Understanding Data and

Ways to Systematically
Collect Data
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
 Learning Objectives

After going through this lesson, you are able and expected to:
1. Chooses appropriate qualitative research design
2. Describes sampling procedure and sample
3. Plans data collection and analysis procedures
4. Presents written research methodology
 REVIEW
Case Study
Analysis of persons, groups, events,
decisions, periods, policies, institutions
or other systems that are studied
holistically by one or more methods.
It is a sensory experience that makes
Ethnography
Study of cultural patterns of people
and their perspective as a group.
Ground Theory
It is a development of theory
directly based and grounded in
data collected by the researcher.
Phenomenology
you perceive or understand things
that naturally occur in your life such
as death, joy, friendship, care giving,
defeat, victory, and the like.
 01
Sampling and Data
Collection
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a
predetermined number of observation taken in larger
population. (Alicia Tuovila, 2020)

Types of Sampling
Methods
Probability Sampling - is a sampling
technique in which sample from a
larger population are chosen using a
method based on the theory of
probability.
 Simple Random Sampling - method
of collecting data where every
single member of a population is
chosen randomly.
 Systematic Sampling - a method
where members of a sample are
chosen at regular intervals of a
population.
 Stratified Sampling - a method
where the population can be divided
into smaller groups, that don’t
overlap but represent the entire
population together.
 Cluster Sampling - a method where
the researchers divide the entire
population into sections or clusters
that represent a population.
 Types of Sampling  Quota Sampling - is a sampling

Methods technique whereby participant

quotas are preset prior to sampling.
 Purposive Sampling - -is the most
common sampling strategy. In this
type of sampling, participants are
selected or sought based on pre-
selected criteria based on the
research question.
 Snowball Sampling - In this
method, the participants refer the
Non-probability Sampling - is reliant researcher to others who may be
on a researcher’s ability to select able to potentially contribute or
members at random. participate in the study.
Analysis of
Procedures such
as Survey,
Interview, and
Observation

Finding answers to your questions

is possible through these
theoretically based data-collection
methods: observation, interview, or
survey through questionnaires.
 Observation
Procedures is a technique of gathering data
whereby you personally watch,
in Collecting interact, or communicate with the
subjects of yours.
Data
Interview
defined as a qualitative research technique which
involves “conducting intensive individual
interviews with a small number of respondents
to explore their perspectives on a particular idea,
program or situation.” Boyce, C. & Neale, P.
(2006)

Survey/ Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a paper containing a
list of questions including the specific
place and space in the paper where you
write the answers to the questions.
 Types of Observation
1. Participant Observation - the
researcher, takes part in the
activities of the individual or
group being observed.
o Descriptive
observation
o Narrative account
2. Non-participation or Structured
Observation - This type of observation
completely detaches you from the
target of your observation.
○ Covert - are when the
researcher pretends to be an
ordinary member of the group
and observes in secret.
○ Overt - are when the
researcher tells the group
s/he is conducting research
Types of Interview
1. Structured Interview - consist of
a series of pre-determined
questions that all interviewees
answer in the same order.
2. Unstructured Interview - are
usually the least reliable from
research viewpoint, because no
questions are prepared prior to
the interview and data collection
is conducted in an informal
manner.
3. Semi-Structured Interview - in
semi-structured interviews,
interviewer prepares a set of same
questions to be answered by all
interviewees. At the same time,
additional questions might be asked
during interviews to clarify and/or
further expand certain issues.
Types of Survey
1. Self-completion Survey - They
allow respondents time to
consider their answers, refer to
records or consult with others
(which can be helpful or
unhelpful, depending on the
survey’s objectives).
2. Interviewer-based Surveys - such
as face-to-face or telephone surveys
generally allow more data to be
gathered than self-completion surveys
and can include the use of more
complex questionnaires.