GS4 Final

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS
INSIGHTSIAS
IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

MAINS MISSION - 2023
GS- IV
JUNE 2022
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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing
is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.
Table of Contents
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. ........................................................ 6
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “It is under the greatest adversity that there
exists the greatest potential for doing good, both for oneself and others.” ― Dalai Lama .............. 6
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “There’s a world of difference between truth
and facts. Facts can obscure the truth.” – Maya Angelou ............................................................... 7
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Each person is to have an equal right to the
most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others.” ― John Rawls ............... 8
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Moral indignation is jealousy with a halo.” ―
H.G. Wells...................................................................................................................................... 9
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Many people lose the small joys in the hope for
the big happiness.” ― Pearl S. Buck ............................................................................................. 10
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “We have to dare to be ourselves, however
frightening or strange that self may prove to be.” ― May Sarton ................................................ 11
According to you, which are the five traits/vices that must not be present in a civil servant as they
hamper ones ethical and professional competence. How can one avoid or eliminate them? (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 13

Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values. ......................................... 15
Education that does not produce good character is pointless. Discuss. ........................................ 15
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral
and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion ................................................................... 16
What are the ways to deal with cognitive dissonance? (150 Words) ............................................ 16
‘Majoritarian views and popular morality cannot dictate constitutional rights’. Discuss. (150
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 18
In the era of competition and commercialisation, it is a herculean task to sustain as a leader who
stays true to their ethics. Analyse. (150 words) ............................................................................ 19
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker
sections. .......................................................................................................................................... 21
What do you think are the cardinal ethical attributes in a Civil Servant? How can these be
inculcated? (150 Words) .............................................................................................................. 21
What is objectivity? Discuss its importance in public service as well as in private life. (150 words)
.................................................................................................................................................... 22
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. ......................................... 24
What is moral absolutism? Explain with examples. (250 words) ................................................... 24
The Categorical Imperative is supposed to provide a way for us to evaluate moral actions and to
make moral judgments. Discuss. (150 Words) .............................................................................. 26
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns
and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as
sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and
moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; ........................... 28
With the continuing decline in people’s trust in public authorities, the fight against nepotism and
the need to ensure impartial recruitment procedures have never been so important. Discuss. (150
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 28
A person’s moral decision of what is right and wrong is not the sheer application of a
mathematical principle. Many variables come into play when examining how to conduct a
person’s life. Discuss. (150 words) ............................................................................................... 30
What is international morality? Do you think it is more of theoretical concept rather than being a
practical norm? Critically examine. (150 words) ........................................................................... 31
India should take the approach of treating drug addiction as moral and a medical hazard rather
than a criminal challenge. Analyse. (150 words) ........................................................................... 34
By placing a moral compass, we create a clear vision of the mental processes that point us in an
ethical direction. Elaborate. (150 words) ..................................................................................... 35
Government organisations suffer from opacity and inherent lack of information. What are ways to
ensure transparency and accountability in government organisations? (150 words) ................... 37
Case Studies on above issues. .......................................................................................................... 41

You are the S.P of a district. The C.M of your state is against the VIP culture followed by some
politicians. He passes orders to do away with VIP culture. Consequently, the DGP issues order to
withdraw police security provided to over 100 people in the state. According to the order, police
security was a part of VIP culture which was causing drain on resources as well as unnecessary
hassle to common man. ............................................................................................................... 41
You are the Sarpanch of a Panchayat. There is a primary school run by the government in your
area. Midday meals are provided to children attending the school. The headmaster has now
appointed a new cook in the school to prepare the meals. However, when it is found that cook is
from Dalit community, almost half of the children belonging to higher castes are not allowed to
take meals by their parents. Consequently the attendance in the schools falls sharply. This could
result in the possibility of discontinuation of midday meal scheme, thereafter of teaching staff and
subsequent closing down the school. (250 Words) (UPSC 2015) .................................................. 43
You are the S.P of a district. There was a peaceful protest organised in your district against
unemployment and demand for jobs. But suddenly, the protest took a violent turn and some
miscreants indulged in arson, vandalising government property like trains, buses and pelting
stones on policemen in which 2 constables were severely injured. .............................................. 45
You are Vice Principal of a degree college in one of the middle-class towns. The principal has
recently retired and management is looking for his replacement. There are also feelers that the
management may promote you as Principal. In the meantime, during the annual examination, the
flying squad which came from the university caught two students red-handed involving in unfair
means. A senior lecturer of the college was personally helping these students in this act. This
senior lecturer also happens to be close to the management. One of the students was the son of a
local politician who was responsible for getting college affiliated to the present reputed university.
The second student was the son of a local businessman who has donated maximum funds for
running the college. You immediately informed the management regarding this unfortunate
incident. The management told you to resolve the issue with the flying squad at any cost. They
further said that such an incident will not only tarnish the image of the college but also the
politician and the businessman are very important personalities for the functioning of the college.
You were also given hint that your further promotion to Principal depends on your capability in
resolving this issue with the flying squad. In the meantime, you were intimidated by your
administrative officer that certain members of the student union are protesting outside the
college gate against the senior lecturer and the students involved in this incident are demanding
strict action against defaulters. .................................................................................................... 47


Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “It is under the greatest adversity
that there exists the greatest potential for doing good, both for oneself and others.” ―
Dalai Lama
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Quotes
Wednesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about
selflessness in adversity.
Body:
Write about adversity can be overcome for oneself and others being selfless – lack of greed, being
compassionate, for the greater good. Cite examples to substantiate your points.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Introduction
Adversity is a Better Teacher Than Good Fortune. Under the greatest adversity, there exists the
greatest potential for doing good – both for oneself and others. Adversities often push us into new
direction. The greatest advantage of adversity is that it shakes us out of our complacency. It brings
before us greater challenges and teaches how to deal with them. It gives a ‘wake-up call’. So, every
adversity is an opportunity and not a curse or punishment. Adversity is like a strong wind. It tears
away from us all, but the things that cannot be torn, that we see ourselves as we really are.
Body
Great people see adversity as an opportunity, and they know there is something they can learn. They
pursue the difficulty and work endlessly to fix it. They do not give up and they generate the greatest
potential in tough times for their self and others.
During India’s freedom struggle, Gandhiji lead by example. He braved arrest and went on hunger
fast several times, just to ensure that morale of people does not come down and they are kept
motivated even when British were ruthlessly suppressing the dissent and protesting people. This was
the key to success of Salt Satyagraha and Quit India Movement. He not only faced the
adversity, but his actions in this time were defining moments of India’s struggle. The freedom we
enjoy today can be attributed to his actions in the face of adversity.
Great people see adversity as an opportunity, and they know there is something they can learn. They
pursue the difficulty and work endlessly to fix it. They do not give up and they generate the greatest
potential in tough times for their self and others.
Conclusion
No one goes through life without facing adversity; it is an integral part of life. Let the adversity be a
teacher to us. It will build the character and will test our determination. But, in the end, it will
make one stronger. We must ensure to take time to learn from the difficulties that life is sure to

send our way. Otherwise, the failure will define us instead of us moving forward and using it to
propel us to higher dimensions. Seize it as an opportunity rather than cause for fear and self-doubt.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “There’s a world of difference
between truth and facts. Facts can obscure the truth.” – Maya Angelou
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about
importance of truth.
Body:
Write about facts can be manipulated and manufactures to suits the narrative. Give examples of
justify your points. Mention that despite facts may point to different things generally the truth is only
one.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Firstly, truths are not necessarily facts and facts are not necessarily true however this does not
mean that they cannot coexist. A great example of oppression where the truths and facts are worlds
apart is when opposition parties use facts for their propaganda. For instance, at one point in time,
50% Indians were vaccinated with one dose while 20% were given two doses. The opposition party
stated that only 20% were fully vaccinated while the government said that 50% of Indians were
vaccinated. Both are facts, but the truth is based on how the facts were perceived.
Body
A fact is something that’s indisputable, based on empirical research and quantifiable measures.
Facts go beyond theories. They’re proven through calculation and experience, or they’re something
that definitively occurred in the past.
Truth is entirely different; it may include fact, but it can also include belief. Oftentimes, people will
accept things as true because they fall closer to their comfort zones, are assimilated easily into their
comfort zones, or reflect their preconceived notions of reality.
The difference between fact and truth is that fact is something that exists in real form, while Truth is
the true state of a particular thing or a matter like a person, place, animal or thing. Well, facts are
things that can be seen visually and can be verified properly. Fact is indisputable while truth is
acceptable. To call something a fact is, presumably, to make a claim that it is true. This isn’t a
problem for many things, although defending such a claim can be harder than you think.
Truth used to be an absolute. In today’s world, it feels less so. While facts have always been cherry-
picked to make an argument stand, the ability to see and understand the context of those facts used
to be more of a constant.
In this post-truth era, perception is real, truth is not. Here, one chooses the narrative first and the
facts will follow. And the data will meekly fit into the groove because, like water, it takes the shape
of the container in which the narrative is served. Once you have picked your own narrative, you have
chosen your own truth, a truth untainted by objective reality.
Conclusion
From an endless stream of political misinformation to inescapable lies on social media, the signs that
we are living in a post-truth world are hard to ignore. Thus, there must be earnest efforts to ensure
that truth is upheld despite many facts.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Each person is to have an equal right
to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others.” ― John
Rawls
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote.
Body:
Write about importance of liberty and equal liberties for everyone. Give instances across the world
where liberty has been curtailed across the world, its impact and talk about the need for their
liberation.
Conclusion:
Introduction
John Rawls (1921-2002) was a contemporary philosopher who studied theories surrounding justice.
He gave a theory of Justice as Fairness, giving a deontological theory on Justice. He was in influenced
by Immanuel Kant who believed in human dignity and hence he gives utmost priority to liberty.
Body
From the very beginning both man and the state have been making efforts for the security of their
freedom. Freedom is a very precious condition without which neither the state nor the individuals
can make any progress. We remember very well how cruelly the absolute monarchs ignored the
claims of liberty in England in ancient and medieval ages. Today liberty is severely curtailed in
nations like North Korea, Afghanistan with Taliban takeover especially for women, in Saudi Arabia
etc.
When people feel that they can freely express their frustrations and feel that they petition the
government regarding their grievances, they don’t feel ‘pushed’ to take matters into their own
hands. Instead of taking up arms, heading for the hills, and waging guerrilla war against the central
government, disaffected people can take to the airwaves. They can take out ads, and they can
participate in the political discourse. When governments give a proper forum for dissenting
voices, the society as a whole is more stable because people and dissenting groups don’t feel so
disaffected, marginalized, or suppressed that their only option in bringing about change is through
violent revolution or regime change brought about by military means.
Societies that focus on individual liberties, free societies, often produce economic freedom. This
leads to better economies. When there are more choices in a market, there is a tendency for lower
prices at higher quality levels for products and services. When individual liberties against
government control, monopolization, and standardization are protected, individuals are encouraged
to experiment and offer different products and services which can benefit society as a whole since

there are more choices available. The more choices people have, the better for the economy. By
protecting individual businesses from arbitrary government action, the economy benefits since there
are more solutions and more economic diversity.
Conclusion
From increasing economic choices which can lift countries out of poverty to increasing opportunities
for cultural expression and artistic excellence, political liberties lay important seeds that lift societies
on many levels. The biggest benefit of liberty, however, is truly personal. With the right political,
cultural, economic, and social framework rooted in liberty, societies can lay the groundwork for
people truly exploring and pursuing the highest levels of personal, spiritual, and philosophical
transcendence.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Moral indignation is jealousy with a
halo.” ― H.G. Wells
Difficulty level: Tough
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
First, explain moral indignation and substantiate with examples.
Next, write about the correlation of moral indignation with that of Jealousy with halo. Substantiate
with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
“Those who can’t, will make sure that those who can, don’t” captures the essence of the quote.
Indignation is anger aroused by something unjust, unworthy, or mean. Moral indignation is typically
a reactive emotion of anger over perceived mistreatment, insult, or malice of another. It is akin to
what is called the sense of injustice.
Body
Moral indignation introduces an ethical element to this emotion. To be righteous is to position

yourself as morally ‘correct’. Another term for this concept is therefore righteous anger.
In other words, a state of moral indignation effectively says, ‘I am right to be angry about this
situation’. However, morality is not reality. People vary in their beliefs and attitudes about life’s
rights and wrongs. Therefore, moral indignation is typically murky territory as people assert their
opinions.
Eg: The teacher became indignant when fired from their job for misconduct.
Righteous indignation is not self-righteousness in which people feel proud of themselves and think
that they are always right and no one is better than them.
Moral outrage is external-directed energy. It is a form of reactive emotion regarding Anger that
emerges when faced with a situation concerning offensive attitudes, mistreatment, or injustice.

Sometimes someone in your life does things that don’t meet your standards and expectations, or
someone does such an unjust act against the laws of society and the laws of nature. Anger can occur
when negative feelings are sparked and wrongful actions and behaviors come to blame. Under
such circumstances, one gets filled with rage.
But this may also be purely out of jealousy that we show such behaviour against others. We may
feel inadequate in front of others and inflict such judgement upon them by taking a false moral
high ground.
Moral indignation is considered a positive thing when someone with this type of anger is on the
right side. Or when someone feels an adrenaline rush when thinking about a situation that is not
morally fair or right. It must not be confused with self-righteousness.
If something is happening against the laws of nature, acts of society, and laws of humanity. And
you are getting mad at it; then your Anger is righteous indignation. Suppose you want to change
that unfair treatment. Or you may be hurt because other people are not considering the unjust
situations dangerous. But you wish to spread justice and righteousness; then your Anger is a
positive thing.
Here is the example of Mahatma Gandhi. He used his reactive emotion of Anger for a productive
purpose and used it wisely. India was under British rule for over 250 years. He used the positive
power of righteous indignation to compel the British to leave India. It shows that righteous Anger is
a good thing if we use it as a positive power.
Conclusion
It has both aspects to it and depends on the perception of the person who is thinking about
righteousness. Therefore, one must be careful about moral beliefs and ethics before using it as a
yard stick to judge others or take any action. An honest impartial inquiry of thought and action is
required before we react to any person or a situation.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Many people lose the small joys in
the hope for the big happiness.” ― Pearl S. Buck
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about need of various interpretation of being happy.
Next, using examples mention how in order to become more happier than others we end up being
unhappy. Cite examples like wealth, power, status, social media fame etc.
Conclusion:
Introduction
“Enjoy the little things in life because one day you’ll look back and realize they were the big
things”. (Kurt Vonnegut)

The little things are essential because they comprise the vast majority of our lives. Significant events
occur sporadically. Small ones happen from moment to moment. When you neglect the little things,
you miss out on enjoying a considerable swath of your life.
Body
Thinking only about the big things without appreciating the little things can even be detrimental.
There’s an outer and inner pressure connected to grand achievements, and being under a lot of
pressure negatively affects your mental and physical health.
Feelings of anxiety, sleep difficulties, a compromised immune system, and unexplained aches and
pains are not uncommon symptoms of being overly stressed. Always wanting more instead of
enjoying the simple things we already have can lead to a very unsatisfying life.
While goals and dreams certainly are beneficial, an insatiable desire to have more can leave you
feeling dissatisfied and resentful. Continually striving to get further ahead removes you from joy
and gratitude in the present moment.
This type of mindset removes the focus from what you have and puts it on thoughts of lack.
However, a grateful heart allows you to see the good in appreciating the little things happening
right now.
The ability to appreciate the small things can upgrade your life in a big way. There is reason to
celebrate the small things and be grateful every day with just a slight shift in perspective.
Conclusion
Just as each day has its joys, each day also has its struggles. When our lives are missing gratitude for
the small things, these struggles can hit us harder. A positive and thankful mindset, however, will
build up our resilience for when we are faced with daily disappointments.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “We have to dare to be ourselves,
however frightening or strange that self may prove to be.” ― May Sarton
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about the meaning of being ‘ourself’ and the various impediments and restrictions on being
ourself – family, society and lack of belief. Write about the impact of the same and ways in which one
can ‘themselves’. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom”
According to a legend ‘Know Thyself’ was carved into stone at the entrance to Apollo’s temple at
Delphi in Greece and even though the carved stone disappeared long ago, these two words stay in
our minds for thousands of years.

The philosopher Socrates famously declared that the unexamined life was not worth living and he
would sum up all the philosophical commandments to: “Know yourself.” And only by Knowing
ourselves, we can dare to be ourselves.
Body
To dare to be ourselves
One of these facets to be ourselves involves acknowledging your limitations. Only when we have
learnt our personality, our behaviour and our shortcomings, we can truly try to be genuine and
authentic. We will stop pretending the day we learn what we can do and accept it. One should not
try to fit in to the world by being superficial. We must be our real self, only then we can be truly
content and find purpose and meaning to life.
Self-awareness is something that everyone can always improve. It is emotional intelligence,

perceptiveness, and critical thinking. It means, knowing our weaknesses, but it also means knowing
our strengths and what motivates us.
The experience of self-discovery is undoubtedly challenging. Most knowledge comes gradually

without immediate impact, but some moments of true realization can offer a surprising release from
years of self-doubt
Once this happens, we should remove any façade or mask that we were and try to be true to our
beliefs and principles. Only then will the world see us for who we truly are. It also leads to to right
paths and ultimately to right destinations.
Take for instance Gandhiji, he did not bow down to anyone for his causes and what he believed in.
He wore indigenous clothes even when people made fun of him. This was because he dared to be
himself and became an icon and inspiring figure for generations to come.
Conclusion
Living well is not easy, but if we really want to live our lives, we must fight to make it happen.
Because if we are not living our lives, we are not living. We are just existing. And to live truly is to
be ourselves in any context and situation and not put on an act to please someone else.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “The soul becomes dyed with the colour of its
thoughts.” ― Marcus Aurelius

Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about the various manifestation of thoughts – how thought transform in to actions, actions to
personality and personality to character. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The mind is everything. What you think you become - Buddha

It's how you think and act that determine the life you lead and the way you see the world. If one is
optimistic, then he is hopeful and will have the right drive to do something productive and be happy.
Similarly, if one is a pessimist and sees negative aspects of life without seeing the glass half full, he
will be a miserable soul who will always be unhappy.
Body
Every day we have 60,000 thoughts and most of them are the same as the day before, most of them
are negative. We choose to spend our life worrying about what the future might bring, to complain
about our present circumstances and about what’s missing in our lives.
Our whole being, our personality and our self-worth is all because of our mind and the thoughts
that consume us. Majority of the time is spent thinking and we are surrounded not by people but by
our own thoughts. Hence, they play an important role in shaping our personality and determine our
state of mind.
Thoughts are so powerful, even war and peace are result of thoughts of mankind or of one person.
Worry clogs the brain and paralyzes the thought. A troubled brain cannot think clearly, vigorously,
locally. If we want to change our experiences, our life, we have to change the frequency of our
thoughts. We have to pay closer attention to our thoughts because they are the ones that shape the
life we want to lead.
Conclusion
It’s our own resolution to accomplish something which makes a difference. Put all the heart and
mind in the smallest task we do, do it consciously. Develop the right mindset, have the courage to
accept your failure, learn from it and improve yourself and keep moving forward.
All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of
our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with a pure thought, happiness follows him, like a shadow that
never leaves him.
According to you, which are the five traits/vices that must not be present in a civil
servant as they hamper ones ethical and professional competence. How can one avoid
or eliminate them? (250 words)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
Introduction:
Begin by mentioning how negative traits and vices can hamper ethical and professional competence.
Body:
First, write which five negative traits and vices should not be present in a civil servant and how they
hamper ethical and professional competence of civil servants.
Next, write about the ways to avoid or eliminate them.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of having positive values.
Introduction

Today there is a need for moral resurgence of civil services in the country to improve the delivery of
services to the common man and to ensure the fruits of development reach the people. An ideal
officer should ensure zero pendency of issues in his purview, must display the highest qualities of
probity and integrity in office, be proactive in taking the measures of the government to the people,
and above all be sympathetic to the cause of marginalised sections.
Body
Vices that must not be present in a civil servant
 Abuse of authority: Power must be used for welfare of people and not for ulterior motives.
The abuse of power leads to chaos in governance with zero benefit to the public.
 Corrupt mentality and greed: There must be zero tolerance towards corruption and
ensuring total transparency and accountability at all levels of governance should become
priority.
o Corruption eats into the heart of the democracy, and there is a need for stringent
and timely action under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) against erring civil
servants and public representatives. T
o There must be fast-tracking the high pendency of cases related to corruption

involving public servants on priority.
 Disrespect of rules and procedure: Such behaviour will lead to use of discretion and
bypassing of norms to get work done. This also leads to systemic corruption. Each and every
action taken by a civil servant must be as per established rules and regulations only.
 Opaqueness: Non-transparent working can lead to bad governance system. This will lead to
loss of faith of people in bureaucracy and government.
 Dishonesty: This is another trait where in there will be no conscience or moral compass for
an officer. Once again this may lead to corruption in the government.
Avoiding and eliminating vices

Celebrating the achievements of honest civil servants and recognizing their contributions should also
be done. This will not only be an incentive for younger officials to push for excellence, but such
publicity will also encourage the replication of innovative efforts by others.
Value-based training must be given to all civil servants to ensure probity in public life. Professional
ethics should be an integral component in all the training courses and called for a comprehensive
Code of Ethics for civil servants, based on the recommendations of the 2nd Administrative Reforms
Commission (ARC).
Due attention must be given to ensure that civil servants taking bona fide proactive actions are not
discouraged or harassed. The amendment to PCA in 2018, with changes to the definition of ‘criminal
misconduct’, ensures this to some extent. While the corrupt civil servants must be strictly dealt
with, we must not dissuade officials from taking bold decisions in the larger public interest.
There is also a need to re-engineer our institutions and streamline the processes to cut down
delays and ensure timely delivery of the services. People must be at the centre of a just and effective
governance system. Some of the governance practices that helped in delivering results are single-

window interfaces, e-governance, m-governance, third party appraisals, direct benefit transfer and
participatory governance
Conclusion
Indian civil servants should strive to make India’s civil services the best in the world. They need to
come out with innovative ideas and solutions to deliver public services to the satisfaction of every
citizen. At the same time, the right ecosystem should be created to ensure that they have a
meaningful career and are able to fulfill their responsibilities without fear or favour.
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in
inculcating values.
Education that does not produce good character is pointless. Discuss.
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the various objectives of education.
Body:
Write about how the primary aim of education should be producing good character and it will impact
the society along with providing livelihood. Also, mention education devoid of good character can be
a menace to the society. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of education in character building.
Introduction
“A bad character is like a flat tire; you can’t go anywhere until you change it” — Zig Ziglar
Education promotes the metamorphosis of a child to become a full-fledged adult. Mere learning
without promotion and development of values even discards the definition of education. Education
of values and principles shapes and moulds a soul
Body
Achieving academic excellence for all students is at the very core of any school’s purpose, and will
inform much of what they do. Character education is not a new thing, extending as it does back to
the work of Aristotle. Yet it could be argued that the pursuit of success in schools in more recent
years has sought to put the cart before the horse. In driving students to think of success solely in
terms of exam grades and university places, pressure is created that can often be counter intuitive to
student well- being and academic progress.
It does not matter how educated or wealthy one is, if the inherent character or personality lacks
morals. In fact, such personalities can be threat to a peaceful society. E.g.: Mussolini, Hitler are all
examples of education devoid of morality leading mankind to their destruction.
In contemporary times it is equally relevant. For instance, An educated man taking dowry will be a
death spell for gender equality and gender justice. The seven sins of Gandhiji will materialise when
we are educated without morality like Science without humanity as is the case with nuclear weapons
today.
Thus, Education without values as useful as it seems makes a man, a clever devil.
Conclusion
Education without morals is like a ship without a compass, merely wandering nowhere. It is not
enough to have the power of concentration, but we must have worthy objectives upon which to
concentrate. It is not enough to know truth, but we must love truth and sacrifice for it.
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and
behaviour; moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion
What are the ways to deal with cognitive dissonance? (150 Words)
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about cognitive dissonance and ways to deal with it.
Introduction:
Begin by defining cognitive dissonance.
Body:
Next, mention the various reasons why cognitive dissonance occurs and the potential implications of
it. Cite examples of substantiate.
Next, mention the ways to deal and adapt for cognitive dissonance.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stressing on the way to manage cognitive dissonance.
Introduction
Cognitive dissonance is a phenomenon in which a person experiences psychological distress due to

conflicting thoughts or beliefs. It is the mental stress or uneasiness experienced by an individual who
holds two or more contradictory views, ideas, or values at the same time, or is confronted by new
information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values. It means people prefer their attitude
and behaviour to be aligned in the same direction.
In order to reduce this tension, people may change their attitudes to reflect their other beliefs or
actual behaviours.
Body
Festinger’s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our
attitudes and behavior in harmony and avoid disharmony (or dissonance). This is known as
the principle of cognitive consistency. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or
behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.
Festinger hypothesized three main ways in which a person could reduce dissonance:
1. change one of the dissonant cognitions, such as changing one’s attitude;

2. add consonant cognitions to reduce overall inconsistency, such as seeking information to

explain one’s inconsistent behavior; and
3. diminish the importance of cognition in dissonant situations, such as trivializing the

dissonant behavior or the importance of the attitude.
Ways to eliminate Cognitive Dissonance:
 Denying and rejecting
o Rejection comes easy when a dissonant activity is oft-repeated.
o For instance, each time you eat meat while on a vegan diet creates more or less the
same amount of cognitive dissonance, but the more often you do it, the easier it
gets to handle the conflict
o People frequently reduce cognitive dissonance by discounting and dismissing

information that contradicts their beliefs.
o They may cut off access to new information that refutes their pre-existing ideas and
only remain open to data that support their beliefs. This is called “confirmation
bias.”
 Convincing Self Or Others
o The easiest way for a person to reduce their cognitive dissonance is to convince
oneself that there is no conflict.
o A person suffering from cognitive dissonance may reach out to and find support
from other people who hold similar opinions or matching ideologies, and join their
group.
o They may try persuading others that all fresh information is agenda-driven and
fallacious.
 Rationalizing The Behaviour

o Rationalizing is the process of applying logic to a situation. To reduce cognitive
dissonance, a person may rationalize their actions by inventing implausible (and
sometimes ridiculous) excuses.
o Despite knowing that smoking causes cancer, a smoker may rationalize the habit by
claiming they only smoke once or twice a day and only when they are stressed at
work.
 Reconciling The Differences
o This involves resolving the differences causing mental discomfort. The person may
accept the validity of pre-existing beliefs and change their behavior consistent with
their views.
o Long-term goals to eliminate dissonance are more likely to necessitate the use of
elaborate strategies like transcendence and attitude change.
o Alternatively, it could lead them to abandon their established beliefs and form new
ones.
Conclusion
A civil servant should always follow the constitutional moral values, code of conduct of services and
act within ethical framework of public service in any case of cognitive dissonance.
‘Majoritarian views and popular morality cannot dictate constitutional rights’. Discuss.
(150 words)
Why the question:
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Introduction:
Start by elaborating on the concept of popular morality.
Body:
Write about aspects such as what is accepted within the realms of popular morality, is it static and
based on cultural notions and dictums. Cite examples
Influence of popular morality on constitutional rights – both positive and negative impact –
substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating that popular morality must be in consonance with constitutional rights.
Introduction
Popular morality refers to norms and values that are acceptable by majority of the populace in a
particular place or region. There may be a significant number of people who may have different
practices, yet the societal practice would be that of the majority. Eg: Wearing hijab by minority
community leading to clashes in Karnataka.
On the other hand, Majoritarian views are those where the needs and wishes of a minority
community is completely disregarded by the majority community and the majority community
believes it should be able to rule the country as per its wishes in any manner..
Body
Majoritarian views & Popular morality affecting Constitutional Rights

Sometimes popular morality may overshadow individual rights and even Constitutional rights. For
instance, entry into Sabarimala temple was upheld for women of all ages, but yet those women
who tried to enter were assaulted and needed police protection. This Supreme Court judgement was
not acceptable by the people.
The very purpose of fundamental rights in the Indian Constitution is to place the subject of an
individual’s liberty and dignity beyond the reach of majoritarian governments. This is so that
constitutional morality can assure the rights, among others, of “discrete and insular” minorities.
Popular morality sometimes aims to mainstream the majority culture. For example, the ban on
LGBTQ and criminalisation of their relations for many hundred years is a case in point. No
government would legalize such courtships as they lack gumption and fear losing vote banks. Hence
Courts had to step up to protect rights of LGBTQ.
Even today the Dalit community is being segregated and discriminated against. This goes
against Article 17 and Article 14 that stands for equality. Cases of Dalit groom not allowed to ride a
horse for baraat, Dalit women being raped shows the atrocities of majority over Dalits. Sometimes
popular morality can lead to violence.
Conclusion
The government in power must balance the competing needs of legal development and the
satisfaction of popular justice concerns. In a conservative society like that of India, behaviour nudge
can lead to acceptance of minority norms and value. Live and Let Live must become a practice. As a
society we must embrace popular morality while giving space for dissonance, so that we become a
generally tolerant society.
In the era of competition and commercialisation, it is a herculean task to sustain as a

leader who stays true to their ethics. Analyse. (150 words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.
Why the question:
To understand the various roles and responsibilities of a leader and the importance of ethics in their
work domain
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Introduction:
Begin by defining what is leadership along with few traits of a good leader.
Body:
Highlight the need for an ethical leader in the present context of rising scams and blind race against
mere monetary gains of businesses. Give few examples highlighting cases of leadership with and
without ethics and its impact on the organisation as well as the society.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the above points highlighting the need for ethical leadership
Introduction
Ethical Leadership is about Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an
activity. Ethical leadership means acting according to your moral principles in your day-to-day
business life and decision-making. To put it simply, it means doing the right thing. Ethical Leadership
is very important for supporting good governance in today’s global economy and is one of the
central constructs to protect business and organizational ethics.
Body
Why is it a herculean task for leader to be ethical?
 The global retreat of democracies, relegation of the ethical imperative to an obsessive pursuit of
raw power as an end in itself, a crisis of institutional legitimacy, and the challenge of forging a
political consensus needed for hard but necessary decisions interrogate the proclaimed
assumptions of democratic resilience.

 The rise of ‘jingoistic nationalism’ in confrontation with an international cooperative endeavor to

face common challenges, a skewed balance between demands of security and sanctity of civil
rights, the sordid saga of fake news and misinformation, an unprecedented global financial crisis
that has weakened our collective capacity to rescue national economies, loss of millions of jobs
with an estimated $3.4 trillion lost in labour revenue and the resultant social distress,
heightened geopolitical rivalries, racism, xenophobia, and woeful absence of a united global
response to the challenge of climate change collectively present a potent cocktail of societal
instability and political disruption.
 Increasing encroachment of the private sphere by a ‘surveillance state’ through the abuse of
digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence systems raise discomforting questions about the
flawed dominance of efficiency over ethics and power over principle.
 Notwithstanding the wholly welcome technological empowerment of vast swathes of humanity,

digital inequality, the omnipresence of algorithm-driven platforms and commercial harvesting of
personal data raise disquieting questions about an unhindered infraction of privacy rights and
human dignity.
 Issues concerning accountability for autonomous systems, the absence of enforceable global
norms on cybersecurity given the expanding reach of cyber bullies, and communal polarization
and violence facilitated by social media raise questions about the future of liberty and dignity in
an age of rights.
 Digital ‘code wars’ are seen as the new ideological confrontation with a potential to divide the
world.
 The diminished authority of the state to regulate the impact of technology on our social and
political life questions the original premises of the social compact.
Traits necessary for a leader in today’s era
 In a reshaped world, formal authority is less potent. Only moral authority can build trust, inspire
colleagues, create meaning and help people imagine a better future.
 Leadership in today’s world should consist of an approach which is open and transparent.
 Leaderships goals and visions should be communicated fast and effectively.
 Everyone then has time to think about how they fit into the changes which are going to be
made.
 Leaders today must also listen to and hear everyone’s input and solutions, including our youth.
Conclusion
Integrity, consistency, empathy, relentless determination, self-effacing humility, a binding moral
compass and the ability to motivate masses within the inviolate ethical and ideological framework of
politics are leadership attributes more relevant today than ever. A largeness of heart willing and able
to rise above the petty and personal, together with intellectual depth necessary to lead the battle of
ideas for the establishment of a dignitarian global society, best define the qualities of leadership in
these troubled times.

Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and
compassion towards the weaker sections.
What do you think are the cardinal ethical attributes in a Civil Servant? How can these
be inculcated? (150 Words)
Why the question:
Directive word:
Key Demand of the question: To write about most important ethical attributes of civil servants and
ways to inculcate them.
Introduction:
Begin by mentioning the role of cardinal ethical values of civil servants as per you.
Body:
First, list down the ethical values of civil servants and justification behind their need.
Next, write about how these ethical values be inculcate among the civil servants so that they remain
ethical and efficient.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
For a civil servant, acting ethically is of utmost importance. A civil servant is supposed to possess the
virtues of objectivity and impartiality. The cardinal ethical traits – Integrity, Compassion,
Accountability, Objectivity, and commitment to public service– form the ethical foundation of a
civil servant and other values like non-partisanship, tolerance, responsiveness can emanate from
them.
Body
Cardinal ethical attributes of civil servant
 Integrity and Honesty: Integrity is putting the obligations of public service above your own
personal interests. Civil servants should be guided solely by public interest in their official
decision making and not by any financial or other consideration either in respect of
themselves, their families or their friends.
 Objectivity, Impartiality and Political Neutrality: Civil servants in carrying out their official
work, including functions like procurement, recruitment, delivery of services etc. should take
decisions based on merit and free from any partisan/political consideration.
 Commitment to Public Service: Civil servants should deliver services in a fair, effective,
impartial and courteous manner to serve the larger public interest. The dedication to the
public welfare cause is crucial.
 Accountability: They must be held responsible for every action and thus there should be no
place for corruption or nefarious activity. They must leave no shadow of doubt whenever
they take certain action and it must be transparently done.
Inculcation of ethical traits

 By being motivated and looking back at the reasons why we became civil servants in the
first place.
 Reading about great personalities like Gandhiji, Sardar Patel and taking que from their lives
to have a commitment for the public. This can lead to renewed motivation to do greater
good for the society.
 Moral turpitude is a slippery slope. Hence even for once, a civil servant must not be
tempted to be dishonest or immoral. This can lead to firm principles being set in stone.
 To put oneself in the shoes of others to understand their sufferings. For instance, Gandhiji
when he came to South Africa could not go back seeing the plight of Indians and pledged to
fight for their cause. This is how one can develop empathy and compassion.
 To be proactive while making decisions and disclosing information to the public through
websites and RTI.
Conclusion
Civil service involves decision-making in the public sphere. They have to deal with many matters that
are anonymous and discrete. Due to this, Integrity is an eminent desirable quality in civil servants.
A civil servant needs fortitude to stand up for their principles and withstand immoral or illegal
pressures. Temperance or moderation is especially important for public servants. While taking
decisions or responding to situations, civil servants have to be moderate. They should not swing to
extremes, but act judiciously in a balanced manner.
What is objectivity? Discuss its importance in public service as well as in private life.
(150 words)
Why the question:
To write about the importance of objectivity in public service and priave life.
Directive:
Introduction:
Start by defining objectivity.
Body:
Write about how Objectivity helps in taking decisions based upon established facts and figures, helps
avoid personal opinion and bias and arrive at fair decision.
Cite suitable examples to substantiate your points in public service and private life.
Conclusion:
Complete the answer by stressing on its significance.
Introduction
Objectivity is a central philosophical concept, related to reality and truth, which has been variously
defined by sources. Generally, objectivity means the state or quality of being true even outside of a
subject‘s individual biases, interpretations, feelings, and imaginings. A proposition is generally
considered objectively true when its truth conditions are met without biases caused by feelings,
ideas, and opinions (mind-independent).
Body
Importance of Objectivity:
 Critical thinking: By thinking both pros and cons and then taking a decision.
 Right to review decisions: within judicial / administrative procedure, there should be

mechanism for appellate board e.g. in taxation, land acquisition etc.
 Right to be heard: often officers don’t hear the complaint or opinion of people properly and just
do the things that are in their mind. Hence new schemes should have ‘social audit / public
hearing’ components.
 Information management: if you don’t have hardcore information /statistics, you can’t take
objective decisions. E.g. sustainable development goals (SDG) have 17 goals and 169 targets.
Previously in Millennium development goals (MDG), we had 18 indicators, yet we lacked proper
statistical databases to compare performance. Lack of data, prevents us from finding the faults
and fixing them.
 Transparency: e.g. right to information act. Bureaucrat will think twice before taking
subjective/discretionary decisions, fearing that he’ll have to answer it if someone files an RTI
Relevance of Objectivity in Public Services:
 Being non-partisan
 Objectivity will help civil servants to be non-partisan, impartial and more service
oriented.
 For example District collector in making appointments needs to give priority to merit
rather than other factors like the caste or background of the caste.
 Critical thinking and taking rational decisions
 By thinking both pros and cons and then taking a decision.
 It also contributes in rational merit based decision makings in day to day work of them.
Ex. Team work, solving emergency issues like riotous situation.
 within judicial / administrative procedure, there should be mechanism for appellate

board e.g. in taxation, land acquisition etc.
 It also plays a big role in reducing menace of corruption from the system.
 Right to be heard:
 often officers don’t hear the complaint or opinion of people properly and just do the
things that are in their mind. Hence new schemes should have ‘social audit / public
hearing’ components.
 Information management:
 if you don’t have hardcore information /statistics, you can’t take objective decisions.

 E.g. sustainable development goals (SDG) have 17 goals and 169 targets. Previously in
Millennium development goals (MDG), we had 18 indicators, yet we lacked proper
statistical databases to compare performance. Lack of data, prevents us from finding the
faults and fixing them.
 Transparency:
 Being objective ensures that work of civil servant becomes fair, transparent and
visionary above all narrow considerations of kinship, nepotism, favouritism.
 e.g. right to information act. Bureaucrat will think twice before taking
subjective/discretionary decisions, fearing that he’ll have to answer it if someone files an
RTI
Relevance in Private life
 Objectivity is necessary to get an accurate explanation of how things work in the world.
 E.g.: In a country like India, where black magic, superstition is still prevalent, objectivity
becomes very imperative in bursting the myths.
 It helps to tackle prejudices and stereotypes.
 E.g.: The disabled and crippled are seen as a curse, while being unaware of the scientific
reasons behind it.
 The women are always held responsible for birth of a girl child while the actual fact remains
that it is the man and his genes which is responsible for sex of the child.
 Objectivity helps to tackle fake news menace which is growing at rampant rate.
 Objectivity helps to overcome the ethical dilemmas, value judgement & complexities of social
phenomena.
Conclusion
In public life objectivity as a value must strive for in all interaction but at many times being objective
become difficult. Fairness as a value closest to objectivity can be practiced which progressively leads
to objectivity.
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

What is moral absolutism? Explain with examples. (250 words)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2022 Secure.
Introduction:
Begin by defining moral absolutism.
Body:
In detail, explain the moral absolutism and use examples to substantiate you points.
Next, write a critique of moral absolutism.

Conclusion:
Conclude the answer by summarizing.
Introduction
Moral absolutism is an ethical view that particular actions are intrinsically right or wrong. Stealing,
for instance, might be considered to be always immoral, even if done for the well-being of others
(e.g., stealing food to feed a starving family), and even if it does in the end promote such a good.
Body
Moral absolutism stands in contrast to other categories of normative ethical theories such
as consequentialism.
For example, someone who believes absolutely in non-violence considers it wrong to use violence
even in self-defence.
Absolutism takes a universal view of humanity that there is one set of rules for everyone – which
enables the drafting of universal rules – such as the Declaration of Human Rights. Religious views of
ethics tend to be absolutist.
It is a form of deontology. The challenge with moral absolutism, however, is that there will always be
strong disagreements about which moral principles are correct and which are incorrect. For
example, most people around the world probably accept the idea that we should treat others as we
wish to be treated ourselves. But beyond that, people from different countries likely hold varying
views about everything from the morality of abortion and capital punishment to nepotism and
bribery.
Moral absolutism contrasts with moral relativism, which denies that there are absolute moral
values. It also differs from moral pluralism, which urges tolerance of others’ moral principles
without concluding that all views are equally valid. So, while moral absolutism declares a universal
set of moral values, in reality, moral principles vary greatly among nations, cultures, and religions.
Moral absolutism was popular amongst ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. It
also largely shaped historical societies through the “divine right of kings.” The divine right of kings
gave royalty political and religious right to rule as they were under the mandate of God. It also made
the setting up and upholding of laws easier as rulers were subject only to the will of God, and not to
the people over which they served. This has carried over into the creation of laws and justice
systems across the world, where the law must be upheld with no exceptions
Conclusion
A primary criticism of moral absolutism regards how we come to know what the “absolute” morals
are. The authorities that are quoted as sources of absolute morality are all subject to human
interpretation, and multiple views abound on them. For morals to be truly absolute, they would
have to have a universally unquestioned source, interpretation and authority. Therefore, so critics
say, there is no conceivable source of such morals, and none can be called “absolute”. So even if
there are absolute morals, there will never be universal agreement on just what those morals are,
making them by definition unknowable.

The Categorical Imperative is supposed to provide a way for us to evaluate moral

actions and to make moral judgments. Discuss. (150 Words)
Reference: plato.stanford.edu
Why the question:
To write about the evaluative aspect of Kantian Categorical Imperative.
Introduction:
Begin by defining Categorical Imperative of Emmanuel Kant.
Body:
Begin the body by explaining in detail about your understanding of Categorical Imperative with
examples. You can use simple but effective examples to put forward your ideas regarding Universal
Moral Law etc.
Next, mention how it provides a framework of judging moral right actions from the wrong ones.
Conclusion:
Give a concise summation of your views to conclude the answer.
Introduction
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that the supreme principle of morality is a standard of
rationality that he dubbed the “Categorical Imperative” (CI). Kant characterized the CI as
an objective, rationally necessary and unconditional principle that we must always follow despite
any natural desires or inclinations we may have to the contrary.
Body:
The CI states that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to an end and that people
must under all circumstances be treated as ends in themselves. This is in contrast to some
interpretations of the utilitarian view, which allow for use of individuals as means to benefit the
many.
Kantian ethics refers to a deontological ethical theory ascribed to the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant. The theory, developed as a result of Enlightenment rationalism, is based on the
view that the only intrinsically good thing is a good will; an action can only be good if its maxim – the
principle behind it – is duty to the moral law.
CI provide a way for us to evaluate moral actions and to make moral judgments
 Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should
become a universal law.
o It states that one should choose our ‘codes of conduct’ only if they serve perfect /
imperfect duty and are good for all.
o Perfect duties are blameworthy if not met and are the basic requirements for a
human being.
o An example of perfect duty is the avoidance of suicide.

 Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of
any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end.

o This states that we should not use humanity of ourselves or others as a means to an
end.
o An example would be that of slavery or prostitution.
 For Kant to treat people with dignity was to treat them morally. This idea became a rallying
point for those struggling against social hierarchies and for human rights. It represent what
is called the moral conception of rights.
 Taking the example of forced labour and jajmani system where human beings are treated as
“means” for achieving the “ends” that is profit motive. Human intrinsic worth i.e. dignity is
not respected and they are exploited for petty gains. This led to inequality in society where
one section of people exploiting other section for self-motive.
 Every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating
member in the universal kingdom of ends.
o This states that we should consider ourselves to be members in the universal realm
of ends.
o We should consider our actions to be of consequence to everyone else in that our
actions affect not only ourselves but that of others.
 g.: Eviction of tribes from forest land for construction of a dam and rendering them
homeless.
Conclusion
Kant’s philosophy of human individuals as end in itself endorses the golden rule of “treating others
as one’s self would wish to be treated”. As no one would wish to be used simply as a means,
therefore one should not also use other human beings as means to achieve their ends. This
philosophy can be of great help in resolving the ethical dilemmas where there is debate between
relative importance of means and ends.
Value addition
Kant’s Categorical Imperative:
 Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of morality, and he referred to it as The
Categorical Imperative.
 The CI determines what our moral duties are. Kant thought that all acts should be judged
according to a rule he called the Categorical Imperative.
 A categorical imperative denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that exerts its

authority in all circumstances, both required and justified as an end in itself.
 He gives the highest honor for the categorical imperative because it became universal law
that can be applied to any and every one.
 Kant is saying that simply willing that our moral rule become a universal law produces a
logical contradiction.
 His categorical imperative ensures that we aren’t doing these acts in mimic of others but
rather in line with one universal law.

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and

problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions;
laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;
accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values
in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
With the continuing decline in people’s trust in public authorities, the fight against
nepotism and the need to ensure impartial recruitment procedures have never been so
important. Discuss. (150 words)
Why the question:
Directive word:
Introduction:
Start by defining nepotism.
Body:
First, mention the various way in nepotism affects public administration – conflict in the work place,
low staff morale, loss of competent employees, use of the job to carry out unethical acts etc.
Next, mention how nepotism can be avoided in administration. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Nepotism and favouritism at local and regional level can hinder the effectiveness and efficiency of
local public service delivery, diminish public trust and damage the perception that local and
regional public authorities are serving the interests of their constituents.
As public trust levels in public institutions are often linked to the quality and performance of their
staff, sound human resources management practices need to be put in place, to ensure that local
and regional administrations hire the people who are best suited, qualified and motivated.
Body
Background
 Since the days of Plato and Aristotle, the distinctive feature that differentiates good from
bad governance has been the prevalence of public over the private interests.
 Corruption related activities, such as favouritism, nepotism and abuse of power, can affect
virtually all human resource activities, with recruitment, promotion, training and transfer of
staff being among the most vulnerable ones.
 The risks of buying and selling positions, appointing and promoting friends, relatives and
party affiliates, are particularly high when the positions are considered lucrative, or provide

opportunities for illicit enrichment and/or when unemployment rates are high and public
service positions can bring stability of income and a range of other benefits.
 In such situations, the existence of high discretionary powers, combined with lack of strong
accountability systems, checks and balances and weak transparency mechanisms serve as
enablers that facilitate corrupt practices.
Fight against nepotism and ensuring impartial recruitment
The establishment of merit-based recruitment and promotion policies, merit-based appraisal

systems and performance management, transparent and attractive pay and an efficient system of
internal controls come to play a vital role in preventing corruption. Steps needed in this regard are
as follows:
 The elaboration of job profiles/descriptions, clearly indicating the requirements and

qualifications needed from the job holder;
 Transparency in advertising open positions;
 Clear and transparent procedures for selection;
 Clear and transparent appointment/selection criteria;
 The provision of evidences, confirming the qualifications of the successful candidates;
 The inclusion of unambiguous terms and conditions of service in the job

contracts/appointments;
 Establishing a remuneration that corresponds to the duties and responsibilities of the post;
 Establishing a system for annual performance appraisals for determination of effectiveness,

training needs, career progression and promotion
 Preventing conflict of interest:
o Public officials should not be involved in any recruitment and selection procedures
that question their impartiality;
o Family members cannot be in a situation where one is the direct supervisor of the
other;
o Any conflict of interests of a candidate for the position of public official should be
resolved before the appointment.
Conclusion
Given that public confidence levels and corruption perceptions are determined by the quality and
the performance of the employees working in each particular institution, the establishment of
sound human resources management practices, ensuring that local and regional administrations hire
the people who are best suited, qualified and motivated, is of utmost importance for underpinning
public trust and fighting corruption. Such practices serve ‘as a steward of democracy’

A person’s moral decision of what is right and wrong is not the sheer application of a
mathematical principle. Many variables come into play when examining how to conduct
a person’s life. Discuss. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about the ways to strengthen moral character among civil servants.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by mentioning about moral relativism.
Body:
Write about the various determinants that are involved in deciding whether an action is moral right
or wrong. Write about the variation or relativity of moral actions across time and space. Substantiate
wit examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Moral decisions are made in dilemmas where the well-being of both self and others are at stake, and
are guided by their ethics, principles, and convictions. A person experiences reality inside their head
and we premise our personal version of reality upon the accumulation of knowledge. Decision-
making entails the identification and application of personal knowledge in a just and virtuous
manner. The only measure of personal integrity is whether a person derives their own judgment in a
rational manner and then determinedly implements the moral judgment regardless of the possibility
of encountering the derision and scorn of other people
Body
While making a decision, there are several factors that come into play. They may be a person’s own
beliefs influenced by family, friends and religion. Decisions may be influenced by the context that
may change once the context is changed.
Over the years, philosophers have recognized five different frameworks for approaching moral
issues. These approaches developed over many years, ranging from Ancient Greek times to the 19th
century. Each of them is designed to deliver the most virtuous and just resolution to a moral
dilemma. The five approaches are:
 The Utilitarian Approach: The Utilitarian Approach addresses a decision by determining

what is the most beneficial or causes the least amount of harm. The ethical action in this
approach is the one that causes the most amount of good for the largest amount of people.
 The Rights Approach: This approach stipulates that the best ethical action is that which
protects the ethical rights of those who are affected by the action. It emphasizes the belief
that all humans have a right to dignity. This is based on a formulation of Kant’s categorical
imperative that says: “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own

person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as
a means to an end.”
 The Fairness Approach: The most influential version of this approach today is found in the
work of American philosopher John Rawls, who argued, along Kantian lines, that just ethical
principles are those that would be chosen by free and rational people in an initial situation
of equality. This hypothetical contract is considered fair or just because it provides a
procedure for what counts as a fair action, and does not concern itself with the
consequences of those actions.
 The Common-Good Approach: This approach to ethics underscores the networked aspects
of society and emphasizes respect and compassion for others, especially those who are
more vulnerable.
 The Virtue Approach: One long-standing ethical principle argues that ethical actions should
be consistent with ideal human virtues. Aristotle, for example, argued that ethics should be
concerned with the whole of a person’s life, not with the individual discrete actions a person
may perform in any given situation.
Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced
method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should
impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is essential.
When practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically
without consulting the specific steps. This is one reason why we can sometimes say that we have a
“moral intuition” about a certain situation, even when we have not consciously thought through the
issue. We are practiced at making ethical judgments, just as we can be practiced at playing the
piano, and can sit and play well “without thinking.” Nevertheless, it is not always advisable to follow
our immediate intuitions, especially in particularly complicated or unfamiliar situations.
One of the most important things to do at the beginning of ethical deliberation is to locate, to the
extent possible, the specifically ethical aspects of the issue at hand. Sometimes what appears to be
an ethical dispute is really a dispute about facts or concepts.
For example, some Utilitarians might argue that the death penalty is ethical because it deters crime
and thus produces the greatest amount of good with the least harm. Other Utilitarians, however,
might argue that the death penalty does not deter crime, and thus produces more harm than good.
The argument here is over which facts argue for the morality of a particular action, not simply over
the morality of particular principles.
Conclusion
Making ethical decisions requires sensitivity to the ethical implications of problems and situations. It
also requires practice. Having a framework for ethical decision making is essential. Also, in the field
of administration it helps to have a right set of Code of Ethics and conduct to remove dilemmas in
decision making and also to remove discretionary powers to maximum possible extent.
What is international morality? Do you think it is more of theoretical concept rather

than being a practical norm? Critically examine. (150 words)
Why the question:

To write international morality and its nature.
Directive:
Introduction:
Start by defining international morality.
Body:
Start by explaining what is International ethics – moral principles, customary International Law,
Human rights, Cooperation, Non-aggression etc. Cite examples to substantiate your points.
Next, write about if its just theoretical concept or it is applied in practise as well.
Conclusion:
Conclude by giving a balanced opinion on international morality.
Introduction
Ethical questions are central to the study of international relations, as it is a field of study concerned
with war and peace, trade and production, and law and rights. Yet, a persistent conventional wisdom
suggests ethics are marginal to international relations.
Realists believe that International relations is solely based on power and national interest and has no
place for morality. In the words of Thucydides “the strong do what they can and the weak suffer
what they must”.”
Body
Do Ethical considerations have a say in international relations?
To answer this question, realists and idealists have an ongoing debate. But since the second world
war, the debate was settled largely in favour of the realists.
Hans Morgenthau, gave 6 principles of Realism in International Relations
 Politics is governed by Objective Laws which have roots in Human Nature:
o The first principle of political realism holds that “politics, like society in general, is
governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.” Humans are
power seeking by nature and so are the states.
 National Interest defined in terms of National Power:
o No considerations of Moral Imperatives when it comes to national interest. For eg:

Even though India espoused Panchsheel principles, China went to war with India in
1962 without as much of a warning.
 National Interest is always dynamic and it keeps changing. Eg: Russia had imposed arms
embargo on Pakistan by being a friend to India, which was lifted recently.
 Abstract Moral Principles cannot be applied to Politics:
o Politics is not ethics and the ruler is not a moralist. The primary function of a state is
to satisfy and protect the demands of national interest by means of national power.

 No universal moral principle in international relations
o Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with
the moral principles that govern the universe. It refuses to accept that the national
interests and policies of any particular nation reflect universally applied moral
principles.
 Autonomy of International Relations: It is neither ethics nor law or economics. It is an

autonomous discipline where national interest reigns supreme
However, it must be noted that, it is without the element of morality that USA decided to use
nuclear bomb on Japan. Only after this plan was executed, the world became aware of the
devastating consequences that had ensued. Below are examples that highlight this norm.
 The alleged just war cause where a country thinks it’s their moral responsibility to save the
world. E.g.: USA and Iraq war.
 Threat to the Rules-based order of the world by side-lining of the Global bodies like UNSC,
WTO such as USA. Pursuing unilateralism and Protectionism goes against the ideal of Rules-
based international world order.
 China’s dominance in the South China Sea and its policy of “Debt-Trap diplomacy”, “Island-
encirclement” and “String of Pearls” show that there is no adherence to morality.
International morality and International Relations
 Rights and Responsibilities: The UNPeackeeping mission is based on the principle of

universal peace. This is the responsibility of the Security Council and all the nations to
maintain universal peace. India believes in this ideology and has been the largest cumulative
troop contributing nation.
 Equality: Ethics aim at “Peaceful World”, “Respect for All” & “Equality” while forming
international organizations, declarations & forums. E.g.: The demand for equality in IMF &
UNO shows the demand of adhering to ethics in a way.
 Resolving Tensions: Ethics helps to avoid the “Ego Clash” & “Ideological Clash” between two
or more nations. For instance, the disruption between India & Pakistan relations can be
avoided if both take a decision based on ethics.
 Solidarity: Natural disasters and refugee crisis situations require a more compassionate view
of the global community. These are not isolated events and rather, the duty of every global
citizen to help in the times of crisis. g.- Aid during natural disasters (Nepal earthquake)
 Human rights: Adherence to human rights is vital after the Decalaration of Human Rights in
the UN Charter. Eg- lack of ethics in the international relation has been the cause of wars &
genocide many times in history (Rawnda and Burundi) and also like the first world war.
Conclusion
International ethic is not just an ethic of some leading country, it is not simply an ethic of a powerful
country having obligations towards others, because of the power they have over others.
International ethics may be elaborated as, that which enables one to participate more actively in

shaping and building good international community. The vision of international community that
every country has and reality of an international community provides us with food for thought, on
what ought to be the nature and purpose of investing in international relations to build an
international community.
India should take the approach of treating drug addiction as moral and a medical hazard
rather than a criminal challenge. Analyse. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about taking an empathetic approach towards helping drug addicts recover from drug
addiction.
Directive:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Introduction:
Begin by stating that concept of retribution and deterrence approach to counter drug menace has
not been fruitful and has only led to the drug networks remaining underground.
Body:
First mention that the harsh approach has created a lot of stigma and lack of intent to approach
medical institutions people addicted to drugs. Many a times being unaware and unguided, leads to
overdoses and death.
Next, state the need for a humane and persuasive approach to deaddiction on lines of Portugal
model. This would lead to a number of people voluntarily accessing the public health care facilities
for drug related concerns.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating that human rights and public health must be centre of the discourse rather than
punishing the victims of drug addiction.
Introduction
Substance abuse disorder, or drug addiction, can be defined as a progressive disease that causes
people to lose control of the use of some substance despite worsening consequences of that use.
Substance use disorder can be life-threatening.
Body
Issues with treating drug addict as a criminal
 The idea of treating drug users as criminals came from the fact they use or are in possession
of drugs, which by law are declared illegal.
 According to legal logic, anybody who uses or is in possession of illegal things, be they drugs,
guns or counterfeit money, is deemed a law offender.
 It dissuades the other drug addicts to get themselves absolved of the addiction.
 The stigma attached to drug addicts will further catapult.
Drug addicts should be treated as a victim

 Addiction should not be seen as a character flaw, but as an ailment that any other person
could be struggling with. Therefore, the stigma associated with drug taking needs to be
reduced. Society needs to understand that drug-addicts are victims and not criminals.
 Drug addiction is also considered a form of social disease, like prostitution. Not so long ago
HIV was also regarded a social disease.
 All the available evidence shows, beyond any doubt, that punitive measures alone, no
matter how harsh, do not achieve the goal of reducing drug consumption.
 Worse, in many cases prohibition and punishment have disastrous consequences.
 That is why Laws on narcotics and addictive drugs provides treatment and rehabilitation for
drug addicts, but not for drug traffickers or dealers
 The stigmatization of drug users, the fear of police repression and the risk of criminal
prosecution make access to treatment much more difficult.
 Instead of insisting on repressive measures that are, at best ineffective, at worst

counterproductive, it chose a bold approach that favours more humane and efficient
policies.
Portugal Model of Drug Policy
 Portugal’s national drug policy represents a desirable paradigm shift in global drug policy.
 Under the new strategy, the purchase, possession, and consumption of illicit drugs have
been downgraded from criminal to administrative offenses.
 A key concept underlying Portugal’s drug policy is prevention
 Portugal is wisely investing in harm reduction and in forms of social regulation to reduce
drug consumption. That is why it puts so much emphasis on dissuasion and prevention.
 Portugal proves that decriminalization does not increase drug use. To the contrary, it has
demonstrated that humanitarian and pragmatic strategies can, in fact, reduce drug
consumption, addiction, recidivism, and HIV infection.
 Preventive measures may only be effective when they are systematic and not onetime
actions
Conclusion
Recognition of the need to respect human dignity, understand the life choices and social
circumstances of others, and uphold the constitutional right to health lay behind the change of
approach toward drug consumption.
By placing a moral compass, we create a clear vision of the mental processes that point
us in an ethical direction. Elaborate. (150 words)
Why the question:

Using the metaphor of the moral compass to describe conscience, our inner sense of right and wrong
offers a framework to guide our actions.
Directive:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context.
You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated
facts.
Introduction:
Start by describing what you understand by moral compass (conscience) which governs the actions
you take in day to day life.
Body:
Elaborate on how the moral compass aids in deciding what right from is wrong. Use examples to
substantiate your points.
One way is to treat others the way you want to be treated.
Next way, to use Rights Theory that obligates us to respect the rights of others and live up to our
obligations towards them.
Another way is to utilitarian perspective to do maximum good for maximum people.
Conclusion:
Completed the answer by bring out how the moral compass prevents us acting purely from self-
interest and helps us live a life of integrity.
Introduction
Moral compass is a term used to describe our inner sense of right and wrong offers a framework to
guide our actions. Conscience is inner moral sense of a person which guides him/her to regulate
his behaviour. Voice of conscience corresponds to an inner voice that judges your behaviour. Voice
of conscience is the source of ethical decision making for many.
Body
Conscience can be defined as something within each of us that tells us what is right and what is
wrong. Therefore, if one uses his/her conscience when making decisions it would be guided by what
is the right thing to do and what is wrong.
The traditional test is to apply ethical decision-making methods such as Rights Theory that obligates
us to respect the rights of others and live up to our obligations towards them. Another approach is
to evaluate the possible benefits and harms of alternative courses of action on stakeholders who
may be affected by our possible actions and choose the one that maximizes net benefits.
 Our conscience is our inner guide and it helps you figure out how to make good choices. As
we grow up, we learn right from wrong. Our conscience is the thought and feeling we have
that tells us whether something is a right or wrong thing to do or say. Thus voice of
Conscience is a consistent guide to ethical decision making.
 A person can prepare himself/herself to heed to the voice of conscience by:
 Pausing and thinking about the dimensions of issue.
 Practicing the power of silence.
 Meditating and prayer.
 Freeing oneself from external influences and selfish interests.

 A human being always comes across ethical dilemmas in the decision making the process.
Voice of Conscience acts as the guide for taking correct decisions when we have to choose
between competing sets of principles in a given, usually undesirable or perplexing, situation.
Example: Helping accident victim on your way to an interview.
 The voice of conscience of an individual help in analysing the situation from different
perspectives and help in taking the right decision.
 Voice of Conscience helps in avoiding Conflicts of interest for better decision making. It can
help in deciding between personal gains and public welfare.
 Voice of Conscience is our ability to make a practical decision in light of ethical values and
principles.
 Voice of Conscience is a person’s moral compass of right and wrong as well as the
consciousness of one’s actions. Expressions such as ‘gut feeling’ and ‘guilt’ are often applied
in conjunction with a conscience.
 The voice of conscience might suggest different principles and different behaviours to
different situations. But it for a moment help individual from not doing wrong based on
universal values.
Conclusion
Acting purely from self-interest, at best, keeps us parallel to the original position and can turn our
compass south if our actions do harm to others. We avoid going in that direction by living a life of
integrity. We also need to understand and appreciate why we should consider the needs of others
before acting. We could simply go back to The Golden Rule: Treat others the way you want to be
treated. None of us, presumably, wants to be disrespected so we should treat others respectfully.
Government organisations suffer from opacity and inherent lack of information. What
are ways to ensure transparency and accountability in government organisations? (150
words)
Why the question:
To write about ways to build and maintain a culture of accountability in government organisations
Introduction:
Start by defining transparency and accountability.
Body:
First. Write about how it transparency and accountability are not prioritised in government offices.
Next, with relevant examples elaborate on how an culture of accountability can be instilled – citizen
charters, RTI, Reward & Recognition, Autonomy & Trust, Feedback & Coaching, communication etc.
Conclusion:
Complete the answer writing about the link between accountability and efficiency.
Introduction
The idea of good governance is as old as Indian civilization. ‘Raj Dharma’ was the supreme code of
conduct or the rule of law that governed all the actions of the ruler. This description of good

governance is found in ancient Indian scriptures such as the Mahabharata, Shukracharyas’s Nitisar,
Panini’s Ashtadhyayi, Valmiki’s Ramayana and especially in Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Two main
aspects of good governance are transparency and accountability.
Body
Transparency involves the release of information and requires an open attitude about actions and
decisions, indicated by the degree to which the principal (on whose behalf the agent is supposed to
act) can monitor and evaluate the actions of the agent (who does the action)
Transparency, in governance context, is honesty and openness. Transparency is about information. It

is about the ability of the receiver to have full access to the information he wants, not just the
information the sender is willing to provide.
Accountability exists in a relationship between two parties where one has expectations of the other,
and the other is obliged to provide information about how they have met these expectations or face
the consequences of failing to do so. There are two components of accountability: Answerability &
Enforcement.
Ways to ensure transparency and accountability
 The Right to Information Act, 2005: This establishes the legal right for a citizen to access the
information that they want. Right to Information law not only require governments to
provide information upon request, but also impose a duty on public bodies to actively
disclose, disseminate and publish, as widely as possible, the information of general public
interest even before it has been requested (as per section 4(1)(b) of the Act).
 Thus, RTI is a tool through which citizens can examine, audit, review and assess the
government works and decisions to ensure that these are consistent with the
principles of public interest, integrity and justice.
 Under the Right to Information Act, public servants can also be questioned on their
conduct Polity & Governance – II 134 and, thus, it makes them accountable.
 Right to information therefore promotes openness, transparency and accountability

in administration by making the government more open to public scrutiny.
 Citizen’s Charter Act: Under the Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and
Services and Redressed of their Grievances Act, 2011 every public authority is required to
publish a Citizens Charter specifies the category of goods supplied and services rendered
by it, the time frame within which such goods shall be supplied or services be rendered; to
establish information and facilitation centre for efficient and effective delivery of services
and redressal of grievances.
 Social Audit: Social audits refer to a legally mandated process where potential and existing
beneficiaries evaluate the implementation of a programme by comparing official records
with ground realities. These audits were first made statutory in the 2005 Rural Employment
Act. The objectives of social audits include providing accurate identification of
requirements; prioritization of developmental activities as per requirements; proper
utilization of funds; the conformity of the developmental activity with the stated goals
and; quality of service.

 The involvement of people in developmental activities through social audit ensures

that money is spent where it is actually needed along with reduction of wastages
and corruption.
 It promotes integrity and a sense of community among people and leads to

improved standard of governance.
 Ombudsman: Also called the Lokpal and the Lokayukta, it is an anti-corruption authority
constituted at the national and state levels respectively. It investigates allegations of
corruption and mal-administration against public servants and is tasked with speedy
redressal of public grievances. The public can directly approach the Lokayukta with
complaints of corruption, nepotism or any other form of maladministration against any
government official.
 A Lokayukta inquiries into allegations of corruption, misuse of authority and wrong

doings of public functionaries, including the Chief Minister, Ministers and MLAs.
 e-Governance: The National e-Governance Plan aims at electronic delivery of all public
services to citizens through common service delivery outlets. It ensures greater efficiency,
transparency & reliability of such services at affordable costs to realize the basic needs of
the common man.
Conclusion
Governments today operate in a very complex environment with stakeholders consisting of different
interest groups, competing demands on limited resources and complex legal requirements,
therefore a more resilient accountability and transparency mechanism is required that encourages
responsible governance.


Case Studies on above issues.

You are the S.P of a district. The C.M of your state is against the VIP culture followed by
some politicians. He passes orders to do away with VIP culture. Consequently, the DGP
issues order to withdraw police security provided to over 100 people in the state.
According to the order, police security was a part of VIP culture which was causing drain
on resources as well as unnecessary hassle to common man.
There are 5 people in your district from whom security has to be withdrawn within 24 hours of the
order. You do a risk assessment of the 5 people. You come to conclusion that 4 out of 5 people do
not need security cover. However, there is serious threat to the life of the 5th person, Mr X, if his
security cover is withdrawn. Anti-social elements are posing a risk to safety and his life because of
past political rivalry. (250 words)
1. Who are the stake holders in the above case?
2. What are the dilemmas in front of you?
3. What will be your course of action?
4. How can we put an end to VIP culture in India?
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Case Study Fridays’
in Mission-2022 Secure.
Introduction:
In brief, mention the facts of the case and the major ethical issues involved along with the
stakeholders.
Body:
Write in detail about the course of action that you will take to address the problem.
Next, write about ways in which VIP culture can be ended.
Conclusion:
Stress on the importance of change to end VIP culture.
Introduction
VIP culture is that of assuming self-importance wherever one can, and treating oneself as ‘superior’
& ‘entitled to special treatment’ when they hold ‘important’ positions in society.
There is a sense of entitlement merely because they come from powerful sections of society. For
those who belong to the elite club it means no standing in queues, preferential treatment in availing
government services and even disregard of the law.
The history of VIP culture in our country goes back to the British era where the masters enjoyed
power and privileges over common citizens.

Body
Stakeholders
 Myself as SP,
 CM as head of the government
 All those whose security cover were withdrawn
 Mr X in particular.
Dilemmas faced
There are strict orders to comply and remove security of people and ban the VIP culture. It is true
that extra security cover is a drain on resources and man-power who can be used productively
elsewhere for the greater welfare of the society.
However, every life is important. Hence if there is perceived and confirmed threat to the life of Mr X,
I must bring it to the attention of the higher authority and try to ensure that Mr X’s safety is assured.
Sometime, for the greater good, injustice to one person also cannot be justified.
But proposing to continue additional security for one person by myself will also attract punitive
measures on me, as it may seem that I’m bypassing higher authority orders.
Course of action
Firstly, I will tip off Mr X about the threat he has from anti-social elements. So that he may beef up
the security through private firms and ensure his safety through other means.
Secondly, I would try to appraise my higher officials regarding the threat and seek guidance on the
next course of action. As officially, I’m bound to maintain law and order of the society I will carry an
investigation to see if there is a larger conspiracy involved. If the investigation yields result, I would
take action as per IPC sections. Post this I would conduct another risk assessment and based on that
I would recommend whether security to Mr X is needed.
How to put an end to VIP culture in India
 The Government banned the use of red and blue beacons equating them to the symbols of
VIP culture.
o The supreme court in Abhay Singh v. Union of India case termed red beacons a
“menace”.
o It said, red lights symbolise power and a stark differentiation between those who
are allowed to use it and those who are not.
o A large number of those using vehicles with red lights have no respect for the laws
of the country and they treat the ordinary citizens with contempt.
 Conscience should guide us. There cannot be rules and regulations to guide every action. In
the absence of any such laws, rules or regulations, conscience should guide a bureaucrat’s
decision both in public and private life.
 We must ban the habitual traffic diversions and road blocks when VIPs are on the move.
 Every urban commuter is familiar with the interminable wait for some minister or the other
to pass by or the security personnel who push traffic to the kerb to make way for a VIP.
 For a country that aspires to a seat at the global high table, India would do well to emulate
the relatively simple style of leaders in western democracies.
 Though the privileges are justifiably considered compensation for public servitude, a little
less overt display of privilege would allay those negative perceptions.
Conclusion
At the heart of VIP culture debate is ‘equality’. And by equality we mean not merely formal equality
(of equality before the law and the equal protection of the laws). There is a moral facet to it as well.
The argument, which has a moral force, is that in a democratic republic like ours, all citizens — rich
or poor — ought to be treated alike, at least in certain respects.
You are the Sarpanch of a Panchayat. There is a primary school run by the government
in your area. Midday meals are provided to children attending the school. The
headmaster has now appointed a new cook in the school to prepare the meals.
However, when it is found that cook is from Dalit community, almost half of the
children belonging to higher castes are not allowed to take meals by their parents.
Consequently the attendance in the schools falls sharply. This could result in the
possibility of discontinuation of midday meal scheme, thereafter of teaching staff and
subsequent closing down the school. (250 Words) (UPSC 2015)
(a) Discuss some feasible strategies to overcome the conflict and to create right ambiance.
(b) What should be the responsibilities of different social segments and agencies to create positive
social ambiance for accepting such changes?

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context and enumerate the stakeholders.
Body:
First, write about few strategies you can take as the Sarpanch to overcome this issue and create
harmony.
Next, write about responsibilities of various stakeholders to create social solidarity.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The given case deals with the ethical issue of social (caste) discrimination on one side and issue of
children dropping out of the school on the other. The ethical dilemma for the Sarpanch is keeping
the Dalit cook employed and also encouraging parents to send their kids to school.
Body
Stakeholders of the case
 The Sarpanch
 Headmaster of the school and the cook in the school.
 The kids and their parents belonging to higher castes.
 Dalits in the society.
 Civil societies, NGOs working in social development.
 District administration, State and central governments.
Ethical issues involved in the case
 Caste-based Discrimination: The students are not attending the school after their parents
are against the cook from Dalit community. It is the issue of still prevalent caste based social
discrimination in the society.
o It is against humanity which focuses on the equality of all men.
 Constitutional Morality: Our constitution confers equal rights to all men and discriminating
on the grounds of caste is against the constitutional morality.
o According to the constitution untouchability is a crime and cannot be promoted in

any form.
Some possible strategies to overcome the conflict
 Persuading the Parents: I will hold a series of meetings with the school administration and
the parents of the kids from higher caste communities.
o The parents can be persuaded to send their kids to school for the sake of their kids’
studies and career.
 Cook can be rested for some days: I will also hold meetings with all the communities of the
village and try to build a society based on harmony, empathy and compassion.
o Meanwhile cook from the dalit community can be relieved from the job for a few
days in order to calm down the immediate situation distrust and students would
return to the school.
 Setting an Example: I will ask my family members and like-minded relatives to send their
kids to government school and eat the mid-day meal cooked by the dalit cook.
o This can set an example for other upper caste families to follow the suit.
Responsibilities of different social segments and agencies to create positive social ambience
 School and Education system: Our education system must focus more on propagating social
elements such as equality in society.
o If these values are inculcated in students of today, they can become better citizens
of tomorrow.
 Gram Sabha: Gram sabha has a responsibility to bring a social change in the village. Being a
Sarpanch, I will have this duty to inform all the members of the Gram Sabhas about the evils
of casteism and untouchability and have launched a campaign for the boycott of these evils.

 Reducing conflicts: Efforts are to be made to remove the conflicts between different social
groups that can give rise to fights. If this can be eliminated then it would be a big
achievement in bringing social equality.
 Local Administration and Civil Society: Local administration, police and civil societies have a
responsibility to spread the awareness about the rights of lower caste communities. They
should continuously work towards the integration of the society.
Conclusion
The measures taken for correcting the evil of social discrimination may not show immediate impacts
but the efforts should continue. Tactics of social influence and persuasion will surely help in reducing
caste barriers and achieving an equal society
You are the S.P of a district. There was a peaceful protest organised in your district
against unemployment and demand for jobs. But suddenly, the protest took a violent
turn and some miscreants indulged in arson, vandalising government property like
trains, buses and pelting stones on policemen in which 2 constables were severely
injured.
They very next day some of the miscreants were identified and the higher ups ordered you to raze
some ‘illegal’ constructions belonging to the accused. On reaching one such spot, you ascertained
that few of these said constructions were not illegal but were legitimate having all relevant
documents. On conveying the same to the higher ups, they instructed you carry on with the
demolition nevertheless.
(a) What are the options available in front of you? Evaluate their pros and cons
(b) Which course of action will you take? Justify.
(c) Is this case an example of the administration being the ‘judge, jury and executioner’? Debate

Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Case Study Fridays’
in Mission-2023 Secure.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context and enumerate the stakeholders.
Body:
First, write about various options available to you and write pros and cons of each.
Next, in detail explain the course of action you will take and justify it ethically.
Next, discuss both sides regarding the nature of above case study and the administration being
‘judge, jury and executioner’
Conclusion:
Introduction
Unemployment is a rising problem in India where the demographic dividend is high while the youth
are not involved in productive work. Protests have been rising in this backdrop and violence is being
done. Both issues need to be addressed and violence cannot be an answer to anything.

Body
Stakeholders
 Myself as SP.
 Youth who are protesting.
 Government and officials at higher-up
 Accused and miscreants
Ethical issues involved
 Peaceful protest as a right
 Violence and impact on society
 Injustice to those who are injured
Options available
 Option 1: To raze the legal houses along with illegal ones of the accused
Pros: Government and higher-ups will not take retributive action against me. Some of
the illegal construction will be razed and it will serve as an example to others.
Cons: Legal households are affected and it is a gross injustice to people of such families.
Criminal justice system will be null and void while Rule of Law gets violated. The rights
of accused is also abrogated and sets a bad example to the other junior officers who will take
Such steps.
 Option 2: To not raze legitimate houses and just carry out demolition of illegal houses. And
punish the accused as per the law.
Pros: This way, there will be natural justice. People who have worked hard all their
lifeto make a home will be saved by government’s ruthless orders. Law of the land
will remain intact and take its course.
Cons: Action may be taken against me for not following higher-up orders and I may have to face
punishment postings or targeted inquiries.
Course of Action
Option 2 is a better choice, as there will be justice and no violation of rights of people. The district
will not become lawless and people will repose faith in the Police and the criminal justice system.
Along with these measures I would ensure that there will be no gatherings of more than 4 in
backdrop of violent protests and ensure peace in the district by strict patrolling. In future, these
protests will be monitored thoroughly with permission to protest in a particular place only.
Is this example of administration being judge jury and executioner?

Yes. There is a dangerous tendency to slip from retributive justice to an emphasis on revenge.
Vengeance is a matter of retaliation, of getting even with those who have hurt us
It can also serve to teach wrongdoers how it feels to be treated in certain ways. Like retribution,
revenge is a response to wrongs committed against innocent victims and reflects the proportionality
of the scales of justice.
It is not surprising that revenge seldom brings the relief that victims seek. The victim simply gets
caught up in feelings of hatred. Vengeful motives lead individuals to exact more than necessary,
causing even further harm and setting in motion a downward spiral of violence.
Police should not act as judge, jury and executioner. This can lead to grave implications of
fundamental rights abuses and abuse of state power.
Conclusion
The pathways of justice are not linear nor without obstacles. But we have, as a people, chosen the
route of democracy and the Constitution, so we really have no option but to school ourselves in
constitutional morality. For as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar cautioned in anticipation, constitutional morality
must replace public morality. It is not easy, because it is not a natural sentiment. But it is non-
negotiable.
You are Vice Principal of a degree college in one of the middle-class towns. The principal
has recently retired and management is looking for his replacement. There are also
feelers that the management may promote you as Principal. In the meantime, during
the annual examination, the flying squad which came from the university caught two
students red-handed involving in unfair means. A senior lecturer of the college was
personally helping these students in this act. This senior lecturer also happens to be
close to the management. One of the students was the son of a local politician who was
responsible for getting college affiliated to the present reputed university. The second
student was the son of a local businessman who has donated maximum funds for
running the college. You immediately informed the management regarding this
unfortunate incident. The management told you to resolve the issue with the flying
squad at any cost. They further said that such an incident will not only tarnish the image
of the college but also the politician and the businessman are very important
personalities for the functioning of the college. You were also given hint that your
further promotion to Principal depends on your capability in resolving this issue with
the flying squad. In the meantime, you were intimidated by your administrative officer
that certain members of the student union are protesting outside the college gate
against the senior lecturer and the students involved in this incident are demanding
strict action against defaulters.
a) Discuss the ethical issue involved in the case.
b) Critically examine the options available with you as Vice Principal. What option will you adopt
and why? (250 words) (UPSC 2021)

Introduction:
In brief, mention the facts of the case
Body:
Give the major ethical issues involved along with the stakeholders.
Write the various alternatives which you can take as the course of action. Evaluate their pros and
cons.
Select the best alternative which solves the issue and is ethically justified. Give solutions for any cons
that arise from the possible solution.
Conclusion:
Stress on the importance of fortitude in such cases.
Introduction
The glaring issues in the college where blatant misuse of power is being done sets a bad examples to
the students and to the society. This case highlights issue of injustice, immorality and abuse of
power by the wealthy. An education institution that is expected to set a good example is violating
the principles of ethics.
Body
Stakeholders
 Myself as an aspiring Principal
 Students who were caught and their future
 Other students protesting outside
 Management and senior lecture of degree-college
Ethical issues involved
 Integrity: The foremost ethical issue in this case is that of professional integrity. While the
senior lecturer has compromised his professional integrity, the situation is also a test of my
own integrity, as it creates a conflict between my values/duty and personal interest.
 Test of moral strength (morality): The present situation is also a test of my moral strength,
as one hand it is the lucrative opportunity to become the principal of the college and on the
other hand it is the duty to do the right thing.
 Impartiality: The present situation involves the issue of impartiality, as the

examination procedure has to be fair for all, any leniency for a few students will make
the process partial for other students.
 Professional ethics: The situation involves a test of my professional ethics. As it remains to

be seen, if I can carry out my duty without any considerations of fear or favour.
Options available
 Option 1: To listen to the advice of the school management and try to resolve the issue, at
any cost, without taking any actions against the students.
o Merits: This option will save the reputation of the college, in short term. The college
will continue to gain, political and financial patronage from the politician and the It
might make the possibility of my elevation as principal more certain.
o Demerits: It will compromise the sanctity of procedures. It will be impartial for the
other students. It will tarnish the credibility of the college. It will set a bad precedent
for the future. It will compromise my own professional ethics/morality and integrity.
It will aggravate the student protests.
 Option 2: To let the flying squad/concerned authorities take strict action against the senior
lecturer, and the two students, according to the procedure, in a fair way.
o Merits: It will enforce the sanctity of procedures. It will enhance the credibility of
the college. It will set a right precedent for the future. It will ensure check against
corruption/malpractices by teachers. It will calm the protests by other students.
o Demerits: It might jeopardise future of the two children It might have financial
implications for the college. It might lead to a bad publicity for the college. It
will/might tarnish the reputation of the families of the concerned students. My
chances of elevation will be diminished.
 Option 3: To convince the flying squad not to take any action, and thereafter, punishing the
boys and the lecturer after conducting an internal enquiry.
o Merits: It will save the reputation of the college in the short term and its patrons. It
will save the career of the two students and the lecturer. It will show my capability
for crisis management.
o Demerits: It will aggravate the protests. It might encourage more such incidents in
the future. It will compromise the sanctity of fair procedures.
I will adopt the second option. Even though, it might bring a bad name to the college and
may sabotage my promotion, it is the right course of action because:
 College is a place for students to learn righteous values. This option will teach the
students importance of ethics and morality.
 Also, involvement of a senior lecturer in the incident, highlights that the situation requires
strict action.
 As gaining promotion by unfair ways, will defy the sanctity of means, violating the principle
of purity of means and ends.
 This option will be fair towards all the students who were honestly writing their exams.
 This option will aid in pacifying the protests by the students.
 This option will uphold the credibility of the college as a fair and impartial institution.
Conclusion
Even if one is ambitious, only right means leads to right destinations and not through obliging to
unjust measures. Gandhiji said that if we sow the seeds of babool, one cannot expect or reap rose
flowers.




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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

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Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

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Moral indignation introduces an ethical element to this emotion. To be righteous is to position

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“Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom”

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Self-awareness is something that everyone can always improve. It is emotional intelligence,

The experience of self-discovery is undoubtedly challenging. Most knowledge comes gradually

Difficulty level: Easy

The mind is everything. What you think you become - Buddha

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Vices that must not be present in a civil servant

o There must be fast-tracking the high pendency of cases related to corruption

Avoiding and eliminating vices

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Cognitive dissonance is a phenomenon in which a person experiences psychological distress due to

1. change one of the dissonant cognitions, such as changing one’s attitude;

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2. add consonant cognitions to reduce overall inconsistency, such as seeking information to

3. diminish the importance of cognition in dissonant situations, such as trivializing the

Ways to eliminate Cognitive Dissonance:

 Denying and rejecting

o Rejection comes easy when a dissonant activity is oft-repeated.

o People frequently reduce cognitive dissonance by discounting and dismissing

 Convincing Self Or Others

 Rationalizing The Behaviour

 Reconciling The Differences

Majoritarian views & Popular morality affecting Constitutional Rights

In the era of competition and commercialisation, it is a herculean task to sustain as a

Why is it a herculean task for leader to be ethical?

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 The rise of ‘jingoistic nationalism’ in confrontation with an international cooperative endeavor to

 Notwithstanding the wholly welcome technological empowerment of vast swathes of humanity,

Traits necessary for a leader in today’s era

 Leaderships goals and visions should be communicated fast and effectively.

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Cardinal ethical attributes of civil servant

Inculcation of ethical traits

 Right to review decisions: within judicial / administrative procedure, there should be

Relevance of Objectivity in Public Services:

 Critical thinking and taking rational decisions

 By thinking both pros and cons and then taking a decision.

 within judicial / administrative procedure, there should be mechanism for appellate

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Relevance in Private life

 It helps to tackle prejudices and stereotypes.

Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

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The Categorical Imperative is supposed to provide a way for us to evaluate moral

o An example of perfect duty is the avoidance of suicide.

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o An example would be that of slavery or prostitution.