sTRUCTURES: MANUAL 66 71) MCDONNELL DOUGLAS’ Equation B6-21 gives conservative results when stresses are above the material proportional limit. However, it is very useful for design purposes because of its simplicity. It can be put in the form of an interaction equation by dividing both sides by the combined stress to give f+f eR, 10 (86-22) The combined stress, is the maximum allowable stress which depends on the load condition and type of loading. For tension loads, F can be either tension yield stress or tension ultimate stress. For compres- sion loads, it is usually compression yield stress, column buckling stress, or column crippling stress. In any case, the summation of bending and axial stress cannot exceed the allowable stress. For effi- cient design, the ratio Rp should equal 1.0, unless shear stresses are applied. In aircraft structure, compression panels are generally loaded by shear in addition to bending and compression, For wing structure the Shear is primarily due to flexure. The interaction equation in this case is 2 4 2 RZ + RE = 1.0 (86-23) For fuselage structure, shear is primarily due to torque. The interaction equation for this case is 1.75 | Rot RE? = 1.0 (B6-24) These interaction equations are plotted in terms of safety margin in Figures 86.3.3-1 and -2. When using Equations B6-22 to B6-24, the allow- able compression stress is determined based on: (1) whether bending produces compression in the skin or the stringer outstanding flange, and (2) whether bending moment is at the center or end of the panel. Table B6.3.3-1 shows the appropriate allowable stress. Table 86.3,3-1 Allowable Compression Stresses for Interaction Equation Moment Location | Member in Compression Equation __| Allowable Skin 86-23 or B6-24 Flange 6-22 Skin B6-23 or B6-24 Flange B6-22 F Revised Aug. 1982 86-36Corp Re) CHTaUERE ERS) MANUAL DAC 252006 (71) MCDONNELL DOUGLAS) 1.30: 2 2 1.20. Rs +R sl Ref. SM14265, page 4 1410) 1.004 Re OR Rg Figure B6.3.3-1 Interaction Curve for Axial Compression and Flexural Shear Revised Aug. 1982 86-37MANUAL and Torque Shear Figure 86.3.3-1 Interaction Curve for Axial Compression Revised Aus. 1982 86-38sTRUCTURES MANUAL NOTE: Fey = compression yield, psi Fee = crippling stress, psi Fo. = column buckling stress, psi (see Section B6.5.2) 86.3.4 Buckled Skin Compression panels are often designed so that skin will buckle before maximum load is reached. When this happens, the skin stress is no longer uniformly distributed over the panel width, b.. Total load on the skin-stringer combination is given by the equation «5b. Pet -5b, F(x) dx + fy Ay (86-25) Various theoretical studies have been made to determine the skin stress distribution, f(x), after buckling. They lead to long compli- cated equations which are dependent on the boundary conditions and difficult to apply. For design purposes, it is common practice to replace the integral term with an effective width of skin, b,, and a uniform stress, f, which gives the same total skin Toad as would be obtained if the non-uniform stress distribution were known. This leads to the equation for total load on the skin-stringer combination P=, b ty + fy Ay (86-26) where the stress f, and f, are determined based on uniform compression at constant strain, e. Various equations have been proposed for determining the skin effective width in Equation B6-26. The Von Karmen effective width equation gives an applied load that correlates well with integral, Z and J stiffened compression panel tests. This equation is 12 - [| (86-27) e Fy Half of the width should be placed on either side of the stringer web when applying Equation Bo-27 to integral, Z, or J stiffened com pression panels. A plot of the ratio (b/t) is given in Figure B6.3.4-1 for 2024 and 7075 aluminum sheet. Revised Aug. 1982 86-39sTRUCTURES MANUAL AC 25-2066 0-71) MCDONNELL DOUGLAS’ 0 at 7 +0 / 7075 4 40 Le e a mee Zo 2 10 - Figure 86.3.4-1 Effective Width for 2024 and 7075 Sheet Revised Aug. 1982 86-40