DANILES, DANHILL J.

BSED IV/SMED 20
Chapter 2

Exercise #6.
6 3 −1
c. In GL (2, ℝ), [ ]
8 2

Solution:
1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗. (𝐴) , |𝐴| = (6 ⋅ 2) − (8 ⋅ 3) = 12 − 24 = −12
2 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗. (𝐴) = [ ]
−8 6
1 1
1 2 −3 −
= −12 [ ] = [ 2 6 4 1]
−8 6 −2
3

2 1 −1
d. In GL (2, ℤ7 ), [ ]
1 3
Solution:
1
𝐵 −1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗. (𝐴) , |𝐴| = (2 ⋅ 3) − (1 ⋅ 1) = 6 − 1 = 5
3 −1
𝑎𝑑𝑗. (𝐴) = [ ]
−1 2
1 3 −1
= 5[ ] ℤ7 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
−1 2
2 1 2 4 8 14 1 0
[ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
1 3 4 6 14 22 0 1
3 6 9 18 2 4
= 3[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
6 2 18 6 4 6

Exercise #11.
For group elements 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 provide a descriptive name of or the property (𝑎𝑏𝑐)−1 =
𝑐 −1 𝑏 −1 𝑎−1.

Solution:
 PROOF: Since (𝑎𝑏𝑐)(𝑎𝑏𝑐)−1 = 𝑒, where 𝑒 is an identity element, then
(𝑎𝑏𝑐)(𝑐 −1 𝑏 −1 𝑎−1) = 𝑎(𝑐𝑐 −1 𝑏𝑏 −1 )𝑎−1
= 𝑎𝑒𝑎−1
= 𝑎𝑎−1 = 𝑒
 Hence, the property used to prove that (𝑎𝑏𝑐)−1 = 𝑐 −1 𝑏 −1 𝑎−1 is Socks-Shoes-Boots
Property.

Exercise #15.
Let 𝑎 belong to a group and 𝑎12 = 𝑒. Express the inverse of each of the elements
𝑎, 𝑎6 , 𝑎8, , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎11 in the form 𝑎𝑘 for some positive integer 𝑘.

Solution:

Since 𝑎12 = 𝑒, where 𝑒 is an identity element, then,

a. 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎11 = 𝑒
(𝑎)−1 = 𝑎11
b. 𝑎6 ⋅ 𝑎6 = 𝑒
(𝑎6 )−1 = 𝑎6
c. 𝑎8 ⋅ 𝑎4 = 𝑒
(𝑎8 )−1 = 𝑎4
d. 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑎11 = 𝑒
(𝑎11 )−1 = 𝑎

Therefore, the inverse of each of the elements 𝑎, 𝑎6 , 𝑎8, , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎11 are 𝑎11 , 𝑎6 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎,
respectively.

Exercise #17.
Translate each of the following multiplicative expressions into its additive counterpart.
Assume that the operation is commutative.

Solution:
a. 𝑎2 𝑏 3 : 2𝑎 + 3𝑏
b. 𝑎−2 (𝑏 −1 𝑐)2: −2𝑎 + 2(−𝑏 + 𝑐)
c. (𝑎𝑏 2 )−3 𝑐 2 = 𝑒: −3(𝑎 + 2𝑏) + 2𝑐 = 0

Exercise #18.
For group elements a, b, and c, express (𝑎𝑏)3 and (𝑎𝑏 −2 𝑐)−2 without parentheses.

Solution:
a. Consider the element be 𝑔 = (𝑎𝑏)3 . So,
𝑔 = (𝑎𝑏)(𝑎𝑏)(𝑎𝑏) and by associativity 𝑔 = 𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑏.
b. Let the elements be ℎ = (𝑎𝑏 −2 𝑐)−2 . Then, by the help of the socks-shoes property,
which is (𝑎𝑏)−1 = 𝑏 −1 𝑎−1 , then,
ℎ = (𝑎𝑏 −2 𝑐)−2 = (𝑐 −1 𝑏 2 𝑎−1 )2 = (𝑐 −1 𝑏 2 𝑎−1 )(𝑐 −1 𝑏 2 𝑎−1 ) = 𝑐 −1 𝑏 2 𝑎−1 𝑐 −1 𝑏 2 𝑎−1

Exercise #19.
Suppose that a and b belong to a group and 𝑎5 = 𝑒 and 𝑏 7 = 𝑒. Write 𝑎−2 𝑏 −4 and (𝑎2 𝑏 4 )−2
without using negative exponents.

Solution: Note that 𝑎5 = 𝑒 and 𝑏 7 = 𝑒 and 𝑎 −2 = 𝑎3 and 𝑏 −4 = 𝑏 3 ,so, 𝑎−2 𝑏 −4 = 𝑎3 𝑏 3 . Then,

using the socks-shoes property in simplifying (𝑎2 𝑏 4 )−2,
 (𝑎2 𝑏 4 )−2 = ((𝑎2 𝑏 4 )−1 )2 = (𝑏 −4 𝑎−2 )2
= (𝑏 3 𝑎3 )2 = (𝑏 3 𝑎3 )(𝑏 3 𝑎3 ) = 𝑏 3 𝑎3 𝑏 3 𝑎3
Exercise #27.
Prove that a group G is Abelian if and only if (𝑎𝑏)−1 = 𝑎 −1 𝑏 −1 for all a and b in G.

Solution:
Since, (𝑎𝑏)−1 = 𝑎 −1 𝑏 −1 , so, (𝑎𝑏)(𝑎𝑏)−1 = 𝑒. Thus,
(𝑎𝑏)(𝑏 −1 𝑎−1) = 𝑎(𝑏𝑏 −1 )𝑎−1
= 𝑎𝑒𝑎−1
= 𝑎𝑎−1 = 𝑒
Therefore, for each element in a group G, there is a unique element b in G such that 𝑎𝑏 =
𝑏𝑎 = 𝑒 as theorem 2.3 (Uniquesness of Inverses). Also, the property used for this situation
is Socks-Shoes Property.