Checked Module I Understanding Culture W5 Q3 Second Sem.

SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC.
2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines

Hospital - Tel. Nos.: 8-831-9731/36; 8-831-5641/49 Website: www.sanjuandedios.org
College - Tel. Nos.: 8-551-2756; 8-551-2763 Website: www.sjdefi.edu.ph
Senior High School Department
SUBJECT
Semester: 1st S.Y. 2021-2022
MODULE ON UUNDERSTANDING
CULTURE,SOCIETY
COURSE DESCRIPTION: COURSE CODE:

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This module aids you in understanding the variations of human
attributes. Although we all belong to just one specie, you may have noticed that we have different physical
characteristics; behavioral patterns, and languages. You will learn through this moduleModule
Learning that human
No. identities
5
are constructed by their affiliations and their negotiations with established structures
Quarter and system in society.
3
Week No. 5
Date Maso
Society in its broader sense involves social actions and interaction, cultural practices and traditions, and28-
PARTpower
political 1 April to
relations realities. As formal and systematic studies of society, these three facets are referred
8,2022
as the “social sciences”, also known as “discipline”. These disciplines may be likened to a lens, which changes
theMAIN
way theTOPIC/
wearer SUB TOPIC
sees things in terms of color, focus, and details. In other words, they change a person’s
perspective.
PAASCU
GRADE AND SECTION:
PhilHealth
Accredited
Accredited
SPC,SCL,SJOG,SVDP,SEAS,SLDM,SFRC,SJGP

SUBJECT
Main Topic: Social Organization
Sub-Topics: Group, Out-Groups, and Reference Group

Primary and Secondary Group
Small Groups
Social Organization
Leadership and Conformity
Organizational Model
.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC
Barkada is a term that most Filipinos in their youth use to refer to any group who share the same
social inclinations. The fondest memories of one’s youth would often be of the experiences they shared with
their barkada. Every age group in every society creates and subscribes to a social group.
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 analyze the forms and functions of social organizations.
VALUE/BEHAVIORAL STANDARDS
The learners are expected to demonstrate respect for human dignity and express and/or develop creativity
and competence in handling their perceived challenges.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
 Powerpoint, vocabulary sheet
 multimedia equipment
 Understanding Culture Society and Politics Module
 Worksheets
LEARNING RESOURCES
Books
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 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. DIWA Senior High School Series
Books
 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. DIWA Senior High School Series
 Baleña, E.D. & et. al.(2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Educational
Resources Corporation
Electronic Sources
 http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/people/ethnic-groups-in-the-philippines/
LEARNING MODALITIES
 Modular Learning – Modules are provided to support immediate learning in the absence of face-face
classroom.
 Online Delivery/Remote Delivery – While using modules, synchronous or real-time communication
platforms shall still be utilized in order to support student learning. Available applications (such as
Google Classroom, Facebook page and among others) will be used for interactive classroom
discussion, chat platform and online submissions.
 Asynchronous Delivery – Pre-taken teaching videos (or any available means) will also be done to
help learners who might experience difficulties with real-time class interactions.
PART 2
PRE – ASSESSMENT
Activity 1:
With your friends in class, create a collage made of pictures that showcase the reasons that you bond
as a group. Highlight the characteristics that you share such as hobbies, places visited, and favorite
celebrities. Present your collage in our group chat.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 describe the organized nature of social life and rules governing behavior;
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SUBJECT
 compare different social forms of social organization, according to their manifest and latent
functions; and
 analyze social and political structures
DISCUSSION OF THE CONTENT OF THE LESSON/TOPIC
Social Organization- refers to the interrelationship of parts of society.

 Social group- consists of individuals who are united by their similar characteristics, and these
characteristics serve as the bases of their constant interaction. However, not all individuals who share
similar characteristics interact with one another. This phenomenon is observed in social categories.
For example, your barkada may be classified as a social group; students attending your high school
are within the context of a social category, as you do not normally interact with them. Your
relationship with your fellow high school students will turn to a social group once you recognize
your ties with one another as belonging to one group and you interact with one another.
 Social aggregate- individuals gather in the same place but are neither interacting nor sharing similar
characteristics. People gathered in a shopping mall may be categorized in this.
 Social network- a social network is a social structure consisting of people who have varying degrees
of relations and interrelationship.
Sociogram
- Is a visual representation of the social networks present in one group or more.
- This was developed by Jacob Moreno, a psychotherapist, in 1951 to understand the
dynamics of the interactions of social groups within the structure.
Types of arrangements:
 Clique- an exclusive group that is separated from the entire unit.
 One Way Choice- an individual who does not reciprocate the affiliation.
 Isolate- an individual who has chosen no one and is not chosen by anyone in he
structure.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Moreno_Sociogram_5th_Grade.png
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When individuals congregate in groups, they create rules, boundaries, and loyalties that delineate
them from others. This delineation is a crucial contributor to the formation of unity and cohesion among the
members.
Three types of human social groupings:

1. In-groups - social group in which an individual directly affiliates and expresses loyalty to. Its three
primary characteristics reinforce the boundary that it creates between its members and those coming
from other groups.
a. Three primary characteristics of an in-group:
i. Members use titles, external symbols, and dress to distinguish themselves from the out-group.
-Ex. Jejemon, Military groups
ii. Members apply positive stereotypes to their in-group and negative stereotypes to the out-
group.
-In- group favoritism- preferring behaviors practiced within an in-group.
iii. Members tend to clash or compete with members of the out-group. This competition with the
other group can also strengthen the unity within each group.
-members of in group harm individuals from out group.
2. Out-Group- group that an individual is not part of. Negative stereotypes are usually associated with
individuals who are part of this group.
Individuals from an out-group are usually considered malevolent even if they are not. Because
members of the in-group perceive themselves as diverse and complex, members of the out-group are
described as a group without any differentiation. Hence, these individuals are prone to being
stereotyped, worse, and dehumanized as members of the in-group refer to them solely on the bases of
their projected characteristics.
For example, an individual who is part of an in-group of heterosexuals would consider those with
different genders as part of the out-group without distinguishing what types of gender they have. In
cases of war, opposing groups tend to dehumanize each other often leading to countless deaths.
3. Reference Groups - The behavior of an individual can be shaped by the set of behavior and beliefs
of a group that such an individual considers as ideal. The existence of reference groups can have two
effects on an individual’s self-evaluation. When an individual receives a positive self-evaluation, he
or she experiences the normative effect that being a member of the reference group has. On the
contrary, a negative self-evaluation often results from the comparison effect that a reference group
has on individuals who try to appraise their behavior based on its prescribed norms.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

Group membership has been a key element in fostering the development of the social nature and
ideals of an individual. Each individual is a part of a primary group and a secondary group from which he or
she learns the culture of his or her society.
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Primary Groups- direct sources of an individual’s social skills and knowledge. The bonds that an
individual forms with members of these groups extend over long periods of time.
- Informal and holistic interactions
- Ex. family, friends, peers, classmates, and church.
Secondary Groups- are more formal in context as the relationship and interactions in them are limited to a
particular role that an individual plays within the group. This may consist of relationships that are temporary
and practical.
- Ex. client and an agent, researcher and an informant, and a tenant and a landlord.
- In these types of relationships, face-to-face interaction is limited and communication is
often formal.
SMALL GROUPS
The type and extent of human interaction depends on the size of the group that they belong in. A
large group tends to promote detachment through indirect interaction. Isolated members often cope by
creating small groups that foster direct interaction among its members. This type of interaction often forms
exclusivity, as experiences are created in a small group, whereas secondary relationships are experienced in
a large group.
Family is an example of a small group, and a village (barangay) is an example of a large group.
Types of small group:
Dyad- consist of two individuals
Triad- consist of three individuals
Social Loafing- a phenomenon of free riding; some individuals tend to depend on others’ initiative to
perform task that are originally expected of them.
LEADERSHIP AND CONFORMITY

Group behavior is another topic studied in the context of social groups. Individuals in groups are
affected by the prescribed norms of the group that they subscribe to.
Conformity is the behavior of an individual that relates to following the prescribed norms of his or her group
due to pressure of influence that members of the group have on him or her.
Group-think is a united acceptance and practice of idea that is believed as a form of group loyalty. This
form of mentality is sometimes based on the majority’s perspective and decision that may not always be
logical and correct.
Two types of leaders in a small group:
1.) Expressive Leader

- Motivated by the relationships that he or she has with the members of the group.
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- This leader employs a cooperative style of management, wherein the opinions of the members are
accounted for as the main goal of group is to maintain its cohesion
2.) Instrumental Leader
- Implements a directive style of management, wherein members of the group are directed to perform
tasks that lead to the achievement of the group goal.
- This type of leader us achievement motivated, which makes the purpose of the group and the
individuals defined by the goals they have set.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
- are created by individuals to foster a more direct setting.
Formal organization - when a secondary group is directed by its goals.
- These types of organizations are driven by their goals that define their
programs and activities.
Informal organizations - characterized by the informal relations between members.
Hence, a professional organization such as a medical practitioners association can be considered as
formal organization because the ties that the members have in general are defined by the objectives of the
organization, whereas a subgroup created through camaraderie among colleagues can be called an informal
organization. In most cases, informal organizations cater to the personal needs of individuals as opposed to
the structure-oriented formal organizations. Every organization is defined by its objectives that may be for
the betterment of the society in general or to address certain group issues.
Rational planning- implies identification of tasks, roles, implementation programs, and general policies.
ORGANIZATION MODELS
Studying organizations require conceptual models that provide definitions and characterizations of
human groups. In sociology, two of the most prominent models are the bureaucratic organization and the
collectivist organization.
Bureaucratic Organization Model

Power is strictly relegated to bureaucrats and
not on individuals. Hence, although an individual
holds power in a bureaucratic office, that power is
vested on him or her with regard to the office that he
or she holds. Upon the dissolution of that bureaucratic https://www.researchgate.net/figure/An-Ideal-Type-Bureaucratic-
office, power shall be removed from the individual. Structure-of-Formal-Organization_fig4_228982426
This model is lifted from Max Weber’s concept of

modern Western society. He claimed that due to the
plurality of cultures and the development of technology,
modern Western societies are required to create formal
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organizations that are bureaucratic in nature. These types of organizations operate within the frame of
written rules and regulations that allow for a more efficient implementation of organizational objectives.
Due to the rigid predisposition in achieving its goals, authority figures are set in hierarchy. These individuals
are known as bureaucrats.
The problem with this organizational model is that it is too deterministic in its understanding of
organizations It failed to account for human agency, environmental shifts, and other factors that a rigidly
structured organization may not be able to address.
Collectivist Organization Model
This organizational model responded to

the issues that confronted the bureaucratic model.
Based on Karl Marx’s theory on the evolution of
society, this model predicts the demise(failure) of
bureaucratic organizations within a shift from a
class-based to a classless society. In this new
order, the hierarchy created in a bureaucratic
society is erased to the extent that the supervisors
and workers are collectively and harmoniously
functioning toward the achievement of the
organization’s goals. Equality is a common
theme in this model.
The critique to this perspective is in its utopic orientation about the hierarchy of individuals. Humans
are bound to create social, economic, and political hierarchies when in a group as one individual succeeds
over the other, given the variation in their skills and the requirements of the environment.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
It has been observed that the incidences of bullying have risen among groups of young people. As bullying
is another by product of the interaction between the in-group and the out-group, you have to know the roles
that individuals play within such context. Follow the link to read a feature entitled “The Role Kids Play” in
incidence of bullying.
https://www.stopbullying.gov/bullying/roles-kids-play
EVALUATION /POST ASSESSMENT

After reading the selection, answer these questions:
1. Why is it important not to label kids in a bullying situation?
2. What are the roles that kids play in a bullying situation?
3. Suggest at least three ways to avoid being the bully and being bullied or the victim.
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Prepared by Reviced by:
JANET SORIANO
ERMALENE S. DANIEL
Faculty, Subject Area
Checked by:
DR. CAROLYNE L. HIZON, LPT

Academic Coordinator, SHS Department
Approved by:
DR. APOLONIA P. REYNOSO, LPT

Principal, SHS Department
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SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC.

2772-2774 Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City 1300 Philippines

Senior High School Department

COURSE DESCRIPTION: COURSE CODE:

SAN JUAN DE DIOS EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, INC.

Senior High School Department

Sub-Topics: Group, Out-Groups, and Reference Group

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Senior High School Department

Senior High School Department

DISCUSSION OF THE CONTENT OF THE LESSON/TOPIC

Social Organization- refers to the interrelationship of parts of society.

Senior High School Department

Three types of human social groupings:

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

Senior High School Department

LEADERSHIP AND CONFORMITY

Two types of leaders in a small group:

1.) Expressive Leader

Senior High School Department

Bureaucratic Organization Model

This model is lifted from Max Weber’s concept of

Senior High School Department

Collectivist Organization Model

This organizational model responded to

EVALUATION /POST ASSESSMENT

Senior High School Department

Prepared by Reviced by:

DR. CAROLYNE L. HIZON, LPT

DR. APOLONIA P. REYNOSO, LPT

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