Module 8 Lecture 1 PDF 1

ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering
Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Tel: 7038; e-mail: samkhan@iitk.ac.in Kanpur 208016 India
Refrigerant
Evaporators and Condensers
Section #1: Introduction to two-phase flows
Sameer Khandekar
Sameer Khandekar
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur (UP) 208016 INDIA
Webpage: home.iitk.ac.in/~samkhan/ 40
Copyright clause
◉ © The instructor(s) of this course owns the copyright of all the
course materials. This lecture material was distributed only to
the students attending the course ME340A: Introduction to
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning of Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur, India, and should not be distributed in
print or through electronic media without the consent of the
instructor(s). Registered students can make their own copies
of the course materials for their private use.
Sameer Khandekar
41
Applications of two-phase flows

◉ Boilers and power plants
◉ Nuclear reactors
◉ Electronics cooling systems Refrigeration
◉ Fluidized beds and
◉ Chemical reactors Air conditioning
◉ Flashing flows, Cavitation
◉ Petrochemical industry
Sameer Khandekar
◉ Distillation columns Evaporators and Condensers

(also in Expansions valves)
◉ Coffee machines / bubble pumps
◉ Snow/ Fog, etc. .......
42
Two-phase flow in Refrigeration Systems

◉ Evaporation (Liquid to Vapor)
◉ Condenser (Vapor to Liquid)
◉ Expansion Valve
(Saturated/subcooled liquid to
two-phase mixture)
Sameer Khandekar
43
Most common circumstances

• Co-current vertical flows (Upward / Downward)
• Co-current horizontal flows
• Sometimes inclined flows
Circular channels and pipes
Other geometries:
Sameer Khandekar
• Microchannel flows
• Rectangular, triangular, internally
ribbed, etc.
44
Classification of two-phase flows

◉ For refrigeration systems: Vertical flows
○ Vertical or horizontal Horizontal flows
Adiabatic flows
○ Diabatic (E+C)
Diabatic flows
○ Isenthalpic (Expansion valve)
Constant temperature
○ Mixed boundary condition Constant heat flux
○ Conventional channels as well as Conventional channels

ribbed/mini-micro Mini/micro channelss
Sameer Khandekar
Steady flows
○ Typically steady-state
Time varying
○ Turbulent
Laminar flows
○ Note: Single phase flow in compressor Turbulent flows
45
Verical two-phase flows
◉ Vertical tubes
◉ Depending on the mass flow
rate of the two phases, several
possibilities exist
◉ The mass flow rates are
indicative of the average kinetic
energy of the phases
Sameer Khandekar
46
Verical two-phase flows

Sameer Khandekar
47
Horizontal and inclined two-phase flows

Sameer Khandekar
48
Flow visualization
◉ Horizontal tube
◉ Refrigerant R-134
Oil in circulation Ratio

Sameer Khandekar
DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2014.930304
49
Mini-channel flows
◉ Mini-channels
◉ Surface tension is dominant
◉ Special flow patterns
◉ Taylor slugs and plugs
◉ Intermittent flow
◉ Bond number = (g Δρ D2)/σ
◉ All small refrigeration systems
Sameer Khandekar
Upward flow boiling patterns in a 2.0 mm tube under

different input heat flux conditions
50
Flow pattern maps: Adiabatic flows

◉ Given the mass flow
rates of the two-
phase system and the
tube diameter, what
morphology will the
two-phase flow take?
○ Adiabatic systems
Sameer Khandekar
○ Non-adiabatic
systems
51
Flow pattern maps: Evaporator (diabatic case)

Sameer Khandekar
Flow boiling inside an evaporator tube subjected to heating

52
Flow pattern maps: Condensers

Sameer Khandekar
53
End of Lecture #4
◉ In refrigeration systems, flow boiling occurs in the evaporator

while flow condensation occurs in the condenser. These are
examples of liquid-vapor two phase flow systems.
◉ Two-phase flow also occurs in the expansion valve.
◉ We have see different types/classifications of two-phase (liquid-
vapor) flow systems.
◉ The flows are complex as mean density changes which leads to
friction as well as acceleration/deceleration.
Sameer Khandekar
◉ An engineers we are interested to find out the flow morphology,

which is closely linked with the pressure drop and the heat
transfer.
54
Text/Reference books
◉ Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach (SIE) by Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles,
Mehmet Kanoglu, 9th Edition, ISBN-10: 9353165741, McGraw Hill, 2019.
◉ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by C. P. Arora, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 9351340163,

McGraw Hill, 2017.
◉ Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, by G. F. Hundy, A. R. Trott and T. C.

Welsh, 5th Edition, ISBN-10: 07506851902016, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016.
◉ Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications (SIE) by Yunus A. Cengel,
Afshin J. Ghajar, 5th Edition, ISBN-10: 9789339223199, McGraw Hill, 2017.
Sameer Khandekar
◉ Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration by Shan Wang, ISBN-10: 0070681678,

McGraw Hill, 2000.
◉ Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/)
Thanks!
Any questions ?
You can find me at
◉ samkhan@iitk.ac.in
Sameer Khandekar
◉ © The instructor(s) of this course owns the copyright of all the course
materials. This lecture material was distributed only to the students
attending the course ME340A: Introduction to Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India, and should
not be distributed in print or through electronic media without the
consent of the instructor(s). Registered students can make their own
copies of the course materials for their private use.

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ME340A: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Department of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Prof. Sameer Khandekar Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Applications of two-phase flows

◉ Distillation columns Evaporators and Condensers

Two-phase flow in Refrigeration Systems

Most common circumstances

Circular channels and pipes

Classification of two-phase flows

○ Conventional channels as well as Conventional channels

Verical two-phase flows

Verical two-phase flows

Horizontal and inclined two-phase flows

Oil in circulation Ratio

Upward flow boiling patterns in a 2.0 mm tube under

Flow pattern maps: Adiabatic flows

Flow pattern maps: Evaporator (diabatic case)

Flow boiling inside an evaporator tube subjected to heating

Flow pattern maps: Condensers

◉ In refrigeration systems, flow boiling occurs in the evaporator

◉ An engineers we are interested to find out the flow morphology,

◉ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by C. P. Arora, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 9351340163,

◉ Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, by G. F. Hundy, A. R. Trott and T. C.

◉ Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration by Shan Wang, ISBN-10: 0070681678,

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