The Military Balance 1965

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The Military Balance

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Foreword
Published online: 22 Jan 2009.
To cite this article: (1965) Foreword, The Military Balance, 65:1, 1-1, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459723
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Foreword
This is the seventh of the Institute's annual estimates of the nature and size of the
military forces of the principal powers. It covers the Communist powers, those
countries which have mutual defence treaties with the United States (excluding Latin
America), and a number of important non-aligned countries.
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The Institute assumes full responsibility for the facts and judgments which
the document contains. The co-operation of governments has been sought and in
most cases received. Not all countries have been equally co-operative in producing
information, and some figures have been estimated. The Institute owes a considerable
debt to a number of its own members and consultants who have assisted in compiling
and checking the material.
This document examines the military balance as it existed at the end of
October 1965, and reflects the changes that will, on present indications, occur during
the ensuing year. No projections of force levels or weapons beyond 1966 have been
included.
The material in this document should not be regarded as a comprehensive
guide to the nature of the balance of strategic power: it does not reflect the facts
of geography, vulnerability, efficiency, etc., on either side. It may, however, be found
useful in the context of discussions on strategy and disarmament.
November 1965
Note on the Figures

Manpower figures given are those of regular forces, although an indication
of the size of para-military forces, militia, or reserve forces has been given in the
sections dealing with individual countries. Naval strengths are those of active fleets
and ships in commission only, except where otherwise stated. Vessels of less than
100 tons standard displacement have been excluded. Figures for defence budgets are
exclusive of military aid.
© The Institute for Strategic Studies 1965

This publication is copyright. Reproduction of the whole or of sections
of the report is permitted only with the written permission of the Institute.
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The Warsaw pact nations

To cite this article: (1965) The Warsaw pact nations, The Military Balance, 65:1, 1-8, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459724
PART I: THE COMMUNIST POWERS
THE WARSAW PACT NATIONS

In Soviet strategic affairs, 1964-65 was dominated The Soviet armed forces still constitute a
by two events : the overthrow of Mr Khrushchev, heavy drain on the economy, and are still
and the display of a number of new types of primarily geared to the worst but least likely
missile, indicating progress particularly in large casé, that of a general nuclear war initiated by
solid-fuelled missiles and in the development of a Western surprise attack. The importance of
an anti-ballistic missile. each component of them in such a war (and
The overthrow of Mr Khrushchev in October therefore their peacetime size and shape) is still
1964 does not appear to have been primarily a subject for argument, as is the question of
motivated by dissatisfaction with his military conflict limitation in Europe, and the desirability
policies. The military establishment seems to of developing a capacity for limited war outside
Downloaded by [Simon Fraser University] at 12:41 12 November 2014
have stood aloof from the proceedings, and in Europe. That discussion has been muted since
spite of the fact that most of the incumbent Khrushchev's departure does not mean that it
military leaders were Khrushchev appointees has ceased; and it is worth noting that Soviet
who had been associated with him in the war, military suspicion of American intentions, as
there have not been major changes. They are shown in the NATO nuclear force proposals and
almost all in their middle or late sixties, and of the escalation in Vietnam, is, if anything, more
a cautious and conservative cast of mind. The strongly voiced than last year. This is a strong
retirement of many of them cannot be postponed indication of the pressures with which the
for long, but only when this takes place will the political leaders, themselves former colleagues
future intentions of the political leadership and, in general, supporters of Khrushchev, are
become fully clear. Under the new leadership, having to contend in their efforts to maintain
political figures have made only minimal the détente and contain defence spending.
reference to matters of military strategy, and The display of missiles at the VE-Day 20th
the military leaders, for their part, have avoided anniversary parade on 9 May 1965 showed a
the public hints at disagreement with government number of interesting new features. Most
policy which were such a marked feature of important were two new missiles claimed to be
Khrushchev's period of office. There have been a solid-fuel ICBM and a mobile MRBM, and a
no apparent changes in defence policy, except large cylindrical device claimed to be an anti-
that the token reduction in defence expenditure ballistic missile. A very large three-stage ICBM
announced in December 1964 has probably been attracted much attention by its size, but mili-
rescinded. tarily was of lesser importance than the others.
The special circumstances of the year have It is not considered by Western experts that the
meant that, for the first time since 1955, there solid-fuel ICBM, the mobile MRBM, or the
is no single political figure competent (or ABM represent operational systems, but the
permitted) to lay down the law on strategy. In first two indicate that the Soviet Union is
1953-55, the military seized the opportunity to progressing in a field in which they have so far
revive strategic controversies which Stalin had lagged behind the United States, and may thus
previously dismissed by ex cathedra statement. be able to deploy a hardened force at less cost
This time the circumstances are different, in that than would be the case with the present liquid-
the more relaxed atmosphere prevailing under fuelled systems.
Khrushchev made discussion of current strategic No ABM system is at present capable of
problems more feasible. There is no backlog of upsetting the strategic balance, but the appear-
important matters awaiting ventilation, although ance of the new ABM suggests that the Soviet
there are several questions to which answers Union is pursuing a programme similar to that
have not yet been found. of the United States. This new device corre-
1
sponds to Nike-Zeus, and the previously strated. A recent statement by Mr Brezhnev on
shown aerodynamic vehicle {Griffon) provides the question of 'improving the organization' of
some degree of point defence by terminal the Pact probably referred to changes in
intercept, as does the American Sprint ABM. command structure rather than an increase in
It is probable that the Soviet Union, like the military forces. The Soviet Union has given
United States, is concerned to provide a defence launchers for short-range tactical missiles to some
against the limited strategic forces of the small of the Warsaw Pact countries, but there is no
nuclear powers - Britain, France, and soon evidence that nuclear warheads have been handed
China. But in the public Soviet pronouncements over to these countries.
on their ABM, the system is described as
intended to provide protection against current
American missiles, not against those which the
other nuclear powers may develop. It has been SOVIET UNION
the practice of the Soviet Union in post-war General
years to make major investments in defensive Population: 228 millions.
systems. In the case of ABMs, little thought Basic military service: Army 2 years, Air Force
seems to have been given to the possibility that and Navy 4 years.
the United States would regard them as de-
Defence budget 1965: 12,800m roubles. This

stabilizing and would respond by an ABM de- reflects the reduction of 500 million roubles
ployment of its own, and possibly by increasing on last year's figures announced by Mr
the numbers of its offensive missiles as well. Kosygin in December 1964. The total repre-
Sino-Soviet relations have not been improved sents the official defence vote, and almost
by differences of view over the handüng of the certainly does not include space research costs
Vietnam situation ; but they have not deteriorated or the research and development budget for
to the point at which numbers of forces deployed advanced weapons systems. At the official
along the Sino-Soviet border have increased, exchange rate, this figure would be approxi-
apart from minor readjustments and some mately $14,400 million. At a more realistic
increase in border guards. Rumania's decision exchange rate, total Soviet military expendi-
to cut the term of military service from two ture, including elements not in the official
years to one can hardly have been welcomed by budget, is probably nearer the equivalent of
the other Warsaw Pact members, although the $40,000 million a year.
Soviet Union has itself reduced to one year the The total size of the Soviet regular forces is now
term of service of those proceeding to higher estimated to be about 3,150,000 men, a reduction
education. In the Soviet case, the numbers from last year's estimate, which reflects to some
affected annually will not be large in relation extent the lower figure announced by Marshal
to the total armed forces, and the gesture may Sokolovski in February of this year. The para-
indicate no more than that the 'lean years' of military forces, including the security and border
the low wartime birthrate have passed, so that troops of the Ministry of the Interior, have
the already fairly generous system of exemptions about 230,000 men.
can be further extended in the general interests
of the economy. Marshal Sokolovski claimed
in February 1965 that armed forces manpower Strategic Rocket Forces
had been reduced to the level of 2,423,000 laid Operational ICBMs now total around 270, an
down in 1960, but this is thought not to be increase of about 40% on the 1964 figure. At
the case. least half of these are second-generation ICBMs,
1965 marked the tenth anniversary of the which are somewhat easier to protect by means
signing of the Warsaw Pact, and there has been of hardened sites than the first-generation
a continuing programme of high-level consulta- launcher. Like the first, the second-generation
tion and joint military exercises, which cul- have powerful boosters and can carry very
minated in May 1965 at a ten-day meeting of high-yield warheads. A large three-stage rocket
Defence Ministers and military commanders was put on show in Moscow this year, but there
when new weapons and tactics were demon- is no evidence that this could carry a 50-megaton
2
warhead in a ballistic trajectory, or be targeted Far East - and in addition has staging and
from orbital flight as the Soviets have claimed. dispersal points in the Arctic. Its strength in
The chief protection of ICBM launchers is inter-continental bombers is about one-third
hardening of silos, and this process has been of that of the United States Strategic Air
continuing. The scope for active defence Command's B-52 force. There is still a very
measures, such as anti-ballistic missile systems, strong force of medium bombers for operations
is limited, but the Soviets have made more in the Eurasian theatres, and the negotiations in
ambitious claims for progress in this field than the Geneva Disarmament Conference on a
those made by the United States. 'bomber bonfire' have indicated that the Soviet
The number of MRBM and IRBM launchers Union still considers that its medium bombers
still appears to be between 700 and 750. These are important to its own security.
can cover most strategic and semi-tactical
targets such as fighter airfields in Western
Europe, Britain, and part of the Far East. There (i) Strategic Striking Power
are two types of MRBM, with ranges of 700 (a) About 120 4-jet Bisons (M-4).
and 1,100 statute miles respectively. The IRBM, About 80 Turbo-prop Bears (Tu-95), with a
with • a two-stage liquid-fuelled engine has a large winged air-to-surface missile. It is believed
range of 2,100 miles. Some of the MRBMs are
that these latter are being phased out and

mobile-based and can be transported on lorries. converted to a naval reconnaissance role.
The majority of MRBMs and IRBMs are based (b) About 900 twin-jet medium-bomber
near the western, southern, and eastern borders Badgers (Tu-16).
of the Soviet Union, the remainder being based Badger is now being replaced by Blinder, a
on the Pacific coast. high performance twin-jet supersonic bomber,
The operational personnel of the Strategic which seems mainly intended for the European
Rocket Forces, under the command of Marshal theatre, in the proportion of about one Blinder
Krylov, now totals about 180,000, a substantial to every three Badgers. A developed version of
increase over last year's figure. Blinder incorporating an air-to-surface nuclear
missile may also be introduced into service.
Air Forces Some of the discarded Badgers may be modified
The Air Forces comprise about 10,500 and assigned to the Naval Air Force.
operational aircraft. (There are in addition about
800 aircraft of the Naval Air Force.) The total
strength of the Air Forces, excluding the Naval (ii) Tactical Air Power
Air Force and the ground elements of the Air The strength of the Soviet Tactical Air Force
Defence Command, is 510,000 men. has remained fairly constant for the last five
The Air Forces are organized into five major years or so. There are at present nearly 4,000
components : aircraft altogether. These include light bombers,
(1) the Long-Range Air Force (strategic ground-attack and interceptor fighters, transport
bombers); aircraft, helicopters, and reconnaissance air-
(2) the Tactical or front-line Force, which craft.
includes fighters and tactical bombers; The aircraft in service still contain a significant
(3) the air element of the Air Defence proportion of obsolescent aircraft, such as the
Command (fighter interceptors) ; MiG-15 Fagot, MiG-17 Fresco, and the 11-28
(4) the land-based Naval Air Force (including Beagle; but it appears from the continuing
about 400 medium bombers); and introduction of new aircraft in all the various
(5) the Air Transport Force. tactical roles that the Soviet government is still
There is also an independent transport force interested in maintaining a modern and efficient
for the airborne divisions. force for the European theatre. The most notable
The Long-Range Air Force has been less new aircraft in service are the ground-attack
active in recent months than it was in the latter Fitter (Su-7), the supersonic light bomber
part of 1964. It is grouped in three main areas Brewer (gradually replacing the Beagle), and the
- Western Russia, the Central Ukraine, and the twin-engined reconnaissance aircraft Mangrove.
3
(iii) Air Defence of readiness, would require major reinforcement.
The extensive early-warning and air-defence The location of divisional headquarters is
system of the Soviet Union continues to expand roughly as follows (bearing in mind that not all
and improve in quality. The total personnel of formations are up to strength):
the separate Air Defence Command is now 75 divisions in European USSR.
estimated at 250,000 men. The defence weapons 22 divisions in Central USSR.
now in service include: 17 divisions in the Far East.
26 divisions in Eastern Europe (20 in East
Surface-to-Air Missiles Germany, 2 in Poland, 4 in Hungary).
Guideline* A 2-stage boosted anti-aircraft
missile with an impact range of about 31 The 26 divisions in the Warsaw Pact area are
statute miles, effective to a height of over among those maintained at combat strength.
80,000 feet. So are at least 12 of the divisions in the Far
Griffon. A 2-stage boosted anti-aircraft missile. East; the other 5 divisions there are thought to
Its impact range is greater than that of Guideline, be in the second category of readiness (below
and its altitude capability is somewhat greater. combat strength, but not requiring major
Ganef. A mobile anti-aircraft or surface-to- reinforcement in the event of war). The 75
surface missile with solid-fuel boosters. These divisions in European Russia are of varying
are mounted on tracked carriers and may have degrees of strength, but the majority of the
been assigned to ground forces in the field. combat-ready divisions which are not in Eastern
A new missile Galosh has been displayed at Europe and the Far East are probably among
Moscow parades, for which the Soviets have them. The 22 divisions in Central USSR would
claimed a long-range anti-ballistic missile require major reinforcement.
capability. By types of division, the distribution is
approximately:
Fighters (l)Tank divisions: 50 (9,000 men, and 375
There are probably over 6,000 fighters in medium and heavy tanks at full strength).
service, the majority of which are MiG-17 (2) Motorized rifle divisions: 90 (11,000 men,
Fresco and MiG-19 Farmer. Newer aircraft 210 medium tanks at full strength).
include the MiG-21 Fishbed, and the Sukhoi Ten of the tank divisions are in East Germany,
Su-7 Fitter and Su-9 Fishpot B, all of which one in Poland, and two in Hungary. It has been
have a maximum speed of the order of 1,200 estimated that the total force of 26 divisions in
mph and operational ceilings of about 60,000 ft. Central Europe could be increased to 70 within
The Fiddler, a long-range interceptor carrying a month if mobilization and movement were
two air-to-air missiles, might become operational unimpeded by interdiction bombing.
at some future date, but there are no indications The airborne forces total some 60,000 men,
that the short-endurance MiG-23 Flipper has organized in 7 divisions. The transport fleet
entered service. could lift two of these divisions and supporting
elements simultaneously over short or medium
ranges.
Land Forces
The military doctrines of the Soviet Army
The total size of the Soviet Army (including the still envisage a major offensive role for it in
ground elements of the Air Defence Command) future war, and accordingly emphasize training
is now estimated at 2,000,000 men. It is thought for large-scale advance at high speed. Infantry
to be organized in 140 divisions. There are three formations contain Armoured Personnel Car-
degrees of combat-readiness in the Soviet Army, riers which would enable them to advance across
and probably less than half the 140 divisions radio-active terrain. But it may be questioned
are at, or near, full combat-strength. The whether the logistics and command organization
remainder could be brought up to strength at of the Soviet Army are so highly developed that
short notice, although about a quarter of the it could accomplish the 60-mile-per-day advance
total (i.e. some 35 divisions), at the lowest degree of official theory.
* Code names of Soviet aircraft and missiles are of Tactical nuclear weapons units are now organic
NATO, not Soviet, origin. to Soviet formations whether inside or outside
4
the Soviet Union, and the conventional firepower going. The four submarine fleets are distributed
of a Soviet division is as great as that of most as follows: 70 in the Baltic fleet, 150 in the
divisions in NATO. The Soviet Army is also Arctic, 50 in the Black Sea, and about 120 in
well-equipped for chemical warfare. the Far East. The 40 missile-carrying submarines
Its equipment includes: are divided between the Arctic and Far East
fleets.
(i) Tanks
Tanks in service include the T-34 medium,
(ii) Sea-to-ground Missiles
the T-54/55 medium with a 100mm gun, the
It is now believed that the Soviets have
PT-76 amphibious tank, and the T-10 heavy
successfully developed submerged firing of a
with a 122mm gun. The new T-62 medium, with
missile which may equate to one known as Sark,
a 115mm gun, is now replacing some of the T-54
which has been shown on Moscow Parades.
in front line units. Most Soviet tanks are
It is probably being gradually introduced into
equipped for amphibious crossing, and some
service, but it is not yet thought to have achieved
carry infra-red fighting equipment.
the range of the Polaris missiles. Some nuclear
and conventionally powered submarines are
(ii) Artillery equipped with a cruise missile which has a range
The main types are 122mm, 130mm, and
of between 300 and 500 miles.

152mm. The main anti-tank equipment is 57mm,
85mm, and 100mm guns, and the Snapper,
Sagger, and Swatter missiles. Self-propelled (iii) Tactical Missiles
assault guns are becoming obsolete except in Some ships and submarines are known to be
airborne divisions. The Soviet Army also has fitted with cruise missiles, primarily for anti-ship
a considerable air defence capability, including use. However, these might be used against shore
surface-to-air missiles. targets, and in the case of submarines, would
be fired from the surface and from fairly long
(iii) Missiles range.
Tactical missiles in use by the ground forces
include those of the Frog and Scud series, which
(iv) Naval Air Force
are carried on modified tank chassis and have
ranges of up to 150 miles according to the type There are no aircraft-carriers in the Soviet
of warhead carried. There is also a larger cruise Navy. The land-based Naval Air Force com-
missile, Shaddock, with a range of up to 300 prises about 400 bomber and 400 other aircraft.
miles. Most of the bombers are based on the north-
western and south-western shores of the Soviet
Union. They comprise:
(a) The Tu-16 Badger with a range of 3,500
Sea Power
miles. The partial replacement of this aircraft
The total strength of the Soviet Navy and with a version of the Blinder has begun.
naval air force is 450,000 men. In total tonnage, (b) The Tu-95 Bear is being adapted for naval
it is the second largest navy in the world, and reconnaissance missions.
its main strength still lies in the submarine fleet.
(c) A small number of 11-28 Beagles with
There are indications that the Naval Air Force
torpedos.
and the missile-bearing submarines have an
id) In the ASW role, Madge flying boats and
increasingly important role in Soviet strategy.
Hound helicopters are used. Madge may be
replaced by the turbo-prop flying boat Mail.
(i) Submarines
(e) The Mallow twin-jet flying boat is also
There are now some 370 conventionally- believed to be in service.
powered and 40 nuclear-powered submarines.
(Nuclear submarine production appears to have
settled down to the rate of about ten a year.) (v) Surface Ships
At least 40 can fire ballistic missiles, and carry The surface ships of the Soviet Navy consist
an average of three each. Over 300 are ocean- of the following:
5
Cruisers 20 14 divisions: 4 armoured, 9 motorized, 1 air-
(of which 2 carry surface-to-air borne.
missiles) There are nearly 3,000 tanks, mostly T-54s.
Destroyers 80
(of which 10 carry surface-to-air Navy
missiles and 16 anti-ship cruise Total strength: 17,000.
missiles) 8 submarines.
Other ocean-going escorts . . .. 140 3 destroyers.
Coastal escorts and submarine chasers 170 110 other ships, including 12 minesweepers and
Fast patrol boats, many with short- an amphibious squadron.
range surface-to-surface missiles . . 400 70 naval aircraft, mostly MiG-17.
Minesweepers . . .. .. .. 500 Air Force
Other vessels 1,200 Total strength: 45,000.
(A number-of adapted trawlers are used for There are 1,000 aircraft.
radar and reconnaissance purposes.) 5 fighter ground-attack regiments (mainly
A proportion of the destroyers and smaller MiG-15s).
vessels may not be fully manned. 15 fighter regiments (mainly MiG-17s).
The cruisers are of three different types: 1 bomber regiment (11-28).

Sverdlov (one or two have been re-equipped with Surface-to-air missile batteries.
medium-range surface-to-air missile launchers,
perhaps as an experiment); Chapayev; and Para-military forces
Kirov. New destroyers include Kynda class, 45,000 security and border troops, including
Kashin class, Krupny class, Kildin class, and armoured brigades of the Frontier Defence
Kotlin class. Force. It was announced in July 1965 that these
Recent Soviet comment has indicated a would be integrated with the regular forces.
renewed interest in amphibious forces. There is
a small marine corps of perhaps 3,000 men, units
of which are stationed with the Baltic, Black CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Sea, and Pacific Fleets. General
Population: 14,000,000.
Length of military service : 2 years.
Para-military Forces Total regular forces: 235,000.
The security and border troops now number Defence estimates 1965: 10,220,000,000 crowns
some 230,000. There are also perhaps about ($715,000,000).
1 \ million DOSAAF members, who participate
in such activities as athletics, shooting, and Army
parachuting, but reservist training and refresher Total strength: 200,000.
courses seem to be haphazard and irregular. 14 divisions: 4 tanks, 10 motorized.
There are 3,000 tanks, of which a considerable
proportion are now T-lOs and T-54s. The army
is now at about 80 % of combat strength.
POLAND Air Force
General Total strength: 35,000.
Population: 31,500,000. 700 first-line aircraft, organized in 5 interceptor
Length of military service: Army 18 months; regiments with MiG-17s, 19s, and 21s, and 4
Air Force, Navy, and special services 3 years. ground-attack regiments with MiG-17s, and a
Internal security forces: 27 months. number of MiG-15s in a fighter-bomber role.
Total regular forces: 277,000. Transport units are equipped with II-14s, 11-18,
Defence estimates 1965: 23,459,000,000 zloty and An-2. There are surface-to-air missile
($978,000,000). batteries.
Army Para-military forces
Total strength: 215,000. 35,000.
6
EAST GERMANY 3 interceptor regiments, each of 2 groups of 3
General squadrons. At least one squadron is now
Population: 17,000,000. equipped with MiG-21s. The rest of the inter-
Length of military service: normally 18 months. ceptor force still has MiG-17s.
Total regular forces: 112,000. There are surface-to-air missile batteries.
Defence estimates 1965: 2,800,000,000 Ostmarks
Para-military forces
($665,000,000).
35,000.
Army There is a Danube flotilla of 15 patrol vessels
Total strength: 80,000. and a training ship.
The army is organized in 2 army corps. There
is a total of 6 divisions, 2 armoured and 4
motorized. RUMANIA
General
Navy Population: 19,000,000.
Total strength: 17,000. Length of military service : 1 year.
4 escorts. Total regular forces: 198,000.
22 minesweepers. Defence estimates 1965: 4,540,000,000 lei
50 motor torpedo boats. ($250,000,000).

80 other vessels. Army
Some landing craft are under construction. Total strength: 175,000.
Air Force 11 divisions.
Total strength: 15,000. 1 tank division.
There are some 400 aircraft, organized in 2 air 10 motorized divisions.
divisions of interceptors. Each division com- Some separate mountain brigades.
prises 3 wings of 3 squadrons, mainly MiG-17s Navy
and 21s, and a few MiG-19s. Total strength: 8,000.
There are surface-to-air missile batteries. 1 submarine.
2 destroyers.
6 escort vessels.
70,000 security and border troops. There is also 14 minesweepers.
intensive military training among some units of 40 other vessels.
the Kampfgruppen.
Air Force
Total strength: 15,000.
HUNGARY 300 aircraft.
General 3 fighter divisions, each possessing 2 regiments
Population: 10,000,000. of 3 squadrons. Mainly MiG-17s, but MiG-21s
Length of military service: a maximum of 3 are now entering service. There is also one light
years. bomber regiment with Il-28s. There are surface-
Total regular forces: 109,000. to-air missile batteries.
Defence estimates 1965: 5,757,000,000 forints
($246,000,000).
60,000.
Army
6 divisions : 1 armoured, 5 motorized. BULGARIA
There are about 1,000 tanks, mainly T-34s with General
some T-54s. Population: 8,100,000.
Length of military service : 2 years.
Air Force Total regular forces: 152,000.
Total strength: 9,000. Defence estimates 1965: 231,000,000 leva
150 aircraft. ($115,500,000).
7
Army and some 11-14 and An-2 transports. There are
Total strength: 125,000. surface-to-air missiles.
11 divisions: 3 armoured, 8 motorized. They are
now at about 60% of combat strength. There Para-military forces
are over 2,000 tanks, mainly T-54s with some 12,500.
T-34s.
Navy
3 submarines. CHINA
2 destroyers.
80 other vessels, including 20 minesweepers. Population: 650,000,000 (Chen Yi's 1965
Air Force estimate).
Total strength: 20,000. Military service (selective): Army 4 years, Air
400 aircraft. Force 5 years, Navy 6 years.
3 interceptor groups and a reconnaissance group, Total regular forces: 2,486,000 plus.
each with MiG-17s and some MiG-21s. A Certain changes have taken place in the
fighter-bomber group has MiG-17s. Surface-to- Chinese armed forces over the past year. In
air missile batteries. January 1965, the length of military service in
Para-military forces each arm of the People's Liberation Army
15,000. (PLA) was increased by one year. It is believed
that the measure was motivated primarily by a
need to raise technical standards, and that the
selective annual intake of new recruits (thought
ALBANIA to be about 700,000) will be scaled down so as
tó maintain existing manpower levels. Some
General temporary rise may, however, have occurred.
Population: 1,900,000. Logistics and organizational problems would
Length of military service: Army 2 years; Air seem to bar any large-scale rise in Chinese
Force, Navy, and special units, 3 years. regular military manpower, which is adequate
Total regular forces: 38,000. for defence needs at the present time.
Defence estimates 1965: 2,875,000,000 leks A second major change took place in June
($29,000,000). 1965, when ranks and insignia were abolished
Albania does not collaborate in any way with (a reversion to the situation prior to 1955), and
the other members of the Warsaw Pact, to which the uniforms of the three services made similar
it still nominally adheres. in style. The move was officially said to be aimed
Army at allowing fuller expression of revolutionary
Total strength: 30,000. spirit and at improving solidarity among
6 brigades, some armoured units with T-34 military personnel. But it is likely that the
tanks. Chinese Communist Party had become appre-
hensive about the loyalty of the officer corps to
Navy the Party, and wished to enhance the influence
Total strength: 3,000. of political commissars by obscuring their
4 submarines. différence of function from military com-
4 submarine chasers. manders. It is noteworthy that the new C-in-C
8 minesweepers. of the Air Force, Wu Fa-hsien, was formerly its
14 motor torpedo boats. political commissar, and has been promoted
23 other vessels. over the heads of several officers previously
senior to him. The Air Force is reported to have
Air Force been more affected by the reduction in Soviet
Total strength: 5,000. military aid than the other two services. There
100 aircraft, including 2 squadrons of MiG-17s, has been little other sign of potential dissidence
8
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On: 02 February 2015, At: 15:53

China
To cite this article: (1965) China, The Military Balance, 65:1, 8-10, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459725
Army and some 11-14 and An-2 transports. There are
Total strength: 125,000. surface-to-air missiles.
11 divisions: 3 armoured, 8 motorized. They are
now at about 60% of combat strength. There Para-military forces
are over 2,000 tanks, mainly T-54s with some 12,500.
T-34s.
Navy
3 submarines. CHINA
2 destroyers.
80 other vessels, including 20 minesweepers. Population: 650,000,000 (Chen Yi's 1965
Air Force estimate).
Total strength: 20,000. Military service (selective): Army 4 years, Air
Force 5 years, Navy 6 years.
Downloaded by ["Queen's University Libraries, Kingston"] at 15:53 02 February 2015
400 aircraft.
3 interceptor groups and a reconnaissance group, Total regular forces: 2,486,000 plus.
each with MiG-17s and some MiG-21s. A Certain changes have taken place in the
fighter-bomber group has MiG-17s. Surface-to- Chinese armed forces over the past year. In
air missile batteries. January 1965, the length of military service in
Para-military forces each arm of the People's Liberation Army
15,000. (PLA) was increased by one year. It is believed
that the measure was motivated primarily by a
need to raise technical standards, and that the
selective annual intake of new recruits (thought
ALBANIA to be about 700,000) will be scaled down so as
tó maintain existing manpower levels. Some
General temporary rise may, however, have occurred.
Population: 1,900,000. Logistics and organizational problems would
Length of military service: Army 2 years; Air seem to bar any large-scale rise in Chinese
Force, Navy, and special units, 3 years. regular military manpower, which is adequate
Total regular forces: 38,000. for defence needs at the present time.
Defence estimates 1965: 2,875,000,000 leks A second major change took place in June
($29,000,000). 1965, when ranks and insignia were abolished
Albania does not collaborate in any way with (a reversion to the situation prior to 1955), and
the other members of the Warsaw Pact, to which the uniforms of the three services made similar
it still nominally adheres. in style. The move was officially said to be aimed
Army at allowing fuller expression of revolutionary
Total strength: 30,000. spirit and at improving solidarity among
6 brigades, some armoured units with T-34 military personnel. But it is likely that the
tanks. Chinese Communist Party had become appre-
hensive about the loyalty of the officer corps to
Navy the Party, and wished to enhance the influence
Total strength: 3,000. of political commissars by obscuring their
4 submarines. différence of function from military com-
4 submarine chasers. manders. It is noteworthy that the new C-in-C
8 minesweepers. of the Air Force, Wu Fa-hsien, was formerly its
14 motor torpedo boats. political commissar, and has been promoted
23 other vessels. over the heads of several officers previously
senior to him. The Air Force is reported to have
Air Force been more affected by the reduction in Soviet
Total strength: 5,000. military aid than the other two services. There
100 aircraft, including 2 squadrons of MiG-17s, has been little other sign of potential dissidence
8
within the armed forces, although Ho Lung, an meaning that the device was airborne and that
important member of the government with further tests will follow. The fissile material was
military interests, alluded to the question in an U-235 in both instances. It is believed that the
article published for Army Day (1 August). material was not supplied by the Soviet Union,
Mao Tse-tung, entering his 73rd year, con- and that China has succeeded in constructing
tinues to exert a preponderant influence on the and is now operating a gaseous diffusion plant.
strategy and tactics of the PLA, as did Stalin The continued use of U-235 would mean that
on Soviet military doctrine. Mao stresses the China has set her sights on acquiring thermo-
importance of the People's War, from whose nuclear weapons and that this aim might be
lessons, he claims, a politically conscious achieved within the next few years. But
nation-in-arms can learn to defeat any invader. until it becomes clear what form of delivery
He argues that while modern weapons are system the Chinese propose to develop, doubts
important factors in warfare, man is the decisive must remain about her long-term objectives.
one, and that even nuclear wars must be won Meanwhile, a small number of obsolescent Tu-4
on the ground, where the size of the Chinese medium bombers are the only strategic means of
population would be an impossible factor for an delivery she possesses, and she might choose to
aggressor to cope with. build up a stockpile of fission weapons for these.
Despite these bold estimates, Mao's actual The Chinese have not commented on the
strategy is based on caution : despise the enemy state of their missile programme or on whether
strategically but take full account of him they intend developing a Chinese-designed
tactically (i.e. in the short term). The military bomber. China is unlikely to have her own
posture of the Chinese in Asia represents an advanced nuclear delivery system for some years
implicit acceptance of their vulnerability, in the to come, but may consider that less sophisticated
absence of assured Soviet support, to attack by means of delivery will still make the Chinese
United States forces. China has done little in bomb credible, particularly in the Asian theatre.
the Indochina conflict to provoke American However, it has been reported that China is
• counter-action, and has kept propaganda on her constructing a Soviet-type G-class submarine,
nuclear explosions to a minimum, evidently i.e. conventionally-powered and able to fire
seeking to avoid risking a strike against three missiles with a range of about four
Chinese nuclear sites. By this policy, China hundred miles.
appears to believe that she can support limited Most of the PLA's equipment remains Soviet
wars in Asia with a considerable degree of in origin, delivered before military supplies were
safety (although Chinese leaders have lately curtailed in 1960. It is mainly of Second World
claimed that they have taken precautions War vintage; while it is obsolescent by Western
against possible attack by the United States). standards, it is durable and is obviously adequate
China is thought to have up to 15 divisions for such limited actions as occurred against India
in Tibet, of which at least six are stationed near in 1962. It is clear from arms shipments to
the borders with India, Nepal, Sikkim, and Cambodia that there is also a growing percentage
Bhutan. They have constructed 25 airfields or of Chinese-manufactured equipment, chiefly of
air-strips in Tibet, of which at least two are infantry type. Chinese industry is also known to
capable of taking light bombers. They have have produced medium artillery and some tanks.
completed two seven-ton roads leading from There is a shortage of heavy armoured equip-
China through Tibet up to the Himalayas, and ment and motor transport, the latter restricting
also the lateral road along the entire frontier strategic mobility in the absence of a fully
from the N.E.F.A. to Kashmir, though probably developed railway system. Tactical mobility, on
not all the bridges involved. the other hand, is good, especially over difficult
On 14 May 1965, China announced the terrain, where the rigorous training and en-
explosion of a second nuclear device (the first durance of the Chinese infantryman enables
had been in October 1964 and was estimated to small units to move rapidly.
have been about 20 kilotons), and said that she No reliable figures are available on China's
was conducting nuclear tests 'within defined defence expenditure, or on the burden on the
limits'. The wording could be interpreted as economy which it represents.
9
Army Air Force
Total strength: 2,250,000. Total strength: 100,000. 2,300 aircraft.
The bulk of the manpower is divided among There are a few obsolescent Tu-4 medium
some 30 field armies, each consisting basically bombers (a copy of the B-29) and possibly up to
of three infantry divisions. The armies are 300 11-28 jet light bombers. The remaining
distributed throughout 13 Military Regions. aircraft are chiefly early model MiG-15s and
The senior officer of the region also commands 17s, with a lesser number of MiG-19s. Reports
regular air and naval forces assigned there, also speak of the presence of a small number of
together with the civilian militia. There are MiG-21s. There is a small air transport fleet
believed to be 115 line divisions, plus a number which includes some II-18s. This fleet could be
of independent divisions. A Chinese infantry supplemented by aircraft of the Civil Air
division is thought to number about 12,000 men. Bureau, numbering about 350. The service-
There are 4 armoured divisions, 1 or 2 airborne ability of aircraft may be affected by shortages
divisions, supporting troops, desert cavalry, and of spare parts.
some well-equipped mountain divisions in Tibet.
Air Defence Force

Heavy equipment includes items supplied
earlier by the Soviet Union, such as 160mm This is based on an early-warning system and
mortars, artillery up to 155mm calibre, and the MiG interceptors, including possibly some
JS-2 heavy tank, and others produced by China MiG-21s.
herself. These include the T-34 tank, which is
now probably being replaced by the later
version T-54. There are serious shortages of Para-military Forces
heavy and self-propelled artillery as well as Security and border troops number about
transport, while radar and electronic com- 300,000. There is also a People's Armed Police
munications equipment is generally less sophisti- force and a civilian militia of many millions.
cated than modern Western or Soviet types.
The ground forces are adequately equipped
with a range of infantry weapons, light and
medium mortars, rocket launchers, recoilless
rifles, and light and medium artillery, all of
which are produced in China. OTHER COUNTRIES
The Chinese airlift capability is probably
limited to a few battalions. CUBA
General
Navy Military service: 2 i to 3 years (discretionary).
Total strength: 136,000 (including Naval Air Total armed forces: 116,000.
Force and Marines). Ships as follows: Defence estimates 1965: $213,200,000.
4 destroyers.
4 destroyer escorts. Army
12 frigate escorts. Total strength: 90,000.
23 W-class submarines. It is organized at battalion level, and is equipped
7 other submarines (ex-Soviet). with modern anti-tank missiles, T-54 tanks,
30 submarine chasers. SU-100 assault guns, and wheeled-APCs.
150 MTB/FTB.
70 motor gunboats. Navy
40 minesweepers. Total strength: 6,000.
60 amphibious-type landing ships. 5 frigates.
6 Kronstadt-cla.ss coastal escorts.
There are about 500 naval aircraft, chiefly 12 Komar-class missile-firing fast patrol boats.
MiG fighters and 11-28 torpedo-carrying jet light 16 P6 P.T. boats and 40 associated small patrol
bombers. craft.
10
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On: 03 January 2015, At: 01:10

Other countries
To cite this article: (1965) Other countries, The Military Balance, 65:1, 10-11, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459726
Army Air Force
Total strength: 2,250,000. Total strength: 100,000. 2,300 aircraft.
The bulk of the manpower is divided among There are a few obsolescent Tu-4 medium
some 30 field armies, each consisting basically bombers (a copy of the B-29) and possibly up to
of three infantry divisions. The armies are 300 11-28 jet light bombers. The remaining
distributed throughout 13 Military Regions. aircraft are chiefly early model MiG-15s and
The senior officer of the region also commands 17s, with a lesser number of MiG-19s. Reports
regular air and naval forces assigned there, also speak of the presence of a small number of
together with the civilian militia. There are MiG-21s. There is a small air transport fleet
believed to be 115 line divisions, plus a number which includes some II-18s. This fleet could be
of independent divisions. A Chinese infantry supplemented by aircraft of the Civil Air
division is thought to number about 12,000 men. Bureau, numbering about 350. The service-
There are 4 armoured divisions, 1 or 2 airborne ability of aircraft may be affected by shortages
divisions, supporting troops, desert cavalry, and of spare parts.
some well-equipped mountain divisions in Tibet.
Air Defence Force
Heavy equipment includes items supplied
Downloaded by [University of California Santa Cruz] at 01:10 03 January 2015
earlier by the Soviet Union, such as 160mm This is based on an early-warning system and
mortars, artillery up to 155mm calibre, and the MiG interceptors, including possibly some
JS-2 heavy tank, and others produced by China MiG-21s.
herself. These include the T-34 tank, which is
now probably being replaced by the later
version T-54. There are serious shortages of Para-military Forces
heavy and self-propelled artillery as well as Security and border troops number about
transport, while radar and electronic com- 300,000. There is also a People's Armed Police
munications equipment is generally less sophisti- force and a civilian militia of many millions.
cated than modern Western or Soviet types.
The ground forces are adequately equipped
with a range of infantry weapons, light and
medium mortars, rocket launchers, recoilless
rifles, and light and medium artillery, all of
which are produced in China. OTHER COUNTRIES
The Chinese airlift capability is probably
limited to a few battalions. CUBA
General
Navy Military service: 2 i to 3 years (discretionary).
Total strength: 136,000 (including Naval Air Total armed forces: 116,000.
Force and Marines). Ships as follows: Defence estimates 1965: $213,200,000.
4 destroyers.
4 destroyer escorts. Army
12 frigate escorts. Total strength: 90,000.
23 W-class submarines. It is organized at battalion level, and is equipped
7 other submarines (ex-Soviet). with modern anti-tank missiles, T-54 tanks,
30 submarine chasers. SU-100 assault guns, and wheeled-APCs.
150 MTB/FTB.
70 motor gunboats. Navy
40 minesweepers. Total strength: 6,000.
60 amphibious-type landing ships. 5 frigates.
6 Kronstadt-cla.ss coastal escorts.
There are about 500 naval aircraft, chiefly 12 Komar-class missile-firing fast patrol boats.
MiG fighters and 11-28 torpedo-carrying jet light 16 P6 P.T. boats and 40 associated small patrol
bombers. craft.
10
Air Force Air Force
Total strength: 20,000. Total strength: 20,000 men; about 500 aircraft.
About 160 MiG-15s, 17s, and 19s, and These include MiG-15s, MiG-17s, and Il-28s.
40 MiG-21s, possibly equipped with air-to-air
missiles. Para-military forces
Transports include 8 11-14 and about 24 Mi-4 Total strength: 25,000.
troop-carrying helicopters.
MiG-15 and T-33 jet trainers.
NORTH VIETNAM
Reserves General
There is a well-trained militia of about 200,000 Population: 17,000,000.
men and women. The North Vietnamese armed forces receive
The Soviet forces in Cuba, now mainly aid from both China and the Soviet Union. A
instructors and advisers, have been reduced to few MiG-15s and 17s, and possibly some
below 3,000 men. They are equipped with MiG-21s, have been delivered from the Soviet
modern weapons, which include a surface-to- Union.
surface missile with a range of about 25 miles
for use in the coastal defence organization. Army

There are 24 surface-to-air missile sites. These Total strength: about 240,000, equivalent to 11
were Soviet-manned, but are now believed to be divisions.
under Cuban control. There is also a regionally organized militia of
about 200,000. The Frontier and Coastal
Security troops and the People's Armed
Security Force total another 30,000.
NORTH KOREA
General The Regular Army is thought to have about
100 miscellaneous armoured vehicles, which
probably include some Soviet PT-76 tanks,
Military service : conscription.
made available to the anti-government forces of
Total armed forces: 353,000.
Laos in 1961. There has been a significant
Army increase in the army's anti-aircraft capability,
Total strength: 325,000 men. and it appears to. have Soviet 85mm guns and
18 active divisions, with a mobile reserve of 5 some recently delivered SA-2 Guideline surface-
brigades. to-air missiles. It has otherwise no heavy
About 600 tanks and 1,300 artillery pieces, of equipment, and meagre transport and logistic
which 30-35 % are of nuclear capability. support.
Navy Navy
Total strength: 8,800. Total strength: about 2,500.
15 submarine chasers. About 80 ships, mainly patrol vessels.
1 submarine.
10 minesweepers. North Vietnam provides help to both the
21 motor torpedo boats. Pathet Lao (in Laos) and the Viet Cong (in
90 other ships. South Vietnam) guerrillas.
11
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On: 09 December 2014, At: 17:31

The alliance systems

To cite this article: (1965) The alliance systems, The Military Balance, 65:1, 12-12, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459727
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone
is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/
terms-and-conditions
PART II: THE WESTERN ALLIANCES
THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS

The Western system of alliances is complex and Charter, and it is not an alliance system.
may be modified in the years immediately ahead. However, Britain is linked by an explicit treaty
At the core of the system is the North Atlantic relationship to Canada in NATO, to Australia,
Treaty Organization, which unites the United New Zealand, and Pakistan in SEATO, and to
States, Canada, and Iceland with Britain, Pakistan in CENTO. She also has mutual
France, Germany, and nine other European defence agreements with Malaysia and Malta.
countries in a collective security agreement Australia and New Zealand provide military
whereby 'an attack on one country is regarded assistance to Malaysia.
Downloaded by [The University of Manchester Library] at 17:31 09 December 2014
as an attack on all', and under which a per- France has residual responsibilities towards
manent system of political and military planning the. countries of l'Union Africaine et Malagache,
is at present maintained. which includes all the African members of the
The United States, Britain, and France are former French Community except Mali.
linked with five Asian and Australasian coun-
tries in the South-East Asia Treaty Organization,
a collective security treaty which does not have NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
the same automatic provision for collective
action as NATO. Britain is allied to three ORGANIZATION
countries of the northern Middle East by a
similar type of treaty in the Central Treaty The political authority of NATO is the Council,
Organization, with which the United States is which meets in permanent session at the
associated. The United States is also joined to Organization's headquarters in Paris, and at
Australia and New Zealand by the ANZUS Ministerial level at least twice a year. The
Pact, under which the three countries would highest military authority subject to the Council
provide mutual defence in the event of an attack is the Military Committee, composed of repre-
on any of them. She has bilateral mutual defence sentatives of the defence establishments of all
treaties with Iran, Japan, Taiwan, and South the national governments, three of whom - the
Korea. United States, Britain, and France - nominally
The 23 countries belonging to one or more of have a special status and authority as the
these treaty arrangements are normally con- Standing Group.
sidered the 'aligned' states of the non- Subordinate to the direction of the Military
Communist world, a phrase deriving from an Committee and the Standing Group are two
earlier period of East-West relations. But they major military commands, Europe and the
are not the only countries which have defence Atlantic, and one minor one, the Channel.
arrangements with the Western powers. The Only Allied Command Europe has national
United States is linked to 19 countries of Latin forces 'assigned' to its operational control in
America by the Rio Pact, which makes provision peacetime. The President of France, in September
for collective military action in the event of 1965, officially declared his opposition to the
armed attack on the Americas. She also has a indefinite continuance of such an integrated
mutual defence assistance treaty with Spain. system, and indicated that it must be reorganized
Britain and most of the 21 other countries of to reflect stronger national control of national
the Commonwealth share various forms of forces by 1969, the year adherence to the Treaty
military training or provide assistance to each will become optional.
other. But the Commonwealth relationship does The strategic nuclear forces of the United
not impose collective action in the event of war, States, the United Kingdom, and France remain
except under the general provisions of the UN under national command and control. However,
12
This article was downloaded by: [Georgetown University]
On: 28 December 2014, At: 05:49

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

To cite this article: (1965) North Atlantic Treaty Organization, The Military Balance, 65:1, 12-27, DOI:
10.1080/04597226508459728
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone
is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/
terms-and-conditions
PART II: THE WESTERN ALLIANCES
THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS

The Western system of alliances is complex and Charter, and it is not an alliance system.
may be modified in the years immediately ahead. However, Britain is linked by an explicit treaty
At the core of the system is the North Atlantic relationship to Canada in NATO, to Australia,
Treaty Organization, which unites the United New Zealand, and Pakistan in SEATO, and to
States, Canada, and Iceland with Britain, Pakistan in CENTO. She also has mutual
France, Germany, and nine other European defence agreements with Malaysia and Malta.
countries in a collective security agreement Australia and New Zealand provide military
whereby 'an attack on one country is regarded assistance to Malaysia.
as an attack on all', and under which a per- France has residual responsibilities towards
manent system of political and military planning the. countries of l'Union Africaine et Malagache,
Downloaded by [Georgetown University] at 05:49 28 December 2014
is at present maintained. which includes all the African members of the

The United States, Britain, and France are former French Community except Mali.
linked with five Asian and Australasian coun-
tries in the South-East Asia Treaty Organization,
a collective security treaty which does not have NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
the same automatic provision for collective
action as NATO. Britain is allied to three ORGANIZATION
countries of the northern Middle East by a
similar type of treaty in the Central Treaty The political authority of NATO is the Council,
Organization, with which the United States is which meets in permanent session at the
associated. The United States is also joined to Organization's headquarters in Paris, and at
Australia and New Zealand by the ANZUS Ministerial level at least twice a year. The
Pact, under which the three countries would highest military authority subject to the Council
provide mutual defence in the event of an attack is the Military Committee, composed of repre-
on any of them. She has bilateral mutual defence sentatives of the defence establishments of all
treaties with Iran, Japan, Taiwan, and South the national governments, three of whom - the
Korea. United States, Britain, and France - nominally
The 23 countries belonging to one or more of have a special status and authority as the
these treaty arrangements are normally con- Standing Group.
sidered the 'aligned' states of the non- Subordinate to the direction of the Military
Communist world, a phrase deriving from an Committee and the Standing Group are two
earlier period of East-West relations. But they major military commands, Europe and the
are not the only countries which have defence Atlantic, and one minor one, the Channel.
arrangements with the Western powers. The Only Allied Command Europe has national
United States is linked to 19 countries of Latin forces 'assigned' to its operational control in
America by the Rio Pact, which makes provision peacetime. The President of France, in September
for collective military action in the event of 1965, officially declared his opposition to the
armed attack on the Americas. She also has a indefinite continuance of such an integrated
mutual defence assistance treaty with Spain. system, and indicated that it must be reorganized
Britain and most of the 21 other countries of to reflect stronger national control of national
the Commonwealth share various forms of forces by 1969, the year adherence to the Treaty
military training or provide assistance to each will become optional.
other. But the Commonwealth relationship does The strategic nuclear forces of the United
not impose collective action in the event of war, States, the United Kingdom, and France remain
except under the general provisions of the UN under national command and control. However,
12
as far as American and British strategic weapons excludes the United Kingdom, whose land
are concerned, both the two major NATO defences are a national responsibility, and
commands participate in the Joint Strategic Portugal, which falls under Allied Command
Planning System, based on the US Strategic Air Atlantic. It also includes Danish and Norwegian
Command at Omaha, Nebraska, and allied coastal waters.
officers are now stationed at the headquarters The Supreme Commander (SACEUR) has
of US Strategic Air Command. In addition the been an American officer since the inception of
United States has, since 1963, committed three the command fifteen years ago, and he also
Polaris submarines to the planning control of commands the American forces in Western
the European Command (SHAPE), and the Europe. The Deputy SACEUR has been a
United Kingdom has committed RAF Bomber British officer, and in addition there is a Belgian
Command in the same manner. In June 1964 officer as Deputy for nuclear planning.
a new agreement was signed on the exchange By June 1966 the number of tactical nuclear
of nuclear information between the United warheads stored in Western and Southern
States and the other allies. Europe will have increased by 100% over the
Three proposals have been officially put level of 1961, and the units of delivery (missiles
forward for improving the central direction of and tactical aircraft) now number about 2,500.
strategic planning and control in NATO. The United States is the only ally which has
(1) An American proposal of 1963 for a multi- produced nuclear warheads suitable for short-
lateral force of 25 ships with 200 Polaris missiles, range missiles. She retains control of these in
to be jointly owned and manned by interested her own forces in Europe, and of nuclear bombs
allied countries. It would be under the planning or warheads deployed in conjunction with the
control of the Supreme Commander Europe, missiles and aircraft that are owned and
but operationally released to him by a control operated by other national forces. Under this
group composed of representatives of the dual system of command, which has been
participating countries. (2) A British proposal reinforced by a 'permissive link' or electronic
of 1964 for an Atlantic Nuclear Force consisting lock for larger weapons, the nuclear warheads
of three or four elements: the British nuclear can be fired only by the Supreme Commander
retaliatory forces (less those required for with the authority of" the President of the United
deployment outside the NATO area); an States and the agreement of the country owning
American contribution of strategic forces pari the means of delivery.
passu; a multilateral element manned by the In the whole of NATO Europe, there are
interested non-nuclear powers in NATO; and some 60 'assigned' divisions, which could be
a contribution of French strategic forces at an augmented by about another 30 if an emergency
appropriate time. The control provisions would permitted adequate time for mobilization,
be broadly similar, except that the nuclear powers reinforcement, and deployment. Many of the
would retain an indefinite veto on the operational assigned divisions (and in some cases brigades)
use of the force, with no provision for an have the Honest John nuclear missile (without
eventual system of majority control on either a nuclear warhead stocks in the case of Norway
European or an Atlantic basis. (3) In May 1965 and Denmark), and the American and German
the United States proposed the creation of a forces have Sergeant and Pershing missiles at
'select committee' - to comprise the three allied corps and army level. They are supported by
nuclear powers, Germany, and other interested some 5,500 tactical aircraft based on 220
powers - to study the whole problem of allied standard NATO airfields, backed up by an
participation in strategic command and con- elaborate system of jointly financed fuel pipe-
trol, and possibly to act as an executive for the lines and signal communications. A number of
alliance. the aircraft and weapons in use by national
forces have been jointly developed or produced
1. Allied Command Europe by different groups of allies.
This has its headquarters near Paris, and it The following field commands are subordinate
covers the land area extending from the North to Allied Command Europe:
Cape to the eastern border of Turkey; it (a) Allied Forces Central Europe has its head-
13
quarters at Fontainebleau, and its commander and most of their active reserves are assigned
is a French general. to it. Germany has assigned one division
Its ground defences consist of 27 assigned (stationed in Schleswig), two combat air wings,
divisions provided by eight countries. All and its Baltic Navy.
assigned forces, with the exception of some
Dutch and Belgian units and some logistic units, (c) Allied Forces Southern Europe has its
are based in the Federal Republic of Germany, headquarters in Naples, and the commander is
and units have been gradually moved closer to also the commander of the US Sixth Fleet. It is
the East German border over recent years. responsible for the defence of Italy, Greece, and
The tactical air forces available include about Turkey. The forces assigned to it include 14
3,500 aircraft, of which 500 or more are American divisions from Turkey, 8 from Greece, and 7
fighter-bombers. There are also British Canberras, from Italy, as well as the tactical air forces of
Canadian CF-104s, and the F-104Gs of the these countries. Other divisions from these
German and other air forces that have the three countries have been earmarked for
range to cover Eastern Europe. An integrated AFSOUTH, as well as the United States Sixth
early-warning and air-defence system has been Fleet, which would become Striking Force
developed for Britain, West Germany, the Low South if NATO became involved in war. By
Countries, and N.E. France. Twenty battalions reason of its geographical shape, the defence
of the Hawk surface-to-air missile have been system is based on two separate regions: the
deployed in the command. Southern, comprising Italy and the approaches
The command is sub-divided into Northern to it, and the South-Eastern, comprising Greece
Army Group and Central Army Group. and Turkey, with an overall air command.
Northern Army Group is responsible for the
defence of the sector north of the Göttingen- (d) Allied Forces Mediterranean has its head-
Liege axis. It includes the British and Benelux quarters in Malta (now an independent country
divisions, four of the German divisions, and the having a defence agreement with Britain which
Canadian brigade. It is supported by 2nd Allied permits Britain and other NATO powers to use
Tactical Air Force, which is composed of its facilities). AFMED is primarily responsible
British, Dutch, Belgian, and German units. for safeguarding communications in the Medi-
Other land forces - American, German, and terranean and territorial waters of the Black
French-are under the Central Army Group, Sea. The national fleets and maritime air forces
and other air forces under the corresponding of Italy, Greece, and Turkey, together with the
air command, 4th ATAF, which includes British Mediterranean Fleet (whose Commander-
American, German, French, and Canadian in-Chief acts as Commander AFMED), are
formations. earmarked for this command.
So far seven countries have committed one or
more reinforced infantry battalions to form a
mobile task force to serve as a mobile reserve 2. Allied Command Atlantic
for NATO as a whole, with particular relevance This has its headquarters at Norfolk, Virginia.
to an emergency in Northern or South-Eastern In the event of war, the duties of Supreme Allied
Europe. Commander Atlantic, who is an American
Allied Forces Central Europe includes the Admiral with a British Deputy, are (a) to
Heligoland Bight, and would control the participate in the strategic strike, and (è) to
German North Sea fleet and part of the Dutch protect sea communications from attack by
navy in the event of war. hostile forces. For these purposes seven of
(b) Allied Forces Northern Europe has its the eight NATO naval powers which border
headquarters at Kolsaas in Norway, and is on the Atlantic have earmarked forces for
responsible for the defence of Norway, Den- exercises and, if need be, for war. (The eighth,
mark, Schleswig-Holstein, and the Baltic France, does not.) SACLANT is responsible for
approaches. The Commander is a British the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of
general. All the Danish and Norwegian land, Cancer, including the northern North Sea.
sea, and tactical air forces are earmarked for it, There are three subordinate commands : Western
14
Atlantic Area, Eastern Atlantic Area, and about half are embarked at any one time.
Striking Fleet Atlantic. The nucleus of the Another 300 or so are available from the other
NATO striking force has been provided by the countries concerned. The overall total that could
United States Second Fleet with two or three be quickly operational from carriers on Atlantic
attack carriers, but this carrier role is being sea stations is probably around 400.
abandoned. (These estimates include units earmarked for
There are about 450 escort vessels serving in Channel Command.)
the navies of the nations concerned, of which
a high proportion are wholly or partly designed
for anti-submarine work. Most NATO navies 3. Allied Command Channel
are equipping and training their submarine The wartime role of Channel Command is to
forces primarily for ASW, and well over 150 exercise control of the English Channel and
submarines are potentially available in the the southern North Sea. Many of the smaller
Atlantic for such duties. The 8 nations in Allied warships of Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Command Atlantic also have about 375 long- the United Kingdom are earmarked for this
range land-based maritime patrol planes in command, as are some maritime aircraft. The
operation, a large majority of which are Commander-in-Chief of the British Home
stationed on or near American coasts. Further- Station acts as its commander, and control is
more, the United States Navy alone has over exercised by a committee consisting of repre-
1,000 carrier-borne specialist anti-submarine sentatives of the Naval Chiefs-of-Staff of the
fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, of which three countries concerned.
NATIONAL FORCES
BELGIUM 2 F-104G fighter-bomber squadrons.
General 2 F-84F fighter-bomber squadrons.
Population: 9,400,000. 2 F-104G all-weather fighter squadrons.
Length of military service: 12-15 months. 1 RF-84F reconnaissance squadrons.
Total armed forces: 107,000 (44% conscripts). 1 transport wing, with C-119G, DC-6A, and
Defence estimates for calendar year 1966: C-47 planes.
FB 26,000,000,000 ($520,000,000). 2 Nike wings.
All the air force is earmarked for NATO.
Army
2 mechanized divisions with M-41 and M-47
Patton tanks, and M-59 armoured personnel CANADA
carriers. General
2 reserve divisions. Population: 19,250,000.
1 paracommando regiment. Voluntary military service.
2 Hawk battalions (under operational command Total armed forces: 120,000.
of NATO). Defence estimates (fiscal year 1965-66): Can.
The active divisions are NATO-assigned, and the $1,550,000,000 (US $1,438,000,000).
reserve ones are earmarked for NATO.
Navy Army
3 escorts. In Canada: 3 infantry brigade groups, 2 of
47 minesweepers, of which 5 ocean-going types which are earmarked for deployment in Europe
are earmarked for NATO. under NATO. The other brigade contributes to
North American ground defence, and also
Air Force provides troops for special duties such as UN
Total strength: 19,000. service.
15
In Europe: 1 armoured infantry brigade group The 2 full-scale brigades are now also equipped
of 6,500 men, with Centurion tanks and M-113 with M-109 155-mm S.P. howitzers.
armoured personnel carriers. 1 Honest John battalion (with non-nuclear
The Norair F-5 tactical fighter has been selected warheads only).
as a ground support aircraft for the Army, and 4 reservist infantry brigade groups.
125 planes have been ordered. 15 infantry battalions and 15 artillery batteries
46,000 militia. are in local defence units (mainly as reservist
800 army and 80 RCAF personnel in UNEF units).
(Middle East). Volunteer Home Guard of 5,000 men and
About 1,000 men in UNFICYP (Cyprus). women.
Navy
Total strength: 20,700. Navy
1 16,000-ton aircraft carrier, with 1 squadron of Total active strength: 8,000 (50% conscripts).
S-2A Tracker aircraft and 1 squadron of Sea 9 frigates and escort ships.
King helicopters. 4 submarines.
41 destroyers/frigates. 8 minelayers.
10 coastal minesweepers. 12 minesweepers.
13 fast patrol boats.
Air Force 9 seaward defence craft.

Total strength: 50,600. 10 landing craft.
In Europe: 8 strike-recce squadrons equipped 50 other ships.
with CF-104 Starfighters. Volunteer Naval Home Guard of 3,500 men and
North American Air Defence: 3 interceptor women.
squadrons of CF-101B Voodoos, 2 Bomarc B
squadrons. Air Force
Coastal aircraft: 3 Argus squadrons on the East Total active strength: 10,000 (35% conscripts).
Coast (NATO-earmarked). 7 fighter squadrons (3 F-100D/F, 2 F-104G,
1 Neptune squadron on the West Coast. 1 F-86D, and 1 Hunter).
5 transport squadrons with the C-130 Hercules, 1 recce squadron with RF-84F.
DHC-4 Caribou, C-119 Packet, and CL-44 1 transport squadron with C-47s and C-54s.
Yukon. 1 air-sea rescue squadron with Catalinas and
S-55 helicopters (S-61 are gradually replacing
the S-55s).
DENMARK
General Air Defence
Population: 4,725,000. 4 Nike-Ajax/Hercules batteries located around
Length of military service: 14-16 months for Copenhagen.
privates, naval ratings, etc., 18-24 months for 4 semi-mobile Hawk batteries are under estab-.
NCOs and officers. lishment to supplement the Nike batteries.
Total armed forces: 51,000. A Volunteer Air Force Home Guard of 10,500
All Danish forces are NATO-assigned or men and women.
NATO-earmarked (except for local defence
units and Home Guard units).
Defence estimates (financial year 1965-66):
Dkr. 1,709,000,000 ($239,000,000). FRANCE
Army General
Total active strength: 33,000 (75% conscripts). Population: 48,750,000.
2 | motorized infantry brigade groups, each with Length of military service: 18 months (selective
about 5,000 men in 4 battalions, including 1 service).
tank battalion with Centurions and 1 infantry Total armed forces: 557,000.
battalion with M-113 armoured personnel Defence estimates 1966: NF 22,015,000,000
carriers. ($4,465,000,000).
16
Army Naval Air Force
Total strength: 350,000. Strength: 12,000 men, about 275 aircraft.
5 divisions stationed in Europe. 4 squadrons Etendard IV fighters.
These include one mechanized and one armoured 2 squadrons F-8E Crusader interceptors.
division assigned to NATO in Germany, one 3 squadrons Alizé ASW.
independent brigade in West Berlin, and one 6 squadrons Neptune maritime reconnaissance.
mechanized, one armoured, and one air trans- 3 squadrons S-55 helicopters.
portable division in France. The mechanized 3 squadrons Alouette IIIIII light helicopters.
and armoured divisions are equipped with M-47
and AMX-13 tanks and Honest John missiles. Air Force
Hawk missiles are in service with the divisions Total strength: 122,500.
in France. The air transportable division (a) The Strategic Air Command. This has 2
combines parachute troops with an amphibious mixed bomber wings. A wing consists of 3
group and supporting arms, and makes up squadrons with 4 Mirage IVA each, and
the permanent element of a strategic reserve 1 squadron with 4 C-135F tankers. The
(force d'intervention). 4,000 men are stationed Command will be completed in 1966 with
at the naval base of Mers-el-Kebir (leased by the addition of a third wing. A total of 62
the Algerian Government); all other troops have Mirage IVA and 12 C-135F have been
been withdrawn from Algeria. ordered. The Mirage IVs at present carry
About 7,000 troops continue to serve in various free-falling atomic bombs.
naval and air bases of the Community States of (b) Air Defence Command:
Africa; these come under Army command. 6 squadrons Super Mystère.
Some 2,000 officers, NCOs, and troops come 2 squadrons Vautour UN, all-weather.
under command of the ex-Community States. 2 squadrons Mystère IV.
The remaining troops are stationed in metro- Some squadrons may be re-equipped with
politan France for local defence {forces du the Mirage III series.
territoire). Their peacetime strength is six (c) 1st Tactical Air Force (1st CATAC). This
brigades, including 1 mountain brigade. They has 450 combat aircraft assigned to the 4th
include the ground elements of air defence units Allied Tactical Air Force.
(under national command except for a small 4 squadrons Mirage III C/E interceptors.
NATO sector in North-East France) and are 6 squadrons F-100 fighter bombers (with
organized into regiments and brigades on a nuclear capability).
regional basis. 6 squadrons F-84F fighter bombers.
2 squadrons Mirage IHR reconnaissance.
Reserves and Para-military forces 2 squadrons RF-84F reconnaissance.
The regular forces could be supplemented by up 2 brigades Nike-Ajaxj'Hercules.
to 500,000 reservists in time of emergency, plus (d) 2nd CATAC. This controls the following:
the Gendarmerie and the C.R.S. (Compagnies 2 squadrons Mystère IV.
Républicaines de Sécurité), who total 65,000. 2 squadrons AD-4 Skyraiders.
Navy 2 squadrons H-34 helicopters.
Total strength: 72,500. (e) COTAM (Transport Command):
2 27,000-ton aircraft carriers. 7 squadrons Noratlas.
1 14,000-ton aircraft carrier. 1 squadron DC-6 Deux Ponts.
1 10,000-ton helicopter carrier. 2 squadrons C-47s.
2 anti-aircraft cruisers. The 12 C-135 tankers (See Strategic Air
1 experimental guided missile ship. Command, above) may also be used for
60 destroyers, frigates, other escort ships. troop transport.
22 submarines, of which 18 are ocean-going.
102 minesweepers.
8 landing ships. GERMANY
225 other ships. General
A Marine Commando of 800 men. Population: 56,300,000 (excluding West Berlin).
17
Length of military service: 18 months. 9 Hawk battalions.
Total armed forces : 438,000 (210,000 conscripts). 2 Pershing battalions.
All except the Territorial Force are NATO-
assigned.
Defence estimates 1966: DM 17,500,000,000
($4,372,000,000). GREECE
General
Army Population: 8,500,000.
Total strength: 278,000, plus a Territorial Force Length of military service: 24 months.
of 28,000 held for rear-area duties. The latter is Total armed forces: 160,000.
being supplemented by a reserve organized for Defence budget 1965: 5,422,000,000 drachmae
local defence. This at present numbers only ($181,000,000).
7,000 men, but is scheduled to reach a strength Army
of 50,000 by 1968. Total strength: 119,000.
7 armoured infantry divisions. 11 infantry divisions in 3 corps. 2 divisions are
3 armoured divisions. kept close to full strength.
1 mountain division. 1 armoured division with M-47 tanks.
I airborne division. Some Honest John and Nike-Ajax/Hercules

The armoured units are at present equipped batteries are also in service.
with M-47 and M-48 Patton tanks, but some of (The 8 divisions near the northern frontier are
these are due to be replaced by the Leopard NATÖ-assigned; the rest, which are located in
medium tank in the near future. Tactical nuclear southern Greece and Crete, are under national
artillery with the ground force includes Honest command.)
John, Sergeant, and the 203mm howitzer.
SS-11 and Cobra anti-tank missiles are in Navy
service. Total strength: 17,500.
8 destroyers.
Navy 4 frigates and escort vessels.
Total strength: 35,000. 3 submarines.
10 destroyers. 25 minesweepers (including escort mine-
38 frigates and other escorts. sweepers).
64 minesweepers. 13 coastal patrol vessels.
63 patrol craft. 23 landing craft (including 9 tank landing ships).
I1 landing craft. 38 other ships.
There are two naval air wings. F-104G Star- Air Force
fighters are now replacing the Sea Hawks, and Total strength: 23,500.
the Atlantique is scheduled to replace the 2 F-104G interceptor squadrons.
Gannets during 1966. 1 F-5 tactical fighter squadron.
4 F-84F fighter-bomber squadrons.
Air Force 2 F-86 fighter squadrons.
Total strength: 97,000 (650 combat aircraft in 1 RF-84F photo-reconnaissance squadron.
operation and in reserve). (10 of these squadrons and 1 transport squadron
4 F-104G interceptor squadrons (some with are assigned to the 6th Allied Tactical Air
Sidewinder air-to-air missiles). Force.)
10 F-104G fighter-bomber squadrons (some
under conversion from F-86F).
6 G-91 light-strike squadrons.
4 F-104G reconnaissance squadrons (some under ITALY
conversion from RF-84F). General
2 G-91 reconnaissance squadrons. Population: 51,000,000.
6 Noratlas transport squadrons. Length of military service: 15 months for the
6 Nike/Hercules battalions. Army and Air Force, 24 months for the Navy.
18
Total armed forces: 390,000 (excluding Cara- Para-military forces
binieri). The Carabinieri Corps (mainly security, Frontier
Defence estimates (calendar year 1965): Guard, and military police duties): 80,000.
1,239,753,000,000 lire ($1,983,605,000).
Army
LUXEMBOURG
6 infantry divisions. General
2 armoured divisions with M-47 Patton tanks. Population: 324,000.
5 Alpine brigades of 8,000 men each. Length of military service: 9 months.
3 independent infantry brigades. Defence estimates 1966: BF 289,000,000
1 independent cavalry brigade with M-47 Patton (55,780,000).
tanks. Army
1 parachute brigade. Total strength: 5,500.
• 1 rocket brigade (including 2 Honest John An infantry brigade would be available to
battalions). NATO after mobilization.
1 Hawk battalion.
7 of the divisions, the 5 Alpine brigades, and the
Hawk battalion are assigned to NATO. NETHERLANDS
Navy General
Total strength: 38,000. Population: 12,150,000.
3 guided-missile light cruisers. Length of military service: Army 18-20 months,
9 destroyers (including 2 guided-missile des- Navy and Air Force 21-24 months.
troyers). Total armed forces: 135,000.
Defence estimates 1966: fl. 2,751,000,000
13 destroyer escorts.
35 corvettes and submarine chasers. ($750,000,000).
5 submarines. Army
78 minesweepers. Total strength: 92,000 (including conscripts).
13 coastal patrol boats, gunboats. 2 armoured infantry divisions (minus 1 brigade)
25 landing craft. and some corps troops are assigned to NATO.
127 other ships. 1 infantry division, 3 independent infantry
brigades, and some corps troops, to be formed
Air Force
by call-up of reservists, are earmarked for
Total strength: 60,000 (350 aircraft).
NATO.
(a) Assigned to 5th Allied Tactical Air Force :
10 tank battalions - with a total of 600 Centurion
3 F-104G strike squadrons.
tanks, now with 105mm guns - are included in
1 F-86E day-fighter squadron.
the above formations, and the Carl Gustav anti-
2 F-84F fighter-bomber squadrons.
tank missile is in service. AMX 105mm S.P.
1 G-91 light-strike squadron.
guns and the DAF-YP armoured personnel
3 F-86K all-weather fighter squadrons.
carrier are also in service.
3 F-104G interceptor squadrons.
1 G-91 reconnaissance squadron. Navy
3 RF-84F reconnaissance squadrons. Total strength: 22,000, including 3,000 marines.
2 C-119 transport squadrons. 1 16,000-ton ASW carrier.
3 Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules wings. 2 cruisers (one fitted with Terrier guided
(6) Under national command: missiles).
1 G-91 light-strike squadron. 12 anti-submarine destroyers.
2 F-86E day-fighter squadrons. 12 frigates and escorts.
1 C-II9 transport squadron. 68 minesweepers.
3 anti-submarine squadrons with S-2A 5 submarines.
Trackers, and air-sea rescue squadrons with 5 patrol vessels.
H-19 and AB-204 helicopters and HU-16A 7 landing craft.
Albatross. 39 other vessels.
19
The Fleet Air Arm consists of 1 squadron Sea Air Force
Hawk fighters, 4 ASW reconnaissance squadrons Total strength: 8,800.
equipped with P-2H Neptunes and S-2A 1 squadron F-104G Starfighters.
Trackers, and 2 helicopter squadrons (squadrons 2 F-86F interceptor/fighter-bomber squadrons.
for the aircraft carrier are included in these 1 F-86K all-weather fighter squadron.
figures). 1 RF-84F photo-reconnaissance squadron.
Air Force 2 HU-16 Albatross maritime patrol squadrons.
Total strength: 21,500 (all assigned to NATO). 1 C-119 and C-47 transport squadron.
(a) 2 F-104G fighter-bomber squadrons. 4 Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules sites are located
2 F-84F fighter-bomber squadrons. around Oslo.
1 RF-104G photo-reconnaissance squadron. Delivery of the first squadron of F-5 tactical
(b) 2 F-104G interceptor squadrons. .fighters (out of an eventual three squadrons) is
1 Hunter day-fighter squadron. scheduled for early 1966.
1 F-102 fighter squadron (USAF under
Dutch command).
12 squadrons Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules PORTUGAL
surface-to-air missiles. General
6 squadrons Hawk surface-to-air missiles. Population: 9,125,000.

(c) 1 transport squadron (Friendship). Length of military service: Army 18-24 months,
3 observation and communication squadrons Air Force 18 months, Navy 48 months. Liability
of light aircraft and Alouette III helicopters for active reserve up to 35 years. For home
(under operational command of Army). defence, local guard duties, etc., up to 45 years.
Total armed forces: 148,000 (excluding African
troops). About 500,000 trained reservists could
NORWAY be mobilized in an emergency.
General Defence estimates 1965, including expenditure
Population: 3,800,000. in overseas territories: 5,885,000,000 escudos
Length of military service: 15 months. ($205,000,000).*
Defence estimates 1966: Nkr. 2,198,000,000 Army
(S3O7,8OO,OOO). Strength: 120,000, plus 14,000 African troops.
I division of 18,000 men earmarked for NATO
Army and stationed in Portugal (3 infantry regiments
Total strength: 16,000. of approximately 3,000 men with supporting
1 active brigade in Arctic Norway supported by arms). M-47 tanks are in service. This division
M-48 Patton tanks. may be only 50% up to strength at the present
Units making up 1 reduced brigade are stationed time.
in southern Norway. Mobilization would pro- The remaining troops (including about 20
duce 10 Regimental Combat Teams plus support- infantry regiments) are stationed in the Portu-
ing units. This force would total 75,000. guese overseas territories. About 50,000, in-
Local Defence and Home Guard forces are cluding 7,000 African troops, are in Angola,
100,000 strong. 30,000 in Mozambique, and 20,000 in Portuguese
Navy Guinea.
Total strength: 5,400, plus 2,000 coastal
artillery. Navy
1 destroyer. Strength: 14,500, including marines.
3 frigates and escort ships. 3 destroyers.
13 submarines. II frigates (including 1 ASW frigate).
13 minesweepers and minelayers. 3 submarines.
37 motor torpedo boats, patrol boats, and gun 16 minesweepers.
boats. "This figure should not be compared with that
4 auxiliaries. given in Military Balance, 1964-65, which was incorrect.
20
43 gunboats and patrol vessels. two of the interceptor squadrons, the Turkish
20 other ships. Air Force, including the Nike batteries, is
Air Force NATO-assigned.
Strength: 13,500, 250 aircraft.
2 F-86F Sabre interceptor squadrons.
2 F-84G Thunderjet fighter-bomber squadrons. UNITED KINGDOM
1 P-2 Neptune ASW reconnaissance squadron. General
1 transport squadron with Noratlas, C-47, C-54, Population: 54,000,000.
and DC-6. Voluntary military service.
Only the Neptune squadron is NATO-assigned. Total armed forces: 440,000 (inc. 14,000
There is a paratroop force of 2,000, which comes Gurkhas).
under air force command. Defence budget 1965-66: £2,120,500,000
Para-military forces ($5,937,400,000).
National Republican Guard: 10,000. Army
Total strength: 208,000 (including Gurkhas).
The Army is organized into some 57 British and
TURKEY 8 Gurkha infantry battalions. There are 3
General parachute battalions, 22 tank and armoured car

Population: 31,000,000. regiments, 31 artillery regiments, and engineer
Military service : 2 years. and signal regiments. The British Army of the
Total armed forces: 442,000. Rhine, based in Germany, has a current strength
Defence estimates 1965-66: TL 3,590,000,000 of 51,000, against a commitment of 55,000. It is
($399,000,000). organized into 3 divisions, each of two brigade
Army groups (two of the six are armoured). About 14
Total strength: 360,000. battalions are normally maintained in the
16 divisions, of which 14 are NATO-assigned. United Kingdom garrison, in addition to 5-6
4 armoured brigades with M-47 Patton tanks. battalions in the Strategic Reserve. The present
4 armoured cavalry regiments. strength in Aden and the Persian Gulf is 5
2 independent mountain and fortress regiments. battalions, and in the Far East area (including
There are nominally 2,500,000 reservists. Hong Kong) 18 battalions, including the 8
Gurkha battalions. There are 3 battalions in
Navy Cyprus (including 1,200 men with the United
Total strength: 37,000. Nations forces). Other garrisons include a
9 destroyers. reinforced infantry battalion in Berlin and
12 corvettes and submarine chasers. troops in Libya, Malta, Gibraltar, Swaziland,
10 submarines. and the Caribbean.
25 minesweepers.
30 patrol vessels. The Chieftain has not yet replaced the Centurion
19 other vessels. as the battle tank of the two armoured brigades
in Germany, but it is believed that it will do so
Air Force during 1966. Nuclear tactical artillery available
Total strength: 45,000. to BAOR includes 3 regiments with Honest John
1 F-104G fighter-bomber squadron. and some 8-inch howitzers. The Corporal
1 F-104G interceptor squadron. missiles at present in Germany will be retired
7 F-100/F-84 fighter-bomber squadrons. during 1966, and will be replaced by American
2 F-5A interceptor squadrons. 155mm and 175mm heavy self-propelled guns,
1 F-86 interceptor squadron. which will increase the non-nuclear capability of
4 RF-84F reconnaissance squadrons. the artillery elements.
3 transport squadrons (C-47, C-54, and C-130). Other equipment currently in use by BAOR, or
2 battalions Nike anti-aircraft missiles (8 shortly to arrive, includes the Abbot 105mm
batteries). self-propelled gun, the FV-432 multi-purpose
Apart from the temporary exclusion of one or tracked vehicle, and the Stalwart load carrier.
21
There are 107,700 men in the Territorial Army, Mark I and Wasp Mark I are used for anti-
and 13,000 in the Army Emergency Reserve. submarine operations.
The planned fleet ballistic missile submarine
Total British land forces in the Far East programme has been cut from five boats to four.
(including Malaya, Borneo, Singapore, and Hong Each will be nuclear-powered and will carry 16
Kong) number about 18 battalions, including Polaris missiles. Ships due to be completed
8 Gurkha battalions. These normally rotate during 1965-66 include a second nuclear sub-
between the front-line in Borneo and the rest- marine, two new assault ships, four Leander-
training areas in Malaya and Hong Kong. The class frigates, and a fifth guided-missile
approximate strength of British forces in Borneo destroyer.
in mid-1965 was 10 battalions, including 6 British naval strength in the Indian Ocean area
Gurkha battalions, and at least one Royal is estimated at about 80 warships, including 2
Marine Commando.* The normal strength of aircraft carriers, 1 commando carrier, and at
the Hong Kong garrison is 4 battalions, and least 2 guided-missile destroyers.
there is one British infantry battalion with the The Royal Marines total about 8,000 men, and
Commonwealth Brigade in Malacca. provide five Commandos of 600 men each. Two
of these are normally stationed out of Britain.
Navy There are 8,860 men in the naval and marine
Total strength: 100,000. reserves.

The strength of the operational fleet during 1965
was as follows (this includes naval forces Air Force
mentioned above) : Total strength: 132,000.
4 aircraft carriers. (1) Bomber Command provides a medium
2 commando ships. bombing force designed for strategic nuclear
2 cruisers. strikes and conventional bombing. Its nucleus
4 guided-missile destroyers. consists of about 80 Mark II Victor and Mark II
7 other destroyers. Vulcan four-engined jet bombers, which can
34 ASW frigates. carry either free-fall nuclear weapons or the
26 other escort vessels. Blue Steel stand-off bomb. The Mark I Victors
I nuclear-powered hunter-killer submarine. have been converted to refuelling or reconnais-
34 other submarines. sance roles, and the Mark I Vulcans have been
36 coastal minesweepers. put into reserve. The Valiant has been withdrawn
98 fleet support ships. from service. It is hoped to equip Canberras
18 landing ships. with the AS-30 air-to-surface missile. Canberras
II landing craft. also provide photo-reconnaissance support to
Ships in reserve or undergoing repairs and the strategic bombers.
conversion included 1 aircraft carrier, 3 cruisers, All Bomber Command's strategic bombers are
35 escorts, 9 conventional submarines, 37 assigned to NATO, but some have been
coastal minesweepers, and 45 inshore mine- stationed in the Far East during the past year.
sweepers. The V-bomber force would form a part of the
Atlantic Nuclear Force proposed by the British
The Fleet Air Arm has a nuclear and conven- Government.
tional strike capacity with the Buccaneer I and II, (2) Fighter Command is equipped with
which, together with its Scimitar and Sea Vixen Javelins and Mark II and Mark III Lightnings,
aircraft, can be fitted with Bullpup air-to-surface and is also assigned to NATO. The Lightning is
missiles. The Sea Vixen Mark II is equipped equipped either with Firestreak or the more
with the Red Top air-to-air guided missile. The advanced Red Top air-to-air missile, and has a
Commando carriers carry troops in Wessex ferry range adequate to requirements for overseas
Mark V and Whirlwind 7 helicopters. Wessex reinforcements. The BMEWS station at Fyling-
dales has been in operation since the beginning
* There were in addition 4 Malaysian battalions and
of 1964, and has direct links with NORAD in
1 Australian battalion. Colarado Springs as well as British defence head-
22
quarters. Mark II Bloodhound surface-to-air UNITED STATES
missile squadrons are operational in Cyprus and
Singapore, and one will be established in Population: 194,000,000.
Norfolk during 1965. Military service: selective service for two years.
Total armed forces: 2,660,000 (to be increased
(3) Coastal Command is equipped with to about 3,000,000).
Shackleton long-range reconnaissance and anti- Defence estimates 1965-66: $52,200,000,000.
submarine aircraft, which are to be replaced by
the Comet C-4 during 1966.
Strategic Nuclear Forces
(4) Transport Command has 23 Britannia and There have been no basic changes in American
11 Comet airliners for strategic airlift. During strategic policy or deployment in the last year.
1965 it will also receive the first of 10 long- The strategic offensive and defensive deployment
range Belfast freighters, and the first of 14 of US forces is decided in the light of the two
VC-10s for passengers and freight will come into major objectives governing policy in the event
service at the end of 1966. Other medium-range of global war: (1) the 'assured destruction' of
transports include Argosy, Hastings, and Valetta, hostile strategic targets in the USSR, China, or
and 30 Andover Mark I are being introduced to the Communist satellites; (2) 'damage limitation'
supplement the short-range Beverleys. Twenty with respect to the strategic targets and urban
Basset communication aircraft will also be areas of the USA and its allies.
introduced. Helicopter transport is provided by For the first objective, the US Government has
Belvederes, Whirlwinds, and Wessex Mark Us. deployed three complementary weapons sys-
Two ground-attack squadrons of Hunter Mark tems: (1) Minuteman and Titan Inter-Continental
IX are included in the Command. Ballistic Missiles; (2) Polaris Seaborne Strategic
Missiles; and (3) B-47, B-52, and B-58 bombers,
RAF Germany, whose present strength is 8,700 some with stand-off missiles.
men, is equipped with Canberra strike and recce The United States continues to rely chiefly on
aircraft (the strike squadrons have both nuclear the Minuteman and Polaris systems. A substan-
and conventional roles), Hunter ground-attack tial force of nuclear bombers is, however, being
and recce aircraft, Javelin all-weather inter- maintained and improved; it is possible that a
ceptors, and Wessex H helicopters. The Javelins strategic version of the F-lll with a short-range
are gradually being replaced by Lightning Ills attack missile may be developed as a strategic
and the Hunters will be eventually replaced with bombing system.
a mixed force of F-4 Phantoms and P-1127 As far as the air defence component of 'damage
Kestrels. limitation' is concerned, Mr McNamara has
decided to postpone any decision on procuring
Near East Air Force in Cyprus includes one and deploying the Nike-X anti-ICBM defensive
strike wing of Canberras (with a nuclear capacity), system. However, development work on it will
one squadron oí Javelins, and one squadron of continue.
Bloodhound Mark II surface-to-air missiles. Work is also proceeding on the new advanced
Canberra and Shackleton reconnaissance aircraft manned interceptor, the YF-12A. But it has
are based in Malta and Gibraltar. Middle East not been decided whether this aircraft should
Air Force in Aden has Shackleton and Hunter have preference over either surface-to-air missiles
ground-attack aircraft. Far East Air Force such as Nike or the proposed interceptor version
includes Hunter, Javelin, Canberra, and Shackle- oftheF-lllB.
ton aircraft, a small force of V-bombers in the
conventional role, and a squadron oí Bloodhound 1. Land-based Strategic Missiles
Mark II anti-aircraft missiles stationed around At present, 800 Minuteman Is in hardened silos
Singapore. There is also considerable tactical are operational. As the improved Minuteman II
and logistical air support provided in Borneo by is produced, it will replace the Minuteman I,
Hastings and Valetta transports, helicopters, and it is hoped to instal the first Minuteman II
and light aircraft such as Pioneers. missiles by late 1966. The Minuteman II will
The RAF reserves total 12,963 men. have either a longer range or a larger payload;
23
it is more accurate, and can be launched by 4. North American Air Defence
radio from an airborne command post. The air defence of North America is the responsi-
All Atlas missiles have now been phased out of bility of NORAD, a joint Canadian-American
the USAF; some are continuing in service as command at Colorado Springs, Colorado. A
first-stage boosters for military or scientific new underground combat operation centre is
space shots. The six squadrons of Titan Is have being built deep down in the Cheyenne Moun-
similarly been withdrawn; the 54 launchers (six tain, and the first units of the command are
squadrons of nine missiles each) of the Titan II already installed there. The American forces
remain in service. These have greater thrust, under NORAD are known as the Air Defence
range and payload than the Minuteman. Command (ADC), and currently number
110,000 men.
2. Seaborne Strategic Missiles Fighter interceptor units operating under ADC
The United States Navy now has in commission number 38 squadrons, and include the following:
31 submarines equipped for carrying Polaris 16 squadrons F-101B Voodoo, 12 squadrons
missiles, and 5 more in various stages of con- F-106A Delta Dart, 8 squadrons F-102 Delta
struction. Of the 31, 18 are patrolling the Dagger, and 2 squadrons F-104A Starfighters.
Atlantic with bases in Scotland and Spain, These aircraft have operational speeds of 1,200
three are in the Mediterranean, and four (out
mph and over (except for the F-102, which

of an eventual 7) are in the Western Pacific. Five operates at 825 mph), and attain ceilings of
submarines are equipped with the A-l missile 50,000 feet. Air-to-air missiles used by these
(1,200-mile range), 13 with the A-2 (1,500-mile aircraft include Sidewinder, Falcon, and Genie.
range), and the remainder with the A-3 (2,500-
mile range). Development will shortly start on The regular units of Continental Air Defence
the Poseidon missile, which will have nearly Command are supplemented by 23 fighter-
twice the payload of the A-3 missile, and which interceptor squadrons of the Air National
will eventually replace the Polaris. Guard, which include F-86 Sabres and F-89J
Scorpions. This gives a total number of inter-
ceptor aircraft in NORAD (including Canadian
3. Bombers units) of 1,600.
Strategic Air Command at present numbers
about 935 bombers. These include about 630 The missile force consists of three main systems :
B-52s with the AGM-28B Hound Dog stand-off Nike, Hawk, and Bomarc. A force of over 80
missiles and Quail decoys. The Hound Dog has Nike-Hercules batteries is being maintained,
a range of up to 700 miles and carries a thermo- together with the Hawks which were deployed
nuclear warhead. B-52s have also been used in in Florida late in 1962; both these systems are
a conventional role to drop free-fall high- operated by the Army elements of ADC. The
explosive bombs and leaflets in Vietnam during present number of long-range surface-to-air
the last year. There are 2 wings of B-58 Hustler Bomarc missiles is 188, deployed in 6 squadrons.
medium bombers with about 80 aircraft. The These are all Bomarc B, with a range of 440
B-47s are being gradually phased out, and only miles and a ceiling of 100,000 feet.
225 remain in service. Some of those phased out Ground defence against bomber or missile
have been converted to the photo-electronic attack is supported by a chain of radar and
reconnaissance (RB-47K) or weather recon- tracking stations, including the Ballistic Missile
naissance (WB-47) roles. Early Warning System (BMEWS) with stations
There are also about 50 squadrons of KC-135 in Alaska, Greenland, and Yorkshire, the
tankers in SAC, and they are also used as Pinetree line, and the Distant Early Warning
airborne command posts. It is planned to Line (DEW). However, because these systems
introduce a squadron of the supersonic SR-71 have to some extent been outflanked by Soviet
(formerly A-ll) post-attack strategic reconnais- deployment of ICBMs, some seaward extensions
sance aircraft during the coming year. It is of the DEW system have become obsolete and
expected that this aircraft will attain speeds of will be dismantled. Surveillance and tracking of
more than Mach 3 and altitudes greater than objects in American air space is co-ordinated by
80,000 ft. the obsolescent Semi-Automatic Ground En-
24
vironment System (SAGE) organized into 5 air 101st Airborne Division
divisions governing 15 sectors. Four of the 3rd Marine Division
SAGE Direction Centres will be replaced by 1st Air Cavalry Division
Back-Up Interceptor Control (BUIC) stations.
Improvements are being carried out to the three Germany
existing BMEWS stations, and some of the (5th Corps)
air-defence radar stations now on the East, 3rd Armoured Division
West, and Gulf Coasts of the United States are 8th Infantry Division
being adapted for detection of submarine- (7th Corps)
launched missiles. 4th Armoured Division
3rd Infantry Division
24th Infantry Division
Army Three armoured cavalry regiments
Total strength: 963,000. (in West Berlin)
The regular Army is organized into 16 One infantry brigade
operational divisions, 38 surface-to-surface mis-
sile battalions, 7 Special Forces Groups, and The Seventh Army in Germany is equipped
some independent brigades. It possesses about with the M-60 battle tank, and includes three
7,000 aircraft of all types. battalions (12 launchers) of solid-fuel Pershing
A new air assault division has been formed out nuclear missiles. Self-propelled medium artillery
of the existing First Cavalry Division and has includes the M-107 Long Tom 175mm gun and
been «designated the 1st Air Cavalry Division. the M-110 8-inch howitzer. No decision has yet
This division, units of which are already serving been taken to replace the existing Honest John
in Vietnam, will have nearly 16,000 men, 1,600 and Little John short-range missiles. The 7th
ground vehicles, and over 450 aircraft, most of Army is also equipped with Sergeant surface-to-
which will be helicopters. One of its brigades surface bombardment weapons with a maximum
may be equipped for parachute operations. range of 75 miles, and, in the short-range
US ground forces, including the three divisions category, Davy Crockett mortars and Lacrosse
of the Marine Corps, were deployed as follows rockets. The main anti-aircraft missiles are
in September 1965: Nike-Hercules and Hawk.
USA US Forces in Vietnam

(strategic reserve) President Johnson announced in July 1965 that
4th Infantry Division the total American military forces in Vietnam
5th Mechanized Division would be increased to 125,000 by the autumn.
2nd Marine Division These will include either the whole or elements
Half of 82nd Airborne Division of the four divisions listed above, and also
(for reinforcing 7th Army in Europe) individual detachments, including special heli-
1st Armoured Division copter companies on which the US command
2nd Armoured Division is placing great emphasis. It is possible that the
number of American troops in Vietnam will
Dominican Republic rise to 250,000 during the coming year.
Half of 82nd Airborne Division
Army reserves
Korea It had been decided earlier this year to merge
2nd Infantry Division the Army Reserve and Army National Guard,
7th Infantry Division which previously totalled 700,000 men, so as to
form a more compact force of 550,000. This
Hawaiil Okinawa
would provide 6 divisions, 2 Special Purpose
25th Infantry Division
Forces of divisional strength, and 16 brigades,
1st Marine Division
as well as various units to round out regular
An airborne brigade
army formations. However, because of the
South Vietnam Vietnam situation, it is unlikely that these
1st Infantry Division reductions will be made immediately.
25
Navy Tartar, and Talos surface-to-air missile systems.
Total strength: 674,000. 23 destroyer escorts.
The total number of commissioned ships is
about 900. The General Purpose Forces navy 160 logistic and operational support ships.
consists of approximately 865 ships. The fleets 135 amphibious assault ships.
are the 1st in the Eastern Pacific, the 2nd in
the Atlantic, the 6th in the Mediterranean, In addition there are over 400 escorts and 15
and the 7th in the Western Pacific. A nuclear- cruisers in reserve. The active fleet and reserves
powered task force consisting of an aircraft also include about 200 minesweepers and over
carrier, a guided-missile cruiser, and 2 guided- 1,000 service patrol and other craft.
missile frigates was transferred from the There are 30 squadrons of shore-based ASW
Atlantic to the Pacific fleet in October 1965. patrol aircraft. They are mostly equipped with
the SP-2 Neptune and P-3A Orion.
The main units of the active fleets are:
Air units in the naval reserve include 12 squad-
15 attack carriers - 1 (USS Enterprise) nuclear- rons of fixed-wing aircraft and 4 squadrons of
powered, 6 of the Forrestal class, 3 of the Midway helicopters. The number of aircraft in the
class, and 5 of the Essex class. 1 Essex-class ship active inventory of the navy is estimated at
is being replaced by an additional Forrestal 8,250.
class, and 2 of the Midway class are being

modernized to allow them to operate heavier
aircraft such as the RA-5C Vigilante. Mr Marine Corps
McNamara has confirmed that the attack Total strength: 193,000.
carriers will lose their strategic alert nuclear The Marine Corps is organized into three
mission, and that the lighter attack aircraft such divisions and three associated air wings. The
as the A-6A Intruder and the A-7A VAL will Marine Corps Reserve has now been reorganized
replace the A-5 Vigilantes. The reconnaissance to provide a fourth division and wing, and it is
version of the Vigilante will be retained in the likely that this formation will be mobilized
proportion of at least 6 to each of the Forrestal- following the military build-up in Vietnam.
class carriers. The attack carrier aircraft number The capability of the Hawk missile battalions
15 air groups, with 2 in reserve. with the divisions has been improved by
activating the reserve battery in each battalion.
(With the development of the F-1UB/Phoenix Other tactical artillery with the divisions
system, it is thought that only one squadron of includes 105mm howitzers and Little John
the F-llls per carrier will be required for the rockets - both helicopter-transportable. The
interception role, instead of the mix of 1 F-lll Ontos anti-tank device - 6 106mm recoilless
and 1 F-4B Phantom squadron that was pre- rifles mounted on a tracked vehicle - is now in
viously proposed. At present this role is carried service in Vietnam.
out by Phantoms, except in the Essex-class The three Marine Air Wings have about 1,130
carriers, which retain the F-8E Crusaders.) combat and support aircraft, and the number
9 anti-submarine carriers, all of the Essex class. of helicopters is being steadily increased, with
They are being equipped with S-2E long-range particular emphasis on the CH-46A Sea Knight
search aircraft and SH-3A helicopters. They assault transport (carries 17 men), and the
have also been given some A-4C Skyhawks for CH-53A all-weather cargo and troop heavy
limited interception and air defence duties. transport. In the 15 fighter squadrons, the F-4
Phantom, armed with Sparrow and Sidewinder
103 submarines (excluding missile firing), in- missiles, is gradually replacing the F-8 Crusader.
cluding 23 nuclear-powered attack submarines. The Air Wings also have attack squadrons, with
the A-6A Intruder now being delivered to give
263 multi-purpose ships for anti-submarine all-weather, close support and interdiction
warfare and fleet defence. These include guided- capability, and reconnaissance squadrons with
missile cruisers and a few heavy cruisers. the reconnaissance version of the Phantom
Improvements have been made to the Terrier, (RF-4B) replacing the RF-8A Crusader.
26
Air Force Vietnam) is 8 tactical fighter squadrons, 2
Total strength: 829,000; 14,400 aircraft. (For tactical reconnaissance squadrons, 2 tactical
strategic and continental air defence forces see bomber squadrons (with B-57B), 7 troop-carrier
above.) squadrons (with Hercules and Provider aircraft),
The General Purpose Forces of the air force and 2 Mace~B squadrons. The tactical fighters
consist of the Tactical Air Command, the include F-100, F-102, and F-105, and the first
Military Airlift Command (formerly Military squadron of Phantoms has been delivered this
Air Transport Service), and some fighter inter- year.
ceptor squadrons assigned to US air forces in The Military Air Lift Command operates about
Europe and the Pacific. 1,000 aircraft in 37 squadrons. These include
The present strength of Tactical Air Command C-135 jet Stratolifters, C-133 Cargomasters,
is 75,000 and 130 squadrons. Of the wings based C-130 Hercules, C-124 Globemasters, C-118
in the USA there are: Liftmasters, and C-141 Starlifters.
56 tactical fighter squadrons with F100, F-102, The Air National Guard General Purpose
F-104, F-105, and F-4C. Forces total 23 fighter interceptor squadrons,
4 tactical reconnaissance squadrons. 30 tactical fighter squadrons, 12 tactical re-
24 assault air-lift squadrons (mostly with C-130 connaissance squadrons, 3 tactical bomber
Hercules). squadrons, 4 air commando squadrons, 5 tanker
6 counter-insurgency squadrons with A-IE, squadrons, and 25 air transport squadrons,

B-26, T-28B, U-10B, and C-123 aircraft. mostly with the older type transports. These
US Air Forces Europe (USAFE) has an units are normally assigned to support the
inventory of more than 1,000 tactical aircraft, various commands to which they are relevant.
which include 18 tactical fighter squadrons, The strength of the Guard is 75,000 men. There
8 tactical reconnaissance squadrons. There are is also an Air Force Reserve of 68,000 men and
6 squadrons of the Mace tactical missile, for 50 squadrons, of which 45 are troop carriers
which hardened sites have now been completed. with C-1I9, C-123, and C-124 aircraft. There
The tactical fighters include F-100, F-105, and were plans to absorb the Reserve into the Air
F-4 Phantom, and the reconnaissance aircraft National Guard so as to form a combined Air
are RB-66 and RF-101 Voodoo. National Guard of about 72,000, but it is likely
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), with headquarters that, as with the Army Reserves, these plans
in Hawaii, controls the 5th Air Force with bases will be shelved in the light of the Vietnam
in Japan, Korea, and Okinawa, the 13th Air situation.
Force in the Philippines, and the task forces The active inventory of the USAF is estimated
operating in Formosa and Vietnam. Their total at 14,400 aircraft and about 1,000 tactical
strength (excluding the special build-up in bombardment missiles.
CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION

The members of CENTO are Pakistan, Iran, Cyprus, and the US 6th Fleet. The treaty is
Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The United explicitly intended to provide a framework for
States is an associate member and is represented collective action in the event of a threat from a
on the co-ordinating Council of military communist power, but not in the case of friction
deputies and on the economic and counter- between member states and non-communist
subversion committees. CENTO does not have powers. During the Indo-Pakistan conflict of
an international command structure, nor are September 1965, Iran and Turkey offered
forces allocated to it. The air striking power is support to Pakistan, but the United Kingdom
supplied by British Canberra bombers based on did not.
27
This article was downloaded by: [Ohio State University Libraries]
On: 07 December 2014, At: 10:35

Central Treaty Organization

To cite this article: (1965) Central Treaty Organization, The Military Balance, 65:1, 27-28, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459729
Air Force Vietnam) is 8 tactical fighter squadrons, 2
Total strength: 829,000; 14,400 aircraft. (For tactical reconnaissance squadrons, 2 tactical
strategic and continental air defence forces see bomber squadrons (with B-57B), 7 troop-carrier
above.) squadrons (with Hercules and Provider aircraft),
The General Purpose Forces of the air force and 2 Mace~B squadrons. The tactical fighters
consist of the Tactical Air Command, the include F-100, F-102, and F-105, and the first
Military Airlift Command (formerly Military squadron of Phantoms has been delivered this
Air Transport Service), and some fighter inter- year.
ceptor squadrons assigned to US air forces in The Military Air Lift Command operates about
Europe and the Pacific. 1,000 aircraft in 37 squadrons. These include
The present strength of Tactical Air Command C-135 jet Stratolifters, C-133 Cargomasters,
is 75,000 and 130 squadrons. Of the wings based C-130 Hercules, C-124 Globemasters, C-118
in the USA there are: Liftmasters, and C-141 Starlifters.
56 tactical fighter squadrons with F100, F-102, The Air National Guard General Purpose
F-104, F-105, and F-4C. Forces total 23 fighter interceptor squadrons,
4 tactical reconnaissance squadrons. 30 tactical fighter squadrons, 12 tactical re-
24 assault air-lift squadrons (mostly with C-130 connaissance squadrons, 3 tactical bomber
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 10:35 07 December 2014
Hercules). squadrons, 4 air commando squadrons, 5 tanker

6 counter-insurgency squadrons with A-IE, squadrons, and 25 air transport squadrons,
B-26, T-28B, U-10B, and C-123 aircraft. mostly with the older type transports. These
US Air Forces Europe (USAFE) has an units are normally assigned to support the
inventory of more than 1,000 tactical aircraft, various commands to which they are relevant.
which include 18 tactical fighter squadrons, The strength of the Guard is 75,000 men. There
8 tactical reconnaissance squadrons. There are is also an Air Force Reserve of 68,000 men and
6 squadrons of the Mace tactical missile, for 50 squadrons, of which 45 are troop carriers
which hardened sites have now been completed. with C-1I9, C-123, and C-124 aircraft. There
The tactical fighters include F-100, F-105, and were plans to absorb the Reserve into the Air
F-4 Phantom, and the reconnaissance aircraft National Guard so as to form a combined Air
are RB-66 and RF-101 Voodoo. National Guard of about 72,000, but it is likely
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), with headquarters that, as with the Army Reserves, these plans
in Hawaii, controls the 5th Air Force with bases will be shelved in the light of the Vietnam
in Japan, Korea, and Okinawa, the 13th Air situation.
Force in the Philippines, and the task forces The active inventory of the USAF is estimated
operating in Formosa and Vietnam. Their total at 14,400 aircraft and about 1,000 tactical
strength (excluding the special build-up in bombardment missiles.
CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION

The members of CENTO are Pakistan, Iran, Cyprus, and the US 6th Fleet. The treaty is
Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The United explicitly intended to provide a framework for
States is an associate member and is represented collective action in the event of a threat from a
on the co-ordinating Council of military communist power, but not in the case of friction
deputies and on the economic and counter- between member states and non-communist
subversion committees. CENTO does not have powers. During the Indo-Pakistan conflict of
an international command structure, nor are September 1965, Iran and Turkey offered
forces allocated to it. The air striking power is support to Pakistan, but the United Kingdom
supplied by British Canberra bombers based on did not.
27
IRAN Defence estimates 1965-66: 1,382,000,000 rupees
General ($289,000,000).
Military service: 2 years.
Army
Total armed forces: 180,000 (excluding Gen-
Strength: 160,000-180,000.
darmerie).
Defence estimates 1964-65: 16,435,000,000 rials 6 infantry divisions (one in East Pakistan).
1 air defence brigade.
($217,000,000).
The armoured forces (before the Indo-Pakistan
Army conflict) included about ten regiments with
Total strength: 164,000. M-47/48 Patton and M-4 Sherman medium
7 infantry divisions (approx. 12,000 men to each). tanks, and two to three regiments with M-24
1 armoured division. Chaffee light tanks. These probably formed one
1 independent armoured brigade. armoured division of two brigades and a
separate independent armoured brigade.
Armoured units are equipped with M-47 Patton
Casualties: men, 3,000-5,000; tanks, over 250.
tanks.
Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 10:35 07 December 2014
Two army headquarters and most of the combat

troops are stationed in Northern Iran. Para-military forces
Navy Frontier Corps : 25,000 (tribesmen).
Total strength: 6,000. West Pakistan Rangers: 10,000.
4 escort vessels. East Pakistan Rifles: 10,000.
6 minesweepers. Azad Kashmir troops: 25,000.
24 small patrol craft.
2 landing craft.
5 other ships. Navy
Air Force 1 light cruiser (cadet training ship).
Total strength: 10,000; 130 American aircraft. 5 destroyers.
4 fighter squadrons with F-86F Sabres. 2 ASW frigates.
1 fighter squadron with F-5 Norair tactical 1 submarine.
fighters. 8 minesweepers.
1 tactical reconnaissance squadron with RT-33 4 motor launches.
aircraft. 8 other ships.
2 transport squadrons with C-130B Hercules. There is a coastguard force of 1,500 men.
Naval aircraft include Albatross and some UH-19
Para-military forces helicopters for air-sea rescue.
The Gendarmerie has a strength of nearly Casualties: nil.
26,000 all ranks.
Air Force
Total strength: 20,000; 200 aircraft.
2 B-57B Canberra squadrons.
PAKISTAN* 4 F-86F Sabre squadrons.
General 1 F-104A Starfighter squadron (a second is to
Population: 101,000,000. be formed).
Voluntary military service. RT-33As are used for tactical reconnaissance
Total armed forces: 188,000-208,000 (exc. purposes.
para-military forces). The transport force includes 4 C-130B Hercules
and 10 Bristol Mark 21 and Mark 31 tactical
freighters.
* Figures refer to the situation before the Indo- Some T-6, T-33, and T-37B jet trainers.
Pakistan conflict of September 1965. Casualty estimates
are given in italics after each service. Casualties: up to 50 aircraft.
28
This article was downloaded by: [Carnegie Mellon University]
On: 20 January 2015, At: 16:55

South‐East Asia Treaty Organization

To cite this article: (1965) South‐East Asia Treaty Organization, The Military Balance, 65:1, 29-32, DOI:
10.1080/04597226508459730
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the
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or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of
the Content.
SOUTH-EAST ASIA TREATY ORGANIZATION
The members of SEATO are Australia, France, exercised by the 7th Fleet, based on Taiwan and
New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thai- the Philippines, and American air and ground
land, the United Kingdom, and the United forces based on Guam and Okinawa.
States. They are committed to build up collective Although the United States, Australia, and
economic and military strength and to consult New Zealand have sent troops to South Vietnam,
with a view to joint defensive action in the event this has not been done under SEATO. The 28th
of direct or indirect aggression against a member Commonwealth Brigade (consisting of British,
or against the 'protocol states' of Laos, Australian, and New Zealand forces), plus
Cambodia, and South Vietnam. The treaty area supporting air units, is based in Malaysia, as are
is the South-West Pacific theatre south of Commonwealth naval forces which would
20° 30' N. There is no central command struc- operate in support of the treaty powers in the
ture, and forces remain under national control. event of war. France maintains no forces in the
American support for the treaty powers is area.
Downloaded by [Carnegie Mellon University] at 16:55 20 January 2015
AUSTRALIA 4 fighter squadrons of Australian Sabres (F-86)

General with Sidewinder missiles.
Population: 11,000,000. 1 fighter squadron of Mirage III-Os (with Matra
2 years selective service. air-to-air missile).
Total armed forces : 69,220. 3 bomber squadrons of Australian Canberras.
Defence estimates 1965-66: A£386,OOO,OOO 2 Neptune maritime reconnaissance squadrons.
($864,000,000). 2 transport squadrons (1 C-130 Hercules, 1
CV-2B Caribou).
Army
2 Iroquois UH-13 helicopter squadrons.
Total planned strength: 37,500. 1 Bloodhound Mark I surface-to-air missile
1 infantry division (about 9 battalions, including squadron.
one battalion group now in Malaysia, and a
second battalion group in Vietnam).
1 Centurion tank regiment. NEW ZEALAND
1 Special Air Service (SAS) regiment. General
2 battalions of the Pacific Islands Regiment. Population: 2,550,000.
1 Logistic Support Force. Voluntary military service (supplemented by
The Citizens' Military Force of 29,000 is based selective national service for the Army).
on 20 infantry battalions with supporting arms Total armed forces: 12,900.
and services, plus 2 Commandos. Defence estimates 1965-66: NZ £40,000,000
($115,000,000).
Navy
Total strength: 14,000. Army
1 light fleet carrier (used for ASW). Total strength: 5,400 regulars, plus 9,000
1 light fleet carrier (fast troop transport). territorials.
5 destroyers. 1 infantry battalion in Malaysia.
4 frigates. A Combat Brigade Group - regulars and terri-
6 minesweepers. torials.
22 other ships. A Logistic Support Force - regulars and terri-
1 Sea Venom all-weather fighter squadron. torials.
1 Gannet ASW squadron. A Combat Reserve Group—regulars and terri-
1 helicopter squadron with Wessex Mark 31s. torials.
A Static Support Force - regulars.
Air Force
Total strength: 17,720 (plus a Citizen Air Force Navy
of 1,080). Total strength: 3,000.
29
1 light cruiser. THAILAND
3 ASW frigates. General
4 escort minesweepers. Population: 31,000,000.
1 support ship. Length of military service: 2 years.
12 other ships. Total armed forces: 131,500.
3,800 naval reservists. Defence budget 1965-66: 1,930,000,000 bahts
($92,700,000).
Air Force
Total strength: 4,500. Army
1 Canberra light bomber squadron. Total strength: 85,000.
1 day-fighter ground-attack squadron with 3 infantry divisions (making a total of 11
Vampires. regimental combat teams).
1 Sunderland maritime reconnaissance squadron. 1 cavalry division (horse and motorized cavalry
3 transport squadrons (DC-6B, C-130 Hercules, and motorized infantry).
Dakota, Bristol, Devon). Navy
1 transport squadron and the light bomber Total strength: 23,000, plus 3,500 Marines.
squadron are deployed in Singapore. 5 frigates and other escorts.
Some transport helicopters have been ordered. 7 minelayers and minesweepers.

2 armoured gunboats.
14 patrol vessels.
PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC 13 landing craft and landing ships.
General 23 other ships.
Selective service. Air Force
Total armed forces: 36,500. Total strength: 20,000; 250 aircraft.
Defence estimates 1965-66: 281,000,000 pesos 3 squadrons F-86F fighter-bombers.
($72,000,000). 1 wing F8F-1D Bearcat close support aircraft.
1 wing of 30 T-6 and T-28D light close-support
Army aircraft.
Total strength: 25,500. Some RT-33A reconnaissance aircraft.
1 combat division. About 100 training and transport aircraft,
4 training divisions. including C-45, C-47, C-54, and C-123.
There is a reserve of 120,000 men.
Navy Reserves
Total strength: 4,000. Volunteer Defence Corps : 25,000.
7 escort patrol vessels. Border Police: 7,000.
2 command ships.
6 submarine chasers.
2 coastal minesweepers.
6 landing craft. THE PROTOCOL STATES
33 patrol boats.
13 other ships. SOUTH VIETNAM
Air Force General
Total strength: 7,000; 200 aircraft. Population: 15,000,000.
3 F-86F day-fighter squadrons. Length of military service: all men between ages
1 F-86D all-weather fighter squadron. 25-33 liable for mobilization.
Transport, observation, air-sea rescue and Total armed forces: 565,350, including auxili-
training units. aries.
F-5 tactical fighters are expected to replace the Army
F-86F in the near future. Total strength: 280,000 (regular), 260,000
Para-military forces (auxiliary forces - establishment strength).
Philippine Constabulary of 15,500. The regular army is organized on the basis of
30
four Army Corps areas: First Corps in the A considerable proportion of the Army is
northern mountain region, Second Corps in the engaged on economic and social services.
central highlands region, Third Corps in the The country is divided into 5 military regions.
northern Mekong delta (including Saigon), In command terms, the Army is organized into
Fourth Corps in the southern half of the delta. 30 infantry battalions, 2 parachute battalions,
There are also two auxiliary forces: the Regional and 1 armoured reconnaissance regiment. There
Forces and the Popular Forces. These forces are 6 batteries of 105mm artillery, and a company
have establishments of 120,000 and 140,000 men of light tanks. Sixty AA-guns and 12 field guns
respectively, but it is believed that effective have been supplied by the Soviet Union.
strength is below these levels, owing to poor There is a small French training mission, but all
recruiting and desertions. American military advisers have been with-
In general, a static defence role (villages, bridges, drawn.
supply dumps, etc.) is given to the auxiliary
forces, and the regular troops are kept back for Navy
mobile, counter-guerrilla operations. Total strength: 1,200, plus Marine Corps of 150.
At the end of September 1965, there were 2 patrol vessels.
132,000 American, 15,000 South Korean, 1,500 1 support gunboat.
Australian, and 350 New Zealand troops in 3 seaward patrol craft.
South Vietnam. 4 landing craft.

50 small craft.
Navy
Total strength: 15,350, including a Marine Air Force
Brigade of about 5,000 men. Total strength: 1,500.
5 escorts (including 1 submarine chaser). Chiefly concerned with internal police and
14 motor gunboats, coastal patrol vessels. transport duties.
5 coastal minesweepers. 5 MiG-17 interceptors.
25 landing craft. 10 A-1 Skyraider (supplied by France).
4 Magister, some MS-733 Alcyon light attack
500 other small vessels (including motorized
junks). aircraft.
C-47, Beaver, T-28 Trojan, and 211-14 transports.
Air Force O-1E Bird Dog observation and Alouette
Total strength: 10,000. helicopters.
About 400 propeller-driven aircraft, including:
90 A-IE and A-1H Sky raiders.
70 T-28 armed trainers. LAOS
32 C-47 transports. General
The United States has promised to deliver 4 Population: 2,500,000.
B-57 light jet bombers. Military service : conscription.
(1) Royal Lao Forces
Total: 55,000.
CAMBODIA
Army
General
About 50,000 men, including the 10,000-strong
neutralist army of General Kong Le with whom
they are now associated.
Army
Navy
4 river squadrons small gunboats.
The Cambodian Army is organized along two
main lines: the static defence system of the Air Force
villages, with a militia officered by small groups 20 T-28 and some Texan piston-engined trainers
of officers and NCOs ; and the mobile detach- in ground-support role.
ments, in which a popular militia is equally C-47 and some commercial light transport
heavily represented. aircraft.
31
Para-military forces These are now believed to be supported by up
The Government also has para-military forces to 6,000 regular North Vietnamese troops
(totalling some 8,000 and including about 5,000 operating in the northern provinces. They have
Meo tribesmen) harrassing the Pathet-Lao in the received a large supply of arms and ammunition
mountains around the Plain of Jars. of Soviet and Chinese origin, but no troops from
these countries. The Pathet-Lao now control all
(2) Pathet-Lao Forces the eastern half of Laos, including the Plain of
Strength: about 21,000 men. Jars and the frontier with Vietnam.
US MUTUAL DEFENCE TREATY POWERS

JAPAN About 400 T-33, T-1A, and T-34 trainers.
General 1 wing of 72 Nike-Ajax missiles.
Voluntary military service.
Total armed forces: 246,000. SOUTH KOREA

Defence estimates 1965-66: 343,400,000,000 yen General
($953,900,000). Population: 28,000,000.
Military service: conscription.
Army Total armed forces: 604,000.
Total strength: 172,000. Defence estimates: 23,800,000,000 won
13 divisions of 7,000-9,000 men, each organized (5183,000,000).
into 3-4 battle groups. One division, based in Army
Hokkaido, is mechanized. Total strength: 540,000, plus 10,000 Koreans
The Army has 255 light aircraft and helicopters, serving in the US Army in Korea.
and 900 American and Japanese tanks. The First Army has 18 divisions, plus 50
2-3 Hawk battalions (about 140 missiles). independent artillery and 7 independent tank
Reserves: 24,000. battalions.
The Second Army (in reserve) has 10 divisions.
Navy It is planned to reduce the overall order of battle
Total strength: 35,000 men. by 5 divisions. 15,000 South Korean troops are
19 destroyers (including 1 with guided missiles). now serving in South Vietnam.
28 frigates, other escorts.
6 submarines. Navy
18 submarine chasers. Total strength: 17,000, plus 27,000 Marines.
10 motor torpedo boats. 1 destroyer.
46 minesweepers and minelayers. 16 frigates and other escorts.
10 landing craft. 6 submarine chasers.
196 other ships. 11 minesweepers.
The naval air component has about 250 aircraft, 2 motor torpedo boats.
including S-2A Trackers, P-2H Neptunes, and 20 landing craft.
helicopters. 20 other ships.
Air Force
Air Force Total strength: 20,000.
Total strength: 39,000; 500 combat aircraft. 1 squadron F-5 tactical fighters.
7 squadrons F-104J interceptors (with the 3 squadrons F-86D all-weather interceptors.
Sidewinder missile). 4 squadrons F-86F fighter bombers.
10 squadrons F-86D and F-86F interceptors. 1 squadron RF-86F reconnaissance fighters.
3 squadrons C-46 transports. 19 C-46 and C-47 transports.
1 squadron RF-86F reconnaissance fighters. 90 miscellaneous aircraft.
32
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On: 07 January 2015, At: 08:13

US mutual defence treaty powers

To cite this article: (1965) US mutual defence treaty powers, The Military Balance, 65:1, 32-33, DOI:
10.1080/04597226508459731
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the
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or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of
the Content.
Para-military forces These are now believed to be supported by up
The Government also has para-military forces to 6,000 regular North Vietnamese troops
(totalling some 8,000 and including about 5,000 operating in the northern provinces. They have
Meo tribesmen) harrassing the Pathet-Lao in the received a large supply of arms and ammunition
mountains around the Plain of Jars. of Soviet and Chinese origin, but no troops from
these countries. The Pathet-Lao now control all
(2) Pathet-Lao Forces the eastern half of Laos, including the Plain of
Strength: about 21,000 men. Jars and the frontier with Vietnam.
US MUTUAL DEFENCE TREATY POWERS

JAPAN About 400 T-33, T-1A, and T-34 trainers.
General 1 wing of 72 Nike-Ajax missiles.
Downloaded by [University of Toronto Libraries] at 08:13 07 January 2015
Voluntary military service.

Total armed forces: 246,000. SOUTH KOREA
Defence estimates 1965-66: 343,400,000,000 yen General
($953,900,000). Population: 28,000,000.
Military service: conscription.
Army Total armed forces: 604,000.
Total strength: 172,000. Defence estimates: 23,800,000,000 won
13 divisions of 7,000-9,000 men, each organized (5183,000,000).
into 3-4 battle groups. One division, based in Army
Hokkaido, is mechanized. Total strength: 540,000, plus 10,000 Koreans
The Army has 255 light aircraft and helicopters, serving in the US Army in Korea.
and 900 American and Japanese tanks. The First Army has 18 divisions, plus 50
2-3 Hawk battalions (about 140 missiles). independent artillery and 7 independent tank
Reserves: 24,000. battalions.
The Second Army (in reserve) has 10 divisions.
Navy It is planned to reduce the overall order of battle
Total strength: 35,000 men. by 5 divisions. 15,000 South Korean troops are
19 destroyers (including 1 with guided missiles). now serving in South Vietnam.
28 frigates, other escorts.
6 submarines. Navy
18 submarine chasers. Total strength: 17,000, plus 27,000 Marines.
10 motor torpedo boats. 1 destroyer.
46 minesweepers and minelayers. 16 frigates and other escorts.
10 landing craft. 6 submarine chasers.
196 other ships. 11 minesweepers.
The naval air component has about 250 aircraft, 2 motor torpedo boats.
including S-2A Trackers, P-2H Neptunes, and 20 landing craft.
helicopters. 20 other ships.
Air Force
Air Force Total strength: 20,000.
Total strength: 39,000; 500 combat aircraft. 1 squadron F-5 tactical fighters.
7 squadrons F-104J interceptors (with the 3 squadrons F-86D all-weather interceptors.
Sidewinder missile). 4 squadrons F-86F fighter bombers.
10 squadrons F-86D and F-86F interceptors. 1 squadron RF-86F reconnaissance fighters.
3 squadrons C-46 transports. 19 C-46 and C-47 transports.
1 squadron RF-86F reconnaissance fighters. 90 miscellaneous aircraft.
32
TAIWAN 8 frigates and other escorts.
General 25 submarine chasers.
Population: 12,000,000. 14 minesweepers and minlayers.
Length of military service: 2 years. 50 motor torpedo boats.
Total armed forces: 524,000. 83 landing craft.
Defence budget: Taiwan $5,875,000,000 46 small patrol craft.
(5147,250,000). 81 other ships.
Army
Air Force
Total strength: 380,000, including 80,000 on
Total strength: 82,000; 900 aircraft.
Quemoy and Matsu.
1 squadron F-104A interceptor.
15 infantry divisions.
7 squadrons F-86D and F-86F fighters.
2 armoured divisions.
3 squadrons F-100 fighter bombers.
6 light divisions.
Reconnaissance squadrons are equipped with
1 parachute brigade.
RB-57, U-2, RF-101, and RF-84F.
Soms Hawk and Honest John missiles.
Transport aircraft include C-119, C-47, C-46D.
Navy 1 Nike-Hercules battalion.
Downloaded by [University of Toronto Libraries] at 08:13 07 January 2015
Total strength: 35,000, plus 27,000 Marines. (Some of the F-86F may be replaced by F-5 in
5 destroyers. the near future.)
33
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On: 28 December 2014, At: 23:08

Part III: Non‐aligned countries

To cite this article: (1965) Part III: Non‐aligned countries, The Military Balance, 65:1, 34-39, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459732
PART III: NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES
INDIA* 4 HF-24 Marut fighter-bombers.
General 4 interceptor squadrons with 25 Mystère IVs
Population: 470,000,000. each.
Voluntary military service. 4 interceptor squadrons with 25 Gnats each.
Total armed forces: 869,000. 4 bomber squadrons with 20 Canberras each.
Defence estimates 1965-66: 9,952,000,000 rupees 6 fighter-bomber squadrons with 25 Hunters
($2,100,000,000). each.
Several Ouragan and Vampire fighter-bomber
Army squadrons.
Total sanctioned strength: 825,000. 1 reconnaissance squadron with 8 Canberras.
16 full-strength divisions, including 9 mountain The transport force includes 80 C-119s, 24
divisions and the armoured division. In addition, An-12s and about 50 C-47s.
4 infantry divisions on a reduced establishment 2 II-14s, some Otters and Viscounts 723 and 730.
have been sanctioned. It will take about eighteen Avro 748s and Caribous are being acquired.
months to bring the army up to its full strength. The Auxiliary Air Force squadrons chiefly fly
Armoured forces, before the fighting with Harvard and Vampire trainers.
Pakistan, included: Casualties: about 50 aircraft.
1 armoured division equipped with Centurions.
1 armoured brigade with Shermans.
2 light tank regiments with AMX-13. INDONESIA
2 light tank regiments with Stuarts. General
Territorial Army of 47,000. Population: 101,000,000.
Casualties: men, 4,000-6,000; tanks, up to 300. Total armed forces: 412,000.
Defence budget: equivalent $980,000,000 (latest
Navy estimate available).
1 16,000-ton carrier. Army
2 cruisers. Total strength: 350,000 (regular 200,000; re-
3 destroyers. servists 150,000).
5 anti-submarine frigates. The Army is basically organized into seventeen
3 anti-aircraft frigates. territorial regions, but detailed organization only
6 other escort ships. exists at the battalion level and above, including
6 minesweepers. the provision of artillery, engineer, and technical
13 light coastal vessels. support. The emphasis in training and combat
2 amphibious warfare ships. experience alike has been on guerrilla and
5 survey vessels, training ships. anti-guerrilla fighting. The infantry battalions
Naval aircraft include 24 Sea Hawk strike/ are equipped with American and some Russian
interceptors and 15 Alizé ASW aircraft. small arms. The Army also has 57mm Soviet
Casualties: nil. AA-guns and associated radar equipment, and
various types of Soviet bloc artillery. There are
Air Force very few armoured formations.
Total strength: 28,000 (sanctioned strength 45 There is a paratroop force of about 13,000 men.
squadrons). Para-military forces and police number about
12 MiG-21 jet fighters. 130,000.
• Figures refer to the situation before the Indo- Navy
Pakistan conflict of September 1965. Casualty estimates Total strength: 40,000 (25,000 regular navy, plus
are given in italics after each service. Rapid re-equipment naval air forces, a commando corps, and a
from the Soviet Union and other countries appears to be
taking place. 10,000-strong Marine Corps).
34
1 heavy cruiser (ex-Soviet Sverdlov class). is a separate armoured command of divisional
5 destroyers (ex-Soviet Skoryi class). strength.
6 frigates. Reserve: Approximately 24 brigades, for one-
12 submarines (ex-Soviet W-class). third of which armour is available on mobiliza-
3 submarine parent ships. tion.
23 motor torpedo boats. There are approximately 600 tanks, including
33 motor gunboats (including 12 Komar class Centurions, M-4 Shermans with 105mm guns
with missiles). and AMX-13. Some M-48 Pattons have been
19 minesweepers. delivered under an abandoned arms agreement
7 landing ships and landing craft. with West Germany. SS-10 and SS-11 anti-tank
25 seaward defence craft. missiles are in operational use.
70 other vessels.
A small naval air arm. Navy
Air Force Strength: 3,000 men.
Total strength: 20,000, plus 2,000 parachute 2 destroyers.
troops. 1 frigate.
The Indonesian Air Force is organized into 8 2 submarines (2 more ordered from Britain).
main air areas, each with one main base, and 9 MTBs.
some auxiliary bases. There are about 600 2 landing craft.
aircraft.
Over 60 MiG interceptors, including 18 Air Force
MiG-21s. Total strength: 8,000; 450 aircraft.
25 Tu-16 Badger, some with air-to-surface 3 squadrons Mirage IIIC interceptor ground-
missiles. attack (some equipped with Matra air-to-air
25 11-28 Beagle. missiles) of 24 aircraft each.
18 B-25 Mitchell/B-26 Invader. 1 squadron Super Mystère interceptor ground-
Some F51 Mustang ground support. attack.
About 60 transports, including 11-14, C-130B, 2 squadrons Mystère IVA fighter-bomber.
C-47, Otter, An-10, and An-12. 1 squadron Vautour tactical bombers/recon-
About 25 Soviet and American helicopters, naissance.
including some Mi-6 Hook. 55 Ouragan fighter-bombers.
There are up to 125 light aircraft, trainers, etc. Some AOP light aircraft.
There are at least 3 surface-to-air missile sites, 2 squadrons helicopters - S-58, Alouette, and
which are claimed to be equipped with Guideline Bell 47.
missiles. 60 Magister jet trainers (can be used in strike
role).
1 squadron Noratlas transport.
1 battalion Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
ISRAEL
General
Length of military service: men, 26 months; MALAYSIA*
women, 20 months. General
Total armed forces: up to 250,000 (including Population: 10,810,000.
reserves which can be mobilized within 48-72 Military service : conscription.
hours). Total armed forces: 28,600.
Defence budget 1964-65: I£813,000,000 Defence budget 1965-66: MS207,641,000
($271,000,000). (US$148,000,000).
Army
Regular: 4 brigades (approximately 4,000 men •Although this estimate has been made after the
separation of Singapore, the defence forces are treated
each), one of which is paratroop infantry. There here as a single unit.
35
Army ASW detection.
Total strength: 25,000. 1 training ship.
12 infantry battalions (about 800 men each). 2 escort minesweepers.
These will later be brought up to 15 battalions, 10 coastal minesweepers.
with supporting arms, so as to form 5 mobile 5 seaward defence boats.
brigade groups. One brigade is now operating 8 other vessels.
in Borneo. Air Force
2 reconnaissance regiments with Ferret armoured Total strength: 4,000.
cars. (a) 1 squadron with 18 Sabre Mark VI inter-
2 artillery regiments with 105mm howitzers. ceptors (another 20 Sabres are held in
Supply, engineer, and administrative units. reserve).
Territorial Army: planned strength is 27,000.
24 companies para-military field police: 23,000 1 squadron of 16 Mirage IIIC fighter-
men. bombers equipped with AS-30 air-to-surface
missiles.
Navy 1 squadron Canberra B-12 light bombers.
Total strength: 2,100. 7 Shackleton maritime reconnaissance.
1 frigate. 1 squadron Buccaneer light bombers.
4 coastal, 4 inshore minesweepers. 60 helicopters including Alouette and

10 patrol craft. Sikorsky.
6 other vessels. Transport aircraft include C-47, C-130B,
and Viscount.
Air Force (b) The Citizen Force operates 6-8 squadrons
Total strength: 1,500. with about 200 Harvard aircraft, each able
14 Twin Pioneer. to carry 8 19-lb. fragmentation bombs.
5 Pioneer. Approximately 300 Harvards are in storage.
8 Dart Heralds. Two other squadrons, each with 15 Vampires,
3 Doves. are operated by the Citizen Force.
2 Heron.
12 Alouette III helicopters. Para-military forces
12 piston-engine Provosts. Police: 29,600, plus 6,000 reservists.
It is hoped to acquire 20 strike-trainer aircraft. 430 riot trucks and 80 armoured cars.
Commandos: 51,500, organized in 210 units,
including infantry, armoured cars, and air
SOUTH AFRICA sections (250 aircraft).
General Almost all South African forces are drawn from
Population: 16,500,000. the white population.
Military service : selective service for whites.
Defence estimates 1965-66: R230,000,000 SPAIN
($322,000,000). General
Army Military service: Army 16 months, Navy 24
Total strength: 19,000 (5,500 regulars, and months, and Air Force 18 months.
13,500 Citizen Force-i.e. conscripts on 9 Total armed forces: 330,000.
months' service). Defence estimates 1965-66: 19,920,000,000
Equipment includes Sherman and Centurion pesetas ($332,000,000).
tanks, the French Panhard armoured car, and
Cessna reconnaissance aircraft. Army
Strength: 248,000.
Navy 2 infantry divisions.
Total strength: 3,500. 1 armoured division equipped with M-47 tanks.
2 destroyers, carrying Wasp ASW helicopters. 1 mountain division.
6 frigates, including 5 recently modernized for 1 cavalry brigade.
36
1 high mountain brigade. tion the total number would become about
1 parachute brigade. 650,000.
I airborne brigade. The nucleus of the standing army is formed by
I1 infantry brigades. about six armoured and infantry brigades, with
a personnel strength of 4,000-5,000 men each.
Navy Centurion tanks, including some mounting a
Strength: 44,000. 105mm gun, are in service. The Swedish tank
1 cruiser. 'strv-S' (turretless) is to be assigned to armoured
10 destroyers. units. Anti-tank weapons include the SS-11,
4 anti-submarine frigates. Bantam, Carl Gustav. One battalion Hawk
22 other escorts. surface-to-air missiles.
8 submarines. The Home Guard numbers over 100,000 men.
4 minelayers.
33 other vessels. Navy
3 flights of ASW helicopters. Total strength: 19,100 (including 5,200 regulars).
One special group of Marines with one landing 2 cruisers.
battalion and 3 companies, and one group of 8 destroyers.
logistic and flight support, with landing craft, 12 fast anti-submarine frigates.
self-propelled guns, amphibious vehicles, etc. 24 submarines.

12 heavy torpedo boats.
Air Force 25 motor torpedo boats.
Strength: 38,000. 20 coastal minesweepers.
(a) Air Defence 20 inshore minesweepers.
3 squadrons F-86 fighters. Naval helicopters include American Vertols and
French Alouettes.
1 squadron F-104 interceptors.
Armament includes the Swedish ship-to-surface
(b) Tactical Air Force missile Rb-08 and the ship-to-air missile Seacat.
2 squadrons of F-86.
2 squadrons of Texan T-60. Air Force
1 aero-naval co-operation squadron. Total strength: 23,700 (including 5,900 regular);
1 liaison flight with H-19B helicopters and about 900 combat aircraft.
L-19A aircraft. 6 squadrons J-29F Tunnan day-fighters.
4 squadrons J-34 Hunter day-fighters.
(c) Transport Aviation
3 squadrons J-35A Draken day-fighters.
2 squadrons of DC-3. 6 squadrons J-32B Lansen and 9 squadrons
2 squadrons of DC-4.
Draken all-weather fighters.
1 squadron of CASA-207.
12 squadrons J-32A Lansen attack (with air-to-
ship missiles).
5 squadrons S-29, S-32, and S-35 reconnaissance.
SWEDEN Armament includes the air-to-air missiles Side-
General winder and Falcon, and a Swedish air-to-surface
Population: 7,700,000. missile, Rb-304.
Military service: from 10 months for privates
to 26 months for officers. Air Defence
Reserve liabilities up to the age of 47. A large-scale, fully automatic battle control
Total armed forces: 181,000, including 138,600 system, with which all components of the
conscripts, of whom 87,000 serve only 15-40 Swedish air defence are co-ordinated, is being
days of the year. built up. This is known as Stril 60 and is similar
Defence estimates 1965-66: Skr. 4,488,000,000 to the American Sage. The outlines of a new
($865,000,000). air-defence weapon system, centering on a
multipurpose aircraft, Viggen, were made public
Army in 1962. Six squadrons Bloodhound Mark II
Total armed strength: 138,200 (of whom 76,000 anti-aircraft missiles have been ordered, of
serve only 15-40 days of the year). On mobiliza- which 2 are now operational.
37
SWITZERLAND Military service : three years.
General Defence estimates 1965-66: E£210,000,000
Population: 5,810,000. ($437,000,000).
Length of military service: about 4 months
initial basic training, followed by 12 years in the Army
first reserve and 18 in second- and third-line Strength (regulars): 150,000, of which up to
reserves. 70,000 are in the Yemen, and some 2,500 in Iraq.
Total armed forces : 700,000 (including reservists 2 armoured divisions (one still forming) of
who can be fully mobilized within 48 hours); 11,200 men each.
also 150,000 auxiliary reservists (local defence
4 infantry divisions in process of being modern-
forces). ized of 11,800 men each.
Defence budget 1966: SF 1,769,000,000 6 area commands for static defence forces (not
($410,000,000). all up to strength).
Army 1 parachute brigade (three battalions).
Total strength: 500 regulars and 35,000 serving 12 artillery regiments.
conscripts; 550,000 reserves. Probable current tank strength (allowing for
The Army is organized into 4 corps. One corps, deficiencies in establishment): 1,200 tanks and
for the defence of the Alps, consists of 3 assault guns. This includes the following: 400
mountain divisions. The other three corps, for T-34, at least 350 T-54, 60 JS-3 with 122mm
the defence of the plain, consist of 1 mechanized guns, 150 SU-100 with 100mm guns, 30 Mark III
division, 1 frontier division, and 1 infantry Centurions (with reserve units), and 20 AMX-13
division each. Also 9 frontier, fortress, and (with reserve units).
'redoubt' brigades. (Total Army forces are In the Yemen, the UAR deployed the equivalent
equivalent to 20 divisions.) of three of the infantry divisions, the parachute
The mechanized formations are equipped with brigade, and two armoured task forces of
300 Centurion and 200 AMX-13 tanks, and brigade size. It has been announced that their
M-113 armoured troop carriers. evacuation is to be completed between December
The infantry field divisions are shortly to be 1965 and June 1966.
given 150 P2-61 light tanks.
Air Force Navy
Total strength: 6,000 regulars, 6,000 serving Total strength: 11,000, including Coast Guards.
conscripts, 50,000 reserves; approximately 400 4 destroyers (ex-Soviet Skory class).
fighter aircraft. 2 destroyers (ex-British 'Z' type).
5 squadrons Hunter interceptor. 6 submarine chasers (ex-Soviet).
11 squadrons Venom close-support. 3 other escort vessels.
5 squadrons Vampire close-support. 6 minesweepers (4 ex-Soviet, 2 ex-British).
1 squadron Ju-52/53 transport. 9 submarines (ex-Soviet ' W class).
Some of the Vampire and Venom squadrons will 14 fast patrol boats (10 ex-Soviet Komar class,
be replaced by 2 squadrons Mirage III inter- with missiles of 20 miles range).
ceptors and 1 squadron Mirage IIIRs. 44 motor torpedo boats (36 ex-Soviet, 8 ex-
36 batteries Oerlikon twin 35mm cannon. Yugoslav).
Bloodhound Mark II missiles are now opera- 10 other vessels.
tional, with 68 launchers built. Some landing craft.
Naval reserves total about 5,000 men.
Air Force
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC Total strength: 10,000-15,000, plus 3,000-4,000
General reservists.
Population: 29,000,000. About 500 operational aircraft, including 40
Total armed forces (regular): 180,000 (National helicopters and some 60 transport aircraft, but
Guard and organized reserve units, 120,000). excluding trainers.
38
25-30 Tu-16 medium bombers (2 under- YUGOSLAVIA
strength squadrons). General
4 squadrons 11-28 light bombers, 18 planes Population: 19,350,000.
each. Length of military service: Army 18 months,
2 squadrons MiG-21 interceptors, 26 planes each Navy and Air Force 24 months.
(probably armed with air-to-air missiles). Total armed forces: 247,000.
4 squadrons MiG-19 all-weather fighters (some Defence estimates 1965: 381,750,000,000 dinars
80 planes in all). ($305,000,000).*
4 squadrons MiG-17 fighter bombers (80-100 Army
planes). Strength: 200,000.
Two squadrons of MiG-15s (about 50 planes). 20 infantry divisions.
Transport aircraft include twin-engined 11-14 3 armoured divisions with T-34, T-54, Sherman,
and four-engined An-12 transports, and, to- and M-47 Patton (all divisions may not be up
gether with lighter liaison aircraft, total about to strength).
60 planes. Helicopters are entirely of Soviet and About 40 independent brigades, including an
Czech origin. airborne and a marine infantry brigade.
Training aircraft include MiG and Yak jet Effective reserves number about 450,000.
trainers, some of which were used in a ground Navy

attack role in the Yemen. Total strength: 27,000.
3 destroyers (including two primarily for
Anti-aircraft Command training purposes).
Operated jointly by Army and Air Force. In 3 frigates.
addition to 85mm guns and a radar network, 2 submarines.
contains about 10 batteries of Soviet SA-2 18 patrol vessels (of which 16 are submarine
Guideline surface-to-air missiles. chasers).
90 motor torpedo boats.
45 minesweepers, including inshore and river
Missile Command minesweepers.
This is separate from the Army and Air Force, 7 landing craft.
and consists of about 4,500 men, including 28 other ships.
civilian technicians. About 100 missiles have Coastal defences include from 60-80 batteries.
probably been built, although considerably
higher claims have been made. These include the Air Force
Al Zafir, which carries a 1,000-lb. warhead some Total strength: 20,000 (approx. 650 aircraft)..
235 miles, the Al Kahir, which carries a rather I squadron MÍG-21C interceptors.
larger warhead up to 375 miles, and the Al Ared, I1 squadrons CF-86D/E Sabre interceptors.
which carries a one-ton warhead some 440 9 squadrons F-84G Thunderjet fighter bombers.
miles. The first two of these can be launched Some 11-14 and C-47 transports.
from mobile platforms. Some T-33A and Yugoslav Galeb jet trainers.
There are surface-to-air missile batteries.
There is no evidence that the Egyptians have Para-military forces
either developed a reliable guidance system for 19,000 Frontier Guards.
these missiles or decided what kind of warheads
to use. * The dinar was devalued in July 1965.
39
This article was downloaded by: [University of California Santa Cruz]
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Tables
To cite this article: (1965) Tables, The Military Balance, 65:1, 40-46, DOI: 10.1080/04597226508459733
TABLES
1. ESTIMATES OF COMPARATIVE STRATEGIC STRENGTHS, EARLY 1966
Figures in parentheses are the ISS estimates for early 1965.
Category Western Alliances Communist Powers
Missile and Air Power

ICBMs 854 (925) 270 (200+)
Fleet ballistic missiles 544 (480) 120+ (120)
IRBMs and MRBMs — 750 (750)

Long-range heavy bombers 625 (630) 200 (200)
Medium bombers 430 (580) 1,250 (1,400)
Seapower*
Carriers (all types) 38 (37) —
Cruisers 31 (33) 20 (20)
Escorts 591 (593) 268 (130f)
Submarines—
(a) Conventional power 186 (181) 416 (443)
(b) Nuclear power 62 (54) 40 (30)
Land Power
Active army strengths 4,961,000 5,830,000
[NATO 2,896,000] [Warsaw Pact 2,925,000]
• Active fleets or ships in commission, f It is now believed that this figure was an underestimate.
40
2. MAJOR NUCLEAR WEAPONS SYSTEMS, 1964-65
(A) AIRCRAFT
Maximum
Unrefuelled Mach No. Take-off Became Possible
Name Origin Range (Speed in Weight Opera- Warload
(miles)* mph) (lb) tional Ob)
B-52 Stratofortress USA 10,000 0.88 (600) 488,000 1955 Quail decoys,
2 Hound Dog, 75,000
Tu-95 Bear-B .. USSR 7,800 0.78 (580) 365,000 1956 1 ASM, 40,000
M-? Bison USSR 6,050 0.85 (600) 250,000 1956 20,000
B-47E Stratojet.. USA 3,200 0.83 (600) 230,000 1952 20,000
Victor B2 Britain 4,000 0.95 (630) 200,000 1958 Blue Steel, 25,000
Vulcan B2 Britain 4,000 0.95 (630) 200,000 1957 Blue Steel, 21,000
Tu-16 Badger C USSR 3,000 0.87 (610) 185,000 1955 1 ASM
Tu-Blinder USSR 1.5 (1,030) 175,000 1962 1 ASM, 12,000
B-58 Hustler .. USA 2,000+ 2.1 (1,385) 163,000 1960 12,000?
A-3B Skywarrior USA 3,000 0.83 (610) 73,000 1956 8,000?

Mirage IVA France 2,000 2.2 (1,500) 66,000 1964 8,000?
A-5A Vigilante USA 2,300+ 2.1 (1,385) 60,000 1962 10,000?
Canberra B (1) 8 Britain 3,800 0.83 (580) 56,000 1955 8,000
F-105D Thunderchief .. USA 2,000+ 2.15(1,420) 54,000 1961 8,000
F-4B Phantom II USA 2,000+ 2.6 (1,504) 40,000 1962 16,000
Buccaneer SI Britain 1,500 0.95 (720) 40,000 1962 8,000?
Scimitar.. Britain 1,500 0.97 (710) 35,000 1958 4,000
F-104G Starfighter .. USA 2,200 2.3 (1,520) 29,000 1962 4,200
ASM=Air-to-surface missile.
The inconsistency between Mach numbers and speed in mph is accounted for by differences in
operational ceilings.
* The ranges are maximums without in-flight refuelling. In many cases the full range or the full
warload substantially reduces the other.
(B) MISSILES—SURFACE-TO-SURFACE
Range Estimated
Name Propellant (statute miles) In Service Warhead .
USA LGM-25C Titan 2 SL 14,000 1963 5-18 megaton

LGM-30 Minuteman 1 S 6,300 1962 1 + megaton
UGM-27A Polaris Al S 1,380 1960 0.7 megaton
UGM-27B Polaris A2 S 1,700 1963 0.7 megaton
UGM-27C Polaris A3 S 2,850 1964 0.7 megaton
Mace B T 1,380 1963 kiloton range
Pershing S 400 1964 20 kiloton?
Sergeant S 75 1962 20 kiloton?
Corporal L 80 1955 20 kiloton?
USSR ICBM* L 8,000+ 1958 10 megaton

ICBM* SL 7,000 1963 30+megaton
SkeanïRBM L 2,100 1959 megaton range
Sandal/Shyster MRBM SL 1,100 1961 megaton range
SSLM* S 400 1959 kiloton range
SSLM* S 100 1959 kiloton range
Scud SRM L 120 1957 kiloton range
Shaddock SRM T 175-350 1961 kiloton range
L = L i q u i d fuel. S=Solid fuel. SL=Storable liquid fuel.

T=Turbojet. SSL M=Submarine and ship-launched missile. SR M=Short-range missile.
* N o name assigned.
41
3. COMPARISON OF DEFENCE EXPENDITURES IN NATO COUNTRIES
Defence
] Defence
Expenditures as % of Expenditures % Change
Gross National Product (actual) 1964 over
Country (million US $) 1963
1953 1958 1962 1963 1964 1963 1964 1963-64
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Belgium 5.3 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.7 445 497 + 9.7

Canada 9.0 6.0 5.1 4.5 4.4 1,584 1,678 + 6.5
Denmark 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.3 239 255 + 7.4
France 11.0 8.1 7.3 6.8 6.7 4,628 4,918 + 6.3
Federal Republic of
Germany 4.9 3.4 5.6 6.1 5.5 4,981 4,888 — 1.9
Greece 6.1 5.8 4.9 4.6 4.2 179 181 + 1.1
Italy 4.6 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.1 1,649 1,789 + 8.5
Luxembourg .'. .. 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.7 7 9 +28.6
Netherlands 6.2 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 637 735 +15.5
Norway 5.6 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 205 220 + 7.3
Portugal 4.6 4.5 7.8 7.3 7.7 199 222 + 11.5
Turkey 5.4 4.5 5.9 5.6 5.8 351 388 +10.5
United Kingdom 11.3 7.8 7.2 7.0 7.0 5,238 5,562 + 7.5
United States ' .. 14.8 11.0 10.3 9.8 9.0 52,295 51,213 — 2.1
This table is based on a standard definition of defence expenditure which does not necessarily
cover the same items as national defence budgets. For example, such items as military pensions,
military research and development, and costs of establishing strategic stockpiles are included in the •
above figures, but may not be included in national defence budgets as shown in Table 4.
42
4. DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AS A BURDEN ON NATIONAL ECONOMIES
As a % of Total
Country Defence Expenditure As a % of Gross Central Government
1963-64 (million US S) National Product Expenditure
NATO
Belgium 444 (520) 3.2 16
Canada 1,480 (1,438) 3.7 23
Denmark • 225 (239) 2.9 13
France 4,062 (4,465) 5.1 22
Germany 4,607 (4,850) 5.0 34
Greece 167 (181) 3.9 21
Italy . . 1,510 (1,984) 3.3 16
Luxembourg . . 7 (6) 1.3 5
Netherlands . . 618 (750) 4.4 19
Norway 197 (270) 3.6 16
Portugal 176 (205) 6.2 31
Turkey 235 (399) 3.5 18
United Kingdom •• 5,140 (5,937) 6.7 26

United States 52,400 (51,500) 8.9 53
Warsaw Pact
Bulgaria 128 (116) 2.4 9
Czechoslovakia 789 (715) 3.9 9
East Germany 650 (665) 2.5 n.a.
Hungary 277 (246) 2.8 7.5
Poland 911 (978) 3.5 8.5
Rumania 342 (250) 2.7 • 5
USSR 15,400* (14,400) 5.7 16
SEATO
Australia 669 (864) 3.4 11
New Zealand.. 86 (115) 2.0 18
Pakistan 255 (289) 3.2 18
Philippines 79 (72) 1.8 12
Thailand 75 (93) 2.5 14
Other Countries
India . . 1,858 (2,100) 4.7 26
Indonesia 980 n.a. 3.9 39
Iran .. 197 (217) 4.1 25
Israel 249 (271) 10.7 31
Japan 669 (953) 1.1 8.4
South Korea 165 (183) 5.8 33
Spain 473 (332) 3.3 21
Sweden 787 (865) 5.2 19
Switzerland 292 (410) 2.5 32
UAR (Egypt) 290 (437) 8.6 23
Yugoslavia . . 380 (305)t 6.0 26
* See also under Soviet Union, p. 2. The estimate of $40,000,000 would represent 14.8% of GNP.
t The dinar was revalued in terms of the dollar in July 1965.
NOTE. The figures for 1963-64 have been chosen as representing the most recent years for which
both defence expenditure and GNP figures are available for all the countries considered. The figures
in parentheses are the latest defence expenditure figures for the country concerned, and give an
indication of how the burden may have altered in the intervening years.
GNP for the Warsaw Pact countries has been estimated in terms of Western purchasing power
equivalent. The defence expenditure figures for these countries have mostly been converted at the
tourist exchange rates.
The percentages for NATO countries may differ slightly from those in Table 3, since a different
system of definitions has been used in that table (see footnote to Table 3).
43
5. DEFENCE BUDGET COMPARISONS FOR TWO NUCLEAR POWERS, 1965-66
United States United Kingdom
6% (358) Nuclear Striking

Strategic Retaliatory 8-9% Force
Forces (4,500)*
Continental Air and
Missile Defence 3-8% (1,800)
Forces
General
43-7% Purpose
(2,593) Forces
General
Purpose 37-6%
Forces (19,000)
Airlift and 4-6% (274) Air Mobility

Sealift Forces 3% (1,600)
1-6% (98) Reserve and Auxiliary
Reserve Forces 3-9% (2,000) Formations
11-8% Research and

Development
Research and 10-7% (700)
Development
(5,400)
General
General 30-3% Support
Support 29-2% (inc. training)
(14,600) (1,795)
Retirement Pay 2-9% (1,500) 2% (118) Miscellaneous
Total 50,500 5,936 million dollars
SOURCE. United States: McNamara Defence Testimony 1965; United Kingdom: Defence White Paper 1965.
* Figures inparentheses are in million dollars.
6. FUNCTIONAL BREAKDOWN BY MANPOWER FOR FOUR NUCLEAR POWERS
(Estimates)
Function United States USSR UK France
Nuclear Strategic Forces 225,000 180,000 13,000 3,300
Home Air Defence 125,000 300,000 5,000 27,500
General War Ground Forces 200,000 520,000 56,000 60,000
General Purpose Forces (Army) 400,000 880,000 100,000 228,000
(Navy).. 400,000 350,000 48,000 45,000

(Air Force) .. 150,000 320,000 47,000 55,000
Air Mobility 75,000 75,000 16,000 13,200
Amphibious Forces 130,000 3,000 8,000 2,000
Training, Research and Development,

General Support 951,000 522,000 166,000 223,000
TOTAL 2,656,000 3,150,000 459,000 557,000
SOURCE. United Kingdom: Defence White Paper 1965; other powers: estimates from published figures.
us
PRANCE
UK
Size of armed forces
45
7. RESEARCH AND POWER REACTORS IN NON-NUCLEAR COUNTRIES
(A) RESEARCH REACTORS ABOVE TEN MEGAWATTS (THERMAL)
Possible
Country Name Foreign Rating Uranium In Bombs
Patron (thermal mW) Enrichmentt Operation Per Year
Australia HIFAR Britain 10 80% 1958 **
Austria ASTRA USA 12 90% 1960 **
Belgium BR-2 none 50 90% 1960 •*
BR-3 USA 40 4.4% 1962 **
Canada NRX none 40 natural 1947 2
NRU none 200 natural 1957 10
NPD none 80 natural 1962 4
India CIR Canada 40 natural 1960 2
Israel Dimona France 24 natural 1964 1
Italy PRO none 30 90% 1964 **
ESSOR France 38 natural 1967 2
Japan JRR-2 USA 10 90% 1960 **
JRR-3 none 10 natural 1962
JPDR USA 45 2.6% 1963
Norway HBWR none 20 natural 1959 1
South Africa . . Safari-1 USA 20 93% 1965 **

Sweden.. .. .. R-2 USA 30 90% 1960 **
R-3/Adam none 65 natural 1963 3(6)
(later 130)
Switzerland Diorit none 20 natural 1960 1
Lucens none 30 0.95% 1965 2
West Germany VAK USA 60 2.6% 1961 •»
FR-2 none 12 natural 1961 Ï

FRJ-2 Britain 10 80% 1962 **
MZFR none 49 20% 1965 **
MZFR none 200 natural 1965 10
Yugoslavia R-A USSR 10 2% 1959
t It is important to note that reactors using enriched uranium depend at present on one of the nuclear
powers for their fuel. By contrast, those based on natural uranium can be fuelled from a wide variety
of sources, and in many cases by the country itself.
**Plutonium from these reactors would be negligible.
(B) POWER REACTORS
Possible
Country Name Foreign Rating Uranium In Bombs
Patron (electrical mW) Enrichment? Operation Per Year
Belgium SENA^ USA 280 3.1% 1965 56
Canada CANEfU none 220 natural 1964 44
HWR-1800 none 900 natural 1970 180
Czechoslovakia HWGCR USSR 150 natural 1970 30
India Tarapur US 380 slightly 1968 76
enriched
Rajasthan Canada 200 natural 1969 40
RAP-2 none? 200 natural 1970? 40
Madras none? 400 natural 1972 80
Italy Latina Britain 230 natural 1962 46
SENN USA 160 1.6-2.1 % 1963 32
SELNI USA 270 3% 1964 54
Japan Tokai-Mura Britain 166 natural 1965 32
Tsuruga USA 300 some 1968 60
enriciuncni
Netherlands SEP-BWR USA 50 slight 1967 10
enrichment
Sweden R-4/EVA none 160 natural 1968 32
West Germany KRB USA 250 2.6% 1966 50
KWL USA 240 some 1968 50
enrichment
KBWP none 240 2.5-3% 1968 48
HDR none 25 3% 1968 5
KKN none 100 natural 1968/9 20
t See note under Table 7A.

SOURCE. These tables are adapted by permission of Leonard Beaton from his book Must the
Bomb Spread"!, which is to be published by Penguin Books, in association with the ISS, in January
1966.
46

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This article was downloaded by: ["Queen's University Libraries, Kingston"]

On: 30 December 2014, At: 01:05

The Military Balance

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Note on the Figures

© The Institute for Strategic Studies 1965

The Military Balance

The Warsaw pact nations

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THE WARSAW PACT NATIONS

Defence budget 1965: 12,800m roubles. This

that these latter are being phased out and

of between 300 and 500 miles.

The cruisers are of three different types: 1 bomber regiment (11-28).

50 motor torpedo boats. ($250,000,000).

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Air Defence Force

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for use in the coastal defence organization. Army

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The alliance systems

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THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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THE ALLIANCE SYSTEMS

is at present maintained. which includes all the African members of the

Air Force 9 seaward defence craft.

I airborne division. Some Honest John and Nike-Ajax/Hercules

6 squadrons Hawk surface-to-air missiles. Population: 9,125,000.

General parachute battalions, 22 tank and armoured car

Total strength: 100,000. reserves.

mph and over (except for the F-102, which

USA US Forces in Vietnam

class, and 2 of the Midway class are being

6 counter-insurgency squadrons with A-IE, squadrons, and 25 air transport squadrons,

CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION

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Central Treaty Organization

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Hercules). squadrons, 4 air commando squadrons, 5 tanker

CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION

Two army headquarters and most of the combat

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South‐East Asia Treaty Organization

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AUSTRALIA 4 fighter squadrons of Australian Sabres (F-86)

Some transport helicopters have been ordered. 7 minelayers and minesweepers.

South Vietnam. 4 landing craft.

US MUTUAL DEFENCE TREATY POWERS

Total armed forces: 246,000. SOUTH KOREA

The Military Balance