Presentacion Física de Plasmas Unidad 2 Versión 7

Dr.
Iván Vargas Blanco

Científico Coordinador
Charged Particles in Magnetic
and Electric Fields
Charged Particles in Magnetic

and Electric Fields
Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Content and objectives of the Course
Content
1. Movement of a charged particle in a magnetic and electrical

constant field.
2. Movement of a charged particle in a non-uniform magnetic and
electric field.
3. Magnetic mirrors and toroidal confinement of individual particles.
4. Movement of a charged particle in a magnetic and electric field that
change with the time.
5. Summary of derivations of the guide center.
6. Adiabatic invariants.
Objetives
• Infer the equations that describe the behavior of charged particles in

constant and non-uniform magnetic and electric fields that change
with the time.
• Explain the adiabatic invariants.
Hierarchy of Plasma Models
Plasma Phenomena
Single Distribution
Boltzmann
Particle Function
Equation
Motion
Moments of
Boltzmann
Equation
Single Fluid Multiple Fluids

(MHD)
Single-Particle Motions
No Magnetic Field
With Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field line Electron


Physics Gangster Sign
Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Ins of Technology

A particle with charge (𝑞𝑞) moving with velocity (𝑣𝑣) in the
presence of electric and magnetic fields will experience a force:
Lorentz Force
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞(𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩)
We know from Newton’s
second law of motion that A charged particle moving
force causes acceleration: perpendicular to the
𝑭𝑭 = m𝒂𝒂 magnetic field feels a
force.
𝛼𝛼 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 −1 𝑣𝑣⊥ /𝑣𝑣∥
|𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 ≡
𝑚𝑚
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥2 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝒓𝒓� = 𝑞𝑞 𝒗𝒗⊥ × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝐵𝐵 𝒓𝒓� → 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = =
𝑟𝑟 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
Uniform 𝐸𝐸 and 𝐵𝐵 fields
x
-
|𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑣𝑣⊥

𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = =
𝑚𝑚 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐

Motion in a Magnetic Field
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84ZTzeCfswg

𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵�𝒛𝒛
⃗
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥0
With 𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑧𝑧0
⃗
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦0

𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣⃗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�
𝒙𝒙 �
𝒚𝒚 𝒛𝒛�
𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
0 0 𝐵𝐵
𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 − 0 � 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 � � + 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 � 0 − 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 � 0 𝒛𝒛�

𝒙𝒙 − 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 − 0 � 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝒚𝒚
𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵� 𝒚𝒚 + 0 � 𝒛𝒛�

𝒙𝒙 − 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵�

𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵� 𝒚𝒚 + 0 � 𝒛𝒛�
𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣⃗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧 𝑚𝑚 = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Remember: We have:
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
= 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
= 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
= 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧̇ = 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧̇ = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

We have Deriving again and resolve for 𝑣𝑣̈𝑥𝑥 :
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 2 𝐵𝐵2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = − 2 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧̇ = 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧̇ = 0 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚

We know that in simple
harmonic movement 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 2 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = − 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 ; ω𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥̈ = −ω2 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖 = −1
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
= −ω2 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 +𝑖𝑖𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 The solution
𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 +𝑖𝑖𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦

ω2 : it´s the angular frequency
±: it´s the sign of 𝑞𝑞,
Solution 𝒙𝒙 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚
𝒗𝒗⊥ = 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(ω𝑡𝑡 + 𝛿𝛿)
𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 2

Taking:
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣
𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦
⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇
As we know
𝑥𝑥0
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑚𝑚 1
ω𝑐𝑐 = ⇒ =
𝑚𝑚 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 ω𝑐𝑐 𝑧𝑧0
1
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇
ω𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦0
If we derive taken 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 +𝑖𝑖𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
1
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇
ω𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
Assume positive (+𝑞𝑞): 𝑥𝑥0
Substituting
𝑧𝑧0
1
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖 ω𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
ω𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦0
𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
Integrating
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ± 𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � ± 𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦𝑜𝑜 0 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑢𝑢
𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑢𝑢
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 = � ± 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 ω𝑐𝑐
1 𝑖𝑖ω 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= ±𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
ω𝑐𝑐 ω𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω 𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 = ± 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐
ω𝑐𝑐 Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology
Remember
𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 = ± 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐
ω𝑐𝑐
In the same way in 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 −𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
−𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω 𝑡𝑡 −𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥

𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖 = −1
−𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ −𝑖𝑖 2 𝑣𝑣⊥
= 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖 2 = −1
𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
ω𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣⊥
ω𝑐𝑐
We know that:
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑟𝑟ω ⇒ 𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 ω𝑐𝑐 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎
Similarly,
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 = ±𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝒚𝒚
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥0 + 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝒚𝒚𝟎𝟎
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦0 ± 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝒚𝒚 -𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣⊥
ω𝑐𝑐
We know that:
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑟𝑟ω ⇒ 𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 ω𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎
Similarly
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 = ±𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
Note: 𝐵𝐵𝑝𝑝 of particle it is opposite to 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 external. 𝒚𝒚𝟎𝟎

The particles tend to reduce the magnetic field:
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣
⇒ Diamagnetic plasma 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑧𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = cte
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 ⇒ Doesn´t affect 𝐵𝐵. Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology
Uniform 𝐸𝐸 and 𝐵𝐵 fields: Finite 𝐸𝐸
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝑬𝒙𝒙 + 𝑬𝑬𝒛𝒛

𝑉𝑉
𝐸𝐸×𝐵𝐵 𝐸𝐸 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝐵𝐵2
≡ 𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸 𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸 = ↦
𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠

𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 =
𝐵𝐵2

𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝑬𝒙𝒙 + 𝑬𝑬𝒛𝒛
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞
= 𝐸𝐸
𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥
± 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
= 0 ∓ 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧
= 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧𝑜𝑜

𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 � � + 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�

𝒙𝒙 + 0 � 𝒚𝒚
⃗
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 + 𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
= 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 �
𝒙𝒙 + 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛� + 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵�
𝒚𝒚
= 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 � 𝒚𝒚 + 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�

𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
Solve
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 −𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑚𝑚 = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solve
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 ⇒ = 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝑡𝑡 +𝑣𝑣0𝑧𝑧 ⇒ 𝒂𝒂 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑩𝑩
𝑚𝑚 Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solve for this
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
= + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 ω𝑐𝑐 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
= + 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
As 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
−𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = ω𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣
−𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
As we know 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = −𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

So,
−𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝐸𝐸
𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥
+ 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
−𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̈ = 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣 ̇ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̈ = − 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥

𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̈ = −𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 + 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝐵𝐵
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑞𝑞 2 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
= 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̈ = −𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝐵𝐵 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
Then 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 2 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̈
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝐵𝐵
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̈ = −𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝐵𝐵
2
𝑑𝑑 2 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = −𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦′ = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
+ 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = −𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝐵𝐵
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝐵𝐵

𝒙𝒙 + 0 � 𝒚𝒚
⃗
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 + 𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −

𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 = 𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵2
Next Simplest Case to Analyze: Constant, Uniform
Electric Field Perpendicular to Magnetic Field
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 �
𝒙𝒙 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�
x 𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 =
𝐵𝐵2

𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
y Accelerates due to 𝐸𝐸
Faster velocity increases 𝑣𝑣 × 𝐵𝐵

x

𝑭𝑭 = 𝒒𝒒 𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
y
Accelerates due to 𝐸𝐸

x
Decelerates

y
Accelerates due to 𝐸𝐸

x
Decelerates

𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
y 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −
𝐵𝐵
𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ] −
𝐵𝐵
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −
𝐵𝐵
𝑖𝑖 = −1
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ∓𝑣𝑣⊥ sen 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −
𝑖𝑖 2 = −1
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
Ion guiding center drifts in the direction
Guiding Center Drift Due to 𝐸𝐸 × 𝐵𝐵
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
Electron guiding center also drifts in the direction

y
The 𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 drift can be written more generally as
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 =
𝐵𝐵2
x
-
• 𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 drift is independent of charge and mass
• Both electrons and ions move together

Cow’s Approach
Assume a spherical cow of uniform density
MOO.
…while ignoring the effects of gravity
…in a vacuum
CAN’ T
BREATH
Theoretical physicist
How do you sleep at night?
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ]
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃
Fuente: https://es.quora.com/ 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥

𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧

𝒙𝒙 + 0 � 𝒚𝒚
⃗
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐵𝐵
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹�𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 0 𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦̇ = 0

General form:
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣
𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑨𝑨 × 𝑩𝑩 = −𝑩𝑩 × 𝑨𝑨
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐹𝐹� = 0 = 𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑩𝑩 × 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
0 = 𝑬𝑬 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑨𝑨 × 𝑩𝑩 × 𝑪𝑪 = 𝑩𝑩 𝑨𝑨 � 𝑪𝑪 − 𝑪𝑪 𝑨𝑨 � 𝑩𝑩
𝑬𝑬 = − 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝒗𝒗 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑩𝑩 − 𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩 � 𝒗𝒗
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 = − 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝒗𝒗𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑩𝑩 𝒗𝒗 � 𝑩𝑩

General form:
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝒗𝒗𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑩𝑩 𝒗𝒗 � 𝑩𝑩
Only components in the plane ⊥
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 𝐵𝐵2
𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 =
𝐵𝐵2
𝐸𝐸 𝑉𝑉/𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸 = ⇒ ⇒
𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠
1 𝑇𝑇 = 1 2
=1 2
𝐴𝐴 𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑚
DC voltage Output
EMF – Induced Voltage
(Electric Current)
Electrode Ionized Gas
Plasma
Motion of Conductor
(Plasma Current)
Magnetic Field
𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 =
𝐵𝐵2
Particle
Actual
trajectory
𝑩𝑩
𝒓𝒓𝑳𝑳 (𝒕𝒕)
guiding center trajectory
𝐱𝐱(𝒕𝒕)
𝒆𝒆(𝒕𝒕)
𝑿𝑿𝑹𝑹
Drift in an arbitrary complicated field.

Gravitational Field
𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼
𝐵𝐵2
𝑱𝑱 = = 𝑛𝑛 𝑞𝑞 𝒗𝒗𝒅𝒅
𝐴𝐴
𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 = 𝑱𝑱⃗ = 𝑱𝑱⃗𝑒𝑒 + 𝑱𝑱⃗𝑖𝑖
𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2
1 𝑚𝑚𝒈𝒈 × 𝑩𝑩 1 𝑀𝑀𝒈𝒈 × 𝑩𝑩
1 𝑭𝑭 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 − − 2 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝒗𝒗𝐹𝐹 = 𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵 𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵2
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵2
𝒈𝒈 × 𝑩𝑩
If 𝑭𝑭 = 𝑚𝑚𝒈𝒈 𝑱𝑱⃗ = 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑀𝑀
𝐵𝐵2
1 𝑚𝑚𝒈𝒈 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝑔𝑔 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵2
Gravitational Field
𝒈𝒈×𝑩𝑩
𝒋𝒋 = 𝑛𝑛(𝑀𝑀 + 𝑚𝑚) 𝐵𝐵 2
1 𝑭𝑭×𝑩𝑩 𝑚𝑚 𝒈𝒈×𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 = 𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 2
Spatially Varying Magnetic Field
Strength Also Causes Drift
𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 𝜇𝜇0 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

𝐵𝐵 =
2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 = �+
𝒙𝒙 �+
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧

𝐵𝐵 =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 ≡ =
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵
• The gyro-radius will be larger where the field is weaker and
smaller where the field is stronger


𝐵𝐵 =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• The gyro-radius will be larger where the field is weaker and

smaller where the field is stronger.
• The resulting drift velocity is described by:
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥2 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 =
2𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵2
Non-uniform 𝐵𝐵 Field
The drift of a gyrating particle in a non-uniform

magnetic field:
𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎
𝑧𝑧0
𝒚𝒚𝟎𝟎
We wish to calculate 𝐹𝐹� = 0, by using the undisturbed orbit
of the particle to find the average. The undisturbed orbit is:
given by: 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥0 = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 sen𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 t 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 = ±𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 cos𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 t 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿 ≪1
𝐿𝐿
𝑦𝑦
𝑩𝑩 = 𝑩𝑩0 + 𝒓𝒓 � 𝜵𝜵 𝑩𝑩 + ⋯ 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 =1+ + + + ⋯,
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 1! 2! 3!
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵0 + 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 −∞ < 𝑥𝑥 < ∞ 𝑥𝑥 ≪ 1
To expand in small reasons (Orbit´s Theory) using:
2 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 1 + + +
1! 2! 3!
+ ⋯,
≪1
𝐿𝐿
−∞ < 𝑥𝑥 < ∞ 𝑥𝑥 ≪ 1
𝑩𝑩 = 𝑩𝑩0 + 𝒓𝒓 � 𝜵𝜵 𝑩𝑩 + ⋯
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝒓𝒓 � 𝜵𝜵 = 𝑥𝑥�
𝒙𝒙 + 𝑦𝑦�
𝒚𝒚 + 𝑧𝑧�𝒛𝒛 � �
𝒙𝒙 + � + 𝒛𝒛�
𝒚𝒚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
0 0
𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩 𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩 𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩
𝒓𝒓 � 𝜵𝜵 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + 𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵 𝑦𝑦 𝒛𝒛�
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵0 + 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦0 = ±𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
Remember:
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵 𝑦𝑦 𝒛𝒛� 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵0 + 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵�
𝒚𝒚 + 0�𝒛𝒛 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵0 ± 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Taking
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = −𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝐵𝐵0 ± 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥0 = 0 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑦𝑦0 = 0 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝐵𝐵0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ∓ 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
�
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒚𝒚
1 1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃 = 2 + 2cos2𝜃𝜃
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + i𝑣𝑣⊥ sen𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑍𝑍
𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦 = ∓
Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥
𝐹𝐹�𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵�
𝒚𝒚 + 0�𝒛𝒛 𝑭𝑭 = 𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚
�
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦)�𝒛𝒛
� 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎,
If 𝑭𝑭
𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
� �=∓
𝑭𝑭 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝒚𝒚 �
𝒚𝒚
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦)�𝒛𝒛
1 𝑭𝑭 × 𝑩𝑩 1 𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 1 𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦
𝒗𝒗 = 2 = 2
�
𝒙𝒙 = �
𝒙𝒙
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵
1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝒗𝒗 = ∓ �
𝒙𝒙
2 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟⊥
2 𝐵𝐵2
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
Taylor expansion of 𝑩𝑩 field about the point requires ≪ 1,
𝐿𝐿
where 𝐿𝐿 is the scale length of 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 /𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑥𝑥0 = 0 , 𝑦𝑦0 = 0
𝑩𝑩 = 𝑩𝑩𝟎𝟎 + 𝒓𝒓 � 𝜵𝜵 𝑩𝑩 + ⋅⋅⋅
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 = 𝐵𝐵0 + 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 /𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + ⋅⋅⋅
The drift of a gyrating particle in a non-uniform magnetic

field. 𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝐹𝐹�𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
� = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ cos 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝐵𝐵0 ± 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 cos 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑭𝑭𝑦𝑦 = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒚𝒚 �
𝒚𝒚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
� = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ cos 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝐵𝐵0 ± 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 cos 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑭𝑭𝒚𝒚 = −𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝒚𝒚 �
𝒚𝒚
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑟𝑟
This expansion of course requires 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ≪ 1, where 𝐿𝐿 is the scale length of
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 /𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕. The first term of Eq. averages to zero in a gyration, and the
1
average of cos2 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 is 2, so that,
1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦 = ∓𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
The guiding center drift velocity is then,
1 𝑭𝑭 × 𝑩𝑩 1 𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 = 2
= �
𝒙𝒙 = ∓ �
𝒙𝒙
𝑞𝑞 |𝐵𝐵| 𝑞𝑞 |𝐵𝐵| 𝐵𝐵 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝑩𝑩×𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 2 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵 2

1 𝑭𝑭 × 𝑩𝑩 1 𝐹𝐹�𝑦𝑦 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦)�𝒛𝒛 𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 = 2 = �
𝒙𝒙 = ∓ �
𝒙𝒙
𝑞𝑞 |𝐵𝐵| 𝑞𝑞 |𝐵𝐵| 𝐵𝐵 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 −�
𝒙𝒙
2 𝐵𝐵 � 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦
1 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 2
𝐵𝐵�𝒛𝒛 × �
𝒚𝒚
2 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
0 0
1 1 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 2 𝐵𝐵�𝒛𝒛 × �+
𝒙𝒙 �+
2 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝑩𝑩×𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 2 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵 2
Curved 𝐵𝐵: Curvature Drift
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 2
𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝒓𝒓� = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣||
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2
𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄
𝒓𝒓� =
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
𝒓𝒓�

Curved 𝐵𝐵: Curvature Drift
𝑣𝑣|| 2 ⟹ Along 𝐵𝐵 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝜽𝜽�
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 2
𝑹𝑹𝐶𝐶
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝒓𝒓� = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣||
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2
𝑣𝑣||
1 𝑭𝑭 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵2
1 𝑭𝑭𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 𝑹𝑹𝐶𝐶 × 𝑩𝑩

𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 = =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2

Other Forces Can Cause Guiding Center Drift
• Any force perpendicular to 𝑩𝑩 can cause particles to drift

Drift due to force:
𝒗𝒗𝒅𝒅 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵2
Examples of forces: 𝑭𝑭𝒈𝒈 = 𝑚𝑚𝒈𝒈, gravity
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣||2
• 𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝒓𝒓� , centrifugal
𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
• Bend the magnetic field into a donut shape.
• No end losses because the field lines go
around and close on themselves.
• BUT a particle following a toroidal magnetic
field would experience 𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

Curvature Drift Due to Bending Field Lines
The outward centrifugal force causes curvature drift,
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣||2 Rc
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝒓𝒓�
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
z
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣||2 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 ×𝑩𝑩

𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 = 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐2
𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2
A particle moving along a curved

field line will drift up or down,
Btoroidal
depending on the sign of the charge.
Curved Vacuum Field
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 = 𝒓𝒓�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
https://inspirehep.net/record/894203/files/magnet1.png

Curved Vacuum Field
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Curved Vacuum Field
𝜕𝜕𝑬𝑬
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝜇𝜇0 𝑱𝑱⃗ + 𝜇𝜇0 𝜀𝜀0
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑩𝑩 = 0 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟 𝜽𝜽�
𝒓𝒓� �
𝑟𝑟𝜽𝜽 𝒛𝒛�
1 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑩𝑩 = =0
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 0 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 0
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
0
−1 𝜕𝜕
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑩𝑩 = (𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 ) � + 1 𝜕𝜕 (𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 ) 𝒛𝒛� = 0
𝒓𝒓� − 0𝑟𝑟𝜽𝜽
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝑟𝑟
1 𝜕𝜕
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝒛𝒛� = 0 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Curved Vacuum Field
1
𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ⟹ 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝛼𝛼 𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 1 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
𝑟𝑟 = − � 𝒓𝒓� = − 2
𝐵𝐵 𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
1
� ⟹
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝜽𝜽 𝐵𝐵 = −𝐵𝐵𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 = 𝒓𝒓� =
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2
0 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Using
𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 = 𝒓𝒓� + �
𝜽𝜽 + 𝒛𝒛�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑣𝑣𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
2 𝐵𝐵2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 −𝐵𝐵𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 = ± 𝑩𝑩 ×
1 1 1 2 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2
𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 = − 2 𝒓𝒓� = − � 𝒓𝒓�
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
=∓ 𝑩𝑩 × 𝐵𝐵
1 2 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2
𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 = −𝐵𝐵 � 𝒓𝒓�
𝑟𝑟
Curved Vacuum Field
1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
=∓ 𝑩𝑩 × 𝐵𝐵 1 𝑭𝑭𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩
2 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝑣𝑣𝑅𝑅 = =
𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
𝑨𝑨 × 𝑩𝑩 = −𝑩𝑩 × 𝑨𝑨 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩 1 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝑅𝑅 + 𝒗𝒗𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 = 2 + 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵 2
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵2
1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩
=±
2 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩 2
1 2
𝒗𝒗𝑅𝑅 + 𝒗𝒗𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 = 2 𝑣𝑣|| + 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 2 2
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 =
𝑚𝑚
1 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑣𝑣⊥
2 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵2 Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology
Curvature Drift and Grad-𝐵𝐵 Drift
1 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
2 𝐵𝐵 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝑭𝑭𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 𝑹𝑹𝐶𝐶 × 𝑩𝑩

𝑣𝑣𝑅𝑅 = =
𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 × 𝑩𝑩 2
1 2
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 2 2 𝑣𝑣∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 2
Btoroidal
Curvature Drift and Grad-B Drift
1 2
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 2 2
𝑣𝑣∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥
Flux tube
North
Trajectory of
Trapped Particle
Mirror Point
Drift of
Drift of Electrons
Protons Magnetic Field Line
Magnetic Conjugate Point

Curvature Drift and Grad-B Drift
𝑩𝑩 Magnetic
𝑴𝑴𝟏𝟏 Field Line
Earth
Ring 𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 Electrons

Current
Ions
𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
1 2
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 2 2
𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐

What Happens To Charged Particles In
A Purely Toroidal Magnetic Field?
• Charged particles in a curved magnetic field will experience

both 𝛁𝛁𝑩𝑩 and curvature drift: these effects add 1 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵
2 𝐵𝐵 2
z
𝜙𝜙
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 𝑹𝑹𝐶𝐶 × 𝑩𝑩
Btoroidal 𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 =
𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2
+ +
+ + Ion
drift
Electron
- - drift
- -
𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 × 𝑩𝑩 2 1 2
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 2 𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 2 2
Charged Particles Will Drift Outward
• Charged particles in a curved magnetic field will experience
both 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 and curvature drift.
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥
z 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2 2
ɸ
Btoroidal
+ +
+ + Ion
drift
E 𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 =
𝐵𝐵 2
Electron
- - drift
- -
• This means that no matter what, particles in a torus with a

purely toroidal field will drift radially out and hit the walls.
Tokamak Solution: Add Poloidal Magnetic Field
Toroidal: long way around

Poloidal: short way around
1. Use external coils to apply a toroidal magnetic field
2. Drive toroidal current in the plasma to generate a poloidal magnetic field.
z
ɸ
Btoroidal
Bpoloidal
Iplasma
• The resulting helical magnetic field is much better at confining charged particles.
• The challenge: how to drive current in plasma in steady state while keeping the
plasma stable and free of disruptions?
Magnetic Confinement

Definition of rotational transform and magnetic shears:

𝑛𝑛𝜃𝜃
• 𝜏𝜏 ≔ lim
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
𝜏𝜏 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
• It is used: 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋 ≡ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑛𝑛
• Rational surfaces : 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚 with 𝑛𝑛, 𝑚𝑚 𝜖𝜖 𝑁𝑁
• 𝑠𝑠̂ = −(𝜌𝜌⁄𝑡𝑡)(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝜌𝜌).

Stellarator of Costa Rica 1
3D model of the Stellarator of Costa Rica 1 Schematic upper view of SCR-1 Stellarator
Last magnetic flux surface with SCR-1 VMEC calculations for the Last Closed Flux Surface
modular coils
Stellarator SCR-1

Stellarator SCR-1

Stellarator SCR-1

Stellarator SCR-1

Stellarator SCR-1

Stellarator SCR-1

There Are Two Main Classes of Particle Orbits
In Tokamaks
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUhNium3VEo

In Tokamaks
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 𝑣𝑣
z 2
𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵2 2 ⊥
∅ 𝑩𝑩𝒕𝒕
Bp
Passing
Particles with sufficient v|| will follow the helical magnetic field
around the torus.
In Tokamaks
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2 2 z
ɸ 𝑩𝑩𝒕𝒕
Bp
Trapped
Particles with lower v|| are reflected as they

encounter stronger 𝐵𝐵 and therefore
execute “banana” orbits as they presses
around the torus 𝐵𝐵.
Banana Orbits
Particles that don’t have enough v|| are reflected by the mirror force
at the high field side of the Tokamak.
𝑩𝑩𝑻𝑻 𝒓𝒓
Trapped particles won’t hit the wall if the ∆𝒓𝒓 = 𝟐𝟐𝒓𝒓𝑳𝑳
banana orbit width ∆𝑟𝑟 is small enough. 𝑩𝑩𝒑𝒑 𝑹𝑹
Image credit: euro-fusion.org
Classifying Particle Orbits In Tokamaks Is Important in Understanding Basic
Physics Mechanisms Like Wave-Particle Interactions
Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology Image credit: Pace et. al.,Physics Today (2015)
Plasma
Toroidal Magnetic Field Magnetic Poloidal Field

Magnetic Confinement Devices

Relatively Constant Electric Current
Toroidal
Field
Coils
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 = − 𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩/𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Transformator-
spulen
Constant Toroidal Field
Transient
Poloidal
Field
-due to
Plasma
current
Transient Plasma Current
Plasma
current Vertikalfeld-
spulen
Plasma
Magnetfeldlinien Toroidalfeld-
spulen
Toroidal Field Transient Poloidal Field Plasmastrom
Component
Relatively Constant Electric Current
Toroidal
Field
Coils
Constant Toroidal Field
Transient
Poloidal
Field
-due to
Plasma
current
Transient Plasma Current
Plasma
current
Toroidal Field Transient Poloidal Field

Component


Curved B: Curvature Drift
For a Maxwellian distribution
1�
2𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥2 = 12𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 = 32𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 12 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣∥2 = 12𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =

1
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
2
=
2
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
2 2
1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣∥2 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
1 2 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑣𝑣
2 ⊥
=
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣∥2 =
𝑚𝑚

Curved B: Curvature Drift
For a Maxwellian distribution
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵
2
𝑣𝑣∥ = ω𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = =
1� |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
2𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2
1 2 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑣𝑣
2 ⊥
= 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 ×𝑩𝑩 1 𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 ×𝑩𝑩 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑣𝑣∥ + 2 𝑣𝑣⊥ 2
2
= 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑚𝑚
+ 𝑚𝑚 =
2 2𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 ×𝑩𝑩 2𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = = 𝑣𝑣 𝒛𝒛� = ± 𝒛𝒛� =± 𝒛𝒛�
𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑚𝑚 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑚𝑚
This shows that 𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 depends on the charge of the

species but not on its mass.
Magnetic Mirrors

Mirror and Cusp Plasma Machine
Plasma Engineering Laboratory at Polytechnic University

of Puerto Rico
Magnetic Mirrors
Plasma
Trapped particle
Escaped particle
Open
Field Coil
Lines Current

Magnetic Mirrors

Magnetic Mirrors
|𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 ≡
𝑚𝑚
Magnetic Mirrors
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵
Let the field 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 = 0, and 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0
Magnetic moment
1 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⊥
𝑭𝑭|| = −𝜇𝜇 = −𝜇𝜇𝜵𝜵|| 𝐵𝐵 𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝜕𝜕𝒔𝒔 𝐵𝐵
Magnetic Mirrors
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑭𝑭|| = −𝜇𝜇 = −𝜇𝜇𝜵𝜵|| 𝐵𝐵
Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology 𝜕𝜕𝒔𝒔
Magnetic Mirrors
https://www.quora.com/How-does-a-magnetic-bottle-work

Magnetic Mirrors
𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 = 0
We need 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 =?
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃

Magnetic Mirrors
𝜵𝜵 � 𝑩𝑩 = 0 ⟹ Gauss's law for the magnetic field
1 𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝜵𝜵 � 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 + 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 + 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 =0
if given in 𝑟𝑟 = 0, does not change very much with 𝑟𝑟
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝜕𝜕 −𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 =
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
� 𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − � 𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 0 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑟𝑟 2 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝑟𝑟𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = −
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟=0
1 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = − 𝑟𝑟
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟=0
𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃
𝒓𝒓� 𝒓𝒓� 𝜃𝜃 𝒛𝒛�
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝜃𝜃
= 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 − 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 𝒓𝒓�
𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 �
− 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 − 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 𝜽𝜽
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 =
𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵2 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 − 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 𝒛𝒛�
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 0
𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃
𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧
𝑧𝑧
𝐹𝐹𝑟𝑟 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 − 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃
𝐹𝐹𝜃𝜃 = 𝑞𝑞 −𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟
0
𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 𝐵𝐵𝜃𝜃 − 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟
Magnetic Mirrors
𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 = −𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 𝑞𝑞 y
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = − 𝑟𝑟
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑟𝑟=0
= −𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝑞𝑞 − 𝑟𝑟
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 x
𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟 -
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Taking on a turn in the center axis
𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 = constant during a turn.
𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 = depends of the sign of 𝑞𝑞. 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 = ∓𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
1 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵
𝐹𝐹�𝑧𝑧 = ∓ 2 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧
Magnetic Mirrors
�
𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧 = ∓ 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 =
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
= ∓ 𝑞𝑞
2 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 2
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧
= ∓ 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣⊥
2 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
|𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 1 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧

𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝐹�𝑧𝑧 = −
𝑚𝑚 2 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Magnetic Mirrors
Taking 𝜇𝜇 magnetic moment: 2𝜋𝜋
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = 2π𝑓𝑓 =
𝜇𝜇 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝜏𝜏
2𝜋𝜋
𝑒𝑒 → Charge 𝜏𝜏 =
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑞 𝑒𝑒
𝐼𝐼 = =
𝜏𝜏 2𝜋𝜋
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
𝑒𝑒𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
𝐼𝐼 =
2𝜋𝜋
2 𝜋𝜋𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝑒𝑒𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋𝑣𝑣⊥ 2

𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = 𝜇𝜇 =
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2 2𝜋𝜋 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2
𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = 1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝑒𝑒
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 =
2 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
Magnetic Mirrors
𝑒𝑒𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝜋𝜋𝑣𝑣⊥ 2
𝜇𝜇 =
2𝜋𝜋 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2
1 𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝑒𝑒
=
2 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
1 2 𝑚𝑚 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
= 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 ⟹ 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = =
2 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
1 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 1 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧

𝜇𝜇 = 𝐹𝐹�𝑧𝑧 = −
2 𝐵𝐵 2 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝐵𝐵𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝐹𝐹�𝑧𝑧 = −𝜇𝜇 𝜵𝜵𝐵𝐵 =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝒓𝒓� +
𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
�
𝜽𝜽 +
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝒛𝒛�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Force on a diamagnetic particle
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 → line element in 𝐵𝐵 𝑭𝑭|| = −𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝑠𝑠 𝒔𝒔� = −𝜇𝜇𝜵𝜵|| 𝐵𝐵
Magnetic Mirrors
Forces on a diamagnetic particle

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 → line element in 𝑩𝑩 𝑭𝑭|| = −𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝒔𝒔� = −𝜇𝜇𝜵𝜵|| 𝐵𝐵
1 2
Remember 𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⊥
𝐵𝐵
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = =
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 → it change with 𝐵𝐵
𝜇𝜇 → remains constant
We analyze the component of the equation of movement
along 𝐵𝐵.
Magnetic Mirrors
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑭𝑭|| = −𝜇𝜇 𝒔𝒔� = −𝜇𝜇𝜵𝜵|| 𝐵𝐵
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣|| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚 = −𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣|| =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣|| 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| = −𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 1 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
→ variation of 𝐵𝐵, from a particle´s point of view.

Magnetic Mirrors
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0 → Energy conservation. 𝑑𝑑 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 2 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 = 0
2 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⊥ −𝜇𝜇 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 = 0
𝜇𝜇 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−𝜇𝜇 + 𝐵𝐵 + 𝜇𝜇 =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0 ⟹ 𝜇𝜇 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Magnetic Mirrors
1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚⊥
𝜇𝜇 = 2
If 𝑣𝑣⊥ ↑ then 𝑣𝑣|| ↓
𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑 1 2 1
With 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| + 2 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 = 0
Rebound,
The catch is not perfect
0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
If 𝑣𝑣⊥ = 0 ⟹ 𝜇𝜇 = 0 ⟹ 𝐹𝐹�|| = −𝜇𝜇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑣𝑣⊥
If → 0 in the middle 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵0
𝑣𝑣||
⟹ 𝑣𝑣|| ≫ 𝑣𝑣⊥
The particle will scape if 𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚 is not large enough.

Magnetic Mirrors
𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑣𝑣⊥0 𝜇𝜇0 = 𝜇𝜇∗
𝐵𝐵0 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣 In the middle
|| ||0
1 2 1 ∗2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 ⊥𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 ⊥
𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑣𝑣 ∗ ⊥ 2 = 2
𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣 = 0 Turning point 𝐵𝐵0 𝐵𝐵∗
||
Energy conservation
𝜇𝜇 → invariant 𝑣𝑣 ∗2 ⊥ = 𝑣𝑣 2 ⊥0 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ||0 = 𝑣𝑣 2 0
𝑣𝑣 2 ⊥0 𝑣𝑣 2 0
= ∗
𝐵𝐵0 𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵0 𝑣𝑣 2 ⊥0 𝑣𝑣 2 0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃
∗
= 2 =
𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣 0 𝑣𝑣 2 0
𝐵𝐵0 2 𝜃𝜃
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐵𝐵∗
Magnetic Mirrors
𝐵𝐵0 2 𝜃𝜃
= 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛
𝐵𝐵∗
If 𝜃𝜃 > 0
𝐵𝐵∗ ≫ 𝐵𝐵0
Replacing 𝐵𝐵∗ = 𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚
Where 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 is the mirror ratio.

1 𝐵𝐵0
= = 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚

Magnetic Mirrors
𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚
increase
1 𝐵𝐵0
= = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 𝑚𝑚

The Loss Cone
𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚 1 𝐵𝐵0
increase = = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 𝑚𝑚

Loss- Cone Distributions
Consider an initially Maxwellian distribution of particles inside a

magnetic mirror. In velocity space, the distribution is spherical.
As particles exit via the loss cone, the distribution becomes
anisotropic
Isotropic Distribution Loss-cone

Distribution

Bounce Motion Between two mirrors
Particle
P
Flux tube
e North
𝑹𝑹𝑳𝑳 Guiding Center Trajectory of
Trapped Particle
Mirror Point
r 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 𝑩𝑩
origin
Drift of
Drift of Electrons
Protons Magnetic Field Line
Charged particles can be trapped by Earth’s magnetic field.
𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 ×𝑩𝑩 2 1 2 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵

𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 2
𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 ≡ 𝑚𝑚
Van Allen Belts

The Tandem Mirror Experiment (TMX) in 1979
Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Non-uniform 𝐸𝐸 field
In a linearly varying 𝑬𝑬-field
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸0 𝑥𝑥 �
𝒙𝒙
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 𝜕𝜕𝑬𝑬
= 𝐸𝐸0 �
𝒙𝒙
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝑬
𝜕𝜕2 𝑬𝑬
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2
= 𝟎𝟎
𝑬𝑬×𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 𝐵𝐵 2

For the sinusoidal distribution 𝑬𝑬-field
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒎𝒎 = 𝒒𝒒 𝑬𝑬 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸0 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �

𝒙𝒙
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 𝜕𝜕𝑬𝑬

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= −𝐸𝐸0 𝑘𝑘 sen 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
𝒙𝒙
𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝑬𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑬𝑬
𝜕𝜕2 𝑬𝑬
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2
= −𝐸𝐸0 𝑘𝑘 2 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
𝒙𝒙
𝑬𝑬×𝑩𝑩 1 2 2
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 1 − 4 𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵 2
Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology Fuente: https://es.quora.com/

𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 1 2 2
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 1 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵 2 4
For an arbitrary variation of 𝑬𝑬, we need only replace “𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖” by 𝛻𝛻.
1 2 2 𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 1 + 𝛻𝛻 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
4 𝐵𝐵 2
The second term is called the “finite-Larmor-radius effect”.

The second term is called the “finite-Larmor-radius effect”.
What is the significance of this correction?
𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸 is no longer independent of species

𝑬𝑬×𝑩𝑩 1
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 1 − 4 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿2
𝐵𝐵 2 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒
𝑬𝑬 grows indefinitely, and the plasma is unstable
2𝜋𝜋
𝑘𝑘 = 𝜆𝜆
→∞ 𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸0 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
𝒙𝒙
The non-uniform 𝑬𝑬 effect, therefore, is important at small scale Lengths

of the inhomogeneity. Such an instability, called a drift instability or
micro instabilities.
The grad-𝐵𝐵 drift, of course, is also a finite-Larmor-radius effect
and also causes charges to separate.
𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸 and 𝑣𝑣𝛻𝛻𝐵𝐵 are no longer independent of species:
1 𝑩𝑩×𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 1 𝑬𝑬×𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 2 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵 2
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 1 + 4 𝛻𝛻 2 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿2 𝐵𝐵 2
𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒
𝑬𝑬 grows indefinitely, and the plasma is unstable,
2𝜋𝜋
𝑘𝑘 =
𝜆𝜆
The grad-B drift, of course, is also a finite-Larmor-radius effect and also
causes charges to separate.
1 2 2 𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩
1 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 1 + 𝛻𝛻 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 4 𝐵𝐵 2
2 𝐵𝐵 2
�
𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸0 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒙𝒙
�
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵0 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒙𝒙
𝜕𝜕𝑬𝑬
𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩 �
= −𝐸𝐸0 𝑘𝑘 sen 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒙𝒙
�
= −𝐵𝐵0 𝑘𝑘 sen 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒙𝒙 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑬𝑬
𝑣𝑣𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 ∝ 𝑘𝑘𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = −𝐸𝐸 0 𝑘𝑘 2 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒙𝒙
�
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2
𝑣𝑣𝐸𝐸 ∝ 𝑘𝑘 2 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿2
𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸0 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 �
𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑚𝑚 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 1 2 2
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 2
1 − 𝑘𝑘 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵 4
Non-Uniform 𝐸𝐸 field
�
𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸0 cos 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝒙𝒙
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 𝑥𝑥 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣̇𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣̇𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑥𝑥 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥)

𝑣𝑣̈𝑥𝑥 = −𝜔𝜔2 𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 ± 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣̈𝑦𝑦 = −𝜔𝜔2 𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 − 2
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵

Time - Varying 𝐸𝐸 Field
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸0 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡 �
𝒙𝒙
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 𝑡𝑡 + 𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣̇𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣
𝑚𝑚 𝑦𝑦
+ 𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑣𝑣̇𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥
𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑥𝑥 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 (𝑡𝑡)

𝑣𝑣̈𝑥𝑥 = −𝜔𝜔2 𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 ± 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2
𝑣𝑣̈𝑦𝑦 = −𝜔𝜔 𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 − 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝑬𝑬̇ 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒊𝒊𝝎𝝎𝑬𝑬𝒙𝒙

The Polarization Drift
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵 𝒌𝒌 𝑬𝑬 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡 𝒊𝒊
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 2
=− 𝐣𝐣
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
The acceleration in the lab frame is:
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝒂𝒂𝑬𝑬 = = − 𝐣𝐣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
In the frame of the particle, there is therefore an average inertial
force transverse to 𝑩𝑩,
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑭𝑭𝑝𝑝 = −𝑭𝑭 = −𝑚𝑚𝒂𝒂 = 𝐣𝐣
𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑭𝑭𝑝𝑝 × 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 =
𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝑬𝑬
= 𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝒊𝒊 𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑩𝑩 = 𝐵𝐵 𝒌𝒌
𝑬𝑬 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸𝐸 𝑡𝑡 𝒊𝒊
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝒂𝒂𝑬𝑬 = = − 𝐣𝐣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑬𝑬
𝒗𝒗𝐸𝐸 =
𝐵𝐵2 𝒋𝒋𝑝𝑝 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝒗𝒗𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = 2
𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑬𝑬
𝒗𝒗𝒑𝒑 = ±
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝑬𝑬
𝒗𝒗𝒑𝒑 =
𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸0 cos 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡 �
𝒙𝒙
𝜔𝜔
𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 goes to zero with 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
,
Fuente: https://es.quora.com/
1 𝑑𝑑𝑬𝑬
Since 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 is in opposite directions for

ion and electrons, there is a
polarization current; for 𝑍𝑍 = 1, this is,
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑬𝑬 𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑬𝑬

𝒋𝒋𝑝𝑝 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝒗𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝒗𝒗𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = 2 𝑀𝑀 + 𝑚𝑚 = 2
𝑒𝑒𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑑𝑑𝑬𝑬
𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝑬𝑬
𝒗𝒗𝒑𝒑 =
𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

Time – Varying 𝐵𝐵 Field
𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 = −
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑬𝑬
𝑩𝑩
Increasing 𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗⊥ = 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑬𝑬
𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑩𝑩
Decreasing 𝑩𝑩
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 = −𝑩𝑩̇
𝒗𝒗⊥ = 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍/𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝒗𝒗 = 𝒗𝒗∥ + 𝒗𝒗⊥
With 𝑣𝑣∥ neglected:
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Taking the scalar product of the equation with 𝑣𝑣⊥ , we have,
𝑑𝑑𝒗𝒗⊥
𝑚𝑚 � 𝒗𝒗⊥ = 𝑞𝑞 𝑬𝑬 � 𝒗𝒗⊥ + (𝒗𝒗⊥ × 𝑩𝑩) � 𝒗𝒗⊥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑 1 2
𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 � 𝒗𝒗⊥ = 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The change in one gyration is obtained by integrating over one
period:
2𝜋𝜋/𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋
1 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 𝜏𝜏 =
𝛿𝛿 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 = � 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
2 0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
If the field changes slowly, we can replace the time integral by
a line integral over the unperturbed orbit: 𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 = −𝑩𝑩̇
1
𝛿𝛿 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 = � 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝑞𝑞 � 𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺 = − 𝑞𝑞 � 𝑩𝑩̇ ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺
2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
Teorema de Stokes:
� 𝑨𝑨 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = � 𝜵𝜵 × 𝑨𝑨 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺
𝑠𝑠
1
𝛿𝛿 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 = � 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍 = 𝑞𝑞 � 𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺 = − 𝑞𝑞 � 𝑩𝑩̇ ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺
2 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
𝑩𝑩 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 < 0 for ions and > 0 ,for electrons.

1
𝛿𝛿 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 = −𝑞𝑞 � 𝑩𝑩̇ ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺 𝑩𝑩 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 < 0 for ions and > 0 ,for electrons.
2 𝑠𝑠
1 2
1 2
𝑣𝑣 ⊥ 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2𝐵𝐵𝜋𝜋̇
2 ̇ 𝐿𝐿 = ±𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵𝜋𝜋
𝛿𝛿 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ = ±𝑞𝑞𝐵𝐵𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ̇ = 2 ⋅
2 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 ±𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
𝑣𝑣⊥ ̇
2𝐵𝐵𝜋𝜋 𝐵𝐵̇
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = = 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = 2π𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
𝛿𝛿
1
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
= 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 1 2
2 ⊥ 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝛿𝛿 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐵𝐵
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 0
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 =
𝑚𝑚
The magnetic moment invariant in slowly varying magnetic
fields. Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology
Magnetic flux through a Larmor
The flux Φ is given by 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵, with 𝑆𝑆 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿2 . Thus,
1 2
𝑣𝑣⊥2 𝑣𝑣⊥2 𝑚𝑚2 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝛷𝛷 = 𝐵𝐵𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿2 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 2 = 𝐵𝐵𝜋𝜋 2 2 = 2 = 2 𝜇𝜇
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑞𝑞
Therefore, Φ is constant if 𝜇𝜇 is constant,
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑣𝑣⊥ 1 2
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝜇𝜇 = 2
|𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
𝐵𝐵
Two-stage Adiabatic Compression
1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚 𝐵𝐵0 1
≡ 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃𝑚𝑚 = ≡
𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚
Summary of Guiding Center Drifts
General force 𝐹𝐹: Electric field: Gravitational field:
1 𝑭𝑭×𝑩𝑩 𝑬𝑬×𝑩𝑩 𝑚𝑚 𝒈𝒈×𝑩𝑩

𝒗𝒗𝒇𝒇 = 𝑞𝑞 𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈 =
𝐵𝐵 2 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 2
Non-uniform 𝐸𝐸:
𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 1 2 2
𝒗𝒗𝑬𝑬 = 2 1 + 𝛻𝛻 𝑟𝑟 𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵 4

Summary of Guiding Center Drifts
Non-uniform 𝐵𝐵 field,
• Grad-𝐵𝐵 drift: • Curvature drift:
1 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 ∥ 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 × 𝑩𝑩

𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = ± 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 =
2 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 2 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2
• Curved vacuum field: • Polarization drift:
1 2 1 𝑑𝑑𝑬𝑬
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝒗𝒗𝒑𝒑 = ±
2
𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 2 2 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Adiabatic Invariants
Adiabatic Invariants

Adiabatic Invariants in Plasma Physics
𝑩𝑩 Magnetic
Earth

Current
Ions 𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 × 𝑩𝑩 2
1 2
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 = 𝑣𝑣 ∥ + 𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2 𝐵𝐵 2 2
Here 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are the generalized momentum and

𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 coordinate,
� 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
The First Adiabatic Invariant , 𝜇𝜇
1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝐵𝐵
𝑝𝑝 to be angular momentum 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 to be the coordinate 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
|𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣
ω𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 = 𝜔𝜔⊥
𝑐𝑐
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 2 𝑚𝑚
� 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = � 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ = 2𝜋𝜋 = 4𝜋𝜋 𝜇𝜇
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 |𝑞𝑞|
𝜔𝜔
𝜇𝜇 is invariant 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
≪1
𝜔𝜔 is a frequency characterizing the rate of change of 𝐵𝐵 as seen
by the particle.
𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡
Adiabatic invariance of 𝜇𝜇 is violated when
𝜔𝜔 is not small compared with 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
A) Magnetic Pumping. If the strength of 𝐵𝐵 in a mirror

confinement system is varied sinusoidally, the particles 𝑣𝑣⊥
would oscillate; but there would be no gain of energy in the
long run. However, if the particles make collisions, the
invariance of 𝜇𝜇, is violated, and the plasma can be heated.
In particular, a particle making a collision during the
compression phase can transfer part of its gyration energy
into 𝑣𝑣∥ energy, and this is not taken out again in the
expansion phase.
1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡 𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑 1 2 1 2
with 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| + 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ =0 Magnetic Field
Lines
Charged Plasma
Guiding Particle
Charged Plasma Magnetic
Particle
1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
2
Collision
𝜇𝜇 =
𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ω𝑡𝑡

Adiabatic invariance of 𝜇𝜇 is violated when 𝜔𝜔 at the frequency 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐

1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝐵𝐵 = 𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝐵𝐵
B) Cyclotron Heating. Now imagine that the 𝐵𝐵 field is oscillated
at the frequency 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 . The induced electric field will then rotate in
phase with some of the particles and accelerate their Larmor
motion continuously. The condition 𝜔𝜔 << 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 violated, 𝜇𝜇, is not
conserved, and the plasma can be heated.
𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩
𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝜵𝜵 × 𝑬𝑬 = −𝑩𝑩̇
The Biconic Cusp:
Machine: Geometry
Field Lines
Wire
Loops Null Point
Particle Types:
Turn at 90
1. Stable
2. Erratic
3. Transition

Canonical angular momentum 𝑝𝑝𝜃𝜃 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 − 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝐴𝐴𝜃𝜃
C) Magnetic Cusps 1 2
𝑩𝑩 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝐵𝐵
𝜇𝜇 ≠ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Particle motion is
non-adiabatic 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
ω𝑐𝑐 |𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵
𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = 0
Plasma confinement in a cusped magnetic field
The Second Adiabatic Invariant, 𝐽𝐽
A particle bouncing between turning points 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 in a

magnetic field.
𝒃𝒃
𝑱𝑱 = � 𝒗𝒗∥ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂
We shall prove that 𝐽𝐽 is invariant in a static, non-uniform 𝑩𝑩

field; the result is also true for a slowly time-varying 𝑩𝑩 field.
𝑩𝑩 Magnetic
Earth

Current
Ions 1 2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥
𝑽𝑽𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝜇𝜇 = 2
𝐵𝐵
𝑚𝑚 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩 2
1 2
𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 + 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝑩𝑩 = 2 2
𝑣𝑣 || + 𝑣𝑣 ⊥
𝑴𝑴𝟐𝟐 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 2
Motion of a charged particle in the earth´s magnetic field


𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
=
𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
So that;
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿−𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑹𝑹´𝑐𝑐 −𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐

= (2.77)
∆𝑡𝑡𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 ∆𝑡𝑡𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
The “radial” component of 𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 is just,
𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 𝑹𝑹´𝑐𝑐 −𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 � =
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 ∆𝑡𝑡

From equation (2.24) and (2.26), we have;
2
1 𝑩𝑩×𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 ×𝑩𝑩
𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 = 𝒗𝒗𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵 + 𝒗𝒗𝑹𝑹 = ± 2 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑟𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵2 + 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅2 𝐵𝐵2 (2.79)
𝑐𝑐
The last term has no component along 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 . Using Equations

(2.78) and (2.79), we can;
𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 𝑹𝑹´𝑐𝑐 −𝑅𝑅𝒄𝒄

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 � = (2.78)
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 ∆𝑡𝑡
We can write Equation (2.77) as,
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿−𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑹𝑹´𝑐𝑐 −𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
∆𝑡𝑡𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿
= (2.77)
∆𝑡𝑡𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
1 𝑑𝑑 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 1 𝑚𝑚 𝜈𝜈⊥2 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐

𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 � 𝟐𝟐 = 3
(𝑩𝑩 × 𝛁𝛁𝐵𝐵) � 𝟐𝟐
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅𝒄𝒄 2 𝑞𝑞 𝑩𝑩 𝑅𝑅𝒄𝒄
This is the rate of change of 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 as seen by the particle
1 𝑑𝑑 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 1 𝑚𝑚 𝜈𝜈⊥2 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐

𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 � 𝟐𝟐 = 3
(𝑩𝑩 × 𝛁𝛁𝐵𝐵) � 𝟐𝟐
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅𝒄𝒄 2 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅𝒄𝒄
We must now get the rate of change of 𝑣𝑣|| as seen by the

particle. The parallel and perpendicular energies are:
1 1 1
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣|| + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣||2 + 𝜇𝜇𝑩𝑩 ≡ 𝑊𝑊|| + 𝑊𝑊⊥
2 2
2 2 2
Thus 𝑣𝑣|| can be written,
1�
𝑣𝑣|| = [(2⁄𝑚𝑚)(𝑊𝑊 − 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇)] 2
𝟏𝟏�
𝒗𝒗|| = [(𝟐𝟐⁄𝒎𝒎)(𝑾𝑾 − 𝝁𝝁𝝁𝝁)] 𝟐𝟐
Here W and 𝜇𝜇 are constant, and only 𝐵𝐵 varies. Therefore,
𝑣𝑣̇ || 1 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵̇ 1 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵̇ 𝜇𝜇 𝐵𝐵̇

=− =− =−
𝑣𝑣|| 2 𝑊𝑊 − 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 2 𝑊𝑊|| 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣||2
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝒓𝒓 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩
𝐵𝐵̇ = � = 𝒗𝒗𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 = 𝟐𝟐 2
� 𝛁𝛁𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑑𝒓𝒓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵
Now we have,
𝑣𝑣̇ || 𝜇𝜇 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 × 𝑩𝑩 � 𝛻𝛻𝐵𝐵 1 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣⊥2 (𝑩𝑩 × 𝛻𝛻𝐵𝐵) � 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
=− 2 =−
𝑣𝑣|| 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝐵𝐵 2 2 𝑞𝑞 𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐2 𝐵𝐵2

The fractional change in 𝑣𝑣|| 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,

1 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 1 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣||
𝑣𝑣|| 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = +
𝑣𝑣|| 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣|| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
From Equation (2.80) and (2.85), we see that these two terms
cancel, so that,
1 𝑑𝑑 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐 2
1 𝑚𝑚 𝜈𝜈⊥ 𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 = 𝒗𝒗𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 � = (𝑩𝑩 × 𝛁𝛁𝐵𝐵) � (2.80)
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 2 𝑞𝑞 𝑩𝑩3 𝑅𝑅𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐
𝑣𝑣̇ || 2
𝜇𝜇 𝑹𝑹𝒄𝒄 ×𝑩𝑩 �𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 1 𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑩𝑩 × 𝛻𝛻𝛻𝛻 �𝑹𝑹𝑐𝑐
= − 𝑞𝑞 𝑅𝑅2𝐵𝐵2 = − 2 1 𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅2𝐵𝐵2 (2.85)
𝑣𝑣|| 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝒃𝒃
𝒗𝒗|| 𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑱𝑱 = ∫𝒂𝒂 𝒗𝒗|| 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

𝑏𝑏
Adiabatic invariance of 𝐽𝐽 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣∥ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is violated when
An example of the violation of 𝐽𝐽 invariance is given by a
plasma heating scheme called transit-time magnetic
pumping. Suppose an oscillating current is applied to the
coils of a mirror system so that the mirrors alternately
approach and withdraw from each other near the bounce
frequency.
Those particles that have the right bounce frequency will

always see an approaching mirror and will therefore gain 𝑣𝑣∥ . 𝐽𝐽
is not conserved in this case because the change of B occurs
on a time scale not long compared with the bounce time.
The Third Adiabatic Invariant,𝜃𝜃
Particle
P
e
𝑹𝑹𝑳𝑳 Guiding Center
North Pole
r 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 𝑩𝑩
origin
North
West (W) Flux tube

North
Latitude
Trajectory of
Equator Trapped Particle
Longitude
Mirror Point
Drift of
Drift of Electrons
South Pole Protons Magnetic Field Line
South Pole
Charged particles can be trapped by Earth’s Magnetic Field

INITIAL DRIFT PATH
𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡
<0 𝐽𝐽3 = 𝑞𝑞 � 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺 = 𝑞𝑞Φ
𝐶𝐶2
𝐶𝐶1
𝛻𝛻𝐵𝐵 Earth
𝑩𝑩
𝐵𝐵1 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
FINAL DRIFT PATH 𝐵𝐵2 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1 𝑩𝑩 × 𝜵𝜵𝜵𝜵

𝜕𝜕𝑩𝑩
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡
<0 2 𝐵𝐵 2
Magnetic flux enclosed by a particle drifting perpendicular to 𝐵𝐵
and 𝛻𝛻𝐵𝐵 remains constant during slow changes in the magnetic
field.
Adiabatic invariance of 𝐽𝐽3 = 𝑞𝑞 ∮ 𝑩𝑩 � 𝑑𝑑𝑺𝑺 = 𝑞𝑞Φ
is violated when
As an example of the violation of Ф invariance, we can cite

some recent work on the excitation of hydromagnetic waves
in the ionosphere.
These waves have a long period comparable to the drift time

of a particle around the earth. The particles can therefore
encounter the wave in the same phase each time around. If
the phase is right, the wave can be excited by the conversion
of particle drift energy to wave energy.

Thanks

Presentacion Física de Plasmas Unidad 2 Versión 7

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Presentacion Física de Plasmas Unidad 2 Versión 7

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Dr.

Iván Vargas Blanco

Charged Particles in Magnetic

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

1. Movement of a charged particle in a magnetic and electrical

• Infer the equations that describe the behavior of charged particles in

Single Fluid Multiple Fluids

With Magnetic Field

Magnetic Field line Electron

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Physics Gangster Sign

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Ins of Technology

|𝑞𝑞|𝐵𝐵 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑣𝑣⊥

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Motion in a Magnetic Field

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 − 0 � 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 � � + 𝑞𝑞 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 � 0 − 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 � 0 𝒛𝒛�

𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗 × 𝑩𝑩 = 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵� 𝒚𝒚 + 0 � 𝒛𝒛�

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

We have Deriving again and resolve for 𝑣𝑣̈𝑥𝑥 :

𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 +𝑖𝑖𝛿𝛿𝑦𝑦

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 ±𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

Assume positive (+𝑞𝑞): 𝑥𝑥0

𝑦𝑦̇ = 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖ω𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

−𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑖𝑖ω 𝑡𝑡 −𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥

Note: 𝐵𝐵𝑝𝑝 of particle it is opposite to 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 external. 𝒚𝒚𝟎𝟎

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 � � + 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�

= 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 + 𝑞𝑞𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 � 𝒚𝒚 + 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�

𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥̈ = −𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 2 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

−𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑞𝑞𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞

𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦′ = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 � � + 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�

𝑬𝑬 × 𝑩𝑩 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 −

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Faster velocity increases 𝑣𝑣 × 𝐵𝐵

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Faster velocity increases 𝑣𝑣 × 𝐵𝐵

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Faster velocity increases 𝑣𝑣 × 𝐵𝐵

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

Electron guiding center also drifts in the direction

Dr. Iván Vargas-Blanco, Costa Rica Institute of Technology

…while ignoring the effects of gravity

𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ]

𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⊥ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃

Fuente: https://es.quora.com/ 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥

𝑬𝑬 = 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 � � + 𝐸𝐸𝑧𝑧 𝒛𝒛�