GEC 7 MODULE 3 Science and Technology and Nation Building

Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University

(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
MODULE 3: Science, Technology and Nation Building

Science Technology and Society (GEC 7)
Learning Outcomes:
 Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building

 Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to
nation building
 Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact on the
development of the Filipino nation
The history of science and technology in the Philippines started way back before the country gained its
independence from the American colonizers. Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers,
the early inhabitants had their own culture & traditions. They had their own belief system and indigenous
knowledge system that keeps them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many years. In pre-
Spanish Philippines, SCIENCE is embedded in the way of life of the people. Scientific knowledge is observed:
in the way they plant their crops that provide them food; in taking care of their animals to help them in their
daily tasks, and for food production. Science is observed in the way they interpret the movement of the
heavenly bodies in predicting seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years.
They used science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations and in developing tools that they can use in their
everyday life. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking and fishing; for
fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation. They also used technology in
creating musical instruments. Also, trading with China, Indonesia, Japan and other nearby countries have
influenced their lives by providing opportunities for cultural and technological exchange. All of these ancient
practices in science and technology are considered now as INDIGENOUS SCIENCE OR FOLK SCIENCE.
SPANISH ERA
When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with them their own culture and practices. They
established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. It was the
beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as school of science and technology.
Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human body, plants,
animals and heavenly bodies. Technology focuses on using and developing house tools used in everyday life.
Life during the Spanish Era slowly became modernized, adapting some Western technology and their ways of
life. The Filipinos developed ways to replicate technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous
materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities established by
the Catholic orders.
The GALLEON TRADE has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines. Although
it is only beneficial for the Spaniards, these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices,
GEC 7- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
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technology, and Western practices to reach the country. Some of the Filipino
students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the advancement of medicine, engineering, arts,
music, and literature in the country.
The Philippines, being considered as one of the centers of global trade in Southeast Asia during that time, was
considered to be one of the most developed places in the region. Although the country is blessed with these
developments, the superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic doctrines and practices during the Spanish
era halted the growth of science in the country.
AMERICAN ERA The Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the
Philippines compared to the Spaniards.
 established the public education system
 improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people.
 established a modern research university, UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
 created more public hospitals.
 mineral resources were explored and exploited during the American times. 
transportation and communication systems were improved, though not accessible throughout the
country.
The Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines. They reorganized the learning of science and
introduced it in the public and private schools. In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies
and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally known as “Science.” The teaching of science in
higher education has also greatly improved and modernized. Researches were done to control malaria, cholera,
and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of the
Philippines to serve their own interests is somehow beneficial in the country. These allowed American scholars
to introduce new knowledge and technology in the country. The Protestant church missions in different places
in the country also brought hospitals and schools to far flung areas. Little by little, these efforts built a stronger
foundation for science and technology in the country. World War II has destabilized the development of the
country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into ashes, houses were burned, and many
lives were destroyed. The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war. The human
spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity of the country to bring back what was
destroyed was limited.
The reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals and
transportation system. The reparation money from Japan was also concentrated on building highways and
providing technological training and human resource development. Since the establishment of the new republic,
the whole nation has been focusing on using its limited resources in improving S&T capability. It has explored
the use of ODA or Overseas Development Allocations from the different countries to help the country improve
its scientific productivity and technological capability. Human resource development is at the heart of this

Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
efforts focusing on producing more engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors and other professionals in
the country.
The development of science and technology in the Philippines, based on its brief history, is shaped by several
factors and influences. Like in the history of science in other countries, it is always shaped by human and social
activities, both internal and external. The following are the influences in the development of science and
technology: Internal influences: survival, culture, economic activities External influences: foreign colonizers,
trades with foreign countries, international economic demands.
Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives of the people and in the development of the
Philippine society. However, improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge in the
country.
Science and technology agenda for national development [STAND]
The Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) spells out the areas which will be the
focus of scientific and technological efforts in 1993 to 1998. It is a part of a series of measures that shall be
pursued to realize the vision of Philippines 2000 which is to make the Philippines a newly industrializing
country (NIC) by the end of the century. The STAND emphasizes the development and utilization of superior
technologies to a level of competitive advantage. This document indicates the major S&T intervention areas
identified from a process of technical assessment and consultation. The S&T intervention areas shall serve as
basis for developing S&T programs and projects by implementing agencies and for funding S&T programs and
projects of DOST and other government agencies and institutions.
Major Development Programs in

Science and Technology in the
Philippines
Doppler Radars

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PAGASA installed its first Doppler

weather radar station in Baler,
Aurora and another in
Baguio. It was built to further
improve weather forecasting
capability and disaster risk reduction
in the country, four Doppler
radars, which could measure the
rain volume, and two flood
forecasting and warning centers have
been completed last 2017. Doppler
radars enable weather
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
forecasters to not only detect the

presence of storms, but also allow
them to determine storms'
distance, speed, and directional
movement. This is done by
sending out radio waves and
"listening" to how the waves are
changed after they are reflected back
by a storm.
The extent of Philippine RADARs is
200 km from the station covering
360 degrees, with
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
a spatial 1 km2. A typical mid-range

radar (like the ones PAGASA is
currently using costs
around P60 to P70 million pesos,
while the more high-end ones sell for
about P80 to P100
million pesos. Compared with
weather satellites, Doppler radars are
more accurate and useful
since they could also measure middle
and lower clouds, while the former
can only produce
images of the top view of the clouds
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
The DOST said that to date, the

country has 13 Doppler radars and
three X-Band radars
in the country. Doppler radars are
located in Iloilo, Palawan, Guian,
Subic, Tagaytay, Mactan,
Hinatuan, Tampakan, Basco,
Zamboanga, Aparri, Virac, and
Baguio. The three X-Band radars,
on the other hand, were placed in the
Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
Services Administration (PAGASA)

central office in Quezon City,
Mindanao, and Baler. (PNA)
Major Development Programs in Science and Technology in the Philippines
Doppler Radars
PAGASA installed its first Doppler weather radar station in Baler, Aurora and another in Baguio. It was built
to further improve weather forecasting capability and disaster risk reduction in the country, four Doppler
radars, which could measure the rain volume, and two flood forecasting and warning centers have
been completed last 2017. Doppler radars enable weather forecasters to not only detect the presence of storms,
but also allow them to determine storms' distance, speed, and directional movement. This is done by
sending out radio waves and "listening" to how the waves are changed after they are reflected back by a
storm. The extent of Philippine RADARs is 200 km from the station covering 360 degrees, with a spatial 1
km2. A typical mid-range radar (like the ones PAGASA is currently using costs around P60 to P70 million
pesos, while the more high-end ones sell for about P80 to P100million pesos. Compared with weather satellites,
Doppler radars are more accurate and useful since they could also measure middle and lower clouds, while the
former can only produce images of the top view of the clouds The DOST said that to date, the country has 13
Doppler radars and three X-Band radars in the country. Doppler radars are located in Iloilo, Palawan, Guian,
Subic, Tagaytay, Mactan, Hinatuan, Tampakan, Basco, Zamboanga, Aparri, Virac, and Baguio. The three X-
Band radars, on the other hand, were placed in the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA) central office in Quezon City, Mindanao, and Baler. (PNA)
Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State
shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation and their utilization; and to
science and technology education, training and services. As such, it shall provide for
scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives to deserving science students and other
specially-gifted citizens to enable them to pursue higher education or training in areas of science
and technology.
To carry out this policy, the government, particularly the Department of Science and Technology
announces the availability of scholarship programs, namely RA 7687 Scholarship Program, also
known as the Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994, to talented and deserving
students who must pursue priority fields of study in the basic sciences, engineering, other applied
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
sciences and science and mathematics teaching. Immediately upon completion of a Bachelor of
Science course, the scholar shall serve the country on full-time basis only along his field of
training for a minimum period equivalent to the length of time a scholar enjoyed the scholarship
by rendering service to his province or municipality by organizing technology-based livelihood
activities or enterprises, teaching, or such other service related to the course or training he has
completed. This scholarship program strengthens the country's science and technology
manpower by creating a pool of scientists, engineers and technicians who shall fill the needs of
industrialization.
SETUP
SETUP is a nationwide strategy to encourage and assist SMEs (small and medium
enterprises) to adopt technological innovations to improve their operations and thus boost the
RA 7687 SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM
Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to
research and development, invention, innovation and their utilization; and to science and technology
education, training and services. As such, it shall provide for scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other
forms of incentives to deserving science students and other specially-gifted citizens to enable them to pursue
higher education or training in areas of science and technology. To carry out this policy, the government,
particularly the Department of Science and Technology announces the availability of scholarship programs,
namely RA 7687 Scholarship Program, also known as the Science and Technology Scholarship Act of
1994, to talented and deserving students who must pursue priority fields of study in the basic sciences,
engineering, other applied sciences and science and mathematics teaching. Immediately upon completion of a
Bachelor of Science course, the scholar shall serve the country on full-time basis only along his field of training
for a minimum period equivalent to the length of time a scholar enjoyed the scholarship by rendering service to
his province or municipality by organizing technology-based livelihood activities or enterprises, teaching, or
such other service related to the course or training he has completed. This scholarship program strengthens
the country's science and technology manpower by creating a pool of scientists, engineers and technicians
who shall fill the needs of industrialization.
SETUP
SETUP is a nationwide strategy to encourage and assist SMEs (small and medium enterprises) to
adopt technological innovations to improve their operations and thus boost their productivity and
competitiveness. SETUP provides micro small and medium enterprises with equipment and technical
assistance to enable MSMEs to increase sales and production, streamline and improve overall
company operations, upgrade the quality of products and services, conform to national and
international standards of excellence, and be competitive in their respective fields.
Major Personalities in Science and Technology in the Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
Fe Del Mundo was born in Manila on Nov. 27, 1911. She was
the sixth of eight children. Three of her eight siblings died in
infancy, while an older sister died from appendicitis at age 11. It
was the death of her older sister, who had made known her desire
to become a doctor for the poor that pushed the young Del
Mundo toward the medical profession. Conducted studies that
led to the invention of an improved incubator and a device to
treat jaundice. She also founded a major children's hospital in the
Philippines and created the BRAT diet. Bamboo Incubator.
Premature babies (infants born before the mother’s 37th week of
pregnancy) are typically underdeveloped and low in body fat
percentage, inhibiting their ability to maintain their normal
body temperature. The modern medical incubator
addresses this; however, not all people who need it have access
to such technology. This is a particularly serious problem in rural
areas, where such devices are generally inaccessible.
Fortunately, a solution came in the form of the first Filipino
invention on this list: the bamboo incubator, widely credited
as the brainchild of Dr. Fe del Mundo. This makeshift device is
relatively inexpensiv eand easy to reproduce, making it ideal for
use in rural communities and areas with limited to no access to
advanced facilities. Children’s Medical Center. Frustrated by the
bureaucratic constraints in working for a government hospital,
Del Mundo wanted to establish her own pediatric hospital. She
sold her home and got a loan to finance the construction of her
own hospital. The Children's Medical Center, a 100-bed hospital
located in Quezon City, was inaugurated in 1957 as the first
pediatric hospital in the Philippines. The hospital was expanded
in 1966 through the establishment of an Institute of Maternal and
Child Health, the first institution of its kind in Asia Awards and
Honors. First woman to be named National Scientist of the
Philippines in1980., Elizabeth Blackwell Award for
Outstanding Service to Mankind (1966), Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Outstanding Public Service (1977), named
Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian by the International
Pediatric Association (1977).
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
Gregorio Zara is a Filipino engineer and physicist, made major contributions to the advancement of
engineering and inventions in the Philippines. His innovation in his field of specialization have
contributed in popular understanding and utilization of science in the country. He has a total of
30 devices and equipment patented to his name. The most popular among those, is the TV-telephone
system. . In the middle of the 1950s, long before the start of the digital age, Zara developed
the first videophone or two-way television-telephone. The device left the realm of science fiction and comic
books when Zara patented it in 1955 as a “photo phone signal separator network.” That first iteration didn't
catch on, largely because it wasn’t intended as a commercial product. But in the 1960s, AT&T began working
on a model of a videophone, called a “picture phone,” aimed at the public. The company released the
videophone at the 1964 New York World’s Fair, but it was seen as impractical and didn't fare well. It caught
fire as the digital age was beginning in the late1990s. The videophone first caught on as a device that easily
enabled distance learning and videoconferencing and also proved helpful for the hearing impaired. His other
contributions includes the Zara effect (physical law of electrical kinetic resistance), the wooden microscope,
the semi-automatic propeller-making machine, and an aircraft propeller that is entirely made of wood, the
solarsorber airplane fueled by alcohol, earth induction compass, used by pilots for direction; the vapor chamber,
used to visualize radioactive elements. These scientific inventions made him internationally known which led
him won numerous awards and accolades during his illustrious career as engineer, inventor, government servant
and educator. The most prestigious of these was being conferred the Order of National Scientist in 1978 by then
Philippine President.
Dr. Felix D. Maramba, Sr. is recognized for his important contributions in the field of a Filipino scientist who
developed and utilized one of the world’s most profitable biogas system. He also created a coconut oil-fueled
power generator. It started in 1984, when a thriving piggery gave him and his son, Felix K. Maramba Jr., the
idea of generating their own power with methane gas produced from manure. Other energy requirements at
Maya Farms (a commercial piggery), including their processing plant, and feed mill, operated totally
independent of Meralco. The said technology was given for free. Farm technicians fan out to the provinces to
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teach people how to harness energy from waste. Felix Maramba is the president of the Philippine Association of
Flour Millers, Inc. He wrote two books: “Biogas and Waste Recycling, The Philippine Experience” and “Farm
Management in the Philippines”. He designed the Maya Farms Model. Coconut oil fueled generator. In
many countries throughout the world, coconut oil is the primary source of fat for people. With Maramba’s idea
of creating a power generator using coconut oil as the source of energy he has made an incredible
breakthrough by providing energy from a readily available resource. Using coconut oil to provide an energy
resource allows people to make maximum use of a readily available resource and allows the coconut oil to be
reused or recycled after being used for cooking purposes. Being able to provide a cheap and efficient readily
available source of energy has made a tremendous difference to the lives of many people. Beside from being
a cheap and readily available source of energy, it is also environmentally friendly which has been an
important factor in all of his work. Thanks to the creation of the generator the lives of millions of people have
been improved which has allowed them to channel their times and energies towards other matters.
Rolando de la Cruz He developed a formula, in a form of cream, which is used nowadays as a treatment
for skin cancer. He received multiple awards coming from this discovery which led him to receive DOST’s
Tuklas Award for Most Outstanding Invention in 1998. The cream was made from natural ingredient - mainly
cashew. It is proven that the cream, which is now known as DeBCC cream, could remove effectively deeply
grown moles, warts, and (as the name implies) basal cell carcinoma. It provides painless treatment contrary to
the prior discovered method of warts removal which causes pain since it uses heat along the procedure. Rolando
de la Cruz is actually a barber. Being a barber is what brought him to notice skin diseases since most of his
clients suffer from fungal infections and other skin diseases. There were then two more situations which
triggered the idea of DeBCC cream. First is that when he was young, he felt a burning sensation when he ate
cashew nuts. He told his mother about this and his mother said that it was the cashew seeds that create the said
‘burning’. Thereafter when he was in high school, he had a classmate who told him regarding the warts removal
procedure which the latter said that he could not stand the pain of the procedure even though it uses anesthesia.
His classmate also said that the procedure uses heat. From there, his childhood experience on the cashew nut
came and the idea was born. He then became successful after receiving awards, even international, for

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the said product. He called this invention as his invention by “accident”. Using his discovery, he
“established RCC Amazing Touch International Inc. but the product is now widely used for treatment.
Diosdado Banatao or Dado, a Filipino Inventor, technology innovator, and venture capitalist. He
finished his Bachelor of Science of Electric Engineering from Mapua Institute of Engineering and graduated
cum laude. He turned down many jobs offer from the various prestigious company. Instead, he joined
Philippine Airlines as a trainee pilot while in the United States, he took his opportunity to take up his Master of
Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Stanford University. After his Master’s degree,
Dado worked with different Tech companies where he designed his first single-chip the 16-bit
microprocessor-based calculator in 1984. Dado founded his Tech Company Mostron, a company that
manufactures motherboards. Diosdado Banatao developed the first single-chip graphical user
interface accelerator that made computers work a lot faster. This invention has allowed computer users to use
graphics for commands and not the usual typed commands in older computers. It has allowed data processing to
be a little faster using very little space (small chips instead of large boards). Banatao through his Dado Banatao
Educational Foundation, awards every year five educational scholarships to intelligent Filipino students who
have bright futures in the field of engineering and technology. Also, with Philippine Development Foundation
which he chairs, are giving brilliant young Filipino minds to school, towards maximizing their potentials for the
future of the Philippines.
Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
During the early times, Filipinos tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They also developed
alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world around them. This system of
knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science.
Indigenous Knowledge System
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Indigenous knowledge is imbedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they group. They live and
grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge.
Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their methods of teaching are very effective
in transmitting cultural knowledge in their minds. The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with their
culture and the environment. These lessons comprised of good values and life stories of people on their daily
life struggles. Their views about nature and their reflections on their experiences in daily life are evident in their
stories, poems and songs.
Some of the examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:
 predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial
bodies; ∙ using herbal medicine;
 preserving foods;
 classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties;
 preserving and selecting good seeds for planting; ∙ using indigenous technology in daily lives;
 building local irrigation systems;
 classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties;
 producing wines and juices from tropical fruits; and
 keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early
civilization (Grabbing, 2001; Moapa, 2004; Sagisi, 2004). It includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise,
practices, and representations that guide human societies in their enumerable interactions with the natural
milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with
changing environments (Pawley, 2005).
Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes identified
by Johnston (2000), namely:
1. motivating attitudes;
2. cooperating attitudes;
3. practical attitudes;
4. and reflective attitudes
The Concept of Indigenous Science

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1. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem
solving, inferring, communicating, and predicting.
2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following:
 The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.
 The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” It is the origin of their identity as people.
 All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with each other.
 Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They have a responsibility
to preserve it.
 Nature is a friend to human beings – it needs respect and proper care
3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and valued by people and communities
such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods, and folk astronomy.
Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the Philippines. Like the
ancient civilization, indigenous science gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field and
as a discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in understanding the natural environment and in coping
with everyday life. UNESCO’s Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999)
recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to science and technology.
A. Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building during:
Spanish Era
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American Era
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B. Give two (2) Major Development Programs in Science and Technology in the Philippines and elaborate
its contribution to our country.
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C. Name Filipino Scientists, give their scientific invention, and the purpose of their invention.
Filipino Scientist Scientific Invention Purpose of invention

Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683

GEC 7 MODULE 3 Science and Technology and Nation Building

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Republic of the Philippines

President Ramon Magsaysay State University

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

MODULE 3: Science, Technology and Nation Building

 Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

GEC 7- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Major Development Programs in

GEC 7- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

PAGASA installed its first Doppler

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

forecasters to not only detect the

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

a spatial 1 km2. A typical mid-range

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

The DOST said that to date, the

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Services Administration (PAGASA)

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

GEC 7- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

The Concept of Indigenous Science

GEC 7- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Filipino Scientist Scientific Invention Purpose of invention

GEC 7- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

GEC 7- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

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