General Physics 2 (Sci8)

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
4Q - Sci8 Page 1 of 9
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
GENERAL PHYSICS 2 (Sci8) THREE (3) METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

(Second Semester, Fourth Quarter Reviewer)
1. CONDUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS • Exchange or transfer of heat within a body or
between bodies that are in thermal contact with each
THERMODYNAMICS
other.
• Derived from the 2 Greek words “THERMO”
• Takes place best with solid.
meaning “heat” and “DYNAMICS” meaning “motion.”
• Branch of science which deals with energy transfer 2. CONVECTION
and its effect on properties, physical and chemical, of • Transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid from
the substance. one region of space to another.
• Amount of heat or work transfer taking place while • Takes place best with liquid and gas.
arriving at one state from another is the main • Fluid is anything that can flow or alter its shape.
concern in thermodynamics. Warmer fluid rises and cooler fluid sinks.
THERMAL AND HEAT ENERGY NATURAL CONVECTION
THERMAL ENERGY SEA BREEZE

• Sum of all the kinetic energies of the particles on a - Happens during daytime
body. - Wind is coming from the sea
KINETIC THERMAL
EFFECT
ENERGY ENERGY
Low Low Cold
High High Hot or warm
LAND BREEZE
- Happens during nighttime
- Wind is coming from the land
HEAT ENERGY
• Thermal energy in transit due to temperature
changes.
HEAT TRANSFER
3. RADIATION
• Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves, such as
visible light, infrared, microwave, and ultraviolet
radiation, which can propagate in a vacuum.
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Ma’am Reneeca V. Benalla
2. SHORTEST WAVELENGTH
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
• Obtained when touching objects within a system
reach the same temperature
• The heat flow will stop if it is in a thermal
equilibrium.
Energy is absorbed
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
• Form of energy waves that have both an electric
and magnetic field.
Energy is released
• Different from mechanical waves in that they can
transmit energy and travel through a vacuum. TEMPERATURE
• Average kinetic energy of the particles on a body.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES CAN BE TWO (2)
KINETIC
1. LONGEST WAVELENGTH TEMPERATURE EFFECT
ENERGY
FIVE (5) EXAMPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Low Low Cold
WITH LONGEST WAVELENGTH High High Hot or warm
A. RADIO WAVES THREE (3) TEMPERATURE SCALES

- Often used to transmit data and have been used for
all sorts of applications including radio, satellites, 1. FAHRENHEIT
radar, and computer networks. • Invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.
• Represented by the symbol “°F.”
B. MICROWAVES
- Used in mobile phones and heating 2. CELSIUS
• Invented by Anders Celsius.
C. INFRARED • Represented by the symbol “°C.”
- Emitted particularly by heated objects
3. KELVIN (K)
D. VISIBLE LIGHT • Invented by William Thomson, also known as Lord
- The only wave visible to our naked eye. Kelvin.
- Colors include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, • Represented by the symbol “K.”
indigo, and violet.
THERMOMETER
E. ULTRAVIOLET • Instrument for measuring and indicating
- Possesses very high energy that can be both harmful temperature.
and beneficial to us.
THREE (3) TYPES OF THERMOMETER 9

TF = ( TC ) + 32
5
1. DIGITAL THERMOMETER
• Used to verify a smart temperature transmitter 9
x = ( x) + 32
under flowing conditions and a successful calibration 5
of the smart temperature transmitter. 9
x = ( x) + 32
2. INFRARED THERMOMETER 5
• Infers temperature from a portion of the thermal 9
radiation sometimes called black-body radiation x − x = 32
5
emitted by the object being measured.
x − 1.8x = 32
3. MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER
• Glass tube is filled with mercury and a standard 1x − 1.8x = 32
temperature scale is marked on the tube. −0.8x = 32
THREE (3) EQUATIONS USED TO CONVERT FROM −0.8x 32
1 TEMPERATURE SCALE TO ANOTHER =
−0.8 −0.8
EQUATION NUMBER 1: 32
x=
−0.8
5
TC = (TF − 32)
9 x = −40
EQUATION NUMBER 2: 5
TC = (T − 32)
9 9 F
TF = ( TC ) + 32 5
5 (x − 32)
x=
9
EQUATION NUMBER 3:
5
TK = TC + 273.15K x= (x − 32)
9
5
x = x − 17.7778
9
5
x = x − 17.7778
9
5
x − x = −17.7778
9
5
1x − x = −17.7778
9
0.4444x = −17.7778
0.4444x −17.7778
=
0.4444 0.4444
At what temperature are Celsius and Fahrenheit the
same in magnitude? −17.7778
x=
0.4444
- Let “x” be the unknown.
x = 40.00
TF = TC = x
CONVERT THE FOLLOWING:
1. 167°F → C TK = TC + 273.15
5
TC = (TF − 32) TK = TC + 273.15
9
5 TK − 273.15 = TC
TC = (167 − 32)
9 228 − 273.15 = TC
5
TC = (35) −45.15°C = TC
9
TC = 75°C 9
TF = ( TC ) + 32
5
2. 250°C → F
9 9
TF = ( TC ) + 32 TF = ( − 45.15°C) + 32
5 5
9 TF = (1.8 ⋅ 45.15°C) + 32
TF = ( 250°C) + 32
5 TF = (−81.27) + 32
TF = (1.8 ⋅ 250°C) + 32
TF = −81.27 + 32
TF = (450) + 32
TF = −49.27°F
TF = 450 + 32
ONE (1) EXAMPLE
TF = 482°F
EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
3. 100°F → K A cook puts a thermometer into a pot of water to see
5 how hot it is. The thermometer reads 132°, but the
TC = (TF − 32)
9 water is not boiling yet. (A) Which temperature scale
5 is the thermometer measuring? (B) Convert the given
TC = (100 − 32) temperature scale to Kelvin.
9
5 LETTER A:
TC = (68) Fahrenheit
9
TC = 37.78°C LETTER B:
132°F → K
TK = TC + 273.15K 132°F → C
TK = 37.78 + 273.15K 5
TC = (T − 32)
9 F
TK = 310.93K
5
TC = (132 − 32)
4. 10 K → C 9
TK = TC + 273.15
TC = 73.3333 − 17.7778
TK = TC + 273.15
TC = 55.56°C
TK − 273.15 = TC
TK = 55.56 + 273.15K
10 − 273.15 = TC
TK = 328.71K
−263.15°C = TC
SYSTEM AND SURROUNDING
5. 228 K → F
1. SYSTEM work of the surrounding and change the system’s

• Object or collection of objects being examined. internal energy.
2. SURROUNDING THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IS
• Environment that surrounds the system. EXPRESSED AS:
• Rest of the universe except the system. U = Q − W
Where:
BOUNDARY
 - change in the system’s internal energy
• Surface which separates the system from the
Q - amount of heat
surrounding.
W - work down by or on the system
• May be real or imaginary.
Q (+) - system gains heat
THREE (3) TYPES OF SYSTEM
Q (-) - system loses heat
1. OPEN SYSTEM W (+) - work is done by the system
• Allows energy in the form of heat and matter in W (-) – work is done on the system
form of steam or water to be transferred in or out of
INTERNAL ENERGY
the system.
• Sum of all the microscopic energies on a system.
• Example is boiling a hot water in an open pot.
LAW OF CONSERVATION ON ENERGY
2. CLOSED SYSTEM
• States that energy can neither be created nor
• Allows energy but prevents matter to be
destroyed, it can only be transferred from one form
transferred in or out of the system.
to another.
• Example is putting an ice pack on an injury.
THREE (3) EXAMPLES
3. ISOLATED SYSTEM
• Does not allow both energy and matter. EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
• Example is a hot liquid inside a thermos bottle or a 800 J of work is done on a system of 500 J of the
sealed vacuum flask. thermal energy is removed from the system. What is
the change in the system’s internal energy?
FOUR (4) LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
GIVEN:
1. ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
W = −800 J
• If the 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium with a
Q = −500 J
third system then those 2 are in thermal equilibrium
with each other. UNKNOWN:
• Let us establish temperature as fundamental and U = ?
measurable property of matter.
FORMULA:
• Thermometers is considered as third system, to
U = Q − W
identify if the 2 objects are in thermal equilibrium,
SOLUTION:
and it measures its own temperature.
U = Q − W
37°C
U = −500 J − (−800 J)
U = 300 J
37°C 37°C
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2:
100 J of work is done on a system and the internal
energy increases by 74 J. How much energy is
transferred as heat?
2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• The heat added to the system will be used to do GIVEN:
W = −100 J which are used in motorcycles, automobiles, boats,

U = 74 and trucks.
• Thermal efficiency is the efficiency of a heat engine
UNKNOWN:
measured by the ratio of the work done by it to the
Q=?
heat supplied to it.
FORMULA: Qc
(e) = (1 − ) x 100%
U = Q − W Qh
U = Q − W Q = Joules
Where:
U + W = Q Qc - heat input
SOLUTION: Qh - heat input
Q = U + W
Q = 74 J + (−100 J)
Q = 74 J − 100 J
Q = −26
EXAMPLE NUMBER 3:
1,000 J of thermal energy flows into a system. At the
same time, 400 J of work is done by the system. What
is the change in the system’s internal energy?
GIVEN:
Q = 1,000 J
W = 400 J
UNKNOWN:
U = ?
BASIC FOUR (4) INTERNAL PARTS OF A FOUR
FORMULA:
STROKE ENGINE
U = Q − W
SOLUTION: 1. CRANKSHAFT
U = Q − W - Located below the camshaft which connects the two
by a timing belt
U = 1,000 J − 400 J
- Making the pistons move up and down
U = 600 J
3. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Crankshaft
THREE (3) STATEMENTS OF THE SECOND LAW OF
MOTION
A. KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT
• States that the spontaneous and complete
conversion of heat into work is highly improbable.
HEAT ENGINE
• Device that converts heat into work.
2. PISTON RODS
• Examples are petrol or gasoline and diesel engine
- Attached to the crankshaft
and they are called internal combustion engine,
Piston rods
3. PISTON FOUR (4) STROKE ENGINE

- Attached to piston rods
1. INTAKE
Piston • Inlet valve is opened and the fuel air mixture is
drawn in as the piston travels down.
2. COMPRESSION
• Inlet valve is closed and the piston travels back up
the cylinder compressing the fuel air mixture just
before piston reaches the top of its compression’s
stroke a spark plug emits a spark to combust the fuel
air mixture.
3. COMBUSTION
- As the crankshaft turns, it causes the lifter to make • Piston is now forced down by the pressure wave of
each piston move up and down. the combustion of the fuel air mixture
• Engine power is derived from this cycle.
4. CAMSHAFT
- Located at the top of the crankshaft which connects 4. EXHAUST
the two by a timing belt • Exhaust valve is opened and the piston travels back
- Turning making the valves open and close up expelling the exhaust gasses through the exhaust
valve
• At the top of the stroke, the exhaust valve is closed.
Timing
belt
Valves Camshaft
VALVES
• Device to close and open a passage.
• There are 2 engine valves, which are inlet or intake
valve and an exhaust valve. PETROL OR GASOLINE
DIESEL ENGINE
ENGINE
HOW THE COMBUSTION CREATES PISTON’S
Less volatile Highly volatile
MOTION
High flash point Low flash point eCarnot = ?

Fuel injector Spark plug
FORMULA:
CARNOT ENGINE Tc
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
- Sadi Carnot developed a hypothetical idealized heat Th
engine that has maximum possible thermal efficiency. SOLUTION:
- Thermal efficiency: Tc
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
Tc Th
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
Th 350 K
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
T=K 600 K
Where: eCarnot = 41.66666667 ≈ 41.67
Tc - temperature on cold reservoir
Th - temperature on hot reservoir EXAMPLE NUBER 3:
The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) takes
THREE (3) EXAMPLES advantage of the warm surface temperature of the
EXAMPLE NUMBER 1: ocean and its cold underwater temperature. Calculate
What is the efficiency of a gasoline engine that the ideal thermal efficiency of OTEC that operates
receives 192.75 J of energy from combustion and between 27°C and 4.0°C.
loses 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one cycle? GIVEN:
GIVEN: Th = 27 + 273.15 K = 300.15K
Q h = 192.75 J Tc = 4.0 + 273.15 K = 277.15K
Q c = 125.25 J UNKNOWN:
UNKNOWN: eCarnot = ?
eCarnot = ? FORMULA:
Tc
FORMULA: eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
Tc Th
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100% SOLUTION:
Th
Tc
SOLUTION: eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
Tc Th
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
Th 277.15 K
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
125.25 J 300.15 K
eCarnot = (1 − ) x 100%
192.75 J eCarnot = 7.662835249 ≈ 7.66%
eCarnot = 35.01945525 ≈ 35.02% Efficiency depends on the given differences
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2: B. CLAUSIUS (RUDOLF CLAUSIUS) STATEMENT
Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600 K. The • The spontaneous flow of heat from a body of low
engine uses part of this thermal energy for work. It temperature to a body of a high temperature is highly
exhausts the rest at a temperature of 350 K. What is improbable without any aid of external energy.
the maximum efficiency of this engine?
HEAT PUMP
GIVEN: • Device that reverses the direction of the heat flow,
Th = 600 K from a cold reservoir to a warmer one.
Tc = 350 K • Examples: refrigerators and air conditioning units
UNKNOWN:
• Squeezes the refrigerant raising its temperature

and pressure.
5. REFRIGERANT
• Liquid that enters in the expansion device as it
passes through, the sudden drop in pressure makes it
expands, cool, and turn it into a gas in the evaporator
coils.
• As refrigerant flows around the evaporator coil, it
absorbs and removes heat from the food inside.
C. GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW
• Any spontaneous process will cause an increase in
the entropy of the universe.
ENTROPY
• Measure of molecular randomness, or disorder.
• A gas with all its molecules bouncing around has a
higher entropy than a solid with its molecules neatly
arranged.
• The entropy of the universe can never decrease; it is
always increasing.
• Refrigerator and air conditioning units releases hot
or warm air which increases the entropy of the
universe.
• The entropy of a solid is low while the entropy of a
liquid is higher.
low entropy high entropy
- Heat is picked up from the inside of the refrigerator

and taken outside of it.
FIVE (5) MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A
REFRIGERATOR
4. THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1. EXPANSION VALVE • The entropy of any substance at absolute zero will
• Removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to be equal to zero.
allow expansion or change of state from a liquid to a • It is not possible to lower the temperature of any
vapor in the evaporator. system to absolute zero (T = 0 K) in a finite number
of steps.
2. EVAPORATOR COILS
• Located inside the refrigerator.
• Absorbs the heat from the inside of the refrigerator.
3. CONDENSER COILS
• Located at the back of the refrigerator.
• Where the heat is removed from the refrigerant.
4. COMPRESSOR

General Physics 2 (Sci8)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

General Physics 2 (Sci8)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION

GENERAL PHYSICS 2 (Sci8) THREE (3) METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

THERMAL AND HEAT ENERGY NATURAL CONVECTION

THERMAL ENERGY SEA BREEZE

A. RADIO WAVES THREE (3) TEMPERATURE SCALES

THREE (3) TYPES OF THERMOMETER 9

1. SYSTEM work of the surrounding and change the system’s

W = −100 J which are used in motorcycles, automobiles, boats,

3. PISTON FOUR (4) STROKE ENGINE

High flash point Low flash point eCarnot = ?

• Squeezes the refrigerant raising its temperature

low entropy high entropy

- Heat is picked up from the inside of the refrigerator

You might also like