MAST10016 Mathematics for Biomedicine

MAST10016 Mathematics for Biomedicine

Tutorial Sheet - Week 1 (Revision)

This exercise sheet provides revision of material from VCE Mathematical Methods or equivalent. You
should aim to complete the starred * exercises during your first tutorial, and finish the other exercises
outside of class before the start of week 2.

Equation solving and graph sketching

1.* Sketch by hand the graphs of the curves

(a) y = x2 − 3x + 2
(b) y = 2 − 3e−x
1
(c) y = 2 + x−3
3x b
(d) y= 2+x Hint: First write the equation in the form y = a + x+c .

2. Solve the following equations to find x. Give your answers as exact values and as decimals to
3 decimal places.
(a) 2x2 − 3x + 1 = 0 √
b2 −4ac
(b) 2x2 + 4x − 3 = 0 Hint: Recall the quadratic equation x = −b± 2a .
(c) x3 − x2 − 2x = 0
(d) 3 = 2e2x+3 − 1

Calculus
Recall the following differentiation rules from school:

Product rule: Quotient rule: Chain rule:

d du dv d u  v du
 − u dv d 
 df du
(u · v) = v +u = dx 2 dx f u(x) =
dx dx dx dx v v dx du dx

3. Find the the derivative f 0 (x) for each of the following functions.
√
(a) f (x) = 3x2 + x − 7
(b) f (x) = x3 e2x
e5x
(c) f (x) = x2

4. Evaluate the following integrals.

R 4x
(a) e + 2 dx
t − e−t dt
R 2
(b)

Matrix multiplication
If you have not seen matrices before, please see the ‘Further reading’ references provided on LMS.
   
1 0 0 2 4 −1
5.* Let A =  14 12 1
4 and B = 4 −2 1 . Calculate:
0 0 1 1 −1 2
(a) AB
(b) A2
h i
3 1 1
(c) 10 5 2 A

Tutorial Sheet - Week 1 (Revision) 1

MAST10016 Mathematics for Biomedicine

Probability laws
For events A, B:
P (A0 ) = 1 − P (A) Complement law
P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) Addition law
P (A) = P (A ∩ B) + P (A ∩ B 0 ) Total probability law
Conditional probability
The conditional probability of A given B is given by
P (A ∩ B)
P (A|B) = .
P (B)
Consequently,
P (A ∩ B) = P (A|B)P (B).
Independence and mutual exclusivity
Events A, B are independent if P (A|B) = P (A), or equivalently P (A ∩ B) = P (A)P (B).
Events A, B are mutually exclusive if P (A ∩ B) = 0, in which case P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B).

6.* Let A and B be events such that P (A) = 0.3, P (B 0 ) = 0.4 and P (A ∪ B) = 0.8.
(a) Find P (A0 ).
(b) Find P (A ∩ B). Are A and B mututally exclusive?
(c) Draw a Venn diagram representing A and B, including all relevant probabilities.
(d) Find P (A|B).
(e) Determine if A and B are independent.
(f) C is an event such that B and C are mutually exclusive and P (C|B 0 ) = 0.5. Find P (C).

7. Carnations commonly occur in 3 varieties, according to the colour of their flowers: red, pink
and white. The variety of a new carnation plant depends on the variety of its parents. The probability
that a new carnation plant will have a particular variety is given in the table below.
Variety of parents Probability of Probability of Probability of
red offspring pink offspring white offspring
Both red 1 0 0
Both white 0 0 1
One red, one white 0 1 0
Both pink 0.25 0.5 0.25
One pink, one red 0.5 0.25 0
One pink, one white 0 0.5 0.5
(This is an example of incomplete dominance in inheritance.) A garden contains a large number
of carnation plants, 70% of which are pink and 30% of which are white. Two plants are chosen at
random from the garden and are mated to produce a new carnation plant. Use a tree diagram, or
other methods, to find the probability that the new plant will be
(a) red
(b) pink
(c) white

Tutorial Sheet - Week 1 (Revision) 2

MAST10016 Mathematics for Biomedicine

Combinatorics
The number of ways to choose k objects from a collection of n, when order is not important, is
 
n n!
= n Ck = .
k k!(n − k)!
The number of ways to choose k objects from a collection of n, when order is significant, is
n n!
Pk = .
(n − k)!

8. A sports team of 11 players must be chosen from a squad of 15. How many possible choices of
team are there if
(a) the order in which the players are chosen is unimportant?
(b) the order in which the players are chosen is important?
(c) the team captain must be chosen first, but then the order in which the other players are
chosen is unimportant?

Discrete probability distributions

For a discrete random variable X taking values from a set D, with probability mass function p(x):
X
P (X = x) = p(x) and p(x) = 1.
x∈D
The mean, variance and standard deviation of X are given by
X
E(X) = xp(x) Expected value/mean of X
x∈D !
X
Var(X) = x2 p(x) − E(X)2 Variance of X
x∈D p
σ(X) = Var(X) Standard deviation of X

9.* The random variable X is distributed according to the discrete probability distribution given
in the table below.
x -2 -1 1 2 4 6
p(x) 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.05 0.15

(a) Find P (X < 3).

(b) Find P (X is even).
(c) Determine if the events ‘X < 3’ and ‘X is even’ are independent.
(d) Calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation of X.

The binomial distribution

A Bernoulli trial is an experiment whose result is random and can be either success or failure.
Let X be the number of successes from n independent Bernoulli trials with fixed probability p of
success. X is distributed according to the binomial distribution, denoted X ∼ Bi(n, p).
 
n k
P (X = k) = p (1 − p)n−k
k
E(X) = np Var(X) = np(1 − p)

10. Let X ∼ Bi(8, 0.7). Find

(a) P (X = 3)
(b) P (X > 5)
(c) E(X) and Var(X)

Tutorial Sheet - Week 1 (Revision) 3