Science 9

THERMODYNAMICS
4TH QUARTER – WEEK 5
HEAT
AND
WORK
 CONTENT STANDARD

The learners demonstrate an

1 understanding of the relationship
among heat, work, and efficiency
PERFORMANCE STANDARD

1 The learners shall be able to

analyze how power plants
generate and transmit
electrical energy
DESIRABLE AND MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING

COMPETENCIES

1 Construct a model to
demonstrate that heat can
do work

2 Explain how heat transfer

and energy transformation
make heat engines work
What is Heat Engine?
An engine that converts the chemical
energy of the fuel into thermal energy
which is utilized to do useful work

Types of Heat Engine

Internal Combustion Engines
External Combustion Engines
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
This process includes the
combustion of a fuel that takes
place within the system.
In these heat engines, the fuel burns
inside the cylinder.
A car engine is an example of
internal combustion engine.

Advantages
Disadvantage
Low initial cost.
Simple and easy design. Cannot be operated with
Easily used in cold conditions. solid fuels like coal.
Produces comparatively higher High maintenance.
power output per unit weight of
the fuel.
Energy loss is minimal.
 EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
These type of heat engines takes where
the fuel is burnt outside the engine or
where the fuel combustion occurs
outside the engine.

In these heat engines, the fuel burns

outside and away from the main engine
where force and motion are produced.
A steam engine is an example of
external combustion engine.

Advantages
Disadvantage
Compatible with most type of fuels
Economical Requires more space
Can be operated in high altitude places High maintenance.
Emissions are low. Operation temperature is very high.
How does a heat engine power a machine?

In a full cycle of heat engine, three things happen as follows:

Heat is added at a relatively high temperature, hence it can be called QH

Some part of the added energy is used to perform work
The unused energy is removed at a relatively cold temperature QC
How to find the efficiency of a heat engine?
If a gasoline engine has an efficiency of 30%, what would be the
hot reservoir temperature for a Carnot engine having that
Engine efficiency if it runs with a cold reservoir temperature of
200 ºC?
What is Heat Pump?
A heat pump is a device that extracts heat from one piece
and transfers it to another.
Heat pumps transfer heat by circulating a substance known as
refrigerant through a cycle of evaporation and condensation.
How to find the the coefficient of performance ?
Second Law Of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics states that any spontaneously

occurring process will always lead to an escalation in the entropy (S) of
the universe.

Mathematically, the second law of thermodynamics is

represented as;

ΔSuniv > 0

where ΔSuniv is the change in the entropy of the universe.

Second Law Of Thermodynamics

Generally, entropy is defined as a measure of randomness or disorder of

a system.

This concept was introduced by a German physicist named

Rudolf Clausius in the year 1850.
Second Law Of Thermodynamics

Properties of Entropy

It is a thermodynamic function.
It is a state function.
It is represented by S but in the standard state, it is
represented by S°
Its SI unit is J/Kmol.
Its CGS unit is cal/Kmol
Entropy is an extensive property which means that it
scales with the size or extent of a system.
 The second law of thermodynamics

Entropy Change and Calculations

∆S = ∆Q/T

Find the change in the entropy of ice that absorbs 3.34x10^5 J of

heat energy at 0ºC.