Required in large quantity. E.g. Required in less quantity. E.g. Deficiency symptoms are
Requirement of element Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Cobalt, manganese, Zinc, Iron, morphological changes in
must be specific and not phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, Copper, Molybdenum, Boron, plants, indicating nutrient
replaceable calcium and Magnesium chlorine and nickel. deficiency.
 CHAPTER : 13 photosynthesis in higher plants

Light Carbon dioxide light
6CO2 + 12H2O   → C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Chlorophyll light Reaction
B C
E

Photosynthesis an enzyme regulated anabolic

A Temperature
process of manufacture of organic compounds inside
Dark Reaction
the chlorophyll containing cells, from carbon oxide

R a t e of ph ot os yn t h es is
and water with the help of sunlight as source of
D
Light intensity Water energy.

Factors Affecting
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis as a Chloroplast
Means of Autotrophic Nutrition in leaves

- It is the light induced respiration

in green plants.
- It is a process in which there is • Chl a
no formation of ATP or NADPH, Photosynthesis • Chl b
but there is utilization of ATP Explains the mechanism
in • Xanthophyll
with release of CO2. of ATP synthesis in
Higher Plants • Carotenoids
thylakoid of chloroplast. +
H
+
NADP

Biosynthetic Phase Photosystem

NADPH
Photosystem Cytochromes
Or Dark reaction II b&f I

Photophosphorylation +
- Occurs in mesophyll +
H +
H +
H
and bundle sheath cells. H Lumen

- Enzyme RuBisCo is absent - Carboxylation F0

Thylakoid
from the mesophyll cells - Reduction membrane
- Regeneration
Stroma
- For every CO2 molecules, F1
- Involves only photosystem I. - Involves both photosystem I and II. 3 molecules of ATP and 2 ATP synthase
- Only ATP is formed. ADP ATP
- Both ATP and NADPH are produced. molecules of NADPH
- Electrons move in a closed circle. - Electrons do not move in a closed circle. are required.
 CHAPTER : 14 respiration in plants
Volume of CO2 Evolved Respiration is an energy releasing enzymatically Fermentation (Incomplete
RQ =
Volume of O2 Consumed controlled catabolic process which involves a step– oxidation of pyruvic acid,
wise oxidative breakdown of food substances inside under anaerobic condition)
living cells.

R.Q. values = 1
(for carbohydrate...
R.Q.= 0.7...
R.Q. = 0.9....

Repiratory Quotient.

Respiration in Plants Glucose

R.Q formula (6C)
ATP
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
(6C)

Respiration is termed as amphibolic Glycolysis Or EMP Fructose-6-phosphate

pathway as it involves both (6C)
pathway (Site: ATP
anabolism and catabolism. ADP
TCA Tricarboxylic Cytoplasm) Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate
3rd of- TCA/ (6C)
Acid (Matrix of
2nd of - Electron Tricarboxylic
mitochondria) Triose phosphate
acid (Site: Triose phosphate
transport chain (glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate) (Dihydroxy acetone
Matrix of (3C) phosphate)
(Site: Inner 1st of - Oxidative Phosphorylation NAD+ (3C)
mitochondrial Site: F0- F1 particles in the inner mitochondria) NADH+H+
Pyruvate 2 × Triose bisphosphate
membrane) mitochondrial membrane. (3C) (1,3 bisphosphoglyceric acid)
CoA NAD+ (3C)
ADP
NADH+H+
CO 2 ATP
Acetyl coenzyme A 2 × Triose phosphate
UQH2
(2C) (3-phosphoglyceric acid)
UQ
(3C)

Oxaloacetic acid
(4C) Citric acid
NADH+H+ (6C) CO 2
NAD+ 2 × 2-phosphoglycerate
+
NAD
NADH+H+
α-ketoglutaric acid
UQH2 H2 O
Malic acid (5C)
UQ (4C) CITRIC ACID CYCLE 2 × phosphoenolpyruvate
CO 2
NAD+ ADP
Cyt C 1 FADH 2 ATP
NADH+H+
FAD + Succinic acid GDP
Cyt C
2 × Pyruvic acid
Cyt a-a 3 (4C)
GTP (3C)

The Citric acid cycle

 CHAPTER : 15 plant growth and development

Short day plant Root Shoot Stationary phase


. Meristematic
Example– Chrysanthemum . Elongation
. Maturation

ase
ph
Long day plant

al
Day neutral plant

nti
Example– Radish, barley Example– Tomato

ne
po
Ex
Photoperiodism Seed germination

S ize/ weigh t of t h e or ga n
Absolute
Measurement and growth rate Lag phase
comparison of total
Quantitative Time
growth per unit time.
comparison
between growth Arithmetic
Growth of a particular R e l a ti v e Lt = Lo+ rt
is done by
system per unit time, gr o w t h rat e
expressed on a Plant Growth Increase in growth
common basis. and per unit time.
Development Geometric
Promotion of flowering W1 = W0 ert
by a period of low
temperature.

Water
. Auxin Oxygen
. Gibberellin Nutrients
. Cytokinin Optimum temperature
. Ethylene Light
. ABA Gravity
Cell Division Death

SENESCENCE
Process in which Process in which, the living
Differentiation
dedifferentiated cells differentiated cells that by now Process in which cells produced
Plasmatic growth
MERISTEMATIC becomes mature
CELL have lost the capacity to divide, by apical meristem become
MATURE again and lose their
Expansion Maturation CELL
regain their capacity to divide specialized to perform specific
(Elongation) capacity to divide. under certain conditions. function
 CHAPTER : 16 digestion and absorption
Ejection of Frequent defecation Mouth, Pharynx, . Serosa . Parotid
stomach content of liquid faeces Oesophagus . Muscularis . Sublingual
Stomach, . Sub-mucosa . Submandibular
Small intestine, . Mucosa
Large Intestine,
Rectum, Anus. Stored in
Gall bladder

Histology Salivary Gland

Pancreas
Liver
Disease of liver. . Mucus neck cell
Improper digestion . Peptic cells
Alimentary canal . Parietal cells
Digestive Glands
.. Protein Energy Malnutrition-
Marasmus
. Kwashiorkor
Disorders of
Digestive System
Digestive System

Dry stools
Digestion and Absorption . Crypts of Lieberkuhn
. Brunner's gland

Calorific values

Digestion of Food
- Mouth: Certain drugs.
- Stomach: Water, simple sugars,
some drugs and alcohol.
- Small intestine: Almost all
.. Gastrin
Secretin nutrients including minerals, Trypsin, amylase,
Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Carbohydrate: 4 kcal/g vitamins etc.
.. Enterogastrone
lipase, nuclease,
. Cholecystokinin Protein: 5.65 kcal/g Protein: 4 Kcal/g - Large intestine: Water, some . Teeth maltase, lactase,
Stomatostatin
. Villikinin Fat: 9.45 kcal/g Fat: 9 Kcal/g minerals and some drugs. . Tongue sucrose
 CHAPTER : 17 breathing and exchange of gases
Epiglottis

Larynx

Trachea
Examples – Examples – Example – Example –
sponges, Insects, centipede, Fishes, Terrestrial
millipede etc. Bronchus
coelenterate, tadpoles, animals like
flatworm prawn etc. human being
Cut end of rib Pleural membranes
heart
Alveoli
• Occupational Respiratory Disorders Pleural fluid
Lung
Bronchiole
• Emphysema Diaphragm
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Lung cancer Respiratory
organs in animals

• Neural regulation- Involves

respiratory centers, afferent
and efferent nerves. Inspiration
• Chemical regulation- Through Br eathing and (Breathing in)
chemoreceptors. Exchang e o f
Gases Expiration
- As blood plasma (Breathing out)
(About 3 %)
- As oxyhaemoglobin
(About 97%) Transport of Gases Exchange of Gases
Mechanism
Between Alveoli and blood of Breathing
Between
blood • Tidal volume 500 ml
and tissues • IRV 2500 ml to 3000 ml
• ERV 1000 ml to 1100 ml
• RV 1100 ml to 1200 ml
- As Carbonic acid (About 7 %)
• IC TV + IRV
- As carbamino- haemoglobin (About 20-25 %)
• EC TV + ERV
- As bicarbonates (About 70%)
• FRC ERV + RV
• VC ERV + TV + IRV

Carbonic  H CO 
CO2 + H2O   2
Carbonic  HCO− + H +
3   3 • Total lung capacity
Anhydrase Anhydrase
RV + ERV + TV + IRV or V.C + TRV
 CHAPTER : 18 body fluids and circulation
Lungs
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary • High B.P Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen RBC Granulocytes Neutrophils
Vein • Coronary artery
RA LA disease Eosinophils
Vena cava RV LV Dorsal Platelets
(great veins) Heart Aorta • Angina
• Heart failure WBC Basophils
Smooth
Muscle Agranulocytes. Lymphocytes
Lumen Plasma Formed Elements
Vein Body parts Lumen Smooth Muscle
Capillary Artery

Monoctyes
Sympathetic nerve • Rh + ve
Blood
• Rh – ve
ANS
Parasympathetic nerve
Regulation ABO grouping
Adrenal medullar of Cardiac Blood Groups
hormone Activity Blood Group Antigens on Antibodies Donor's Group
Body Fluids and RBCs in Plasma
A A anti-B A, O
• Tricuspid valve Heart Circulation
• Bicuspid valve val B B anti-A B, O
ve
• Semilunar valve s AB A, B nil AB,A,B,O
O nil anti-A,B O

Human heart Circulatory pathways

gy When an injury is caused to

• Endocardium
H ist ol o a blood vessel, bleeding
• Myocardium
Open: E.g. Arthropods, starts which is stopped

s
• Pericardium e
p Molluscs by a process called
Ty Blood vessels blood clotting.

y cle
• Myogenic heart

cc
Closed: E.g. Annelids,

a
• Neurogenic heart i
rd Echinoderms, Vertebrates
Ca
Types Histology
• Atrial systole
• Ventricular systole • Fishes- 2 chambered heart
• Cardiac diastole s • Amphibians- 3 chambered heart It is a colourless fluid
u nd Arteries containing specialized
So • Reptiles (except crocodiles)- 3
art chambered heart Tunica interna lymphocytes that
He Vein
• Lubb • Crocodiles, Birds and Mammals- Tunica media provide immune
..
• Dub 4 chambered heart. Capillaries . Tunica externa response to body.
 CHAPTER : 19 excretory products and their elimination

• Excretory product • Excretory product . Excretory product • A Pair of Kidneys
is Urea is ammonia uric acid • Ureter
• Example–mammals, • Example– bony fishes, . isExample- Birds • Urinary Bladder
Terrestrial aquatic amphibians
and insects • Urethra
Amphibians

• Glomerular filtration
• Tubular reabsorption
• Tubular secretion
Modes of Excretion
• Uremia
• Renal failure
• Renal Calculi
• Glomerulonephritis

Liver Excretory Products

Other organs
Lungs in excretion and • PCT
Their Elimination 70% of electrolytes are reabsorbed
Skin • Henle’s Loop
Maintains high osmolarity of medullary fluid
• DCT
The process of expulsion +
Conditional reabsorption of Na and water
of urine from urinary • Collecting Duct
bladder Large amount of water is reabsorbed
• Henle's loop
• Vasa rectae to produce concentrated urine

Afferent Efferent arteriole

arteriole
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Proximal
- By ADH (Vasopressin) capsule convoluted
- By Juxtaglomerular tubule
Apparatus (Renin- Distal
convoluted
Angiotensin mechanism) Descending limb tubule
- By ANF (in heart) Henle’s loop of loop of Henle
Ascending limb
of loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Vasa recta
 CHAPTER : 20 locomotion and movement
Cartilaginous Fibrous (Immovable) • Myasthenia gravis • Amoeboid
( Slightly movable) • Muscular dystrophy • Ciliary
• Tetany • Muscular
• Arthrithis
• Osteoporosis
Synovial (movable) • Gout • Excitability
• Contractility
Joints • Extensibility
• Elasticity

• Ball and socket joint

• Hinge joint
• Pivot joint
• Gliding joint • Skeletal
Saddle joint • Visceral
•
• Cardiac

Axial (80 bones)

Locomotion and
Movement

Skull (40 bones) Sternum (1)

Skeletal System

Vertebral column Ribs (12 pairs)

Limb bones Girdles

• Cervical (5) Bones of hindlimbs Pectoral girdle

• Thoracic (12) (30 x 2 = 60) (2x2=4)
• Lumbar (5)
• Sacral (1 fused)
Bones of forelimbs
• Coccygeal (1 fused) Pelvic girdle (2)
(30 x 2 = 60)
 CHAPTER : 21 neural control and coordination

Neural organization Brain is present More developed Brain Parasympathetic Sympathetic
is very simple along with neural system
number of
Spinal cord Somatic Autonomic
ganglia and
neural
tissues PNS
CNS Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

Spinal nerves (31 pairs

Sense organs
• Outer Ear :
Pinna, Ear canal,
Tympanic membrane
• Middle Ear - Three
ear ossicles
• Inner Ear - Utriculus,
Sacculus and Cochlea
Afferent Fibres
Neural System Human Neural Nerve Fibres
System Efferent Fibres
Layersof eye -
• Outer layer
- Sclera and Cornea Cytoplasm + typical
• Middle layer- Choroid, cell organelles
Ciliary body, Iris,
Neural Control and + Nissl’s granules
Pupil, lens Coordination
• Innermost layer- Retina

c
e

of n
r
Cell body chain Dendrite chain

erv
e im
n an
atio tion
d Structure

Genonduc pulse
Neuron (Structural and
functional unit of neural
• Maintenance of
Reflex action system)]
resting potential
and Reflex arc • Action potential
Muscle spindle Dorsal root Brain • Propagation of Axon chain
Sensory
(receptor) ganglion
neuron White action potential
Muscle spindle matter
(receptor)
Myelinated axon
Gray Types of Neuron
matter
Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain
Non-myelinated axon
Efferent Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar
Response pathway Interneuron
• Cerebrum • Pons
Motor endplate • Cerebellum
(effector) • Thalamus
• Hypothalamus • Medulla
 CHAPTER : 22 chemical coordination and integration

Heart → ANF Kidney → Renin, Erythropoietin

and calcitriol

Releasing hormone Hormones (Chemical

Hypothalamus messengers of the body) Gastrointestinal Tract→
Inhibiting hormone Gastrin, GIP, Secretin,
• Exocrine (With duct) Hormones of Heart, Kidney Cholecystokinin, Duocrinin,
Adenohypophysis • Endocrine (Without and Gastrointestinal Tract Villikinin, Enterocrinin
Pituitary duct)
Neurohypophysis • Heterocrine
(Partly endocrine
Melatonin Pineal Glands and partly exocrine)

T3
Thyroid
T4 (Thryoxine)

Thyrocalcitonin
Chemical Coordination
Parathyroid
and Integration
Parathyroid hormone
soluble
Water nes
Thymosins Thymus m
hor o
Mechanism of Lip
id
Human Hormone Action horm solu
Adrenal Endocrine on ble
Hypothalamus Pineal es
• Mineralocorticoids cortex
System Pituitary
• Glucocorticoids Adrenal
Thyroid and
la Parathyroid
l
e du
al m Thymus
• Adrenaline Ad r e n
• Noradrenaline
Pancreas Pancreas
Adrenal
Testosterone

lls
ce
Insulin p ha
Al • Estrogen Ovary Testis
• Progesterone (in female) (in male)
Glucagon