Module 5 (Part 1)

Sewerage Systems
 Infiltration
Outside System
Evapo-Transpiration

Water and Waste

Flow Diagram Divert Factor Waste Water
Water
Consumer
Supply
Return Factor
Sewer Septic
Rivers Pipes Tank
Storm
Drainage
Water
Liquids
Sewage Treatment
Plant (STP) Sewers Sewage

Septage Treatment Sludge

Plant (SpTP) Trucks Septage
Matter
Water Supply Used Water Sewage

Return 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑅𝑓 =
Factor 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦

Divert Factor
𝐷𝑓 = 1 − 𝑅𝑓
Sewerage System

From: Manila Water New Manila Water Lakbayan Video (English)

From: Manila Water

Marikina North Sewage From: Concerning Reality How Do Sewer Systems Work?
Treatment Plant Project
Water Supply vs. Sewerage

Water Supply Sewerage

Transported
Drinking Water Used Water
Material

Origin Dam/Treatment Plant Households/Consumer

Destination Consumers/Households Treatment Plant/River

Closed Conduit or Open Channel or Pressurized

Hydraulic Flow
Pressured System sometimes (Lift Stations)

Monitoring Pressure Heads or Flow Rate Water levels in Utility

System Measuring Instruments Access Points (Manholes)
Sewerage Modeling

Needed information for sewer design:

1. Population
2. Average household size
3. Average water consumption
4. Peak factor
5. Return factor
Sewerage Profile

S. Edwini-Bonsu and P. Steffler (2006): Modeling Ventilation

Phenomenon in Sanitary Sewer Systems: A System Theoretic
Approach. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering ASCE, Volume 132.
Sewerage Design Process Return Self
Cleansing
Factor Velocity
Average
Flow
Demand Sewage
Flow

Water
Supply

Peak Minimum
Population
Flow Flow

Channel
Dimension
Non-scouring Velocity (Maximum)

Peak sewer flows must remain at

certain fraction of pipe area.

Controlled sewer design can prevent

scouring of the pipe material

Material Limiting Velocity (m/s)

1. Vitrified Tiles 4.5 – 5.5
2. Cast Iron 3.5 – 4.5
3. Cement Concrete 2.5 – 3.0
4. Stone ware 3.0 – 4.5
5. Bricklined 1.5 – 2.5

Note: in the class, use v=3.0 m/s (Maximum)

Self-cleansing Velocity (Minimum)

Velocity that would not allow solids

to settle down in sewer pipeline

8𝐾
V= 𝑆𝑠 − 1 𝑔𝑑′
𝑓′
K = 0.04 (inorganic solids)
K = 0.06 (organic solids)
Ss = specific gravity of sediments
g = gravity acceleration
d’= diameter of grain
It should occur in the sewer pipeline once daily.
Note: in the class, use v=0.6 m/s (Minimum)
Sewer Slope Guidance
Design Criteria

Maximum Flow Harmon’s Formula Babbitt’s Formula

18 + 𝑃 5
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑓 (𝑅𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 ) 𝑃𝑓 = 𝑃𝑓 = 0.2
4+ 𝑃 𝑃
Conservative for P > 80,000 pop’n Conservative for P < 80,000 pop’n
where P = population in thousands where P = population in thousands

Given the flowrate, compute for dimension with freeboard as free surface in open channel

Minimum Flow
• Given the minimum velocity, and
• Computed channel dimension from Maximum Flow
𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝑋)(𝑅𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 ) • Derive for X as a fraction of Average Sewage Flow
Sample
Sewer
Network
Example
Provide a sewer dimension design (n=0.02) for this schematic diagram with
indicative ground elevations. Each segment (2 km in length) carries the sewage
from each community. The sewer has buried invert of 2 meters at A from ground
surface. The return factor is 80% and average consumption is 150 lpcd. Sewer
slope is S=0.0061Qmld-0.672 in a square section at maximum flow. Determine the
distance from ground elevation to invert elevation at X.

A E 88m B
20,000 People 25,000 People
90m 90m

C F 86m D
20,000 People 25,000 People
90m 90m

X 84m
Solution – Design Discharge Flows
Since the point of interest is at X, solve for design flows Q at: AE, EF, and FX.
AE: P < 80,000 ∴ use Babbitt Formula EF: P < 80,000 ∴ use Babbitt Formula
𝑄 = 𝑃𝑓 (𝑅𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 ) 𝑄 = 𝑃𝑓 (𝑅𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 )
5 5 20,000 5 5 45,000
𝑄= (𝑅 𝑄 ) = 0.80 150 𝑄= (𝑅 𝑄 ) = 0.80 150
𝑃0.2 𝑓 𝑎𝑣𝑒 200.2 1,000,000 𝑃0.2 𝑓 𝑎𝑣𝑒 450.2 1,000,000
𝑄 = 6.59 𝑀𝐿𝐷 𝑄 = 12.61 𝑀𝐿𝐷

FX: P < 80,000 ∴ use Harmon Formula

𝑄 = 𝑃𝑓 (𝑅𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 )
18 + 𝑃 18 + 90 90,000
𝑄= (𝑅𝑓 𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑒 ) = 0.80 150
4+ 𝑃 4 + 90 1,000,000
𝑄 = 22.011 𝑀𝐿𝐷
Solution – Canal Dimension (Square)
AE: canal size 𝑄 = 6.59 𝑀𝐿𝐷 EF: canal size 𝑄 = 12.61 𝑀𝐿𝐷
−0.672 −0.672 −0.672 −0.672
𝑆 = 0.0061𝑄𝑚𝑙𝑑 = 0.0061 6.59 𝑚𝑙𝑑 𝑆 = 0.0061𝑄𝑚𝑙𝑑 = 0.0061 12.61 𝑚𝑙𝑑
= 0.00171806 = 0.001110834
Manning Equation in square section Manning Equation in square section
2 2 2/3 2 2 2/3
6.59 𝑥 𝑥 12.61 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.00171806 = 0.001110834
86.4 𝑛 3𝑥 86.4 𝑛 3𝑥
𝑥 = 0.38149𝑚 = 382𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 0.52806𝑚 = 528𝑚𝑚

FX: canal size 𝑄 = 22.011 𝑀𝐿𝐷

−0.672 −0.672
𝑆 = 0.0061𝑄𝑚𝑙𝑑 = 0.0061 22.011 𝑚𝑙𝑑
= 0.00076397
Manning Equation in square section
2 2 2/3
22.011 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.00076397
86.4 𝑛 3𝑥
𝑥 = 0.69805𝑚 = 698𝑚𝑚
Solution – Canal Invert Elevations The distance from ground elevation
to invert elevation at X.
AE: slope 𝑆 = 0.00171806 = 84.0m – 80.814m
= 3.186m
𝐸𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 90 − 2 = 88𝑚
𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 88𝑚 − 0.00171806 2,000𝑚 = 84.56𝑚
Note:
• illustration is not accurate
EF: slope 𝑆 = 0.001110834 • freeboard not shown
• free surface must be there
𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 84.56𝑚 • sewage does not touch the obvert 3.186m
𝐸𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 84.56𝑚 − 0.001110834 2,000𝑚 = 82.34𝑚

FX: slope obvert

𝑆 = 0.00076397
invert
𝐸𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 82.34𝑚
𝐸𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 82.34𝑚 − 0.00076397 2,000𝑚 = 80.814𝑚
References
 A E 88m B
15,000 People 30,000 People
90m 90m

C F 86m D
25,000 People 20,000 People
90m 90m

X 84m