 Measure of change in load voltage with increase

in load

2
 Voltage drop across transformer impedances
determines voltage drop at the load end.

I1 R1 Xl1 I2 Xl2 R2

Iᶲ1 N1 N2
Ic1 Im V2 Z2
V1 E1 E2
Rc1 Xm

3
 Measure of change in load voltage with increase
in load
 Change in │V2│ as load changes from ‘no
load’ to ‘full load’ whilst V1 is constant

|𝑉𝑉2|𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 | − |𝑉𝑉2|𝐿𝐿 |
Voltage regulation =
|𝑉𝑉2|𝐿𝐿 |

𝑉𝑉1
𝑉𝑉2|𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 =
𝑎𝑎
𝑉𝑉2|𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉2|𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 ± ∆𝑉𝑉2

4
  Consider the equivalent circuit referred to the primary:
|𝑉𝑉′2|𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 | − |𝑉𝑉′2|𝐿𝐿 |
Voltage regulation =
|𝑉𝑉′2|𝐿𝐿 |
 Load voltage is normally taken as the rated voltage, therefore:

|𝑉𝑉′2|𝐿𝐿 |= |𝑉𝑉′2|𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 |

5
Recall:

I1 Req1 Xeq1 I'2=I2/a

Iᶲ1
Ic1 Im V'2=aV2 Z'2=a2Z2
V1
Rc1 Xm

Req1 Xeq1 I'2=I2/a

𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅2

V'2=aV2 Z'2=a2Z2 𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑋𝑋1 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑋𝑋2

V1
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

6
 Consider the equivalent circuit referred
to the primary:

𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉′2 + 𝐼𝐼 ′ 2𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑗𝑗𝐼𝐼 ′ 2𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒1

Under no load, 𝐼𝐼′2 = 0

Therefore, 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉′2𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

7
I1 R1 Xl1 I2 Xl2 R2

Iᶲ1 N1 N2
Ic1 Im V2 Z2
V1 E1 E2
Rc1 Xm

Transformers 8
 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜂𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
= × 100%
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + Σ(𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − Σ(𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)
= × 100%
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

High efficiency: most of input power converted to output thus losses

minimised

Transformers 9
 PC » Core losses in magnetic circuit
◦ Includes hysteresis (PH) and eddy current (PE) losses

 PCU » Copper losses in electric circuit

◦ Includes primary (PCU1) and secondary (PCU2) coils

Transformers 10
 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜂𝜂 = × 100%
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 + 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼1 2 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝐼𝐼2 2 𝑅𝑅2
= 𝐼𝐼1 2 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 {𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
= 𝐼𝐼2 2 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 {𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

PC (i.e., Core loss) determined from peak flux density which depends on
source voltage. Since applied voltage is constant, PC is constant. PC calculated
from no-load test (Open circuit test).

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 cos(𝜃𝜃2 ),

cos(𝜃𝜃2 ) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

Transformers 11
 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 cos(𝜃𝜃2 )
𝜂𝜂 =
𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 cos(𝜃𝜃2 ) + 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 + 𝐼𝐼2 2 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

V2 is usually constant thus efficiency depends upon the

load current, I2, and the load power factor, cos(θ2).

Transformers 12