Fact or Bluff For Prelim

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FACT OR BLUFF: SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS AND MISINFORMATION

ON FACEBOOK AS PERCEIVED BY MRSCI’S SHS STUDENTS
A Qualitative Research
Presented to
The class of Ms. Mary Jane F. Santos, LPT
Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc.
In partial fulfillment of
The requirement for the Subject
Practical Research 1
by
BAGONA, HERIANA JULIAN
BERON, JIANA
CARTAS, KIER LOUIS
CERVANTES, ANTHONY JOHN
DEL ROSARIO, MJAY
DEMATE, LEXI JOHANA
MARTIR, JAMES IAN
PANGAHIN, KATRINE JOYCE
TAPANG, JOHN MICHAEL
11 ICT – AGONCILLO
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APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled, FACT OR BLUFF: SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS AND

MISINFORMATION ON FACEBOOK AS PERCEIVED BY MRSCI’S SHS
STUDENTS, prepared and submitted by GROUP 1 – ICT AGONCILLO has been
approved and accepted on (INSERT DATE) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Practical Research 1 under Ms. Mary Jane F. Santos, LPT with a grade of ???.
DR. MARCELINA L. GREGORE DR. ROLANDO M. GREGORE

Directress Principal School President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to acknowledge these people whose behind of this
success and made these research possible through their help, time, effort and support.
Despite of the difficulties faced by the researchers; these people have served as their
guide. Without them this research is impossible. And because of that the researchers
would like to send the deepest gratitude to these people:
Dr. Rolando M. Gregore, President of Mystical Rose School of Caloocan, Inc.,
for being the foundation of this school. For his motivation, consideration and support to
the students in exploring their skills. And for consistently supporting the students.
Dr. Marcelina L. Gregore, Directress Principal of Mystical Rose School of
Caloocan, Inc., For her willingly support make this research possible. For keeping the
students guided to their way towards achievement.
Mrs. Novette A. Gregore, Assistant Directress, for advocating the researchers
towards the completion of this study.
Ms. Mary Jane F. Santos, Practical Research Teacher, for giving her unending
support, providing great counsel for countless revisions and great knowledge, endless
patience to the researchers, for unlimited help, and for guiding and motivating the
researchers from the very start. This research became success and attainable.
Mr. Ritchie Van Oblianda, Researchers’ adviser - SHS Math Teacher, for sharing
his knowledge about statistics especially in sampling techniques, for his undying
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support, by giving endless advice, cheering the researchers up at their disheartening
point.
Mr. Jeffrey C. Alba, Reading and Writing teacher, for giving his knowledge, for
always open on giving suggestions, unlimited explanations and for always giving word
of wisdom to help the researchers.
Ms. Ruth Lerios, for giving some advices as much as knowledge and spent her
time to taught the researchers of what must be done.
To the Teachers, for giving advices and sharing ideas to improve the study
especially to those who validate the questionnaires.
To their Participants, for willingly and considerately accepted the researchers’
invitation and truthfully answered the question during the interview.
To the Researchers’ family, for giving their full support physically, emotionally,
mentally and financially. For their patience, guidance and endless consideration. And for
believing the researchers’ success to achieve their goals.
Above all, the researchers want to bring their innermost gratitude to our
Almighty God for spiritual guidance, and for giving them enough knowledge,
understanding, and power that support to overcome the completion of this study.
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DEDICATION
The researchers enthusiastically dedicate this research paper to their
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 TEACHER as their inspiration and motivation to make this
study possible. To their FAMILIES, for support and all the sacrifices they made, for
endless understanding even with sleepless night throughout the process of study.
Researchers made this study to make them proud and to see the result of their
sacrifices. To their beloved TEACHERS for giving advices and never-ending patience,
for giving their time to make this study complete. Also, they are the one who pursue
the researchers to do their best for this study, and they are the one who help and guide
the researchers to do great performances in class. To their CLASSMATES AND
FRIENDS for helping each other to make this study possible, for giving ideas to each
other. Additionally, for supporting and trusting that every researcher can do it. And
lastly to the GRADE 11 SHS STUDENTS OF MYSTICAL ROSE SCHOOL OF
CALOOCAN, INC. for giving their time and effort to answer the question honestly.
We joyfully dedicate this study to them. Without them we cannot make this
study possible.
GROUP 1 – ICT AGONCILLO

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page...............................................................................................i
Approval Sheet.......................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements................................................................................iii
Dedication..............................................................................................v
Table of Contents..................................................................................vi
Research Abstract..................................................................................ix
Research Design....................................................................................xi
Sampling Technique..............................................................................xii
Statement of the Problem.....................................................................xiv
Summary of Findings............................................................................xv
Implications........................................................................................xvii
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction.........................................................................1
Statement of the Problem .....................................................7
Assumptions.........................................................................8
Scope and Delimitation..........................................................9
Locale of the Study.............................................................10
Significance of the Study.....................................................11
Definition of Terms.............................................................14
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2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local Literature...................................................................19
Foreign Literature...............................................................22
Local Studies......................................................................27
Foreign Studies...................................................................30
Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present
Study.................................................................................43
3 METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

Statement of the Problem....................................................49
Research Design.................................................................51
Selection of Co-Researchers/Sampling Techniques................52
Research Instrumentation/Data Collection............................54
Treatment of Data/Data Analysis..........................................57
Validation of the Instrument................................................59
4 REPORT OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Statement of the Problem....................................................60
Co-researcher A – Hermione................................................62
Co-researcher B – Sam........................................................66
Co-researcher C – Dan........................................................70
Co-researcher D – Kat.........................................................76
Co-researcher E – Blue........................................................80
Co-researcher F – Kharel.....................................................83
Co-researcher G – Mau........................................................87
Co-researcher H – Chocho...................................................91
Co-researcher I – Leonard...................................................96
Co-researcher J – Kang......................................................103
Researchers’ Experiences...................................................106
Researchers’ Reflections....................................................109
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5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION,

IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Statement of the Problem..................................................130
Summary of the Findings...................................................132
Symbolic Representation....................................................135
Implications......................................................................138
Recommendations.............................................................141
Fake news and Misinformation Guide..................................143
References........................................................................152
Appendices.......................................................................162
Appendix A: Letter to Administer Interview Protocol. .163
Appendix B: Letter to the Validators.........................164
Appendix C: Validation Checklist...............................170
Appendix D: Informed Consent................................176
Appendix E: Interview Protocol................................178
Appendix F: Transcription........................................180
Appendix G: Curriculum Vitae...................................200
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RESEARCH ABSTRACT
Fake news is the promotion and the promulgation of news articles found
particularly on social media that are false or deceptive. These news articles appear to
be distributed just to influenced or manipulate reader’s opinion on a certain topic and
information. Today’s generation mostly relies on technology especially the internet
where almost everyone is connected, it allows people to browse and share various
contents found on it. Fake news can deteriorate someone’s reputation in a way that it
misleads anyone who reads and views the misinformation. As a result, the lines
between fact, entertainment, advertising, fabrication and fiction are gradually being
distorted.
Facebook is one of these social media sites where you can easily acquire and
spread information but it does not make it a reliable source. Facebook makes it simple
to share different contents that serves as information and entertainment, this site also
turns out to be a regular daily stop for many users. Since people easily believed what is
predominantly shared, they tend to do the same thing, by just clicking buttons they can
easily spread fake news. It is dangerous because it can destroy someone's reputation
without proof or evidence. This makes the Internet world less accurate and becomes a
misleading digital environment.
Misinformation can affect all aspects of life. It contributes to the way
misinformation will continue to complicate the public's understanding. Fake news can be
classified as effective fake news and ineffective fake news. The effective type is the one
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that can cause panic and anger, and the readers feel like taking actions after reading
those news stories. These are very alarming for the reason that unnecessary actions
lead to perilous occurrence. The ineffective ones are the type which does not have
much impact and are not harmful.
People nowadays typically relies on Facebook which they usually look for
information but it is not always reliable, however others still spreading information not
knowing if it is legitimate. The fact that people mistakenly believe in the misinformation,
they will become more confuse whether the information is factual or just a hoax. The
point here is after you experienced believing on fake information or news, it will make
you more wary about things and will not easily believe on what you have read or hear.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers use the Case Study Qualitative Research method wherein the
research is focused on examining how fake news and misinformation affects individuals
as observed by senior high school students in Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc.
Mitchell (1983) defined a case study as a “detailed examination of an event (or
series of related events) which the analyst believes exhibits (or exhibit) the operation
of some identified general theoretical principles. According to Yin (1994), a case study
is a comprehensive research strategy that deals with situations “in which there will be
more variables of interest than data points relies on multiple sources of evidence, with
data needing to be converged in a triangulating fashion,” and that “benefits from the
prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis.
Gomm et al. (2000) argued that a case study implies collection of unstructured data
and qualitative analysis of data.
For the purpose of this study, case study design is used to identify the effects of
fake news and misinformation, particularly on Facebook, to students.

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SELECTION OF CO-RESEARCHERS/SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The co-researchers of this data were drawn from the population of Senior High
School students in Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc. For a case study, a number of
ten students from the total population in Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc. were
taken and used as co-researchers of the study. According to Crouch & McKenzie (2006),
having less than 20 co-researchers in a qualitative research can aid the researchers in
establishing and retaining a tight connection and improving a comfortable gaining of
information.
Ten (10) selected grade 11 students who are currently studying in Mystical Rose
School of Caloocan, Inc., were utilized by this study throughout the Academic Year
2019-2020.
The researchers chose the co-researchers through the use of Purposive Sampling
Technique in which they have chosen the co-researchers who fit rightfully in acquiring
accurate results. This is a Non-Probability Sampling which pertains to choosing the
respondents based on the characteristics of the whole targeted population and for the
main objective of the researchers in conducting the study. Purposive Sampling is a non-
probability sampling that allows choosing according on attributes of a population and
the purpose of the research (Crossman, 2018). The Sampling Technique is helpful in
picking co-researchers that fit the required characteristics correctly in order for the
researchers to obtain information, data, and answers from the rightful co-researchers
that have been purposefully chosen for the study.

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The researchers chose purposive sampling technique for they need certain
information that a participant qualifies. Qualifications of the participants were:
1. Participants must come from the cream sections of each strand and should
have been included on the 1st quarter’s achievers list.
2. Each participant must be an active Facebook user.
3. Participants should have at least a 4-hour daily average time spent on using
Facebook.
The qualifications of the co-researchers mentioned above ensure that the
gathered insights will be beneficial in addressing the study being conducted.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to Stroud (2020), fake news refers to false information or
stories/hoaxes created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. Spreading fake
news can cause panic and anger. This study aims to give awareness to the real news
and fake news as perceived by the selected Senior High School students of Mystical
Rose School of Caloocan, Academic Year of 2019-2020.
Specifically, this study sought answers to the following:
1. What are the common information or news story encounters of the
participants?
2. What are the reasons of spreading misinformation as perceived by the
participants?
3. What are the ways of the participants in identifying fake news and
misinformation?
4. How do fake news and misinformation affect the participants?
5. How may the participants handle fake news and misinformation on
Facebook?
6. How may the findings be utilized in crafting a guide?

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based from the answers given by our co-researchers and after thorough analysis
of the data, the researchers hereby present the summary of our findings.
Common information and news encountered by the Facebook users are about
class suspensions, weather forecasts, and other current issues. Some of them often see
posts about political stuffs, and celebrities. However, it is found that the majority of the
users’ news feed are filled with entertaining content, though not informative, such as
memes, jokes, and personal blogs from the pages they follow. Furthermore, what is
seen on a news feed of each users depends on their interests and other things that
they have been engaging interactions the most.
Facebook allows users to share what they want with their friends. Alas, it also
allows the possibility of spreading fake news and misinformation, and there are lots of
reasons behind this. First, users do not give time to verify the information they have
seen. They mostly read the headlines and share it right away; they do not even bother
to read the whole content. Second, they let themselves to be overwhelmed with their
emotions. Because of this, they may not be able to think clearly and it may cause
reckless moves and unnecessary reactions. Third, they do not know the difference
between fact and opinion. It is possible that they may perceive an opinion as a fact,
and vice versa. Lastly, they follow the choice of the majority. What’s trending appeals
to them and they will interact with it no matter what negative effects it may bring.
Ways of identifying fake news and misinformation varies from one user to
another. Some of them go to news sites to verify the information, though it is trusted,
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other news media are deemed to be biased. Certain user use journals and Google
Scholar for verification. Others compare what they have seen on Facebook to the
similar posts or videos found on Google, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and to Facebook
itself. Few of them thinks that the basis of a verified content is associated with its
popularity. They thought that the popularity of who shares it and the number of likes
and shares of a particular post is a major factor to know if the information is legitimate.
Facebook users expressed that the spread of fake news and misinformation will
cause confusion, limited thinking, and even panic. They are confused whether they will
accept the information they have read or seen. There is a blurred line in between truth
and falsity that makes it hard for it to determine what is legitimate. Moreover, the
likeliness of the users to believe on this false information is at a greater chance,
contrary to the way it should be.
Majority of the co-researchers pointed out that when sharing an information,
prior confirmation is necessary, otherwise false information might spread. A lot of them
associated their actions to the famous line from an online campaign promoting the
responsible use of social media, “Think before you click.” Deleting the post, making an
apology, reporting the page, and commenting to the post, are the ways of the co-
researchers when they happened to encounter or shared false information.
Awareness must be empowered. It will be effective to prevent the outspread of
fake news and misinformation. It is now the time to rekindle the fight against
falsification. Knowing what’s ahead and how to prevent will be a great help to end the
prevalence of fake news and misinformation.

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IMPLICATIONS
Based on the summary of findings, the following implications are drawn.
Facebook users tend to follow pages or accounts that will satisfy their interests
and needs. Users follow informational pages to be more active and aware of what is
happening around. At the same time, they also follow entertaining pages to enjoy their
leisure and give them good vibes. Unfortunately, information and entertainment have
been mixed up together in one place. In this kind of situation, there will be a confusion
and it will be difficult to point out which is which. This puts users to the unseen danger
of consuming fake news and misinformation.
Facebook contents are opted for sharing regardless of their nature, whether it is
for plain humor, satire, factual data, or biased opinion. Any Facebook users can be one
of the spreaders of fake news and misinformation without knowing that they are
actually doing it, and it happens for many reasons. Users do not think critically. They let
their guard off, and accept things openly without prior judgement, hence, leading to
adverse actions. Many Facebook users can be affected by those kinds of actions. It can
lead the readers to get misinformation easily because of unverified information. This
situation may lessen if the Facebook users know how to verify the information they
have seen on Facebook.
One way to know what is true, is to run to the reliable sources and compare.
This is by far the most used method of the users. Despite of what other users have
stated, verifying an information based on its popularity may not be the best approach to
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practice. As observed on this study, Facebook users are way informed about how to
verify credible sources and legitimate information. However, the problem lies whether if
they are actually doing it or just knew how. Finding legitimate information requires the
ability to be a critical thinker and the eagerness to seek truth.
Spreading of false information can cause confusion, limited thinking and even
panic. When there are two contradicting stories on a similar topic, people do not know
which one they are going to believe, that is why confusion arises. Limited thinking
occurs when the users only rely on what they have read or seen. It limits their mind
from other possible side of the information because they do not even try to search for
more concrete details. They are slacking off to do additional researches, because it is
way out of their convenience. The only thing they care for is merely the content of the
post itself. Panic and unnecessary actions is not impossible to happen. If users did not
get the humor or the implied message out of the content, they will mistakenly take it as
real, thus, sudden unfiltered reactions are triggered.
Validating certain information before it is shared is important. In addition, don't
immediately trust the information that is read or seen. You can help to decline the
spread of false information. Further refining the skills on verifying information pick up
other ways to avoid fake news and misinformation on Facebook. It is important to
always start with oneself. It is useless to advocate others if you have not started it in
your own.
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A guide will be effective to prevent the outspread of fake news and
misinformation. Facebook users will have ideas and techniques to stay away from fake
news, and the guide will also help them find out more easily whether particular
information is fake or not. They will become aware of the information they share on
Facebook. They will also be more active in terms of gathering facts. It needs to be
spread, therefore, that more Facebook users will understand more about the situation.
It would definitely be a useful way to spread awareness.

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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter is consisting of the background of the study, statement of the
problem, assumptions, scope and delimitation, locale of the study, significance of the
study, definition of terms used.
INTRODUCTION
Today’s generation is now more dependent on technology and one of the main
outlets of information is through the internet. It enables people to actively engage on
social media by allowing them to browse, to create, to share, and to give comments on
various content found on it. This makes the internet world less accurate and becomes
a misleading digital environment. Social media platforms are placing audiences at the
forefront of content discovery and distribution, and making them collaborators in the
production of news (which offers many benefits but weakens remaining news media
gatekeeping power and impacts on verification standards).
As a result, the lines between fact, entertainment, advertising, fabrication and
fiction are increasingly blurred. And when disinformation and misinformation are
published, the social news distribution system, dependent on peer-to-peer sharing,
frequently sends the content viral, making it impossible to pull back, even if journalists
and other factcheckers successfully debunk it.

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While the amount of fake news these days seems to continue to grow, some
may find it harder and harder to decipher what is true and what is not.
Fake news is the promotion and the propagation of news articles, especially
through social media, that are false or misleading. These articles are promoted in such
a way that they appear to be spread by other users, as opposed to being paid-for
advertising. The news stories distributed are designed to influence or manipulate
readers’ opinions on a certain topic towards certain objectives (Gu and Yarochkin,
2017).
Fake news and misinformation are nothing new. Rumors and false stories have
probably been around as long as humans have lived in groups where power matters.
The ability to have an impact on what people know is an asset that has been prized for
many centuries. These malicious contents on social media can have significant negative
societal effects. Therefore, fake news detection on social media has recently become an
emerging research area that is attracting tremendous attention.
Mostly, the problem of fake news is that it pollutes people’s minds. It can be
dangerous in a way that it misleads the readers or the viewers of the said information.
It can be noticed that the usual problems on getting misinformation are the way of
giving opinions and rumors without validity. Aside from that, the mindset of many
teenagers using social media platforms, which is being convinced on every information
they have seen, have a large effect on getting misinformation much easier.
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There are a lot of social media sites where information can be found. One of
these sites is Facebook. It is one of the easiest ways of getting and spreading
information. Facebook is user-friendly and open to everyone. Even the least technical-
minded people can sign up and begin posting on Facebook. Although it started out as a
way to keep in touch or reconnect with long-lost friends, it rapidly became the darling
of businesses that were able to closely target an audience and deliver ads directly to
the people most likely to want their products or services.
Facebook makes it simple to share photos, text messages, videos, status posts
and feelings on Facebook. The site is entertaining and a regular daily stop for many
users. In terms of the information available on this social media and the advent of
targeted advertising, fake news and misinformation can go straight for the most
susceptible and valuable victims — those most likely to spread the content.
People can find information in just a snap of a finger yet without having reliable
source. It is dangerous for the reason that it can destroy someone's reputation without
proof or evidence. Since people believe in some fake news, many of us tend to do the
same thing. They believe it depends on likes, shares, and response of whoever may see
it (O'Connor, 2019).
Many teenagers using Facebook can easily spread fake news by just clicking
buttons. So that many of the information they have seen, will make them convince
more easily. Untrusted sources of fake news are having their own purpose and benefits
for spreading such fake information.

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Misinformation can affect all aspects of life. On the Internet, one can read
content that is stated to be factual but that may not have been checked or may be
erroneous. In the news, companies may emphasize the speed at which they receive
and send information but may not always be correct in the facts. These developments
contribute to the way misinformation will continue to complicate the public's
understanding of issues and to serve as a source for belief and attitude formation.
When information is presented as vague, ambiguous, sarcastic, or partial, audiences are
forced to put the information together and assume what is correct.
Fake news can be classified into two categories; as effective fake news and
ineffective fake news. The effective fake news is those articles which have the potential
to cause panic and anger, and the readers feel like taking actions after reading those
news stories. These actions can include selling a stock, changing the perception of an
event, riots, etc. These are very alarming, and more attention needs to be paid in this
area. The ineffective fake news is entertainment, parody, rumors, etc. which do not
have much impact and are not harmful.
In everyday life, people are now relying on Facebook and they usually look
forward to those things that they always encountered. Most of the time, they love to
read some articles, news, and knowledgeable information. But the thing is, those
various types of information are not always reliable. People must be aware that maybe
they are still spreading those information without knowing that it is not totally
legitimate.
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According to the Reboot Foundation (2019), everyone can learn to be better
critical thinkers. The solution is education. Specifically, it’s about giving people the
power of critical thinking. If you are a critical thinker, you are a critical judge of
information, and that’s how we will finally beat fake news. Currently, most young
people aren’t able to easily separate online fact from online fiction. Students have
difficulty determining the difference between real news stories and branded advertising.
They also don’t take the bias of source material into account when evaluating claims on
social media (Stanford History Education Group, 2016). One survey found more than
one-third of children admit to share information online that they later learned was fake
or inaccurate.
Even if you know the information you are getting is false, fictitious, or
misleading, simply being exposed to it can have clear consequences (Rapp & Salovich,
2018). When people are exposed to inaccurate information, they may feel confused
about what is true, doubt the utility of their prior understandings, and consequently rely
on false claims and ideas, according to the article, published in the journal Policy
Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
So, the fact that people unknowingly believe in the false information, they will
become more confuse about things whether it is a factual information or just a hoax.
The point here is after you experienced believing on fake information or news, it will
make you more cautious about things and will not easily believe on what you read or
hear.
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Thus, this research entitled Fact or Bluff: Spreading of Fake News and
Misinformation on Facebook as Perceived by Senior High School Students
prompted to explore and describe the realm of fake news and misinformation in
Facebook. The main purpose of this study is to obtain student’s insights regarding fake
news and misinformation that will help everyone become conscious and responsible on
the circulation of these contents on Facebook to prevent the possible effects of it.
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participants?
participants?
misinformation?
Facebook?

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ASSUMPTIONS
Social lives of the people living in the 21 st century is way too much connected
through technology. It is shown through the rapid growth of social media users and
the average time users spent on it. This poses a great exposure of all its contents
including the harmful ones to users and it comes with a huge power to influence
people who are unaware of the existing misleading scheme known as fake news and
misinformation.
This research aims to describe the effects of the spreading of fake news and
misinformation that affects the individual’s mind and also the society. There is an
assumption that the participants will enlighten their minds and will increase their
knowledge in terms of identifying legitimate information from different sources on
Facebook. They fully understand the difference between fake news and legitimate
news that the participants encounter. The participants know the effects of fake news
and misinformation and how to handle those kinds of information.

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate student’s insights regarding fake
news and misinformation that will help everyone to become conscious and be
responsible on the circulation of these contents on Facebook to prevent the possible
effects of it. The researchers prompted to explore and to describe the realm of fake
news and misinformation in Facebook. The study also focuses on how fake news and
misinformation are perceived by the selected students who are using Facebook.
This study focuses on utilizing in-depth interviews as the methodology in
gaining information from the co-researchers. Moreover, it is delimited only for the
selected Grade 11 Senior High School Students of Mystical Rose School of Caloocan,
Inc. Students from different schools and its school premises are excluded. This study
covered only ten selected students as participants that were chosen purposively.
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LOCALE OF THE STUDY
This study is conducted in the Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc. located at
#15 Ilang-ilang St. Metrocor Homes Subdivision Camarin, Caloocan City on the
Academic Year 2019-2020. This study contains information about spreading of fake
news and misinformation as perceived by senior high school students. In referenced
from research titled "Prevalence of Fake News: How Disinformation Affects the News
Literacy of Grade 11 in M.R.S.C.I." In addition, most students in Mystical Rose School
of Caloocan are Facebook users. They incorporate their social life and educational
activities through social media. Thus, they are plainly exposed to fake news and
misinformation circulating on Facebook. This makes this school suitable as the chosen
locale for conducting this study.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Everyone is now living in the Internet-driven Information age, where almost
everyone is connected through technology. Not to mention, this particular website,
Facebook, is responsible for linking over 2.5 billion monthly active users (Statista,
2020).
In line with this, Facebook has become one of the main outlets of information in
everyday life. Everyone can put any information they want, thus, making Facebook
prone to these malicious, deceiving content known as fake news and misinformation.
The purpose of this qualitative study is to raise awareness regarding falsification
to prevent possible effects of fake news and misinformation on Facebook by describing
the realm of fake news and spread of misinformation that will affect the society and
individual mind. The world is in this era of advanced technology and development in
almost all the fields. The thing which has been recently become too problematic for
everybody is the "spreading of fake news". The researchers believe that the findings of
the study would be valuable and significant to the following:

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Students will be aware on how they can identify legitimate news and sources
on Facebook and also acquire different ways to avoid getting misinformation. Knowing
the characteristics of real information will make them learn the proper ways of
recognizing the credibility of news and also the source of information.
Teachers can easily discuss and explain relevant topics in class. It will not be
difficult for them to tackle related lessons to this research if all the students in their
class already have knowledge about it.
Librarians may aid individuals to spot "fake news" and evaluate websites’
reliability through orienting them with various precautionary measures needed. With
this, they can make them more news literate and tech-savvy consumers.
School administrators will also learn how to avoid getting fake information in
social media or the internet, just to make sure that their students are only getting real
information and not a fake one. They can also help their students to be aware on this
problem, in a way of conducting a seminar inside the school.
Media and other legitimate sources will not get difficulty in terms of
spreading real information and facts on Facebook, making the social media more
trusted and reliable. Different information came from untrusted sources will not spread
via different social media platforms, leading to a more competitive media environment.
Community may guide the student Facebook users to elude misinformation
spreading on Facebook and giving ideas on how to recognize trusted sources of

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information. Identifying the credibility of different sources of information will be a
helpful strategy to avoid getting misinformation.
Future researchers will have a complete output basis and helpful reference
material in getting comprehension of related studies on other research aspects that
were not yet scrutinized. This research can be use by the future researchers as a
reference, support, or foundation for other different studies or research that has a
relevant topic.
Indeed, this study is hugely beneficial to a lot of people especially now that
almost everyone is exposed to the Internet. The proper and responsible way of using
social media, particularly the Facebook, will contribute a big help to prevent the spread
of fake news and misinformation. Being aware of what’s really happening around and
being able to recognize truth from falsification are essential for our protection to the
fight against these malicious contents.

14
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are defined operationally and conceptually to further
understand the study:
Acquire - to come into possession or control of often by unspecified means
Algorithm - a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing some
end
Comprehension - the act or action of grasping with the intellect; understanding
Credibility - the quality or power of inspiring belief
Crowdsourcing - the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by
soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online
community
Deception - the act of causing someone to accept as true or valid what is false or
invalid
15
Dem/s - member/s of democratic party
Diffusion - the state of being spread out or transmitted especially by contact
Discourse - formal and orderly and usually extended expression of thought on a
subject
Disinformation - false information deliberately and often covertly spread (as by the
planting of rumors) in order to influence public opinion or obscure the truth
Disparage - to depreciate by indirect means (such as invidious comparison)
Disseminate - to disperse throughout
Diversion - the act or an instance of diverting or straying from a course, activity, or
use
Elusive - tending to evade grasp or pursuit
Enormous - marked by extraordinarily great size, number, or degree
Evade - to take refuge in escape or avoidance
Extensive - having wide or considerable extent
Facebook - pertains to the popular free social networking website that allows
registered users to create profiles, upload photos and videos, send messages and keep
in touch with friends, family and colleagues

16
Fake news - false stories that appear to be news
Flourish - to grow or develop successfully
Hoax - something accepted or established by fraud or fabrication
Inclination - a tendency to a particular aspect, state, character, or action
Intensify - to make intense or more intensive; strengthen
Malicious - having or showing a desire to cause harm to someone
Misinformation - false or inaccurate information
Mislead - to lead in a wrong direction or into a mistaken action or belief often by
deliberate deceit
Monetary - relating to money or to the mechanisms by which it is supplied to and
circulates in the economy
News - denotes to the newly received or noteworthy information, especially about
recent events.
Nontrivial - not trivial; significant, important
Overshadow - to exceed in importance
Paradigm - an example of a conjugation or declension showing a word in all its
inflectional forms
17
Perception - pertains to the way in which something is regarded, understood and
interpreted.
PEW (Pew Research Center) - provides information on social issues, public opinion,
and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.
Polarize - to separate into opposing groups
Politicize - to give a political tone or character
Posit - to assume or affirm the existence
Prevailing - to be or become effective or effectual
Profoundly - in a way that has a strong effect; extremely
Prominent - standing out or projecting beyond a surface or line
Purveyors - a person who sells or deal in particular goods
Scrutinized - to examine closely and minutely
Social Media - pertains to the websites and applications that enable users to create
and share content or to participate in social networking
Subsequently - after a particular thing has happened; afterward
Tremendous - notable by reason of extreme size, power, greatness, or excellence

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Unsubstantial - not substantial; lacking substance, firmness, or strength
Veracity - conformity with truth or fact; accuracy

19
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter will discuss the relevant information, theories and facts that are
connected to the present studies gathered by the researchers from different
references. It’s helpful for the researchers, in order to identify the existing knowledge
and how they’re going to contribute from it. The objective of review of related
literature and studies is to provide the reader with a general overview of the topic.
In this chapter, researchers will be able to present related foreign and local
literature and studies to answer and to support the statement of the problem in
chapter one. However, it will also show the relationships between the studies reviewed
and give its similarities or differences.
In addition with these materials and sources, researchers will gain deep
understanding about the topic. This will also present some information of the strategy
used in the past conducted studies. Nevertheless, these studies are presented to fortify
and widen the subject matter.
LITERATURE
20
The reviewed related literature encompasses several sources coming from both
local and foreign authors. This section contains different ideas that helps support the
main focus of the researcher’s study. These includes articles concerning fake news and
misinformation and how it affects individual user towards its propagation on Facebook
that is relevant to the study being conducted.
LOCAL. It includes findings about literary works that were made locally. This section
comprises some local literary works such as books, articles, news and other medium
about fake news and misinformation.
In the Philippines, where 76 million Internet users stay online the longest in
the world, just a handful of people spend a few hours each day to fight fake news
(Andreo & Ditas, 2019).
Fake news, stories or hoaxes is created to deliberately misinform or deceive
readers. Usually these stories are created to either influence people's point of view,
pushing a political agenda or cause confusion and can be often profitable business for
online publishers.
As stated by Guerrero (2018), "False information spread through networking
sites is one of the most defining problem of our ages."

21
Fake news is not unique to the Philippines and because of the internet and
social media, the problem has become a global phenomenon, undermining democracy
and a free press. The good or real news is that the platforms most widely used for
spreading fake news are moving together with media organizations and the academe
to address the problem. Social media giant which is Facebook, criticized for its role in
the spread of hoax news or trolls, is at the heart of the battle (Pamintuan, 2017).
Filipino netizens fell for satirical pieces written by our kababayan on local fake
news and satire websites. Add the Filipinos' tendency to quickly share and retweet on
Facebook and Twitter to the equation, and things really get scary (Cabristante, 2014).
A Mass Communications professor in the University of the Philippines, claims
that the fake news is not just "politics” but is affecting the daily decision making of the
people.
"A lot of the fake news in the Philippines, many are about politics, but when you
look at the environment, when you open your Facebook feed, many of the fake news
are about health, about class suspensions-things that impact your own daily decision-
making that can really change your life” (David, 2017).
Fake news and misinformation might cause panic, violence, or tend to exhibit
propaganda to discredit one's reputation. In order to effectively prevent such incident
prior to propagation of false news and inaccurate information. Senate Bill No.1492 or
the act of Penalizing the Malicious Distribution of False News that also known as "Anti
22
Fake News Act of 2017" is passed in the senate but later, was dismissed. This bill aims
to penalize person who dissemination, circulation, promulgation and spread fake news
through any form of mass media. Any person who will be proven guilty of committing
any of the prohibited acts will be punished by a fine ranging from 100 000 pesos to
500 000 pesos and imprisonment ranging from 1 to 5 years. (Soriano, 2017).
Fake news has been trendy nowadays. It has a big impact on the way of media
platforms operate, the public's perception of information, and even how the
governments confront its proliferation. The Internet has extremely changed the way
news published. More like the invention of printing press, the internet allowed more
people to published their opinion and withdraw news from publishing giants
(Munsayac, 2018).
We’ve all had that experience of coming across shared news stories with
hyperbolic headlines while scrolling through our social media feeds. Some of us would
click and read the accompanying article in disbelief, while others would just
immediately share it around without verifying the source. Though critical readers
would spend a few minutes of Google-directed due diligence to reveal a story’s
veracity, by then, it may be too late — the story may have already gone viral and
received millions of page views.
The reason of spreading fake news and misinformation is may do it for common
reasons. Some of the motives are jealousy, to get revenge, hate someone, to destroy
someone, for business, to likes/share increased and because it pays.

23
Those articles which have the potential to cause panic and anger, and the
readers feel like taking actions after reading those news stories are just a few of the
impact brought by fake news and misinformation.
The effects of fake news can be very destructive — both on a social and
economical way. If even just one person would say one bad thing about a certain
product, all he or she would need is another person to comment or agree and this
would make it sound true for most.
According to Drilon (n.d.), one of the reasons why fake news can be very
convincing is that massive amounts of it could make it believable. The sheer volume of
content about one specific rumor makes it even more convincing to the public eye.
Knowing Filipino internet users spend hours each day browsing on different
social media platforms. You understand by now that fake news and other types of false
information can take on different faces. They can also have major impacts, because
information shapes our point of view, we make important decisions based on
information. We form an idea about people or a situation by obtaining information. So,
if the information we saw on the Web is invented, false, exaggerated or distorted, we
won’t be able to make good decisions.
FOREIGN. It includes findings about literary works that were made internationally.
This could help provide further leads that would make improve the researcher’s study
24
and become a reference for the readers and other researchers. Findings from these
literatures may help to strengthen the assertions of the researchers.
Fake news has become a pressing issue both for technology companies and
governments across the globe. Yet as widespread as the problem is, opportunities to
glimpse misinformation in action are fairly rare. Most users who generate
misinformation do not share accurate information too, so it can be difficult to tease out
the effect of misinformation itself (Neserole, 2018).
Misinformation online is very difficult to correct. Confirmation bias is extremely
powerful. Once people have found "evidence" of their views, external and contradicting
versions are simply ignored. One proposal to counteract this trend is algorithmic-driven
solutions. For example, Google is developing a trustworthiness score to rank the
results of queries. Similarly, Facebook has proposed a community-driven approach
where users can flag false content to correct the newsfeed algorithm. This issue is
controversial, however, because it raises fears that the free circulation of content may
be threatened and the proposed algorithms might not be accurate or effective. Often
users denounce attempts to debunk false information, such as the link between
vaccination and autism, as acts of misinformation (Armbrecht, 2016).
Nowadays, news hits us across all media platforms and devices, in a landscape
populated by all degrees of professional journalists and citizen journalists and satirists
and hoaxers and folks paid or personally moved to write intentionally fake news
(Valenza, 2016).
25
False news are becoming more and more successful nowadays because they
appeal to a readers’ emotions. It became extremely prominent on social media. Also,
at first glance, they often not seem to be completely fictitious- they, most times, have
an air of legitimacy. This can often be as a result of the driving phenomenon, which is
a phenomenon that occurs as more journalists begin to cover a story, even more
journalists are likely to join the crowd, imitating the angle the story initially took rather
than developing alternate or original approaches or angles (Valenza, 2016).
Using social media to get news has changed the way that millennials now
consume that news (Rohampton, 2016). This is due to the fact that news and
information is now integrated into their everyday lives, and they cannot help but be
constantly exposed to it. They are now subjected to opposing viewpoints on the news-
they are not just being presented with the facts, but also with opinion and bias that
are rife in the news that they are now consuming information from.
There are many reasons that false beliefs/misinformation spread, often in spite
of good evidence refuting them. One reason is that we all are used to trusting other
humans as sources of information. This is, to some degree, a necessity. We certainly
cannot go do the work ourselves to guarantee that all our beliefs are good ones. Even
when we look to scientific journals for evidence supporting our beliefs, we are
ultimately trusting others (the scientists who share their data). And sometimes even
these good sources lead us astray (O' Connor, 2019).

26
Fake news has been an increasingly common part of the media ecosystem
(Tandoc et al., 2017). Unintentional fake news, satirical pieces, and news that is
purposely fake have become part of our daily news routine (Albright, 2016; Allcott &
Gentzkow, 2017), while social media offers the tools to generate and distribute fake
news rapidly. There is deliberately fake news which has done everything from amusing
us to confusing us, and there are many calls to take actions and counter their spread
on social media and the Internet. The speedy spread of information through social
media platforms — both verified and unverified, from both professional and non-
professional content providers — has facilitated the spread of fake news (Tandoc et
al., 2017). Based on the fact that news consumers are having difficulties in
distinguishing between verifiable news and falsified content provided with the intention
to mislead the reader, it is increasingly important to understand how social media
users verify items that they suspect to be false.
Fake news is everywhere, and it is generated and distributed with tremendous
speed. There are people, media outlets and organizations who are fighting the spread
of fake news and are willing to make an effort in order to provide quality content.
Media outlets which produce quality content need to be supported both by advertisers
and by audience.
In an age where most consumers receive and share their news online, false
information can reach large audiences rapidly. Fake news is any information that
27
deliberately intended to mislead. Fake news stories mimic real journalism and can
disseminate through social media, email or chat messages.
Although it is not a new phenomenon, misinformation through false news has
become lucrative today. The rapid spread of online misinformation poses an increasing
risk to societies worldwide. It is a serious problem calling for solutions.
New research sheds light on who shares made-up — or “fake” — news. Another
study shows how hard it can be to spot made-up news. Additional projects explore
how we can all be better fact-checkers.
In short, do your own online search before sharing something, especially if it
makes an astounding claim, (Funke, 2019). “Look for facts reported by credible news
outlets that either back up or refute the central claims in the story at hand.”
Credible news outlets generally have a reputation for truthful and accurate
reporting. They identify specific sources of their information. And they follow a code of
ethics that calls for honesty, corrections of errors and more. Websites that merely
repeat the same claim as another website’s article — sometimes word-for-word —
don’t count. “And,” Funke cautions, “when in doubt, always think before you share.”
STUDIES
28
The related studies provide an overview of researches from local and
international authors. The data gathered came from their finished researches that will
serve as bridge for giving conclusions into present and future studies. This review of
related studies includes previous research about fake news and misinformation that
supports the claims of the researchers.
LOCAL. It contains studies from the Philippines which shows how the current condition
on Facebook regarding fake news and misinformation affects Filipinos.
In the time of technology, practically 50% of news get and share their report
from online sources, false data can spread quickly from one person to another through
the web. The pack of data represents another test in our public activity. A more
interest to this current advanced society is the extraordinary question with the reliable
standard of data that spread to a huge number of people very quickly to a few minutes
since the people are presently profoundly associated through the web technology.
Filipino's flourish with remaining associated with their networks. They need
ongoing results to settle on the correct decisions, particularly during time of
emergency. The web crowd's development rate gives no indications of easing back
down. It assumes a major job in the public. Filipinos use Facebook in field of
Instruction, Diversion, Occupation looking for Abilities Preparing, Business enterprise
and Monetary Proficiency (Rappler, n.d.).

29
As indicated by a report, 408 are youthful grown-ups matured. Age is a
significant explanation that influences the level of the quantities of people utilizing
Facebook. Individuals diverse in economic status and not all has the ability to use
Facebook. Using Facebook requires mobiles telephones and web get to. Youthful
grown-ups have the most percentage of usage because lot of them can manage the
cost of and buy cell phones. Just 15% of young people added to the level of user of
Facebook and some of them need more assets to manage the cost of this sort of need.
Since millennial's were viewed as active Facebook clients, a significant amount
of user accumulated various information or data consistently through this web-based
life webpage. It might include in the field of Education, Entertainment, Politics issues
and News. Web based life news platform adds up as Facebook role to the Filipino
Facebook clients.
Huge numbers of Filipino netizens wanted to use this online networking
destinations as instrument to get data locally and universally. Any person who had
Facebook account was permitted to make, share and disseminate their own substance
making it a free online press. Thus, many deceptions were likewise arriving at the
region of many Filipino Facebook clients. This is due to the lack of confirmation of the
validity of contents as well as the freedom that content creator possessed (Pamintuan,
2017).
According to Lustre (2015), digital journalism or also known as online journalism
is a variation of journalism influenced by technologies specially in the internet

30
websites, these variations of journalism its purpose is to spread factual stories and
allow all people that use of internet to be in line with stories right away.
Also, Lustre (2015) said from the work of Curtis, many people that use internet
can share and interact using multimedia mix of words, photos, and audios. This kind of
internet websites or internet medias can become a root of unfiltered news, and also,
she added that many of the people are involved in social networking sites are able to
see events unfold real-time. Lustre (2015) claims that this method of spreading
information has been useful since then in the Philippines in early 1995 when business
world begins to publish through the website online. Lustre (2015) cited that social
media and websites make the people change their beliefs of journalism that being a
"conversation, not a lecture".
Based on Facebook newsroom (n.d.), one of most popular and used social
media network site among all online platforms is Facebook. In spite of flood of new
platform offering a new and fun feature, Facebook remained number one with 1.71
billion user and 60 million active Filipino users on the Facebook (Alejandro, 2017).
In the Philippines, news websites still had small local people in 2006. However,
the report of an analytic company ComScore's Southeast Asia Digital Future 2013
concluded that 37% of the Philippines’ population are internet users and most of the
internet users are ages between 15 to 34 years old.

31
"I think Filipinos just need to be more critical and not take everything at face
value, whether it may be an online article or a political candidate," says Stewart
(2014). It takes a pair of observant eyes and an analytical mind to appreciate the
Internet more. So, the next time an extremely unbelievable or ridiculous news on
Facebook shared by a friend is seen, it always pays to think before you click.
FOREIGN. This portion contains findings from the studies of different foreign authors
in the realms of fake news and misinformation on social media. The conclusions
presented in the studies will uphold the claims of the researchers.
In this technology driven society, obtaining and spreading of information
becomes easy and fast pacing. In the era of the society where the platform of
connectivity and sharing of information in the social media, perspective on authentic
information, digitize rumor spreading, misinformation and fake news becomes more
alarming, relevant and relative. Although the political process has a long history of
misinformation in popular misperception, Flynn et al. (2017) and Lazer et al. (2018)
stated that spreading of fake news and misinformation on social media has caused
widespread alarm in recent years because a lot of people use social media and once
they saw a news, they believe on it even it's not from reliable source. According to
Manfra (n.d.) as society continues to confront the implications of fake news and
misinformation for American democracy, particular the effect on public institutions it is
natural to turn the examples from the past. According to Budak (2019), the spread of
32
content produced by fake news publishers was one of the most discussed
characteristics of the 2016 US presidential election. Fake news misinformation and
disinformation will be major concerns in the 2020 presidential election. According to
previous research by the pew research center, half of American adults describe
misinformation as a “very big problem” – more than who say the same about climate
change racism and terrorism (though few than who say healthcare affordably the
wealth and drug addiction).
Last month Pew launched its election news pathways project to better
understand how American news consumption habits affect what they know about the
election. In survey finding released today, it found that both democrats and
republicans expect misinformation efforts to be aimed more than their own parties
then at the other. Pew surveyed more than 12,000 Americans last October and
November and found that 61% of democrats and democratic leaning adults believed
fake news “with mostly be intended to hurt” they're party, while 62% of republicans
and republican leaning adults believes their party will be targeted. Instead, of those
same dems, 36% believe misinformation on wheel target both parties equally
compared 29% of republicans.
Fake news is a term that has evaded a clear definition. Because "fake news" is
so elusive, scholars define the term using different examples. Allcott and Gentzkow
(2017) gave fake news an operational definition of “news articles that are intentionally
and verifiably false, and could mislead readers” Even the president of the United States
33
Donald Trump has his own definition of fake news, as argued by Steve Coll of the New
Yorker who wrote “judging from the President’s tweets, his definition of ‘fake news’ is
credible reporting that he doesn’t like”. Using these different concrete definitions, fake
news can be easily research by the scholars, students, or even in every different
individual. Fake news can be define based on experience or if a person encounters it.
Those definition can be used to satisfy or to solve every person's curiosity.
According to Ruchansky (2017), the topic of fake news has drawn attention
both from the public and the academic communities. Such misinformation has the
potential of affecting public opinion, providing an opportunity for malicious parties to
manipulate the outcomes of public events such as elections. Because such high stakes
are at play, automatically detecting fake news is an important, yet challenging problem
that is not yet well understood. Nevertheless, there are three generally agreed upon
characteristics of fake news: the text of an article, the user response it receives, and
the source users promoting it. Existing work has largely focused on tailoring solutions
to one particular characteristic which has limited their success and generality.
As stated by Brummette et. al (2016), due to the importance of word choice in
political discourse, this study explored the use of the term “fake news.” Using a social
network analysis, content analysis, and cluster analysis, political characteristics of
online networks that formed around discussions of “fake news” were examined. This
study found that “fake news” is a politicized term where conversations overshadowed
logical and important discussions of the term. Findings also revealed that social media
34
users from opposing political parties communicate in homophilous environments and
use “fake news” to disparage the opposition and to condemn real information
disseminated by the opposition party members. Most of the time, fake news can be
spread through different parts of social media. Continuously spread of false stories can
result to an enormous problem that requires a practical solution.
Vilcario (2016) stated that the wide availability of user-provided content in
online social media facilitates the aggregation of people around common interests,
worldviews, and narratives. However, the World Wide Web (WWW) also allows for the
rapid dissemination of unsubstantiated rumors and conspiracy theories that often elicit
rapid, large, but naive social responses such as the recent case of Jade Helm 15––
where a simple military exercise turned out to be perceived as the beginning of a new
civil war in the United States. In this work, they address the determinants governing
misinformation spreading through a thorough quantitative or qualitative analysis. In
particular, we focus on how Facebook users consume information related to two
distinct narratives: scientific and conspiracy news. Although consumers of scientific and
conspiracy stories present similar consumption patterns with respect to content,
cascade dynamics differ. Different false contents are scattered through social network
sites or social networking sites, with that, fake news and misinformation may spread
throughout the whole social media.
As said by Tacchini (2017), in recent years, the reliability of information on the
Internet has emerged as a crucial issue of modern society. Social network sites (SNSs)
35
have revolutionized the way in which information is spread by allowing users to freely
share content. As a consequence, SNSs are also increasingly used as vectors for the
diffusion of misinformation and hoaxes. The amount of disseminated information and
the rapidity of its diffusion make it practically impossible to assess reliability in a timely
manner, highlighting the need for automatic hoax detection systems. As a contribution
towards this objective, Facebook posts can be classified with high accuracy as hoaxes
or non-hoaxes on the basis of the users who "liked" them. Two classification
techniques are presented, one based on logistic regression, the other on a novel
adaptation of boolean crowdsourcing algorithms. On a dataset consisting of 15,500
Facebook posts and 909,236 users, obtained classification accuracies exceeding 99%
even when the training set contains less than 1% of the posts. It is further shown that
these techniques are robust: they work even when it limits the attention to the users
who like both hoax and non-hoax posts. These results suggest that mapping the
diffusion pattern of information can be a useful component of automatic hoax
detection systems.
As stated by Polonica (2017) in the article, the problem of fake news in the
context of the traditional paradigm of a news story were analyzed. The traditional
paradigm posits that, most of all, a piece of information is true. However, in
contemporary media, there exist pieces of information which are fabricated and
untrue. It is not a new phenomenon, yet it has intensified in recent years. News stories
are fabricated for entertainment, political, or commercial purposes. They are carriers of
propaganda and profit. The essence of fake news is the intentional misleading of the
36
receiver for achieving the above gains. It is difficult to verify their veracity, and identify
fake news items due to their similarity to real pieces of news. That is why they are
becoming a part of the media landscape in which we will probably have to exist.
As stated by Vosoughi (2018), they investigated the differential diffusion of all
of the verified true and false news stories distributed on Twitter from 2006 to 2017.
The data comprise ~126,000 stories tweeted by ~3 million people more than 4.5
million times. They classified news as true or false using information from six
independent fact-checking organizations that exhibited 95 to 98% agreement on the
classifications. Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more
broadly than the truth in all categories of information, and the effects were more
pronounced for false political news than for false news about terrorism, natural
disasters, science, urban legends, or financial information. They found that false news
was more novel than true news, which suggests that people were more likely to share
novel information. Whereas false stories inspired fear, disgust, and surprise in replies,
true stories inspired anticipation, sadness, joy, and trust. Contrary to conventional
wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and false news at the same rate,
implying that false news spreads more than the truth because humans, are more likely
to spread it.
According to Funke (2018), many articles have been rated as false by major
fact-checking organizations have not been flagged in Facebook's system, and two
major fake news sites or page have been little or no decline in Facebook engagements
37
since early 2016. Different articles have been rejected or categorized as inaccurate by
the legitimate media and organization. Those articles did not get the attention of
Facebook users because of legitimacy issues. Fake news and other illegitimate
information can be access because of wide and not secured social media platforms.
According to Kai Shu (2018), social media for news consumption is a double-
edged sword. On the one hand, it is low-cost, easy access, and rapid dissemination of
information lead people to seek out and to consume news from social media. On the
other hand, it enables the wide spread of fake news or low-quality news with
intentionally false information. The extensive spread of fake news has the potential for
extremely negative impacts on individuals and society. Therefore, fake news detection
on social media has recently become an emerging research that is attracting
tremendous attention. Fake news detection on social media presents unique
characteristics and challenges that make existing detection algorithms from traditional
news media inactive or not applicable. One thing, fake news is intentionally written to
mislead readers to believe false information, which makes it difficult and nontrivial to
detect based on news content; therefore, we need to include auxiliary information,
such as user social engagements on social media, to help make a determination.
Another, manipulating this auxiliary information is challenging in and of itself as users'
social engagements with fake news produce data that is big, incomplete, unstructured,
and noisy.
38
According to Blair et al. (2017), Facebook now discontinued strategy of flagging
inaccurate stories as "disputed" has been shown to modestly lower the perceived
accuracy of flagged headlines, while according to Pennycook and Rand (2017), though
some research suggests that the presence of warnings can cause untagged false
stories to be seen as more accurate. Prevention of spread of false stories or fake news
are being held by the fact-checking organizations on Facebook. They believe that some
actions may cause fake information to be seen as legitimate.
Levin (2017) stated that media commentators have argued that efforts to fight
misinformation through fact-checking organizations are "not working", Ghosh and Scott
(2018) admit the fact that misinformation overall is "becoming unstoppable". Although
fact-checking organizations are there to stop the spread of fake news and
misinformation, their job is not enough to achieve their goals or objectives because
they have considered spread of fake news and misinformation as "unstoppable".
Evidence on whether these efforts have been effective —or how the scale of the
problem is evolving more broadly— remains limited. A recent study argues that false
stories remain a problem on Facebook even after changes to the platform's news feed
algorithm in early 2018 based on Newswhip (2018). Traditional efforts are not enough
to stop the problem, even changing the Facebook's news feed algorithm will not stop
the spread of fake news and misinformation. Modern problem requires modern
solution.
39
As stated by Balmau (2017), today's social media platforms enable to spread
both authentic and fake news very quickly. Some approaches have been proposed to
automatically detect such "fake" news based on their content, but it is difficult to agree
on universal criteria of authenticity (which can be bypassed by adversaries once
known). Besides, it is obviously impossible to have each news item checked by a
human. In this paper, a mechanism is built to limit the spread of fake news which is
not based on content. It can be implemented as a plugin on a social media platform.
The principle is as follows: a team of fact-checkers reviews a small number of news
items (the most popular ones), which enables to have an estimation of each user's
inclination to share fake news items. Then, using a Bayesian approach, the
trustworthiness of future news items were estimated, and treat accordingly those of
them that pass a certain "untrustworthiness" threshold. Then, they evaluate the
effectiveness and overhead of this technique on a large Twitter graph. It is shown that
having a few thousand users exposed to one given news item enables to reach a very
precise estimation of its reliability. Thus, they identify more than 99% of fake news
items with no false positives. The performance impact is very small: the induced
overhead on the 90th percentile latency is less than 3%, and less than 8% on the
throughput of user operations.
According to Mesole (2014), the emerging role of Social Networking Sites or
social media sites had become extremely enormous in the current time. It has been
used as an alternative or supplementary source of news and information by the recent
media scholars around the globe. Social media is making its own objective, but
40
sometimes, social media is getting uncontrollable. Different Social networking sites are
being used by different person or account users, in line with that, different pages are
also prevailing around social media. Different pages and links from social networking
sites can present other secondary purposes aside from their primary objectives.
Mesole also said that Facebook is among the top leading and most popular
social networking platform around the world. Apart from the main uses of Facebook
such as for communication and enhancing user's social interactions, the versatility of
Facebook had been beneficial since then in many factors to many individual particularly
when Facebook began to be a part of online journalism. Also, news organization and
journalists now participate in sharing news and information through Facebook.
Based on Pew Research Center (2015), Social Networking Sites or social media
sites such as Twitter and Facebook have the highest number of access of internet
users. As of early 2015, 63% of Facebook and Twitter users got news or information
on different respective sites and pages. This is up substantially from the year 2013
where half of each social network's users (47% for Facebook and 52% for Twitter)
reported to have gotten their respective information there.
One in five new Facebook users also gets different information on Twitter and
as a whole 78% of the smaller population of new Twitter users also get news on
Facebook, resulting to an 8% of total social media users who are getting their
information both on Twitter and Facebook. On Facebook, information use grew among
both males and females (14% to 61% for male and 49% to 65% for female). Based on
41
a conducted study, Facebook news consumers are composed of 57 % of female and
43% male which ranges from 30 to 49 years old having the highest percentage of
news and information consumer; followed by 18 to 29 years old with 31 percentage.
Moreover, it is also said in the study that most of the news consumers of Facebook are
college students with 34% and high school or less and people with college degree
having the same 33 percentage.
Based on the survey of American Press Institute conducted on 2015, Facebook
have dominated other social media platforms for news and information. Also based on
the said conducted survey, Facebook is more popular among all adults which ages
under 35 years old, it is also stated that Millennials are commonly using social
networking sites for news than the older members of tech users. Millennial users from
18-to-21-year-old users exploit 3.7 social networks out of seven platforms in the
survey. For the average older millennial age 30-34 the results depleted to 2.9. Half of
the social media users are opted to share news stories, Videos and images, and nearly
as many (46%) have discussed a news issue or event. Most of them had also shared
news events on social media by themselves by posting videos or photographs of the
news event. Based on Pew Research Center (2014), it has been found out that 14% of
the tech users posted their images as for the news events and 12% respectively who
had posted videos.
As of 2015, Pew Research asked users of each platform how often they engage
with the site or the application, on a daily, weekly or less frequent basis. It is
42
undeniable that social media users continue to be highly engaged on Facebook when
in terms to the frequency or percentage of usage of the site. Fully 70% said that they
use Facebook on a daily basis (including 45% who do several times a day), some 17%
visit Facebook Weekly, while 12% users log on seldom. Also, Facebook users are not
simply reading or viewing the main content of the news or information on the site
instead there were 65% of Facebook users sometimes or often share, comment or
post on Facebook.
According to Jurkowitz et al. (2014), there were three main paths that a
Facebook news consumer often lead to those are: Directly to the news sites, Facebook
visitors and visitors from search engines. Direct visitors are the ones who either type a
URL into the search browser or use a bookmark; in Facebook visitors, they are the
ones who come through a query on a search engine; and lastly those who get news by
following links and pages they saw in Facebook.
Through many years, the number of Facebook users are expanding
continuously. Aside from that, the time they spend using Facebook and the time they
spend seeking for an information is also getting larger. In line with that, the problem
(spread of fake news and misinformation) is still unresolved even this is an issue from
long time ago, there are different solutions but those are just temporary. Therefore,
we must seek for other possible solutions, so that we can at least prevent the spread
of fake news and misinformation.

43
In one of the first academic studies about the consumption of fake news,
researchers at Princeton, Dartmouth and the University of Exeter estimated that about
25 percent of Americans visited a fake news website in a six-week period around the
time of the 2016 US election.
But the researchers also found that the visits were highly concentrated - 10% of
readers made 60% of the visits. And crucially, the researchers concluded "fake news
does not crowd out hard news consumption."
As said by Mantzarlis (2018), "The reach was relatively wide, but not so deep, it
is quite a big step further to say, are people voting on this, making decisions on it."
"To say it's poisoning our democracy or it won this guy or the other guy an
election, we need a lot more research to be able to say that."
Fake news, or fabricated content deceptively presented as real news, has
garnered a lot of interest. Although hardly a new phenomenon, the global nature of
the web-based information environment allows purveyors of all sorts of falsehoods and
misinformation to make an international impact. As a result, we talk of fake news and
its impact not only in the United States, but also in France, Italy and Germany. A closer
analysis shows even the most widely circulated fake news stories were seen by only a
small fraction of Americans. And the persuasive effects of these stories have not been
tested. The real impact of the growing interest in fake news has been the realization
that the public might not be well-equipped to separate quality information from false
44
information. In fact, a majority of Americans are confident that they can spot fake
news. A crucial part of that strategy should involve media literacy training and
equipping news consumers with tools that will allow them to gauge the legitimacy of
the news source, but also become aware of their own cognitive biases.
The problem will only get worse without proper action as more people get their
news online and politics becomes more tribal and polarized.
RELEVANCE OF THE REVIEWED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
TO THE PRESENT STUDY
Fake news spreads much faster than real news, and real people are to blame.
Fake news, defined by the researchers as stories approved by six major fact-checking
services, can spread 10 times faster than legitimate news stories (Vosoughi, 2013).
People who spread fake news may do so because of its novelty and because
they may gain status by sharing new information. Novel information is more valuable
than information you already know (Aral, 2018).

45
Fake news had always been around, but nowadays, the main differences lie in
the way it is being spread and read. At present, the information, whether true or false,
travels faster. People could easily access tons of news and information through
different media platforms through the internet. It also allows users to make choices
about the received information and provides a platform for many points of view.
Perception can be constantly manipulated to make it better and believable (Munsayac,
2018).
Although fake news may not be as persuasive as it seems, that does not make it
any less of an issue. Fake news is a powerful tool for pushing false political agenda,
and it make society from engaging in an insightful discussion when even the most
basic of facts are being debated over. We must hold online platforms accountable for
fact-checking and implementing measures to warn users about potentially malicious
content, and we as consumers must also be aware of the content we are reading and
sharing.
Social media platforms can look into ways to ensure that even high-use
accounts receive verified content, to avoid the further spread of fake news. Seeing as
social media are the main sites that refer viewers to fake news outlets, social media
companies themselves must be certain in fact-checking and ensuring that content their
platforms share does not promote the fake news. They can identify and block links to
known fake news sites, and implement warnings (Flores, 2018).

46
The reasons that misinformation and fake news spread are trusting other
humans as sources of information (O'Connor, 2019).
One of the reasons why the misinformation is spreading is having a belief or
trust in someone's information. Many people have information that they believe, but
they don't know if it is true and good. Those who share a common set of beliefs will
come to believe in a common set of actions that are in their interests. They will
generally become socially bonded by those shared beliefs. When we truly believe
something, it influences our actions. These actions can then exert a powerful influence
on the beliefs of others. The effect is so powerful that repetition can persuade us to
believe information we know is false in the first place.
Fake news stories are becoming more and more successful nowadays because
they appeal to a reader's emotions (Valenza, 2016).
The first job or ability of fake news is to catch or grab our attention and then
highjack our learning and memory goes a long way to explaining its success. But its
strongest selling point is its ability to appeal to our emotions.
Decisions are often driven by emotion that can be difficult to identify. In the
process of making a judgement, people consult or refer to an emotion catalogue
carrying all the positive and negative tags consciously or unconsciously associated with
a given context. Decisions are often driven by emotion that can be difficult to identify.
47
Using social media to get news has changed the way that millennials now
consume that news (Rohampton, 2016).
People are more willing to share an article than read it. On these days most
social media users are millennials, so most of them are not able to prevent themselves
from disclosing information. Once they have a belief, they tend to cling to it, even if it’s
not true. Many young people find it easy to believe on information without strong
evidence so what happens is they immediately share it on social media until many
believe it. Misinformation is an extremely complex and multifactorial issue with possible
negative consequences in almost every aspect of human activity. It is not a new
phenomenon – along with fake news they existed in the traditional media environment.
As widespread as fake news seems, it may seem difficult to grasp that people
can believe it despite how absurd or unrealistic the claims may be. Recent research,
however, explains that fake news possesses certain attributes that make people likely
to trust them, and understanding these factors can hopefully shed light on possible
ways to stop the spread of dangerous misinformation. It is important to recognize our
own biases and consume news consciously. It is easy to fall into the trap of
confirmation bias, especially when numerous articles spring up at the height of a
certain issue. By reading articles first and verifying the facts however, we can prevent
ourselves from falling prey to fake news. Although fake news may not be as pervasive
as it seems, that does not make it any less of an issue. Fake news is a powerful tool
for pushing false political agenda and mudslinging, and it hinders society from
48
engaging in an insightful discussion when even the most basic of facts are being
debated over. We must hold online platforms accountable for fact-checking and
implementing measures to warn users about potentially malicious content, and we as
consumers must also be aware of the content we are reading and sharing.
As a result of their studies, more people can share or interact using internet and
social media as the number of users still growing. Many people can also make or share
fake news and misinformation. According to an analytic company ComScore's
Southeast Asia Digital Future (2013), Philippines is one of the countries who have the
most users of internet ages between 15 to 34 years old respectively, and based on
iSupport studies 5 hours and 12 minutes per day as their average usage of internet
and social media platforms.
Misinformation and fake news are way connected as to what Allcott and
Gentzkow (2017) said, false stories are news articles that are intentionally and
verifiably false, and could mislead readers. Fake news carrying different fake
information came from untrusted sources. Facebook users have their own reasons why
they spread news, articles, or any information in their timeline. Fake news can be
spread intentionally and if unintentionally shared, it can cause misinformation to many
Facebook or other social media platform users.
In recent years, the reliability of information on the Internet has emerged as a
crucial issue of our society. Social network sites or social networking sites (SNSs) have
revolutionized the way in which information is spread by allowing users to freely share
49
content (Tacchini, 2017). Considering the fact that different SNSs can be use by
anyone who want to use it, so they can freely spread information and think infinitely or
without them getting inconvenient of sharing and posting many information they want
to post. Social Networking Sites such as Twitter and Facebook have the highest
number of access of internet users, (Pew Research Center, 2015).
The number of Facebook users are getting larger through different times,
encouraging the Pew Research Center to conduct a study relevant to it. Based on their
research, teenagers are also getting involve in terms of sharing fake news, also, the
findings said that most of the Facebook news consumers or simply the Facebook users,
share news from different sources of information without verifying the credibility of it,
making the Fake news and misinformation spread through the use of social networking
sites such as Facebook.
The abovementioned studies and literature may bring enlightenment to the
present study in various means. The findings that the researchers collected are
essential to the study in supporting the researchers’ claims and in crafting a guide
about preventing the spread of fake news and misinformation The researchers found
that many studies are way related to this present research, so keeping every studies'
relevant data, will help us a lot to conduct this research properly.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
This chapter presents the methods and procedures of research applied to gather
the needed data. It contains the research design, the selection of co-researchers,
sampling technique, the methods of data collection, instruments used and the
treatment of data.
participants?
participants?
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misinformation?
Facebook?

52
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RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers use the Case Study Qualitative Research method wherein the
research is focused on examining how fake news and misinformation affects individuals
as observed by senior high school students in Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc.
Mitchell (1983) defined a case study as a “detailed examination of an event (or
series of related events) which the analyst believes exhibits (or exhibit) the operation
of some identified general theoretical principles. According to Yin (1994), a case study
is a comprehensive research strategy that deals with situations “in which there will be
more variables of interest than data points relies on multiple sources of evidence, with
data needing to be converged in a triangulating fashion,” and that “benefits from the
prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis.
Gomm et al. (2000) argued that a case study implies collection of unstructured data
and qualitative analysis of data.
For the purpose of this study, case study design is used to identify the effects of
fake news and misinformation, particularly on Facebook, to students.

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SELECTION OF CO-RESEARCHERS/SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The co-researchers of this data were drawn from the population of Senior High
School students in Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc. For a case study, a number of
ten students from the total population in Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Inc. were
taken and used as co-researchers of the study. According to Crouch & McKenzie (2006),
having less than 20 co-researchers in a qualitative research can aid the researchers in
establishing and retaining a tight connection and improving a comfortable gaining of
information.
Ten (10) selected grade 11 students who are currently studying in Mystical Rose
School of Caloocan, Inc., were utilized by this study throughout the Academic Year
2019-2020.
The researchers chose the co-researchers through the use of Purposive Sampling
Technique in which they have chosen the co-researchers who fit rightfully in acquiring
accurate results. This is a Non-Probability Sampling which pertains to choosing the
respondents based on the characteristics of the whole targeted population and for the
main objective of the researchers in conducting the study. Purposive Sampling is a non-
probability sampling that allows choosing according on attributes of a population and
the purpose of the research (Crossman, 2018). The Sampling Technique is helpful in
picking co-researchers that fit the required characteristics correctly in order for the
researchers to obtain information, data, and answers from the rightful co-researchers
that have been purposefully chosen for the study.

55
The researchers chose purposive sampling technique for they need certain
information that a participant qualifies. Qualifications of the participants were:
4. Participants must come from the cream sections of each strand and should
have been included on the 1st quarter’s achievers list.
5. Each participant must be an active Facebook user.
6. Participants should have at least a 4-hour daily average time spent on using
Facebook.
The qualifications of the co-researchers mentioned above ensure that the
gathered insights will be beneficial in addressing the study being conducted.

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RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION/DATA COLLECTION
This study conducted is approved first by the subject adviser. In facilitating the
instruments, the researchers utilize qualitative interviews for the co-researchers to
answer with full honesty for the significant points needed for the study. The researchers
conduct the use of qualitative interviews in getting the insights and experiences of
student Facebook users with the use of interview that are conducted to cover and
acquire enough information for further clarifications. The researchers use semi-
structured qualitative interview.
According to Cristobal Jr. and Cristobal (2017), in semi-structured interview,
there is a specified list of questions to be asked by the researchers, but the researchers
are allowed to ask follow-up questions that are not included in the list of original
questions when new ideas come up. The semi-structured qualitative interview can help
the researchers gather deeper information and more data from the co-researchers.
During the interview, the co-researchers were asked to answer the interview
protocol of the study. The researchers made use of the interview protocol to find the
bridge between the results and the data gathered by the researchers. The interview
protocol contained a list of questions each having an intended purpose.
Question 1 refers to the information and news stories that student Facebook
users commonly found in their News Feed.

57
Question 2 tells about the most trending topics occurring student Facebook
user’s News Feed.
Question 3 talked about the pages student Facebook users follow.
Question 4 referred to experiences of the participants for sharing information
from an untrusted source and the effects it can cause.
Question 5 dealt about the common kinds of post that the participants always
share.
Question 6 talked about the ways to verify a fake and legitimate information.
Question 7 tells about the sites and materials that using to verify information if
its legit or fake.
Question 8 tells about the belief of student Facebook users in terms of fake
news and misinformation.
Question 9 refers to the student Facebook user's intellectual capacity to think
about fake news and misinformation.
Question 10 refers to the first impression of student Facebook users and how
they deal with it.
Question 11 refers to the things you will do when you shared invalid
information unknowingly.
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Question 12 refers to the things you need to avoid to prevent the spread of
fake news and misinformation on Facebook
After formulating a qualitative research, the researchers came up in choosing an
instrument under after sequential reading in the statement of the problem of this paper.
Under of case study qualitative research design is the purpose investigation of a single
individual, group or event to explore the causes of underlying principles. In seeking
answers to the statement of the problem, the co-researchers were interviewed. The
statement of the problem served as the basis point for the interview protocol. With
series of checking and corrections, the interview protocol was presented to adviser for
further clarification and suggestion.
The researchers also asked permission for the interviews to be audio recorded. A
smartphone voice recorder was used during each interview. Making use of an audio
recorder allowed the researcher to record fully and accurately what was being said
rather than taking notes during the interviews. According to De Vos et al. (2002), it was
very useful to make use of a tape recorder because the researcher is able to
concentrate on what was said in the interview so that the researcher could think about
a follow-up question. The co-researchers were interviewed individually in a private and
quiet room.
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TREATMENT OF DATA/ DATA ANALYSIS
The researchers made use of Creswell method of qualitative data analysis. The
data gathered by the researchers were collected with the use of smartphone and were
transcribed. The researchers carefully listen to the recordings and reread the transcript
so that they can deduce information from the participants’ insights. The data were kept
with utmost confidentiality to protect the identity and interest of the co-researchers.
The transcribed data were analyzed and interpreted.
According to Creswell (1998), the generic steps for analyzing qualitative data are
as follows:
1. Organize and prepare the data for analysis. This involves transcribing
interviews, optically scanning material, typing up field notes, or sorting and
arranging the data into different types, depending on the sources of
information.
2. Read through all the data. Obtain a general sense of the information and
reflect on its overall meaning.
3. Begin detailed analysis with coding process. It involves taking text data
or pictures, segmenting sentences (or paragraphs) or images into categories
with a term, often a term based on the actual language of the participant
(called an invivo term).

60
4. Use coding process to generate a description of the setting or
people as well as categories or themes for analysis. Description
involves a detailed rendering of information about people, places, or events in
a setting. Then, use the coding to generate a small number of themes.
5. Decide how the description and themes will be represented. One
approach is to use a narrative passage to convey the finding of the analysis
and detailed discussion of themes and sub-themes or interconnecting themes.
6. Making an interpretation of data. A final step in data analysis involves
the formation of understanding, that is, what Lincoln and Guba (1995) call
“lessons learned”.
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VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
After formulating the interview protocol, the researchers conduct a preliminary
interview, which has included a validation checklist. Five people that are considered out
of the study were asked questions made by the researchers in the interview protocol.
This entailed the purpose of the study to clarify if the questions were reasonable to ask,
and for noting clarifications for the revision of interview questions. The weighted mean
of the answers in the validation checklist is 3.49 which is classified under “Very
Good”. The result ensured the validity of the interview protocol and enabled the
researchers to commence the interviews.

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CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter contains the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data
gathered by the researchers from the interview conducted.
participants?
64
participants?
misinformation?
Facebook?

65
REFLECTION ON PARTICIPANTS’ CHARACTERISTICS/ PRESENTATION OF
CO-RESEARCHERS
Co-Researcher A-------------------------------Hermione
Um… lagi akong online madalas more like 5hrs a day, wow 5hrs charot minsan
mga 3hrs ganon kase hindi lang ako nagfafacebook pampantangal din ng stress and
then I can say that I’m active online ah… user kase halos lahat ng social media sites
meron akong account ayon.
When speaking about Facebook well it’s probably almost all about political stuff
because I am someone who is active in um active ako sa pagkuha ng balita tungkol sa
politika kase its really interest me so much so ayon madalas politika minsan naman arts
paghindi arts minsan um mga random stuffs lang na interesting, na entertaining.
As of now hindi ko pa alam kase busy ako so hindi ko nakikita pero yung mga
nakikita ko sa mga trending topics mostly kase mga memes kundi mga memes yung
mga bagong chapter ng mga binabasa kong manga and then madalas kase nasa
international akong ano social media website so madalas kong trending topics na alam
ko is um yung mga international na hindi ako makarelate.

66
Pages and accounts usually those who which interest me pero madalas kase um
yung mga sources ko ng mga news is mga shinishare ng mga kaibigan ko na yung
mga kaibigan ko is active din sila political and then some of them are from universities
na so I trust them sa mga shinashare nila. To be more active and to be more aware or
what is happening around.
Sharing an information from untrusted source, yes siguro kapag headline is very
interesting, seems funny for example there is an article about 20 reasons why you
should you forgive Marcoses and then yung clinick ko siya anong tawag dito walang
laman which is nakakatuwa. Um first I think it’s very witty and very ironic naman tsaka
trusted naman yung ano kinda pero hindi kasi ako laging nandon so hindi ko alam
talaga kung totoo yon so ano nalang sa mga bobo hindi nila kaagad nagegets yon
parang magagalit ba sila or magrarant sila kung ano pa sinasabi nila ganun.
Jokes, bukod sa jokes is yung mga nakakainis na pangyayari politically. Well
para iexpress yung galit ko, maliban don para malaman din ng iba pero siyempre bias
because of my personal opinion but it’s still good to spread news on others regardless
of whatever it is just up to them kung gusto nilang i-verify nila iyon.
Well first you should go to news outlet or whatever site is and sometimes kase
some news network are not can be trusted because um news networks are owned by
private companies like kahit sabihin na natin na mga kompanya kahit na media outlet
sila masasabi mo pa rin na bias pa rin iba sa kanila kase tumatangap sila ng pera eh.
67
Um mostly kase yun nga sa news if not news if it’s for talking about scientific
stuff then I will look at journal sa mga google scholar kung talagang nag eexist yung
ganong study madalas if an article does not nurture journal na walang DOI yung DOI
kase yun yung parang magagamit para malaman kung verifiable yung source so
pagwala nun edi ekis, hindi totoo.
Well it causes a lot of confusion kase like I have a certain believing something
and some news um parang kinokontradict niya siyempre babasahin ko iyon tapos
kikilatisin ko isat isa tapos ipopoint up ko ahhh mali ka.
Fake news and... like what hindi ko gets. Like you read something, something
tapos hindi mo na iveverify kasi minsan kapag yung mga tao kase mostly ang
tinitignan lang nila is yung headlines so hindi nila na fact-check so yon kung ganon
lang nagspread ng ganong news tapos hindi mo naman chinecheck ganern isa ka pa sa
nagpapalawak, nagpapalaganap ng ka ignorantehan ganern.
Report, pag hindi report magcocoment ako mali yan delete mo yan fake news
as in all caps pa, “FAKE NEWS” ganern. I would delete it immediately specially
someone na notified na kase I don’t have all that time in the world to verify to verify
on that things in internet so it’s just mostly blind trust to other so hopefully others
would like you know like take advantage of blind trust put in internet
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Well first and for most stop stop spreading fake news and second verify all the
news that you or article or shared post that you shared in internet and then next point
out and speak out if there’s something wrong in article ganern.
Co-Researcher A-------------------------------Hermione
I’m an active user and I spend 3-5 hrs. in my social media accounts because it's
also my stress reliever.
All about political stuff. I am someone who is active in taking information about
political stuff because it's interesting. Trending topics that I know is from international
but I can’t relate.
Pages and accounts usually those who interest me but some of my sources is
from my friends from universities because they are also active in political stuffs. To be
more active and to be more aware or what is happening around.
Yes, if the headline is very interesting. I think it’s very witty and very ironic but
sometimes I’m not into that sites so it depends on people who saw the news if they will
react.
Scenarios from political but sometimes jokes. To express my feelings, also to
inform the people who saw it but it depends on my personal opinion.

69
Well first you should go to news outlet or whatever site is and sometimes some
news networks could not be trusted because it involved monetary interest. I will look at
journal in google scholar if that study is existing and if it have DOI to ensure if the
source is verifiable.
I have certain news believe something and some news like its contradicting it.
You read something then you didn’t verify it first because people mostly depend on
headlines and they don’t check it first before spreading it.
I reported it. Sometimes, I may comment to that post.
I would delete it immediately.
Well first and for most stop spreading fake news and second verify all the news
that you or article or shared post that you shared in internet and then next point out
and speak out if there’s something wrong in article.
Co-Researcher B-------------------------------------Sam
I'm an ambivert type of person. I'm an introvert and extrovert at the same time.
Uhmm.. When it comes to personal life, uhmm.. I want to be alone kasi, lalo na kapag
I'm studying, so I don't want disturbance. Kapag nasa school naman, uhmm.. I have a
lot of friends, so I need to communicate with them, so yun.

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Uhmm.. It depends, sometimes when I leisure, uhhm.. almost 6 hours and it
especially when weekends and I already done my activities or school works, so I use
my social media accounts just for entertainment.
Uhmm... about, uhm... uhm... I just, uhm... about Kobe Bryant's death and the
bush fires somewhere in Ifugao province, and then about bullying. About the bush fire
in, in Ifugao because we just came there, we went there in Baguio and I don't see any
trace of bush fire there.
Uhm... The GMA News. If uhm... there is a suspension in classes, that's my
number one basis. Uhm... more like Benedict Cua, for because he's a great influencer
and then my favorite, uhm... singers.
I don't. Actually, I don't share a lot of post because, uhm... ayon, iniiwasan ko
kasi yung ano eh, misinformation, uhm... I think, uhm... when I shared post I, I need
to know that it was reliable, if it came from reliable sources like GMA News, like that.
Mostly about politics. Because I just want to know more about our society and
I’m a student na gusto kong may alam pa rin ako sa society kahit na student lang ako.
Usually I search it on google, especially when it comes to the most important
part, uhmm... na there are incidents or deaths na involve and then I watch youtubes.
Uhmm... like google, uhmm... sometimes uhmm... twitter because uhmm... there
are pages like the GMA news there so it's official so…
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Sometimes kasi uhmm.. minsan ako den naniniwala lalo na kung madami na
yung tao na nagshashare non and there a lot of comments and opinions like that. Yes.
Because they think na yung alam nila yun na yun, they don’t uhmm.. they don’t
do searching lalo na kapag nakakatamad na kase talaga like kung anong nabasa mo
sige na paniwalaan mo na.
I do comments like uhmm.. merong nangyari na uhmm... there lots of uhmm..
mga nangyayari ngayon like kakapasok palang ng January or 2020 and then about
corona virus and then etc...etc...but theres is a news about the somewhere in korea
and when I click the link the date was not updated so hindi siya ano hindi siya kumbaga
nagpapasikat lang ganun.
Uhmm.. i just do comment na sinabe ko na uhmm.. like hindi naman po updated
so wag kayong maniwala and do some search. Yes.
Public apology was important kase when you commit mistakes you just need to
accept the consequences.
Spreading of fake news kase hindi mo siya maiiwasan lalo na ngayon na yung
mga kabataan ay sobrang link na sila social media so siguro uhmm.. let’s just put it in a
nice way na think before you click and then siguro for them to know more information i
will do the searching and ill will put it and share it for them to know na mali na yung
alam nilang information.

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Co-Researcher B-------------------------------------Sam
I'm an ambivert type of person. I'm an introvert and extrovert at the same time.
When it comes to personal life I want to be alone mostly when I'm studying, so I don't
want disturbance. in school I have a lot of friends, so I need to communicate with
them.
I spend 6 hours especially when I already done my school and I use my social
media accounts for entertainment.
About Kobe Bryant's death and the bush fires somewhere in Ifugao province,
and then about bullying.
About the bush fire in Ifugao because we just came there and I don't see any
trace of bush fire there.
The GMA News. there is a suspension in classes, that's my number one basis.
more like Benedict Cua because he's a great influencer and then my favorite singers.
I don't. I don’t usually share a lot of post but when I shared post I ensuring it
came from reliable sources like GMA News.
Mostly about politics. Because I’m a student I want to know more about our
society and to boost my knowledge.

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Usually I search it on Google. Like Google, Twitter because there are pages like
the GMA news there and it's official.
Sometimes I believe to that news because a lot of people commenting and
reacting to that post.
Yes, because they depend on what they saw and believe.
I do comments. I do comments like “your post is not updated, it’s not from
reliable sources.” Yes.
Public apology was important because when you commit mistakes you just need
to accept the consequences.
I will do a researching and I will share it for them to know because a lot of
people are using social media sites.
Co-Researcher C--------------------------------------Dan
Kasalukuyan akong grade 11 ABM Aguinaldo, 16 years old at mahilig ako mag-
Facebook.
Pinaka madalas talaga, pinaka marame tsaka pinaka nangunguna kapag mag o-
open ako is mga tao na nag-popost about sa update sa kanila, minsan din may mga
information na hindi naman tungkol sa sarili nila kung baga tungkol sa ibang bagay na
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interested sila or kung baga yung hobby nila dun sila mahilig shinishare talaga nila yun
at yun yung nakikita ko sa news feed ko.
Wala naman talagang trending kung baga pareparehas lang naman sila ng
shinishare siguro yun na yung pinaka trending yung mga kpop mga ganun siguro yung
mga tinatangkilik ng mga tao yun talaga pinaka nakikita ko sa news feed ko.
Yung mga pages or yung mga account na nag-momotivate ng mga tao kase ako
madali ako ma-down so yun yung pina-follow ko para na rin sa sarili ko na pag
binabasa ko or lalo na’t pag pagod nako, galing akong school kaya yun yung nakikita ko
sa feed ko, natutuwa ako para ma motivate ako so kung may ipa-follow man akong
account or pages yun talaga yung pinipili kong mga account.
Oo, na try ko na yun kasi dati lalo na nong bata-bata pako hindi naman talaga
kapag nakita ko yung information naniniwala agad ako eh hindi ko naman iisipin yung
source kasi bata pako pero ngayon hindi naman ganun kadalas actually hindi na ako
nag-shishare ng information lalo na kapag ‘di ko pa napapanood.
Sa TV, kasi dun talaga ako nag rerely kung baga kung mag shishare man ako ng
information sure ako na totoo yun. Siguro kung naniwala naman sila don or hindi kasi
hindi naman tayo sigurado na lahat ng friends ko na nakita yon kasi madali yon
matabunan so kung sa unang nakakita siguro maniniwala agad sila or yun nga kung
sakali man ang shinishare ko lang naman dati kasi is kaya ako nag ABM kasi mahilig ako
sa business so mga shinishare ko yung mga tiesite lagi mga ganon so siguro pwede sila
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mag panic buying or anything na talagang kung maniniwala ka agad gagawa ka agad
ng paraan eh kasi nga kung totoo man yon or hindi kung nangyari man yon na nag
share ako ng ganon siguro malaki ang magiging epekto non sa mga tao kasi kung
maniniwala sila dun na hindi naman pala totoo siguro parang may epekto talaga na
gagawa sila or mag adrenaline rush na mag iisip sila ng bagay na hindi dapat nila
ginagawa.
Yung mga post na kung ano lang yung post na natutuwa ako lalo na yung mga
meme yun talaga yung shinishare ko sa Facebook kasi kaya ko shinishare kasi natuwa
ako so gusto ko matuwa din yung mga friends ko lalo na kapag pang pa goodvibes.
Kagaya nga ng sabi ko kanina titignan ko yung source ngayon kasi maingat nako
sa ganon tsaka kung maverify ko sya ang pinipili ko na source is yung kilala ko na or
yung alam ko na dati pa na nag bibigay ng reliable information so ganun talaga yung sa
sources lang talga ako titingin kung ito yung sources na pinagkakatiwalaan ko so iisipin
ko ko talaga na legitimate yung information.
Ang pinaka talaga is yung TV, sa GMA dun lang ako mag rerely kasi yung ABS
alam ko na bias yun so sa tv lang ako nag aantay then nakikinig din ako ng radio yung
DZBB.
Nangyayari lang to kasi kapag may tao akong pinagkakatiwalaan na may tao
akong iniidolo, talagang pinaniniwalaan ko siya tas may mga information minsan kahit
di ko kilala yung sources pinaniniwalaan ko then kung may pinaniniwalaan man ako ang
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nag coconfused lang naman sa akin is akala ko ganto pero ba’t ganto yung mga ganon
so parang kung ito yung pinaniniwalaan ko pwede talagang mang yari yun dahil sa
shinare nung something kung sino man or someone talagang nag coconfused sya kasi
bakit bat di kita pinagsampuna kung pinaniniwalaan ko kasi diba nga yung lagay nga ng
mag sasaka dito sa pilipinas is mahirap yung parang hindi sila binibigyan ng pondo ng
gobyerno then may nagshare na, nakita ko sa newsfeed ko na binibigyan naman daw
lalo na yung nanalo senador di ko nasasabihin yung pangalan nanalo then binibigyan
nya daw ng pondo. Parang shinare sya nong kilala ko talaga yung pang alam ko na
matalino ganun so parang naniniwala nalang ako medyo panatag ako na ay dinaman
pala ganon kahirap yung lagay ng mag sasaka parang ganun.
Actually lahat naman ng tao gusto mapadali yung buhay so ito mga high school
student minsan talaga madalas nag-rerely sila sa facebook yung nga so kung itong mga
fake news or mga misinformation na ito makita nila sa newsfeed agad nilang
paniniwalaan yun kasi di naman lahat ng tao ay critical thinker na basta basta nalang
inaacept yung idea basta basta nalang inaacept yung information so yung talaga yung
nag lilimit sa kanila ng pag nakita nila paniniwalaan nila yun so parang kung
pinaniniwalaan nila hindi na sila mag iisip pa ng iba yun nag lilimit na kanila ay ganto
pala ay sige ganto nalang.
Pag alam ko kasi na hindi naman totoo lalo na pag napanood ko sa GMA yung
totoo tapos nakita ko tapos shinishare nila mali diko nalang piinapansin lalo na diko
shinishare kasi nga mali ba’t ko ishishare so di ko man sya pinapansin then parang
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isang beses na try ko din mag post na sana kong di kayo sure sa pinag kuwanan sana
wag nyo nalang i-share kasi nagko-cause lang kayo ng panic sa ibang tao lalo na yung
sumabog yung taal diba nagpost sila sabay sabay daw yung mga volcano ganyan
ganyan tapos di naman reliable sources yung pinagkuhanan so nagko-cause siya ng
panic sa mga tao ganun.
Ang ginawa ko lang nun is nag post ako sabi ko sure kabang totoo yan tapos
after non, dinelete niya yung post tapos Nawala, dun ako natuwa.
So di ko sya sinasadya di ko alam na mali diba parang nung bata ako ang
ginawa ko nun denelete ko yung post tapos marami kasi nag comment dun parang nag
usap kami nun parang nag debate pa nga kami sa comment section eh so ang ginawa
ko denelete ko ko yung post then parang nalaman naman na nila yung totoo sa future
nun tapos nag post ako na nag sorry ako ganyan nag apologize ako sa mga taong
nakakita then naniwala dun talaga.
Sa tingin ko pinakamagagawa ko lang naman talaga prevent ang gagawin wag
ka na lang agad maniniwala not unless marami lang naman sources na nakakakita ka
ng parepareho sila ng information siguro totoo so parang napigilan mo wag ka na lang
agad maniniwala lalo na kung may ishishare sa Facebook or sa social media site kung di
kanaman talaga sigurado sa information.

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Co-Researcher C--------------------------------------Dan
I’m already Grade 11 ABM Aguinaldo, 16 years old and I’m using Facebook.
Mostly, people who keep posting about themselves and also their hobby and
where they interested.
Mostly kpop updates and were people usually interested commonly appeared in
my newsfeed.
I usually followed those pages where it posting motivated post.
Yes, I already experienced it when I was a kid but now, I don’t usually share
information when it don’t appear on tv.
I commonly shares memes post. Because it can give you good vibes.
I will check if it came from reliable sources.
I checked if its reliable when it’s from GMA and DZBB.
They believe it because they saw it from their newsfeed. They don’t care where
it come from.
I try to ignore it because if I also share it, it can cause confusion and panic to
others.
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I just commented to that post if it’s legit. I shared news without unknowingly if
its legitimate or not so I just apologize for people who saw it.
Don’t believe easily not unless all of the accounts or pages are posted the same
information.
Co-Researcher D--------------------------------------Kat
So I’m from Grade 11 ABM-Aguinaldo, 17 years old.
About class suspension, weather tapos mga napapanahong balita naman ganon.
Depende kasi sa panahon, minsan kasi diba halimbawa maulan siyempre tungkol sa
mga suspension ganon. Yung diba nung nakaraan kase may mga kumakalat na news
na sa mga kidnapping ganon.
Tungkol ba sa news or sa kahit saan? Mga inspirational quotes na pages ganon
tapos bible verses mga ganon. Yung ABS-CBN, GMA ganon.
Alin, lahat iyon? Yung una kase sa mga quotes ganon para kase ma-inspire ako
ganon, kapag nakikita ko yung ganon kase yung mga post nila parang iniinspire kanila
na gawin mo yung ganyang bagay ganon tapos yung sa mga ano naman sa ABS-CBN
atsaka GMA siyempre kase para malaman ko rin yung mga nagyayari sa paligid ganun
then mga news na napapanahon…. ayun.

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Oo. Sakin ano kase naniwala ako agad kase akala ko talaga nangyayari, yung sa
kidnapping kase may nagshare na, babae siya, nagpost siya tungkol doon sa nangyari
sakanya tapos ako shinare ko kase baka nga totoo yun, nangyare iyon, so sakin parang
ako natakot ako na lumabas ganyan kase baka nga totoo, baka nandiyan sila na
kidnaping din ako ganon tapos para sa iba naman syempre matatakot din sila kase
nabasa nila iyong ganong experience nung babae.
Memes ganon. Kase natutuwa ako eh.
Oo, yung sa mga class suspension ganon. Para mainform din yung iba na walang
pasok ganon then bukod doon yung ano kase iba ibang news ganon kapag na catch
yung atensiyon kunwari yung isang news na catch nung atensiyon ko non ishahare ko,
mga links ganon tungkol sa news shinashare ko minsan.
If nung source non is kilala, kunware yung ABS-CBN diba kilala namn siya or
kaya yung GMA NEWS ganon.
Hindi, hindi pa rin. Hindi pwedeng maging basehan yung likes and shares kase
minsan yung mga tao naattract lang duon sa pictures or doon sa laman ng post pero di
nila alam na kung fake ba yun or totoo ganon.
Sa mga page non, kunware yung sa GMA ganon or kaya sa Twitter den kase
feeling ko kapag sa twitter mas totoo yung mga news na nadoon ganon or kaya sa
television,yung mga news talaga doon.

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Siguro halimbawa yung sinabi ko yung sa kidnapping, may mga nagpost doon
na parang totoo mga sinasabi nila, iyong mga nangyayare kase may mga pictures pa
silang pinapakita ganon tapos parang sobrang emotional yung post nila kaya karamihan
naniniwala sa kanila kase emotional yung pagsabi nila ng mga nagyayare kaya
naniniwala yung mga ibang tao.
Siguro kase ang galing magkuwento, ayun nga yung halimbawa ko kanina yung
kidnapping, marami rin kaseng nagpopost ng ganon so parang yung mga student
naniniwala na kase marami ng nagpopost.
Wala, hindi kolang pinapansin hinahayaan ko lang. Hindi kase ako nagko
comment sa ganon kase feeling ko kapag ganon parang dadagdagan kolang yung mga
toxic people. Idedelete, kase pwede namn idelete ganon.
Siguro sisimulan kona sa sarili ko kase sakin syempre kung alam konaman na
fake iyon bakit kopa ishahare,halimbawa ako,marami naman akong friends din sa
Facebook if na nagshare ako ng ganong fake news syempre yung iba makikita rin iyon
so posibleng maishare din nila so sa akin dapat ako, hindi kona ishashare yung fake
news na iyon para hindi narin maishare ng iba, ibang studyante ganon.
Co-Researcher D--------------------------------------Kat
So I’m from Grade 11 ABM-Aguinaldo, 17 years old.

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About class suspension, weather forecasts and others. It depends on time,
sometimes, if it's rainy then there are news about class suspensions. Last time there
are spreading various news about kidnapping.
About news or anything? Those pages contain inspirational quotes and bible
verses. The ABS-CBN, GMA like that. First, for the quotes, it inspires me and for GMA
and ABS-CBN, to be aware on my surroundings.
Yes. For me, I mostly believe on any information, talking about the kidnapping, I
shared it because maybe it's true, and also because I’m scared.
Memes like that. Because it's fun.
Yes, about class suspensions. To inform other people and aside from that, it
catches my attention. If the source is known, like GMA, ABS-CBN because they are
already known sources.
Number of likes can't be your basis, sometimes people get attracted to the
pictures and they didn't know if that information was true.
GMA like that, and Twitter because it feels like news on Twitter are more
legitimate than any other social media platforms. I also watch television.
So, for example, about the kidnapping, some posts appear to be true because of
the pictures, videos of the event and also the delivery of the post emotionally, so that
there are a lot of people easily get misinformation.

83
Well I think it's the way of delivering a story. For example, like what I've said
earlier, they also tend to believe in an information because there are a lot of people
sharing it.
Nothing, I just ignored it. I didn't make comments because I did not want to be
considered as toxic people. I would delete it, because it can be.
I'll start from myself, because if I know that an information is fake, why do I
need to share it? I have a lot of friends on Facebook that can possibly see that fake
information that I have shared, If they do, they'll have a chance to also share it. So
Instead, I would not share fake news so that my friends wouldn't too.
Co-Researcher E--------------------------------------Blue
Good afternoon I am Blue I’m 16 years old, I’m female student. I take up GA
strand. I’m a chill person, and I’m an introvert. I’m not really friendly, and I found
difficulty in expressing my thoughts but for this interview I’ll do my best give you
answers and I’m aware on fake news that is happening online.
Kadalasan kong nakikita sa news feed ko is news about politics. Yung sa
government ngayun nakakita din ako news about sports lalo na yung sa FIBA Asia Cup
ngayun tapos mga entertainment news tungkol sa mga artista. Sa ngayon kasi sa news
feed ko ang nakikita kong news yung anu nga sa franchise renewal ng ABS-CBN. Tas
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nakikita ko din news sa ncov yung mabilis na pagkalat which is yung origin is yung
China and yung next country na may pinakamaraming cases ay ang South Korea yun.
Kadalasang mga news page like GMA news, ABS-CBN news, CNN news, CNN
sports, Rappler and I usually followed meme pages. Para makakuha ng information
about what is happening sa surroundings ko para maging aware ako kung ano bang
mga issues na nangyayari sa country and sa world and para sa entertainment.
No. It came from legitimate source kasi shinaredan ko ng post is verified ng
Facebook at talagang credible na sya. Known sya ng maraming tao. Kadalasan yung
mga ano, trending news lalo na yung sa government tapos sa mga health news like
ncov. I commonly shared mga entertainment stuff like memes. For entertainment and
para makakuha din ako ng information about what is happening sa surroundings ko.
The information is true if yung page na shinaredan mo ng post is verified ng
Facebook tapos credible na at alam maraming tao. I use google para maghanap ng
related things about dun at mas ma verified kung totoo yun.
It cause confusion kasi nga di mo alam kung ano yung paniniwalaan mo yung
parang isang side lang yung alam mo di mo alam yung buong story. Pag kasi
nakakakita ng fake news ang shs students mabilis silang magbigay ng emotion kagaya
ng example nung fake news about class suspension. Kasi parang ambilis nilang mag
react.
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Syempre naiinis kasi maraming mga tao ang naniniwala tapos nagiging uto-uto
dun sa mga fake news na nakita nila. Siguro wala na lang hindi ko na lang sila
pinakikialaman minsan nirereport ko yung page na nagpapakalat ng fake news.
First I will turn down the post. I will delete the post tapos para di na kumalat .
Syempre I will report the page, yun lang kaya ko as a student tapos siguro
siguro I will tell my friend na yung mga shinishare nila na fake yun wala naming
credibility and I will ask them to turn down the post para di na kumalat sa iba.
Co-Researcher E--------------------------------------Blue
Good afternoon I am blue I’m 16 years old, I’m female student I take up GA
strand. I’m a chill person, and I’m an introvert. I’m not really friendly, and I found
answers and I’m am aware on fake news that is happening online.
I've mostly seen posts about politics on my news feed. I've also seen news about
sports like FIBA cup then for entertainment about different artists. For now, I mostly
seen news about ABS-CBN franchise renewal on my news feed. Then I also seen news
about NCoV and the way it spread so quickly.

86
Mostly news pages like GMA news, ABS-CBN news, CNN news, CNN sports,
Rappler and I usually followed meme pages.
To get information about what's happening in my surroundings and to be aware
about the issues happening in our country and in the world and also for entertainment
No. It came from legitimate source I shared it from a credible source that is
verified by Facebook. It is also known by many people.
Mostly for me, trending news about government, Then health news like ncov. I
commonly shared entertainment stuff like memes. For entertainment and to get
information about what's happening in my surroundings. The information is true if a
page is verified ng Facebook, credible and known. I use google to find related things
about that and to know if it's true.
It causes confusion, because you will not know where to believe in. If I saw, fake
news, I always found out that SHS students give their emotions easily. They react on it
quickly.
I felt irritated, because there are many people believing on that particular news
that is fake. Sometimes, I just report the page who's spreading the fake news.
First, I will turn down the post. I will delete the post. I will report the page,
because that is the best thing to do as a student, also, I would tell my friends about
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that fake news and don't share it because it has no credibility and I will ask them to
turn down the post for the information to stop spreading.
Co-Researcher F-----------------------------------Kharel
I’m 17 yrs old. I’m from grade 11 GAS Mabini.
Actually, yung mga fake news about sa mga classes. Kapag kunyare walang class
suspensions. Kunyare yung pag may mga bagyo ganun. Yung mga trending topics dun
syempre wala kaagad pasok sa ganito ganyan which is di naman talaga legit kasi sabi
sabi lang.
For me our local mayor si Oca kasi yun nga mga announcement kung may pasok
ba o wala. Para maka seek ng information at maging aware pa sa mga nanyayare sa
paligid
No. Masasabi ko lang is makikita naman sa Facebook kung legitimate yung
source like page kung yun ay may check at verified ng Facebook.
Para saken yung mga bagay kung saan makaka relate ka talaga like hugots sa
love life friendship at iba pa. Nakakarelate lang kasi tapos halos lahat di naman lahat
pero nararanasan din nila.

88
Ayun pag konti yung nag lalike tapos paulit-ulit lang din yung mga post tapos
walang verification check ng Facebook. I use IG or Twitter ganun kung parehas lang din
sila nag mga content or sinasabe maybe totoo yun.
Confusing sya the way na pag nakita mo yung information or news tapos may isa
pang same news or information pero iba sila ng story di muna na alam sa dalawa kung
alin ang paniniwalaan mo.
Most of SHS students lang di naman lahat pero kasi andaming estudyante yung
paniwalain pero ayun nga may mga tao pa rin na info seeker di naman lahat ng tao
pareparehas ng iniisip.
Kapag nakakakita ako ng fake news napapailing na lang ako at napapaisip bakit
ba nila need ito ipagkalat di ba nila iniisip na nakakapahak sila at nakakaperwisyo ng
tao.
Irereport ko nalang para ma turndown yung page or kung kaninong account man
yun. Kung di ako sure tapos nalaman kung fake news pala yun idedelete ko nalang
kaagad yung post at mag sosorry ako sa mga nakabasa or nag react about dun. Mag
rarant ako at mag re raise ng awareness about sa mga fake news at yung mga
posibilidad na maging epekto nn pag hinayaan lang nila.

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Co-Researcher F-----------------------------------Kharel
I’m 17 yrs. old. I’m from grade 11 GAS Mabini.
Actually, it’s about fake news on class suspensions. It’s like there is no really
class suspension. Seasonally, like storms or hurricanes. A lot of trending posts about it
that suddenly blows up that is not actually real or announced by the authority.
For me our local mayor Mr. Oca Malapitan, because of his announcements about
class suspensions. For me to be able to seek and be fed by the information about my
surroundings.
No. All I can say is you can easily verify any post or blog on Facebook if the
account or page who posted it is verified by Facebook.
For me, I usually share quotes, love hugots, friendship lines, and etc,. just like
what others can relate about. It’s just familiar to me and for some people can be relate
at. If the page or account doesn’t have a lot of likes or has no verification tag by
Facebook. I use IG or Twitter cause some of the content there somehow relevant.
It is confusing the way that the moment you saw the information or news then
there’s another news or information that’s almost the same but they differ from story
you’ll be confused on what side to believe.

90
Most of the SHS students not all of them but most of them easily believe on the
news or information that they’ve seen, and makes them to think limitedly. Still there’s a
lot of students who still seeks more relevant stuffs before believe.
Every time that I encounter these kinds of things, I felt disappointed to the
people who are still continuing to make these things. They didn’t know that they can
put someone’s life in danger.
I’ll report the page or the account so the Facebook will turn down the account
and unable to do more stuffs like that. If I posted something like that then ASAP I’ll
delete that post and post an apology to those persons who saw it.
I will use my freedom of speech by telling everyone that we need to be aware
about the possibilities of fake news can do.
Co-Researcher G-------------------------------------Mau
I’m from ICT – Agoncillo.
Uhm… karaniwan kasi kapag nag-iiscroll ako sa news feed ko, karamihan nakikita
ko yung parang nagiging freedom wall yung news feed ko kasi nandoon yung labasan
ng sama ng loob ng mga ano ko, mga friends ko sa Facebook, ganun.

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Ngayon, yung trending topics about yung dumbbell ba ‘yun? Basta ‘yun
dumbbell.
Uhm… ayun, yung karaniwan na yung kapag sa walang pasok, ganun.
Mostly, yung mga interest ko. Halimbawa, sila Marshmellow, yung page about sa
Marshmellow, fina-follow ko ‘yun. Tapos yung about sa mga pages yung tungkol sa
mga anxiety, parang mga kadramahan sa buhay, ganun.
Nakakarelate kasi ako minsan sa mga post na ‘yun. Halimbawa, kapag
malungkot ako o kaya masaya. Yung mga post na ‘yun nararamdaman ko sa sarili ko.
Syempre, ano… kasi yung interest ko nata-tackle nila at saka kapag malungkot
may mga ano rin dun, natututunan ako na pwede kong i-adopt sa sarili ko.
Yes, nagshe-share ako ng mga galing sa untrusted source. For example, yung…
may mga chance na walang pasok, syempre ‘di ba excited ako, masaya ako kasi walang
pasok, edi may makikita ako dun. Naniniwala agad ako nang hindi ko man lang
kinukonsulta yung iba.
Yung shine-share ko commonly… is yung mga parang memes ganun… mga
kadramahan sa buhay.
Syempre ano… shine-share ko yun kasi yung post na yun… yun na nga kanina
sinasabi ko, nakaka-relate ako sa mga post na yun, syempre gusto ko ring i-share sa
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iba yun. Halimbawa, kapag ano… katulad sila ng mga nararamdaman ko, pwedeng
makatulong yung mga post na yun sa kanila.
Syempre ano… may mga post kasi diba na di mo malalaman agad yun na fake
news, syempre ako as a student, inaalam ko muna yun sa ibang mga source.
Halimbawa, pwedeng kila mama, tatanungin ko… sila kuya… kung may alam sila
tungkol dito. Tapos yun, sasabihin nila yung about dun ganun. O kaya pwede rin akong
mag-ano sa news, ganun… kung totoo ba talaga tong balitang to, yung nakita ko sa
Facebook.
Sa pictures, mahahalata naman minsan yung edit, ganun… at saka binabase ko
rin sa mga comments, diba pag may mga comments dun na “totoo” ganun, parang yun
naniniwala na rin ako. Sa link naman, binibisita ko muna. Tapos titingnan ko kung
edited ba yun or hindi yung link na yun.
Halimbawa yung post about sa walang pasok, nag-coconsult muna ako sa
television, pwede rin sa radio.
Halimbawa, may mga post na iba sa paniniwala ko, ganun. Syempre, yung fake
news na yun, may epekto sa paniniwala ko. Syempre, macoconfuse tuloy ako kung ano
ba talaga yung totoo dito… yung sarili ko bang kaalaman o yung fake news na nabasa
ko. Parang malilito tuloy ako kung ano ba talaga yung totoo dun sa dalawa.
Syempre, karaniwan na silang nagso-social media at may nababasa silang fake
news kaya yung mga nababasa nilang fake news parang dun na lang talaga sila
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maniniwala kasi minsan ako rin… aaminin ko na tinatamad rin ako magbase sa ibang
source kung totoo ba o hindi. Kaya yung mababasa ko na lang na post dun, fake news
man o hindi, yun na lang yung paniniwalaan ko.
Kapag fake news, di na lang ako nagrereact. Dina-daan daanan ko na lang.
Oo, ganun. Nagbabasa ako ng mga comment kung totoo ba yun base sa mga
comments nila. Wala akong masyadong ginagawa about it. Parang ano… babalewalain
ko na lang, hindi ko na lang papaniwalaan.
Kapag nakakapag-share naman ako ng mga post na hindi naman totoo, syempre
sa huli marerealize ko na hindi pala totoo to ganun… buburahin ko yun. Syempre kasi
aminado ako na napapahiya ako… kasi kapag nagshe-share ako ng post na “ay ganun,
mali pala… fake news…” edi maba-bash ako sa mga comments… yun, buburahin ko na
lang.
As a student, hindi na lang ako basta-basta magshe-share ng mga di ko pa
napapatunayang totoo, ganun. Kaya nga… sabi nila… think before you click. Bago ka
mag-share, mag-comment, or mag-react sa isang post, kailangan mo munang pag-
isipan kung totoo ba to or mabuti ba yung epekto nito sa iba.
Co-Researcher G-------------------------------------Mau
I’m from ICT – Agoncillo.

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Usually when I’m browsing at my newsfeed, most of the things that I see is
people make the Facebook as their freedom wall, they rant about problems and so on.
Now, trending topics about dumbbell something like that. Mostly, my interest.
Example, Marshmellow, the page about Marshmellow, I’m following it. Then pages
about anxiety, more on drama in life. Cause they made me happy and they have a lot
of advices that I can adopted to myself.
Yes, I’ve shared some news from untrusted source. Example, an instance that
there will be a class suspension, of course I’m excited, I’m happy cause there will be no
classes.
I commonly share memes and quotes about drama in life. Of course, I can relate
from it. I share it cause some people might relate too.
As a student I will act wisely I will seek more information and I’ll ask my mom if
she knows about it. For an example suspension of classes, I’ll the news on tv or radio if
that news id example, there are news that I already know but then I saw on my news
feed this news again and leads me to the confusion on where to believe at.
Sometimes we just keep on browsing on social media and once we encountered
some fake news or misinformation, we just believe on it. If it is fake news, I just ignore
it. I’m reading the comments at the comment section, once I knew that it is fake Ill
ignore it.
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Once I realized that I shared some fake news I will immediately delete it cause
don’t want to be bashed. As a student, I will not recklessly share any news or
information without confirming its legitimacy. As what they say “think before you click.’’
Co-Researcher H----------------------------------Chocho
Uhh umm ok hi I’m umm 16 years old I’m studying in Mystical Rose School of
Caloocan, my favorite school and I’m currently taking the ICT strand my favorite strand
in my favorite school.
Pwede naman magtagalog diba so um ah information and news story na
common sa newsfeed ko is sa ating mga studyante siguro mga balita na walang pasok
yon yung madalas makita sa newsfeed ko sa Facebook and Twitter or other social
media na nagagamit ko.
Sa sarili kong feed kung hindi yung mga walang pasok news na nakikita ko its
either mga current issues tulad ng corona virus and um yung lalaking tumalon sa city
hall na depression and other issues na pinapakalat ng mga tao.
So, umm mga pinafollow ko sa facebook is usually for memes kase alam mo kase
alam ko walang pinagkakatiwalaan lahat ng nakikita ko sa facebook hindi naman natin
makakapagkatiwalaan so kung ganon lang naman kukuha nalang ako ng entertainment

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para naman atlis alam kong mga memes kung mga page nila ay magpost ng balita
alam kong peke.
Ahh yun nga sinabi ko nga kanina since alam ko naman na lahat na sa social
media ay makakapagkatiwalaan kukuha na lang ako sa kanila na pang entertainment
and kung mag post man sila nang example ng balita atlis alam ko na alam ko na
kaagad na hindi yun totoo.
Um yes, sa tingin ko wala naman kase yung sa mga shinashare kong fake news
na aware akong fake news sobrang fake news siya and um once na makita siya ng
ibang tao na I’m sure na ano maalam nila na fake news nga iyon.
Umm wala naman akong masyadong shinishare sa facebook bukod sa mga
memes na nakikita jokes ganun.
Shinishare ko lang siya kase gusto ko ayon wala akong other reason bukod don
kase natatawa lang ako shinishare ko sa mga friends ko ayon.
So ako I verify news and information nakadepende sa um marami akong
pinagbabasehan una sa likes, comments and shares pangalawa sa um kung verified ba
talaga ang account na nagpost and kung saan ko Nakita.
For me hindi lang ako kung ano um nakakita ako ng balita sa Facebook at hindi
ako sure, iba gumagamit akon ng verification through um the internet the other parts of
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the internet tulad ng google magsesearch ako ng mga um topic na related don sa
related news na nakita ko so ayon.
So ayun nga um diba tayong mga sa generation ngayon mas madalas tayong
gumamit ng social media and internet sa karamihan ng bagay and kung hindi lahat ng
ano kung hindi lahat na makikita mo sa internet and social media na mga balita ay
lahat sila’y di totoo malilito tayo kung alin dito ang paniniwalaan natin and ayon minsan
hindi ako nakakapasok pero yung totoo may pasok pala kase yu yung nakita ko sa
facebook so ganun maraming cause ang information.
So ayon fake news and misinformation nalilimitahan ang pag iisip sa ating mga
senior high school kase sa’tin kailangan aware tayo sa mga kung baga eto na yung ano
eh mga stepping stones natin na papuntang college na kung saan aware tayo sa mga
lahat ng mga nangyayari sa society natin tulad ng corona virus hostage taking um kung
hindi lahat mababalita tungkol doon ay totoo mas um mas kokonte or limitado lamang
ang information na makukuha naten therefore yung mga nalalaman natin ayun
nalilimitahan den.
So um ako um once may nalaman once may makita akong fake news ako
matatawa lang ako kase mostly para sakin joke lang yon and lalo na kapagmay nakita
akong naniniwala talaga ansarap talagang magpangap na bobo sa harap ng tao na
feeling matalino kaya ayon natatawa lang talaga ako.

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So sakin once na pag nakaencounter ako ng fake news or misinformation
shinishare ko den pretending na naniniwala don den titignan ko kung sino yung
maniniwala o sa hindi para sa katuwaan lang den.
So kung hindi ako aware na fake news parang na share ko um una ang unang
option ko siguro ay ieedit ko yung post ko pangalawang option ko is magkaroon ako ng
follow up post na hindi totoo iyon or just straight up delete ko yung ano yung post na
yon and sa tatlong option na yon irereport ko yung ano yung post na yun saying that
hindi yon totoo fake news iyon.
Uhh, sa totoo lang wala akong masyadong magagawa as a student pero sating
mga tawag dito sating gumagamit ng social media ang ano nalang siguro tulad ng
ginagawa ko kaganina either ipaalam sa iba na fake news to or just delete it report
yung mga post and accounts na nagpopost ng mga fake news na iyon.
Co-Researcher H----------------------------------Chocho
Uhh umm ok hi I’m umm 16 years old. I’m studying in Mystical Rose School of
Caloocan, my favorite school and I’m currently taking the ICT strand my favorite strand
in my favorite school.
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So, um ah information and news story that common at my newsfeed is about us
students maybe some news about class suspension that’s all I commonly encountered
at Facebook.
For now, maybe about corona virus, people committing suicide, and other
negative things.
I’m just following some memes and other entertainment stuffs.
You know, I’m aware about fake news so I just entertain myself rather than
thinking what to believe.
Um yes, I think there will be no bad effect to people. They know how to
distinguish fake news.
I just usually share memes and jokes. Aside from it is funny I’m sharing it with
my friends.
I have my standards first the like, comments, the page if it is verified by
Facebook. If I’m not sure about that news I usually use google to search more about it.
Based on our generation, it’s a big deal. We don’t know what to do the news
here saying “there’s no classes’’, but on the tv there’s announcement. Fake news limits
us to think more and to how we are going to solve the problem without digging up
more information about the specific problem.

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I’ll just laugh on it, and those people who believes at that news or information.
I’ll still share it. I’ll make fun of those people who will believe on it.
If I shared a fake news unknowingly, I think I’ll follow up it by editing its caption
or just straight delete it. I will just tell to people that this account or page is posting
fake news or simply report it.
Co-Researcher I----------------------------------Leonard
Ahm I’m from section Burgos, Home Economics strand grade 11, 16 years old.
Uhm usually I commonly find on my news feed is ano yung mga ano news na
napapanahon ngayon and, and a story about the lives of my friends yun po. Ahm
pagdating sa news I think it's about ABS-CBN shutdown and ahm pagdating sa
kabalbalan po is that yung parang pornsite na meron nakalagay sa baba na ano na ano
na makulit ka iuuntog kita sa ganito kineme ganon.
Uhm usually I followed pages or account ah comedy, love story minsan po it's
about LGBTQ, IA plus group or ahm mga ano, mga nakaka-catch ng attention ko.
Ahm ayun nga as I've said earlier uh ano nakaka-catch sila ng attention ko ahm
siyempre hindi rin naman maiiwasan talaga na makakuha ng mga sources sa mga
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untrusted and ahm ano yung epekto nito saken actually wala naman dahil hindi ko rin
siya siniseryoso dahil wala naman talaga akong paki sa nara-- sa kung anong meron
ngayon, dahil ang paki ko kung ano ang meron sa akin ganon and ano po siyempre
ayun nga kung alam ko na uns--- ah untrusted sources siya ng news ano hinahayaan ko
muna siya mga ano ilang araw tapos doon, doon ko na malalaman kase kung totoo ba
siya or hindi dahil ika-clarified na siya e kaya doon.
Ahm nakakatawa kase minsan, kadalasan sa mga shinishare kong information is
memes actually hindi naman siya information e, ahm mga kabalbalan lang, kunwari
mga taglibog ganon and ano mga funnies--- funny video.
Ahm ayun nga nakaka-catch sila ng attention and para pag ano pag na stalk ko
yung sarili ko masaya ako kasi alam kong yung ini-stalk ko may saysay yung nilalagay
doon --dahil kasi ako yun.
Ahm sa panahon ngayon ahm ano madami na talagang kumakalat na fake news
pero hindi rin talaga natin maiiwasan kung ano nga ba yang totoo sa hindi. Ahm bilang
isang estudyante ahm ano parang nasa ko pa rin yung think before you click so bago
mo siya kunin or bago mo siya ikalat kailangan ano intindihin mo muna kung ano yon,
kung tama ba siya or hindi ah siguro ano kung kailan siya pinost, kung kailan siya ano
lang mabisa, siguro ganon para malaman mno kung totoo ba siya o hindi.
Ahm maliban sa Facebook I usually use ahm tiktok ewan ko kung ano siya kung
multimedia account ahm next po dun is Twitter na kung saan kadalasan na pina-follow
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ko po talaga sa twitter is mga news, news site like ABS-CBN, GMA, TV5 and ano yun pa
yung mga iba pang network site.
Ahm actually kase ano e dahil sa fake news naiba yung ano e yung perception
natin dun sa isang bagay may mga opinyon kase sa fake news na hindi talaga tama ano
siguro kung napaniwalaan mo man yon siyempre mag iiba yung ano understanding mo
sa isang bagay na kung saan pag lumabas na yung katotoohanan hindi mo siya
matatanggap dahil ano dahil hindi nga yun yung una mong nakuha.
Ahm ayun na nga fake news nga eh kaya siguro kaya limitly lang yung ano.
Limitedly lang yung pag iisip ng tao kase hindi parin ano, parang hindi kase nila
inuuwa---- inuunawa ng maayos ahm bali dito kase parang kung ano yung nakikita nila,
what you see is what we believed, pero para sakin kung ano yung nakita mo dapat
suriin mo para malaman mo yung totoo.
Ahm wala parang wala lang pake talaga kasi nga, pero kung magre-react man
talaga ako siyempre naiinis ako kasi bakit nag kakalat sila ng misinformation eh kung
pwede naman nila ikalat yung totoong information.
Ahm pag hina-handle sa tingin ko lang ayun nga yung katagang think before you
click bago mo siya ano paniwalaan dapat intindihin mo at ano ano ba parang intindihin
mo siya at suriin mo para malaman mo talaga yung totoo.

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Ah usually kapag alam kong fake talaga hindi talaga ako dun ahm no hindi ako
nakikipag interact don as long as alam kong mali yon hindi talaga makiki--- hindi ako
mag sasayang ng oras para makipag interact don sa ano.
Ahm kung sakali man na makapag share ako ng maling post ay maling news
dini-delete ko agad siya sa ano ko sa news feed ko or sa ano ko account ko kase
parang ano e parang mali ka na nga ba't mo pa ikakalat edi dapat itago mo nalang or
burahin para hindi na kumalat pa ganon.
Ahm for me self-awareness talaga and ano po kamalayan sa kasalukuyan kasi
kung hindi mo alam yung mga nakapaligid sayo paano pa kung sa sarili mo ahm
katulad ah ng ano ano ba. Ano para sakin para po hindi na mapre-- ma-prevent na po
yung pagkalat ng fake news I think ano wag niyo nalang po i-share kase kung ise-share
niyo pa dumagdag lang din po kayo don and ano parang marami pang maniniwala doon
na kung saan pag naniwal sila gagawin din nila yung isang bagay na dapat hindi kaya
yun yung sa tingin ko and self-awareness po para po wala ng misinformation sa
Facebook and not only in Facebook but in other kind of social media like Twitter,
Instagram and ayon.
Co-Researcher I----------------------------------Leonard
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I’m from section Burgos, Home Economics strand grade 11, 16 years old.
Usually I commonly find on my news feed is the trending topics and story about
lives of my friends.
For news, I think it’s about ABS-CBN shutdown and when it comes to escapade
it’s like a pornsite which is located at the bottom like you are.
Usually I followed pages or account comedy, love story sometimes it's about
LGBTQ, IA plus group or and whatever catch my attention. As what I've said earlier it
attracts my attention.
Sometimes we can’t elude that kind of action, sometimes we get wrong
information from untrusted source and actually the effect on me is nothing because it’s
nothing serious and I don’t care what they have because all I care is about me and
sometimes if I know the news is came from an untrusted source I let it passed few days
then after that I know if it’s true or not because it’s already clarified.
Sometimes it’s all about funny, usually I shared information is memes actually it’s
not information it is about for fun and lustful days and funny videos. It catches my
attention and when I stalk my account, I’m happy because I know that I’ve shared
information has a purpose. Because it’s me
In our generation fake news is everywhere but we cannot avoid knowing if it’s
true or not. As a student I’ll always put in my head the word “Think before you click” so
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that before you spread some information you need to analyze if it’s true or false
information. You need to know if it is up to date, if it is validated to know if the
information is true or legit.
Except Facebook I usually use Tiktok I don’t know if it’s multimedia account and
next is twitter where I follow like news site like ABS-CBN, GMA, TV5 and other network
site.
Actually, because of fake news our perception to that thing is being different,
there are many opinions in fake news that is totally wrong. So, if you believed your
understanding to that thing will change, and if the truth was coming out you will not
accept it immediately because it’s not the first information you knew.
People will think limitedly because they do not understand well. Supposedly they
do the “what you see is what you believed”, but for me what you see is you should
investigate or check it to know if it’s legitimate.
Nothing, seems like I don’t car. But if I react, I get annoyed because why would
they spread fake news/ false information if it can spread the truth information or legit
information
I think the best way is the saying “think before you click” before you believed
you should understand and analyze what news said to know if it’s true or legitimate.
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Usually if I know that kind of post, I didn’t bother to see that post. No, I’m not
interacting, as long as I know it’s not true, I wouldn’t waste my time to interact with
that kind of post.
In case I shared a misinformation or fake news I immediately delete it on my
news feed or in my account, it’s like you are wrong with that kind of action why would
you spread it instead keep it secret or remove immediately to prevent further spread of
misinformation.
For me self-awareness and cognizance to this generation. For me to prevent the
spread of fake news I think you should not spread or share it, because if you share it
it’s like you are imitate them and the other people will believed it too. Where in when
they believe they do the wrong thing that’s my perception and self-awareness is the
best way to prevent spread of fake news and misinformation not only in Facebook but
in other kind of social media like Twitter, Instagram etc.
Co-Researcher J-------------------------------------Kang
I’m 18 years old from HE-Jacinto.
Opo. About sa Memes at saka mga kadramahan ganon. Yung mga sad posts.
Yung mga nababalita den sa TV lumalabas din sa Facebook, then meron ding mga fake
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news halimbawa yung dating issue about kina James at Nadine na naghiwalay na raw
sila pero ngayon totoo na. Pangalan ng page minsan ANXIETY ganon.
Sa GMA. Gusto ko yung post nila
No. Kapag kilala yung taong nagsabi nun. Kagaya ng sinabi ko kanina yung sa
mga sadpost mga memes ganon. Sa mga balita mga topics na pinapalabas sa TV tapos
lumalabas sa Facebook. Para malaman or mainform din yung ibang tao.
Kung galing siya sa kilalang tao then napanood mo na siya tapos nakita mo sa
Facebook. Magsesearch ako sa Facebook and Google.
Makakaapekto siya kase paniniwala namin is magka iba .
Oo. Yung kapag may pinapagawa yung teacher tapos about sa news tapos fake
pala yun syempre maaapektuhan yung ginawa mo don.
Yes. Wala kase alam ko ng fake news iyon. Siguro ishashare ko tapos sabihin na
fake news yon. Edi nung pinagsharean ko ng information ipapaalam ko sa kanya na
mali pala yung information.
Kapag nagshare ako lalagyan ko ng caption na Fake news ito tapos huwag na
nila ishare or ipakalat pa. Magko comment tapos sasabihing itigil na iyan kase mali yung
impormasiyon na ibinibigay nila.

108
Co-Researcher J-------------------------------------Kang
I’m 18 years old from HE-Jacinto.
Yes. About memes and others. About sad posts. Those news on our television,
then there are also fake news about the breakup of James and Nadine. The name of
the page is Anxiety
I followed GMA (news). I like their news.
No. If I know the person who shared it.
Like what I’ve said earlier, about sad post and memes. Those news I’ve seen in
television and Facebook To know and inform others.
If it came from a known personality and if I’ve watched it on Facebook. I’ll
search on Facebook and Google.
It can affect, because our beliefs are kind of different.
Yes. If your teacher assigned you to a task related to news and you suddenly
found out that it is fake.
Yes. I didn’t react, because I didn’t know it’s fake.

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I’ll share it then inform others that it’s a fake news. I will tell them that it’s a fake
information.
I’ll share it and put some captions telling it’s fake, so that it will not spread. I’ll
comment and will tell him/her to stop spreading it.

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RESEARCHERS’ EXPERIENCES
“Excited but nervous,” these are the words that came from the researchers after
their title has been accepted. Somehow, they are confident because some of them
already know what to do and have made a research paper on their previews school
year.
The researchers came up with a bunch of ideas that they want to resolve where
all of them would agree upon. Then they have finally decided to choose the topic
about fake news and misinformation and what might be the effect if people are not
aware of it and will tolerate or don’t do any actions. They noticed that most students
just keep on sharing some news or information without knowing that it is not actually
legitimate or real. The researchers realized that an action must be taken immediately.
Raising awareness is needed to prevent and stop those who keep on making fake
news and misinformation as perceived by Senior High School Students.
After the title defense, they felt relieved and begun making their research titled
FAKE OR FACT; SPREAD OF FAKE NEWS AND MISINFORMATION ON
FACEBOOK AS PERCEIVED BY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS into a reality.
Thanks to their research adviser, the researchers have finalized their research
questions and interview protocol. Finding co-researchers were not a problem for them
because they have lots of acquaintance that made looking for participants easier. The
researchers have set requirements for their respondents. As long as they are using
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Facebook with a daily average time of 4 hours a day, they are perfectly fit to be one of
the participants. As the researchers search all the top 2 of every section of grade 11
Senior High School Students of Mystical Rose of Caloocan Inc. to be their participant, it
is a really tough job for them because they need to adjust their time to their
participants if their time is available or not. As they roam and roam for about 2 weeks,
they finally did it. The researchers interviewed them with voice recorder to minimized
their consumed time. After the interview, they transcribe the recorded audio into text.
Interviewing people/students are tough but enjoyable. The researchers met a lot of
people that they are not actually familiar with, but after all of this, they had some good
conversation and became friends.
“’Evidence,’’ a data that supports specific idea or case to prove its legitimacy.
This is the most interesting part of the research as the researchers believed. They
collect lots of related literature, studies, articles, and so on to support their study about
“fake news and misinformation” and to strengthen their study about the existence of
‘’fake news and misinformation,’’ and its negative effects to students. As the research
team continues to search, they have found out that this study is not only a problem for
individuals but a global crisis that still existing. A lot of people don’t care about it that’s
why the researchers have been powered up to conduct this research.
The analysis of this qualitative research data involves the objective of Fake or
Fact: Spread of Fake news and Misinformation on Facebook as perceived by Senior

112
High School Students by using the data that the researchers have obtained to describe
what needs to be described in this research.
The researchers went through a lot of revisions regarding their research papers
before and even after their title defense. Their topic is a bit difficult to conduct so they
have to regularly comply with their research adviser for revision. Their research adviser
always gives her might to correct all mistakes committed on their revision process and
the researchers are grateful for that because from that mistakes they are gradually
honed to better researchers as well as students.
Lately, the research team continued working on their research although not on
their usual way that they are on a same place working together. Instead, the
researchers worked online in messenger because each of them was prohibited to go
out of their houses due to the CoViD-19. They are a bit problematic on this situation
because not all of them were online in the same time so they have to work harder now
than they used to. Now that the researchers are getting used to work on their
respective houses, they keep helping each other’s out even if it is via messenger.
The researchers just want to say that making a research was challenging and in
the same time it was fun because working on this research is not just for grades but
also for themselves and other students, because this research were so beneficial and
relevant for everyone. They are thankful about this experience because it makes them
become a better student which is a good development and served as a training for
college life.
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RESEARCHERS’ REFLECTION
The following themes emerged from the rigorous analysis of the gathered data
and they were supported with direct quotations from the co-researchers.
1. Common Information on Participant's News Feed. It is the news stories that
appear to be normal or commonly seen on participant’s news feed. Researchers asked
them to share their news feed’s common information.
Co-researcher H told us the common story on his news feed as a student. So,
um ah information and news story na common sa newsfeed ko is sa’ting mga
estudyante siguro mga balita na walang pasok ‘yon yung madalas makita sa
newsfeed ko sa Facebook and Twitter or other social media na nagagamit ko . [I
mostly found news about class suspension on my Facebook and Twitter
newsfeed or other social media platform I'm using.]
Co-researcher F said that, Actually yung mga fake news about sa mga classes.
Kapag kunyare walang class suspensions. [Actually, fake news about classes like
there are no suspension of classes.]
Co-researcher D also prove that class suspensions are way common on a
student’s news feed. About class suspension, weather tapos mga napapanahong
balita naman ganon. [About class suspension, weather forecast and other
current news.]
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Co-researcher G also shares that suspension of classes are really common on
her news feed. Uhm… ayun, yung karaniwan na yung kapag sa walang pasok,
ganun. [Mostly, especially if there are no classes]
In this study, most of the co-researchers said that the most common topic that
appeared in their newsfeed is about class suspension but there are different
topics occur depending on the situation. Co-researchers commonly shared post
about students. They may see the post in their own social media sites. This
doesn’t mean that class suspensions are the most common topic on every
Facebook user’s news feed. This proves that there are different topics occur
depending on the situation and their interests.
2. Looking into the Trend. This means a particular group of people (e.g. community)
have knowledge about a specific topic occurred on their accounts. After asking common
information, researchers asked them to share trending topics occurring on their news
feed.
Co-researcher H gave different trending topics on his news feed. Sa sarili kong
feed kung hindi yung mga walang pasok news na nakikita ko its either mga
current issues tulad ng corona virus and um yung lalaking tumalon sa city hall na
depression and other issues na pinapakalat ng mga tao. [I mostly found current
issues like Corona virus and other issues that spread by different person.]
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Co-researcher E also shared an idea. Sa ngayon kasi sa newsfeed ko ang
nakikita kong news yung anu nga sa franchise renewal ng ABS-CBN. Tas nakikita
ko din news sa ncov yung mabilis na pagkalat which is yung origin is yung china
and yung nxt country na may pinakamaraming cases ay ang south Korea yun .
[For now, I mostly found news about the ABS-CBN franchise renewal and also
about NCoV quickly spreading.]
Co-researcher I added trending topic on his news feed. Ahm pagdating sa
news I think it's about ABS-CBN shutdown. [In terms of news, I think about ABS-
CBN shutdown.]
In this study, most of the co-researchers said that the usual trending topics
occurring on their newsfeed it is either Franchise Renewal of ABS CBN or
spreading of Novel Corona Virus. Each participant told us the trending topics
occurred on their news feed and are quite similar to each other’s information.
Proving that they are all aware on what’s trending and what is happening around
them.
3. Following Each Interests. Here we can find the most trusted pages or accounts
by the participants. Trusted sources are very important, following those can help to
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stop the spread of fake news and misinformation on Facebook. Researchers asked them
what pages or accounts do they usually follow (in terms of news).
For Co-researcher B, she always has a basis in terms of verifying an
information. Uhmm.. The GMA News. If uhmm.. there is a suspension in classes,
that's my number one.
Co-researcher J directly told her trusted page. Sa GMA (news) [I'm following
GMA news.]
Co-researcher E and D, added another trusted page/s. Co-researcher E said,
Kadalasang mga news page like GMA news, ABS-CBN news, CNN news, CNN
sports, Rappler. [Mostly I follow news pages like GMA news, ABS-CBN news,
CNN news, CNN sports, and Rappler.] Co-researcher D stated, Yung ABS-CBN,
GMA ganon [I followed ABS-CBN and GMA]
With that information, researchers found that the participants already know what
is the difference between trusted and untrusted sources of information.
After that, participants shared their purpose of following those pages.
The researchers noticed that Co-researchers E and D has the same purpose.
Co-researcher D said, …ganon tapos yung sa mga ano naman sa ABS-CBN at
saka GMA siyempre kase para malaman ko rin yung mga nagyayari sa paligid
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ganun then mga news na napapanahon…. ayun. [To be aware on what's
happening around.]
Co-researcher E told us: Para makakuha ng information about what is
happening sa surroundings ko para maging aware ako kung ano bang mga
issues na nangyayari sa country and sa world and para sa entertainment. [To get
information about what's happening in my surroundings and to be aware about
the issues that is happening in our country and the world.]
In this study, 5 co-researchers said that they followed trusted pages or account if
it came from GMA News. The two participants followed those pages because
they want to be aware about what is happening in their surroundings. Unlike ABS
CBN, it has a bias in terms of news. Participants already know what is the
different between trusted and untrusted source of information. And also, to be
aware what pages or account should follow.
4. Sharing Doesn’t Always Mean Caring. Researchers asked the participants if they
have shared information from an untrusted source. It is important to know the
credibility of different sources of information to make sure that if it is shared, it will not
cause misinformation to many Facebook users.
Co-researcher E directly stated: No. and also added, it came from legitimate
source kasi shinaredan ko ng post is verified ng Facebook at talagang credible na

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sya. Known sya ng maraming tao. [It came from legitimate source because it's
from a page that is verified by Facebook.]
Co-researcher F also answers No and added Masasabi ko lang is makikita
naman sa Facebook kung legitimate yung source like page kung yun ay may
check at verified ng Facebook. [All I can say, everyone can verify if the source is
legitimate if it has a check and truly verified by Facebook itself.]
This proves the researchers that there are students that is aware on how to
identify trusted sources of information, because they confidently say that they
did not share information from unknown and not credible sources even once.
This is a big improvement and a great practice of being self-aware. In this study,
2 co-researchers said that they haven’t shared information from an untrusted
source. Because they knew what is the difference between trusted and untrusted
source. And they are sure what information they may share or not because once
you shared from an untrusted source it may cause confusion to many Facebook
users.
5. Pass the Message. It is the post they have shared from different sources (not
considering its credibility). The researchers asked them what information or post do the
participants commonly share on Facebook.
Co-researchers A and B said that they mostly share posts about politics.
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Co-researcher B: Mostly about politics.
Co-researcher A stated, Jokes, bukod sa jokes is yung mga nakakaines na
pangyayari politically. [Aside from jokes, different events in politics.]
Co-researchers A and B’s statement are way connected. They mostly share
information about politics which is one of the topics that is highly engaged with
fake news. In this study, 4 co-researchers stated that they commonly shared
post about memes and politics even it’s not from trusted source Which is highly
engaged with fake news they shared post depends on their mood or favorite.
6. Digging for the Root. In terms of verifying information, the researchers asked the
participants about how they can identify or verify an information if it’s true or
legitimate. Verifying information is quite hard for many students, because most of them
did not aware about the credibility of the sources of information, in line with that, they
cannot verify information’s legitimacy without knowing the source of it.
Co-researcher H told us his own way of verifying information on Facebook. So
ako I verify news and information nakadepende sa um marami akong
pinagbabasehan una sa likes, comments and shares pangalawa sa um kung
verified ba talaga ang account na nagpost and kung saan ko nakita . [I have a lot
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of basis, number of likes, comments, shares and if that particular account where
I saw the news was verified]
Co-researcher F said that, Ayun pag konti yung nag lalike tapos paulit ulit lang
din yung mga post tapos walang verification check ng Facebook . [If information
doesn't have many likes, or has no verification check by Facebook.]
Although Co-researcher H considering the source where particular information
came from, he also considers the number of likes and shares being a basis of
verifying information’s legitimacy, same case as Co-researcher F.
In this study, 3 co-researchers have their own way on how to identify if an
information is true or legitimate. Because most of the Facebook users are not
aware about the credibility of the source of information. The participants prove
that there are students who are highly prone to get misinformation because of
their way of verifying information. There are still Facebook users who used
number of likes and shares as their verifying basis.
7. The Media Verification. In terms of verifying information's source, the researchers
asked the participants on what media sites usually participants used to verify
information because most of Facebook users doesn’t know on how and where they
verify an information.
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Co-researcher B gave her statement. like Google, Twitter because there are
pages like the GMA news there and it's official
Co-researcher I also gave statement and media he is using aside from
Facebook. ahm maliban sa facebook i usually use ahm tiktok ewan ko kung ano
siya kung multimedia account ahm next po dun is twitter na kung saan
kadalasan na pina-follow ko po talaga sa twitter is mga news, news site like ABS-
CBN, GMA, TV5 and ano yun pa yung mga iba pang network site. [Except
Facebook I usually use Tiktok I don’t know if it’s multimedia account and next is
twitter where I follow like news site like ABS-CBN, GMA, TV5 and other network
site.]
Co-researcher E also said that Google can also be used to verify information. I
use google para maghanap ng related things about dun at mas ma verified kung
totoo yun. [I use Google to find related things about that particular information
and to verify if it's true.]
Co-researcher F uses other social media platforms like IG and Twitter to verify
news. I use IG or Twitter ganun kung parehas lang din sila nag mga content or
sinasabe maybe totoo yun. [I use IG(Instagram) or Twitter, if they have the
same content maybe it's true.]

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Co-researcher A said that she’s also using not only Google but Google scholar
to be specific to verify if an article is legitimate. um mostly kase yun nga sa news
if not news if it’s for talking about scientific stuff then I will look at journal sa
mga Google scholar kung talagang nag eexist yung ganong study madalas if an
article does not nurture journal na walang DOI yung DOI kase yun yung parang
magagamit para malaman kung verifiable yung source so pagwala nun edi ekis
hindi totoo. [Mostly in terms of news or scientific stuff, I will look at journal in
Google scholar to know if that study really exists. If a journal does not contain
DOI, —DOI is used to know if the source is verifiable. If a journal does not
contain DOI, then it's not true.]
Co-researcher J directly stated that she used Facebook itself and also Google
to verify news on Facebook. Magsesearch ako sa Facebook and Google. [I will
search on Facebook and Google.]
Co-researcher D said that on Twitter, news appear to be more legitimate. Sa
mga page non,kunware yung sa GMA ganon or kaya sa TWITTER den kase
feeling ko kapag sa twitter mas totoo yung mga news na nadoon ganon or kaya
sa television,yung mga news talaga doon. [In pages like GMA or Twitter because
I just feel that informations came from Twitter are more legitimate, and I also
watch news on television.]

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Co-researcher H said that he uses Google to know if an information is really
true. For me hindi lang ako kung ano um nakakita ako ng balita sa Facebook at
hindi ako sure, iba gumagamit ako ng verification through um the internet the
other parts of the internet tulad ng google magsesearch ako ng mga um topic na
related don sa related news na nakita ko so ayon. [If I have seen news on
Facebook and I'm not sure if it's true, I used verification through the other parts
of the internet like Google. I will search topics related from that particular news
that I have seen.]
With the information the researchers gathered, participants trust Google and
Twitter rather than Facebook, because they used Google and Twitter to confirm
if an information is verified or came from a credible source. Being not knowing
what sites are Fake news or legit can cause confusion on Facebook users
because they doesn’t know on how and where they could verify an information.
8. Constant State of Confusion. In terms of causing confusion, researchers asked
the participants on how fake news and misinformation cause confusion on the things
they already believe because it can change your understanding they didn’t know where
to believe in.
Co-researcher A agreed. Well it causes a lot of confusion kase like i have a
certain believing something and some news um parang kinokontradict niya

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siyempre babasahin ko iyon tapos kikilatisin ko isat isa tapos ipopoint up ko ahhh
mali ka. [It causes a lot of confusion for example, I have certain belief in
something, and some news appeared to contradict my beliefs, I will read it and
carefully search it one by one then I'll just find out that it's fake.]
Co-researcher H said it can cause confusion if there are different information
spread through Facebook. So ayun nga um diba tayong mga sa generation
ngayon mas madalas tayong gumamit ng social media and internet sa karamihan
ng bagay and kung hindi lahat ng ano kung hindi lahat na makikita mo sa
internet and social media na mga balita ay lahat silay di totoo malilito tayo kung
alin dito ang paniniwalaan natin and ayon minsan hindi ako nakakapasok pero
yung totoo may pasok pala kase yu yung nakita ko sa Facebook so ganun
maraming cause ang information. [If we see some news that is not true, and
there's many of them, it can cause confusion to us because we didn't know what
is true or fake, we didn't know where to believe in.]
Co-researcher I believes that it can cause confusion to the things people
already believed in. Ahm actually kase ano e dahil sa fake news naiba yung ano
e yung perception natindun sa isang bagay may mga opinyon kase sa fake news
na hindi talaga tama ano siguro kung napaniwalaan mo man yon siyempre mag
iiba yung ano understanding mo sa isang bagay na kung saan pag lumabas na
yung katotoohanan hindi mo siya matatanggap dahil ano dahil hindi nga yun
yung una mong nakuha. [Actually because of fake news our perception to that
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thing is being different, there are many opinions in fake news that is totally
wrong. So, if you believed your understanding to that thing will change, and if
the truth was coming out, you will not accept it immediately because it’s not the
first information you knew.]
Co-researcher F said that it is confusion if you will see same information but
different in content. Confusing sya the way na pag nakita mo yung information
or news tapos may isa pang same news or information pero iba sila ng story di
muna na alam sa dalawa kung alin ang paniniwalaan mo.
[It is confusing in a way that if you see a particular information that has different
thought with another, you will not know where to believe from that two
information.]
This proves that fake news can really cause confusion from a normal student or
even those who are considered as “smart students” by the society. Being aware
is very important to stop confusion caused by fake news and misinformation. If
we are aware, we can confidently share information to others that can also be
considered as facts because it legitimate.
9. Settling for Less. This explains how fake news affects the participant in terms of
their way of thinking, and how it can cause their state of thinking limited. The
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researchers asked the participants about how fake news cause Facebook users think
limitedly.
Co-researcher B believes that fake news can cause Facebook users think
limitedly because what they have seen is what they believe in. Because they
think na yung alam nila yun na yun, they don’t uhmm.. they don’t do searching
lalo na kapag nakakatamad na kase talaga like kung anong nabasa mo sige na
paniwalaan mo na. [Because they don't do searching. What they have read is
what they believe.]
Co-researcher A said that fake news can cause limited thinking if verification is
not present on their practices and sharing it can cause ignorance. Like you read
something, something tapos hindi mo na iveverify kasi minsan kapag yung mga
tao kase mostly ang tinitignan lang nila is yung headlines so hindi nila na fact
check so yon kung ganon lang nagspread ng ganon g news tapos hindi mo
naman chinecheck ganern isa ka pa nagpapalawak pagpapalaganap ng ka
ignorantehan ganern [You read something and you didn't verify it, mostly
Facebook users just read the headline only not the content, they did not do fact
checking so that fake news spread very quickly.]
Co-researcher I said that Facebook users didn’t understand the information’s
content but keep sharing their opinions. He added that it is important to analyze
first the information to know if it’s true. Ahm ayun na nga fake news nga eh
kaya siguro kaya limitly lang yung ano. Limitedly lang yung pag iisip ng tao kase
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hindi parin ano, parang hindi kase nila inuuwa---- inuunawa ng maayos ahm bali
dito kase parang kung ano yung nakikita nila, what you see is what we believed,
pero para sakin kung ano yung nakita mo dapat suriin mo para malaman mo
yung totoo. [Facebook users didn't understand the content of information; they
just rely on what they have seen. For me analyze the news first for you to know
the truth.]
Co-researcher G said Facebook users easily believe on what they have read on
introduction without even finishing the whole content. Syempre, karaniwan na
silang nagso-social media at may nababasa silang fake news kaya yung mga
nababasa nilang fake news parang dun na lang talaga sila maniniwala kasi
minsan ako rin… aaminin ko na tinatamad rin ako magbase sa ibang source kung
totoo ba o hindi. Kaya yung mababasa ko na lang na post dun, fake news man o
hindi, yun na lang yung paniniwalaan ko. [Facebook users rely on the
information they have seen on Facebook, not considering its legitimacy. They
didn't check the credibility of a particular information, so that, they have no
choice but to believe in fake news since there is no awareness.]
In this study, 4 co-researchers said that they don’t do searching and they believe
based on what they have read. Facebook users mostly don’t check if it’s true or
legitimate. They just depending on they have seen. They didn’t check if its
credibility, they didn’t use there critical thinking. It is really important to read and
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analyze the whole content of an information first before making and considering
different opinions. Without the well understanding of the content, Facebook
users will think limitedly because there are such questions will leave through
their mind.
10. Fake News Encounters. In terms of encountering fake news and misinformation,
it is also important to know the actions you must take to stop the spread of it. The
researchers asked the participants about their reactions after reading the content of the
misinformed data and how do they handle it.
Co-researcher A said that report is still the best action to make in that kind of
situation. Report. Pag hindi report magcocoment ako mali yan delete mo yan
fake news as in all caps pa fake news ganern [Report and then I will comment
"that's fake delete it immediately]
Co-researcher F also said that reporting the post to make the page turned
down by Facebook itself. Irereport ko nalang para ma turndown yung page or
kung kaninong account man yun [I'll report the page]
Co-researcher E said that sometimes reporting a page can stop the spread of
fake news...minsan nirereport ko yung page na nagpapakalat ng fake news
[Sometimes, I report the page who's spreading the fake news.]

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In this study, 3 co- researchers said that the best way to do when they
encountered fake news and misinformation is to report the page or account
because it may cause confusion to the Facebook users who may see it. It is
clearly stated that as a student, reporting a page or account is the best way to
do if a Facebook user encounter information that is not legitimate. It can help to
lessen the fake news around Facebook.
11. Awakening Awareness. If a Facebook user will accidentally spread fake news,
he/she must take actions about it. The researchers asked the respondents about how
they figured out if a specific data that they gathered is true or legitimate
Co-researcher A said that she would delete the post immediately. I would
delete it immediately specially someone na notified na kase I dont have all that
time in the world to verify to verify on that things in internet so it’s just mostly
blind trust to other so hopefully others would like you know like take advantage
of blind trust put in internet. [I will delete it immediately especially when
someone notified me because I don't have time to verify things on the internet.]
Co-researcher H would also has a choice to delete the post straight from his
news feed ….or just straight up delete ko yung ano yung post na yon [Straight
up delete that post]

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Co-researcher I would admit that it is wrong and delete the post immediately.
Ahm kung sakali man na makapag share ako ng maling post ay maling news
dini-delete ko agad siya sa ano ko sa news feed ko or sa ano ko account ko kase
parang ano e parang mali ka na nga ba't mo pa ikakalat edi dapat itago mo
nalang or burahin para hindi na kumalat pa ganon. [If I have shared fake news,
I'll just delete it immediately on my news feed or timeline. It's better to delete it
before it'll spread throughout the internet.]
Co-researcher F would also delete the post and make public apology. Kung di
ako sure tapos nalaman kung fake news pala yun idedelete ko nalang kaagad
yung post at mag sosorry ako sa mga nakabasa or nag react about dun. [If I'm
not sure then suddenly I found out that it's fake, I'll delete the post and make a
public apology.]
Co-researcher E said turning down the post and deleting it would be a better
option to stop it from spreading. First, I will turn down the post I will delete the
post tapos para di na kumalat. [First, turn down the post, I will delete it before it
spread.]
Co-researcher C said that, di ko sya sinasadya di ko alam na mali diba parang
nung bata ako ang ginawa ko nun denelete ko yung post… [When I was young, I
delete the post.]

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Co-researcher D would delete the post because it can be actually deleted.
Idedelete,kase pwede namn idelete ganon. [Delete bacause it actually can be
deleted.]
Co-researcher G said that if she’ll suddenly realized that it is fake, she will also
delete the post and admit that she is wrong. She didn’t want to get bashed by
other people. Kapag nakakapag-share naman ako ng mga post na hindi naman
totoo, syempre sa huli marerealize ko na hindi pala totoo to ganun… buburahin
ko yun. Syempre kasi aminado ako na napapahiya ako… kasi kapag nagshe-
share ako ng post na “ay ganun, mali pala… fake news…” edi maba-bash ako sa
mga comments… yun, buburahin ko na lang. [If I realized it's fake, I will delete
it, because I know that it's wrong and I don't want to get bashed by other
people.]
Sharing an invalid information unknowingly has a lot of effect. 8 co-researchers
shared what they had been experience sharing invalid Information unknowingly.
They said they may delete it immediately in their newsfeed before its spread
throughout the Internet
This explains that a simple mistake can cause a huge impact to other Facebook
users. Aside from deleting the post, it is also important to make a public apology
to avoid misunderstanding. This also explains the concept of being a responsible
Facebook user.
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12. Putting an End to Infodemic. In terms of spreading of fake news and
misinformation, here we will know participants will do to prevent the spreading of fake
news and misinformation on Facebook. Researchers ask them what they going to do to
prevent the spread of fake news and misinformation. Most of the Facebook users have
different ways to prevent spreading of fake news and misinformation.
Co-researcher B believes on the concept of “think before you click” ad by GMA.
…let’s just put it in a nice way na think before you click and then siguro for them
to know more information i will do the searching and I will put it and share it for
them to know na mali na yung alam nilang information. [Think before you click.
For them to know more information, do searching and share it for others to
know that the information is fake]
Co-researcher A said that verification is a must. Well first and for most stop
stop spreading fake news and second verify all the news that you or article or
shared post that you shared in internet and then next point out and speak out if
there’s something wrong in article ganern. [First, stop spreading fake news.
Second, verify all the news that you have and you will share on the internet.
Lastly point out and speak out if there's something wrong in an article or news.]
Co-researcher C said that if a Facebook user is not sure about the
information’s legitimacy, do not share it. Sa tingin ko pinaka magagawa ko lang
naman talaga prevent ang gagawin wag ka na lang agad maniniwala not unless
marami lang naman sources na nakakakita ka ng parepareho sila ng information

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siguro totoo so parang napigilan mo wag ka nalang agad maniniwala lalo na
kung may ishishare sa Facebook or sa social media site kung di ka naman talaga
sigurado sa information. [don’t believe easily not unless all of the accounts or
pages are posted the same information.]
Co-researcher G said that do not easily share information without verifying it.
As a student, hindi na lang ako basta-basta magshe-share ng mga di ko pa
napapatunayang totoo, ganun. Kaya nga… sabi nila… think before you click.
Bago ka mag-share, mag-comment, or mag-react sa isang post, kailangan mo
munang pag-isipan kung totoo ba to or mabuti ba yung epekto nito sa iba. [Do
not share any informations that is not yet verified. Think before you click. Before
you share, comment, react on an information make sure that it's is legitimate.]
Stop sharing information if you don't know if it's true, also you need to verify the
news or article if it is legitimate before you share or post it. If you know how to
verify or identify information properly it will be easy for you to avoid getting
misinformation. Be responsible at all times, also if accidentally shared fake news.
Many Facebook users seem to be irresponsible in terms of using the said social
media platform. They didn’t know how to identify legitimate information and how
to verify trusted sources of news in Facebook.
We must know what pages brings the Facebook users legitimate news and
information, with that, we can learn to trust different sources or media pages
that only wants to spread awareness. We also should know how to verify the
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source of a particular information before sharing it, so that, we can avoid
spreading fake news and bringing misinformation unknowingly.

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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION, IMPLICATIONS,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, symbolic representation,
implications drawn and recommendation offered by the researchers.
participants?
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participants?
misinformation?
Facebook?

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based from the answers given by our co-researchers and after thorough analysis
of the data, the researchers hereby present the summary of our findings.
Common information and news encountered by the Facebook users are about
class suspensions, weather forecasts, and other current issues. Some of them often see
posts about political stuffs, and celebrities. However, it is found that the majority of the
users’ news feed are filled with entertaining content, though not informative, such as
memes, jokes, and personal blogs from the pages they follow. Furthermore, what is
seen on a news feed of each users depends on their interests and other things that
they have been engaging interactions the most.
Facebook allows users to share what they want with their friends. Alas, it also
allows the possibility of spreading fake news and misinformation, and there are lots of
reasons behind this. First, users do not give time to verify the information they have
seen. They mostly read the headlines and share it right away; they do not even bother
to read the whole content. Second, they let themselves to be overwhelmed with their
emotions. Because of this, they may not be able to think clearly and it may cause
reckless moves and unnecessary reactions. Third, they do not know the difference
between fact and opinion. It is possible that they may perceive an opinion as a fact,
and vice versa. Lastly, they follow the choice of the majority. What’s trending appeals
to them and they will interact with it no matter what negative effects it may bring.
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Ways of identifying fake news and misinformation varies from one user to
another. Some of them go to news sites to verify the information, though it is trusted,
other news media are deemed to be biased. Certain user use journals and Google
Scholar for verification. Others compare what they have seen on Facebook to the
similar posts or videos found on Google, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and to Facebook
itself. Few of them thinks that the basis of a verified content is associated with its
popularity. They thought that the popularity of who shares it and the number of likes
and shares of a particular post is a major factor to know if the information is legitimate.
Facebook users expressed that the spread of fake news and misinformation will
cause confusion, limited thinking, and even panic. They are confused whether they will
accept the information they have read or seen. There is a blurred line in between truth
and falsity that makes it hard for it to determine what is legitimate. Moreover, the
likeliness of the users to believe on this false information is at a greater chance,
contrary to the way it should be.
Majority of the co-researchers pointed out that when sharing an information,
prior confirmation is necessary, otherwise false information might spread. A lot of them
associated their actions to the famous line from an online campaign promoting the
responsible use of social media, “Think before you click.” Deleting the post, making an
apology, reporting the page, and commenting to the post, are the ways of the co-
researchers when they happened to encounter or shared false information.

141
Awareness must be empowered. It will be effective to prevent the outspread of
fake news and misinformation. It is now the time to rekindle the fight against
falsification. Knowing what’s ahead and how to prevent will be a great help to end the
prevalence of fake news and misinformation.

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SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION
The researchers chose the traffic light to be the symbol of the study. In this
world full of lies, deceptions, distrust of other people, everyone needs to be aware.
The traffic light warns us that on our journey, we can be sure that we are safe in the
end.
The researchers selected traffic light to provide steps for when will we continue
and stop. “Green” means GO, which means go ahead and continue to do right not only
for you, but for the sake of other people. However, since no one is perfect, we still
make mistakes and we can’t avoid encountering conflicts. “Yellow” signifies WARNING.
Yellow traffic signs stand for slowing down (decides what is right and wrong), continue
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with caution (you must stop if you are able and if it’s safe to do so). “Red” is used for
signs that tell to stop or yield, which means stop approving to other importations to
claim the wrong decision.
Experts now recommend avoiding the term ‘fake news’, or at least limit its use,
as the term ‘fake news’ is closely associated with politics, and this association can
unhelpfully narrow the focus of the issue. The term ‘false information’ is preferable as it
can refer to a diverse range of disinformation covering topics such as health,
environmental and economics across all platforms and genres, while ‘fake news’ is more
narrowly understood as political news stories.
Stopping the spread of misinformation will be a serious challenge. We must first
understand the nature of the problem: Some people intentionally spread
misinformation. For some people, spreading misinformation is a choice, and often a
profitable one. For others, spreading misinformation is a political job—in these cases,
you should think of it as disinformation. The goal of political bad actors is often to
discourage participation by overwhelming people with misleading information.
Though we're committed to doing everything we can to reduce the spread of
false news to as close to zero as possible, we also need to make sure we take steps to
address the problem when people do encounter hoaxes. To that end, we're exploring
ways to give people more contexts about stories so they can make more informed
decisions about what to read, trust and share and ways to give people access to more
perspectives about the topics that they're reading.

144
People should know how to stop, how to go and how to be aware. In this
generation people day by day are too impulsive. As much as possible, it must be
prevented, because the longer it exists the more it is getting worse. People should be
aware on what is happening in their environment. If the information they get is not
legitimate they should research or find reliable and legit sources.

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IMPLICATIONS
Based on the summary of findings, the following implications are drawn.
Facebook users tend to follow pages or accounts that will satisfy their interests
and needs. Users follow informational pages to be more active and aware of what is
happening around. At the same time, they also follow entertaining pages to enjoy their
leisure and give them good vibes. Unfortunately, information and entertainment have
been mixed up together in one place. In this kind of situation, there will be a confusion
and it will be difficult to point out which is which. This puts users to the unseen danger
of consuming fake news and misinformation.
Facebook contents are opted for sharing regardless of their nature, whether it is
for plain humor, satire, factual data, or biased opinion. Any Facebook users can be one
of the spreaders of fake news and misinformation without knowing that they are
actually doing it, and it happens for many reasons. Users do not think critically. They let
their guard off, and accept things openly without prior judgement, hence, leading to
adverse actions. Many Facebook users can be affected by those kinds of actions. It can
lead the readers to get misinformation easily because of unverified information. This
situation may lessen if the Facebook users know how to verify the information they
have seen on Facebook.
One way to know what is true, is to run to the reliable sources and compare.
This is by far the most used method of the users. Despite of what other users have
stated, verifying an information based on its popularity may not be the best approach to
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practice. As observed on this study, Facebook users are way informed about how to
verify credible sources and legitimate information. However, the problem lies whether if
they are actually doing it or just knew how. Finding legitimate information requires the
ability to be a critical thinker and the eagerness to seek truth.
Spreading of false information can cause confusion, limited thinking and even
panic. When there are two contradicting stories on a similar topic, people do not know
which one they are going to believe, that is why confusion arises. Limited thinking
occurs when the users only rely on what they have read or seen. It limits their mind
from other possible side of the information because they do not even try to search for
more concrete details. They are slacking off to do additional researches, because it is
way out of their convenience. The only thing they care for is merely the content of the
post itself. Panic and unnecessary actions is not impossible to happen. If users did not
get the humor or the implied message out of the content, they will mistakenly take it as
real, thus, sudden unfiltered reactions are triggered.
Validating certain information before it is shared is important. In addition, don't
immediately trust the information that is read or seen. You can help to decline the
spread of false information. Further refining the skills on verifying information pick up
other ways to avoid fake news and misinformation on Facebook. It is important to
always start with oneself. It is useless to advocate others if you have not started it in
your own.
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A guide will be effective to prevent the outspread of fake news and
misinformation. Facebook users will have ideas and techniques to stay away from fake
news, and the guide will also help them find out more easily whether particular
information is fake or not. They will become aware of the information they share on
Facebook. They will also be more active in terms of gathering facts. It needs to be
spread, therefore, that more Facebook users will understand more about the situation.
It would definitely be a useful way to spread awareness.

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RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are hereby recommended based on the given implications.
To the students and other Facebook users, learn how to identify fake
sources of information on Facebook, so that they can easily avoid getting
misinformation. Be aware on what is happening in their surroundings, be a responsible
person that will admit if have done any mistakes online and knows the consequences it
can lead.
To the teachers, they can teach their students and share fact checking
techniques, so that they will not get difficulty on finding what is true. Give them
knowledge on how to avoid getting wrong information on Facebook for them to become
more observant.
To the school administration, they can also plan to make fake news
orientation, which has the purpose of spreading awareness bot only for students but
also for other Facebook users like teachers and other staffs. Using this simple
technique, could make big changes and could also take their students away from the
threat of Fake news.
To parents, make sure that their children is responsible enough to use social
media, they must consider their age and knowledge capacity. Additionally, parents must
know how to handle any situation related to fake news, because they play a very
149
important role that can stop fake news from spreading on Facebook, being a parent
themselves will give them the power to command their children and to teach them
some important lessons, without them being ignored.
To the community, plan to make a topic discussion in your area about fake
news and misinformation. Anyone should be allowed to listen to the discussion and
freely asked some questions if have. Also, make sure that both students and parents
will be invited to the said event, so parents, especially those who are using Facebook,
can also learn about fake news through listening to the discussion.
To media and other information sources: For the legitimate sources, do
not stop spreading and giving people legitimate news and information, just stick to their
main purpose—which is to inform the netizens. For untrusted and fake sources,
stop spreading ignorance to your fellow followers, do not spread fake information
because it can lead various negative effects to other Facebook users.
To the future researchers, continue to fill the gaps on everyone's knowledge,
so that they will be aware on how to avoid getting misinformation, do not stop finding
answers especially to related studies, pursue this study using the same purpose and
most importantly, be a responsible researcher.

150
151
A GUIDE ON IDENTIFYING FAKE NEWS
AND MISINFORMATION TO INITIATE
PREVENTION
Prepared by:
Group 1
ICT Agoncillo
April 2020
152
FACT OR BLUFF:
SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS
AND MISINFORMATION ON FACEBOOK
AS PERCEIVED BY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS
A Guide
Presented by
Group 1 ICT Agoncillo April 2020
INTRODUCTION ▼
What is Fake News?

False stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media
with the intent to mislead in order to gain financially or politically.
What is Misinformation?
Incorrect or misleading information unintentionally sent in order to influence
public opinion or obscure the truth.
153
Misinformation vs. Disinformation

Both disinformation and misinformation contribute to fake news, and both pose a
risk to their audiences. However, the major difference between the two lies in
intent.
Disinformation carries with it the deliberate intent to spread information known
to be incorrect. In contrast, the sender of misinformation may not know the
information is inaccurate.
What is Facebook?
A popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create
profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with
friends, family, colleagues.
Why do we need a guide?

Everyone deserves the truth. Yet, we are surrounded by falsification of
information, especially on the Internet. For this reason, people must act to fight
and condemn the distortion of truth but then with a well-equipped self. This
guide will show how could it be done.
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CONTENT ▼
THE REASONS BEHIND

SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS AND MISINFORMATION.
 People trusting other people as sources of information.

We certainly cannot go do the work ourselves to guarantee that all our
beliefs are good ones. Even when we look to scientific journals for
evidence supporting our beliefs, we are ultimately trusting others. And
sometimes even these good sources lead us astray.
 Seeking for conformity bias.
This happens when individuals want to conform their actions or beliefs to
their peers. In sometimes preventing the spread of useful or accurate
knowledge. Our heuristics for social trust, such as placing more trust in
those who are more similar to ourselves, or who share our beliefs, can
mislead.
 Active attempts to mislead.
There are many groups with an interest in controlling public belief — think
of political parties, oil and gas companies, and pharmaceuticals. Over the
years, different groups have developed effective propaganda techniques
aimed at spreading scientific misinformation.
Other Reasons Why Fake News Spread

 lower attention spans
 fake news stories appeal to our emotions
Other Reasons Why Misinformation Spread

 Lack of fact-checking.
 Lack of Internet gatekeepers.
 Users can easily publish content without being required to subject.
 Poor information from media reports.
 People simply prefer passing on information that is likely to raise an
emotional response in the receiver.
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FINDING OUT WHAT'S FAKE

AND ITS OBVIOUS SIGNS OF DECEPTION.
Fake news has been circulating as long as its legitimate counterpart, it's been
getting a lot of play recently, thanks to the way we consume information. According to
Pew Research Center, people under age 50 get half of their news online. And for those
under 30, online news is twice as popular as TV news. Thousands of people circulated
these false stories. Why? Perhaps because eye-popping headlines in our social media
feeds make it easier for us to share content than evaluate or even read it. This creates
a viral storm of sound bites without substance.
But the result of all this misinformation isn’t simply ignorance. It can also
provoke serious consequences.
EVIDENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAKE NEWS
 Fake news commonly came from unreliable information sources.

 False information doesn’t have verified links (for the whole content) attached at
the end of the information.
 Fake news is quite suspicious in terms of delivering the whole content.
 Fake news doesn’t contain formal citation.
4 EASY WAYS TO SPOT

FAKE NEWS AND MISINFORMATION
1. Vet the publisher’s credibility.

Would the publishing site meet academic citation standards? Just
because a site is popular among your friends or on Facebook does not
mean its content is accurate or legitimate
What is the domain name? Be wary of unusual top-level domain
names, like “.com.co.” A second-level domain like “abscbnnews” may
appear credible. But note that abscbnnews.com.co is a different and
illegitimate site, though designed to appear similar to the original cause
some of the news articles on Facebook is link embedded as it posted.
What’s the publication’s point of view? Read the “About Us” section
for more insight into the publisher, leadership, and mission statement.
156
Also, confirm that you have not stumbled upon a satirical news site, like
the Onion or Blogspot clickbait.
Who is the author? Has he or she published anything else? Be
suspicious if the byline, which names the author, is a celebrity writing for
a little-known site or if the author’s contact information is a G-mail
address.
2. Pay attention to quality and timeliness.

Do you notice spelling errors, lots of ALL CAPS, or dramatic
punctuation (?!?!?!) If so, abort your reading mission. Reputable sources
have high proofreading and grammatical standards.
Is the story current or recycled? Make sure an older story isn’t
being taken out of context.
3. Check the sources and citations.

How did you find the article? If the content showed up in your
social media feed or was promoted on a website known for clickbait,
proceed with caution. Even if the information was shared by a friend, be
sure to follow the steps below to vet the publisher’s credibility.
Can you perform reverse searches for sources and images? By
checking cited sources, you can confirm that the information has been
accurately applied and not altered to meet the author’s point of view. The
same goes for images. In an era of Photoshop magic, you can’t always
believe what you see.
4. Ask the pros.

Have you visited a fact-checking website? There are many good
ones, like FactCheck.org, International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN),
PolitiFact.com, or Snopes.com. Do your own detective work and feel more
confident in being able to identify fact vs. fiction.
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FACT-CHECKING
AND THE ADVENTURES OF NOT FALLING INTO THE TRAP.
 Famous information source should not be used as a verification basis.

When it comes to verification, being famous is not considered on knowing
the legitimacy of an information. Try to consider searching the same
content on a well-trusted media source.
 Check and compare the information from other sources.

After checking the content from a well-trusted media source, you can
compare the first information you have seen earlier to the information you
have searched.
 Determine what is Fact and Opinion

Many Facebook users didn't know what is the difference between fact and
opinion. ‘Opinion’ came from any person who just wants to express their
own understanding from particular information, while ‘Fact’ is a legitimate
information came from trusted media sources. After knowing their
difference, try to read first the whole content of information before taking
any actions.
 Check the publishing date and if an information is updated

As a Facebook user, it is normal when you encounter outdated
information. It is not even considered as Fake news, but can result to
misinformation. Always check the information's publishing date before
sharing it to your Facebook timeline.
 Verify the accuracy of your information

Checking the accuracy or the correctness of an information can help you
to avoid Fake news. Sometimes, Facebook users didn't know if an
information is true even though it's obviously fake.
 Determine if the information came from credible source.

The credibility of an information source is very important to know. You
can determine an information source if it's verified by the government or
has a proof of reliability.
 Check the author's account

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If an information came from a single person, try to check his/her account

to know his/her rights in publishing an information. If the information
he/she shared has been prove as fake, you can report the account and
spread awareness to your Facebook friends saying, "The information is
fake."
 Verify the source if its real and not bias

Even if the media source has been proven its credibility, try to consider if
that source is not bias or doesn't have any bad records in terms of
spreading news. If they do so, try to consider their information but it
should be compared to a legitimate one or simply just unfollow the source
of information.
LIST OF SOME TRUSTED MEDIA,

INFORMATION SOURCES, AND SITES
ERIC The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) is an

online digital library of education research and
information.
ScienceDirect A website which provides subscription-based access to a

large database of scientific and medical research
ResearchGate A European commercial social networking site for

scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and
answer questions, and find collaborators
Academic Microsoft knows journal titles, conference names, and many
research topics.
Sci-hub A website that provides free access to millions of

research papers and books, without regard to copyright,
by bypassing publishers' paywalls in various ways
159
Mendeley A free reference manager and an academic social

network.
Doaj A website that hosts a community-curated list of open

access journals, maintained by Infrastructure Services for
Open Access
Google scholar A freely accessible web search engine that indexes the
full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an
array of publishing formats and disciplines
THE BOTTOMLINES
INSIGHTS FROM THE RESEARCHERS
SPREADING FAKE NEWS ISN'T GOING TO BRING YOU FAME.

Bagona, Heriana Julian R.
DO NOT TRUST IMMEDIATELY; YOU, YOURSELF, CAN FIND A WAY TO KNOW

THE TRUTH.
Beron, Jiana M.
WE'RE NOT FIGHTING A PANDEMIC; WE'RE ALSO FIGHTING AN INFODEMIC.

Cartas, Kier Louis L.
SPREADING FAKE NEWS CAN DESTROY BELIEFS IN OUR LIVES.

Cervantes, Anthony John L
SPREADING FAKE NEWS AND LIES BRING TRICKS AND CHAOS ON OUR LIFE.
Del Rosario, Mjay C.
THINK CAREFULLY BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE.

Demate, Lexi Johana R.
BEWARE OF FALSE KNOWLEDGE; IT IS MORE DANGEROUS THAN IGNORANCE.

Martir, James Ian B.
MUCH LIKE A VIRUS, THE MORE YOU ARE EXPOSED, THE MORE LIKELY YOU
ARE TO BE INFECTED; QUARANTINE YOURSELF.
Pangahin, Katrine Joyce B.
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FAKE NEWS IS NOT OUR MAIN ENEMY, IT'S US WHO SPREAD IT.
Tapang, John Michael N.
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APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A: LETTER TO ADMINISTER INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
 APPENDIX B: LETTER TO THE VALIDATORS
 APPENDIX C: VALIDATION CHECKLIST
 APPENDIX D: INFORMED CONSENT FORM
 APPENDIX E: INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
 APPENDIX F: TRANSCRIPTIONS
 APPENDIX G: CURRICULUM VITAE

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APPENDIX A: LETTER TO ADMINISTER INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
March 5, 2020
Dr. Marcelina L. Gregore, PhD
Directress/Principal
Mystical Rose School of Caloocan, Inc.
Thru:
Mrs. Novette A. Gregore

SHS In-Charge
Mystical Rose School of Caloocan, Inc.
Madam:
Greetings!
We, the senior high students of ICT strand of Mystical Rose School of Caloocan, Inc. are
currently conducting a research entitled "FACT OR BLUFF: SPREADING OF FAKE
NEWS AND MISINFORMATION AS PERCEIVED BY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS". The study aims to obtain student’s insights regarding fake news and
misinformation that will help everyone become conscious and responsible on the
circulation of these contents on Facebook to prevent the possible effects of it.
With this, we are respectfully asking for the permission from your good office to allow
us to conduct an interview to the selected students of Mystical Rose School of Caloocan,
Inc. to gather the needed information and come out to an output with regards to the
aforementioned study.
We are looking forward to your support. Thank you and to God be the glory.
Truly yours,
Group 1 – ICT 11 Agoncillo
Bagona, Heriana Julian R. Demate, Lexi Johana R.

Beron, Jiana M. Martir, James Ian B.
Cartas, Kier Louis A. Pangahin, Katrine Joyce B.
Cervantes, Anthony John L. Tapang, John Michael N.
Del Rosario, Mjay C.
Practical Research 1 Teacher-Adviser
Noted by:
Signed by:
Ms. Mary Jane F. Santos, LPT
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Mrs. Novette A. Gregore SHS Officer-in-Charge

APPENDIX B: LETTER TO THE VALIDATORS
Evaluator’s Name: ___________________________________ Date: _____________

Year/Course: ______________________
Dear Teachers:
Greetings!
We, the Senior High School Students of ICT strand of Mystical Rose School of Caloocan
Inc. are currently conducting the study entitled “Fact or Bluff: Spreading of Fake
News and Misinformation on Facebook as Perceived by Senior High School
Students.” The study aims to provide valid data that could describe the negative
effects of the spread of fake news and misinformation on Facebook on Senior High
School students.
This second semester we are about to start the fourth chapter of the study. To allow
this, we are humbling requesting for the validation of our interview protocol. Your
cooperation is a great importance to our academic endeavor and highly appreciated.
We are looking forward to your positive response.

Thank you and God Bless!
Truly yours,
Bagona, Heriana Demate, Lexi Johana
Beron, Jiana Martir, James Ian
Cartas, Kier Louis Pangahin, Katrine Joyce
Cervantes, Anthony John Tapang, John Michael
Del Rosario, Mjay
Noted:
Ms. Mary Jane F. Santos, LPT
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Practical Research 1 Teacher-Adviser

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APPENDIX C: VALIDATION CHECKLIST
Directions: Put a check (√) in assessing the rating that corresponds to the
validity of the following.
4 – Excellent
3 – Very Good
2 – Good
1 – Poor
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. Interview protocol is precisely and correctly
stated.
2. The interview protocol points out the negative
effects of fake news and misinformation on
Facebook to Senior High School Students.
3. Variables are directly specified.
4. The interview protocol is easy to understand.
5. The interview protocol encompasses the scope
and delimitations of the study.
6. The interview protocol evaluates the details
needed in determining the negative effects of
fake news and misinformation on Facebook to
Senior High School Students.
7. The interview protocol is an effective data
gathering.
8. The interview protocol is suitable in
determining the negative effects of fake news
and misinformation on Facebook to Senior High
School Students.
9. The participants will find the interview protocol
easy and comfortable to answer.
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APPENDIX D: INFORMED CONSENT FORM
Informed Consent Form for: ______________________________________
Name of the Researchers: Group 1 – ICT 11-Agoncillo
Cell no.:09234277534
Email Address: katrinejoycepangahin@gmail.com
Name of the Research: FACT OR BLUFF: SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS AND
MISINFORMATION ON FACEBOOK AS PERCEIVED BY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS
Thank you for agreeing to participate in this study, which will take place from
________________ to _________________.
This form details the purpose of this study, a description of the involvement required
and your rights as a participant.
The goals of the study are:
 To describe how fake news and misinformation destroy the society and
individual’s mind.
 To have everyone conscious and responsible on the circulation of fake news and
misinformation on Facebook to prevent the possible of it.
The benefits of the research will be:
 Facebook users will be aware on how they can identify legitimate sources of
information on Facebook
 The number of Facebook users who spread fake news will be minimized.
The methods that will be used to meet this purpose include:

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 One-on-one interviews
You are encouraged to ask questions or raise concerns at any time about the
nature of the study or the method that we are using. You can contact us for any
clarifications about above mentioned.
Our discussions will be audio taped/recorded to help us accurately capture your
insights in your own words. The tapes/records will only be heard by us for the purpose
of this study. If you feel uncomfortable with the recorder, you may ask that it be turned
off at any time.
You also have the right to withdraw from the study at anytime. In the event you
choose to withdraw from the study all information you provide (including
tapes/recording) will be destroyed and omitted from the final paper.
Insights gathered by you and other participants will be used in writing a
qualitative research report, which will be read by my adviser and presented to the
Faculty of Practical Research of Mystical Rose School of Caloocan Incorporated.
Through direct quotes from you may be used in the paper, your name and other
identifying information will be kept anonymous.
By signing this consent form, I certify that I ______________________________
___________________ agree to the terms of this agreement.
__________________________ ___________________
Signature Date
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APPENDIX E: INTERVIEW PROTOCOL
Project: Fact or Bluff: Spreading of Fake News and Misinformation on Facebook as
Perceived by Senior High School Students
Name of Researchers:
Heriana Julian Bagona Lexi Johana Demate

Jiana Beron James Ian Martir
Kier Loius Cartas Katrine Joyce Pangahin
Anthony John Cervantes John Michael Tapang
Mjay Del Rosario
Co-researcher’s preferred name other than his/her real name: ____________________
_____________________
Age: ______________
Year of birth: ____________
Grade level: _________________
Position of Interviewee:
This study aims to describe how fake news and misinformation destroy the
society and individual’s mind. The data that will be gathered from this interview will be
kept with utmost confidentiality to protect your privacy and will only be used on the
purpose of this research. This interview might take an hour to an hour and half.
Questions:
1. Tell me something about yourself.

2. What information and news story do you commonly find on your news feed?
3. What are the most trending topics occurring on your own feed?
4. What kind of pages/accounts do you usually follow on Facebook?
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4.1. Why do you follow that kind of pages/account?

5. Have you experience sharing information from an untrusted source?
5.1. If yes, what are the effects caused by that kind of action?
5.2. If no, how can you say that the information you have shared came
from a legitimate source?
6. What information or posts do you commonly share on Facebook?
6.1. Why do you share it?
7. How will you verify an information if it’s true or legitimate?
8. What other media or materials do you use to verify information?
9. How do fake news and misinformation cause confusion to the things you
believe?
10. How do fake news and misinformation make SHS students think limitedly?
11. The moment that you have encountered fake news/misinformation on
Facebook, how did you react on it?
11.1. How did you handle it?
12. What actions will you take if you have shared invalid information
unknowingly?
13. What do you think you can do to prevent the spread of fake news and
misinformation on Facebook?
Thank you very much for spending your valuable time with us. We assure that
your responses will be confidential. We hope that you will still have time to see us in
the near future for follow up interview as the need arises.

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APPENDIX F: INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTIONS WITH THE PARTICIPANTS
Co-Researcher A – Hermione
Interviewer: ok so tell me something about yourself?
Interviewee: um lagi akong online madalas more like 5hrs a day wow 5hrs charot
minsan mga 3hrs ganon kase hindi lang ako nagfafacebook pampantangal din ng stress
and then i can say that im active online ah user kase halos lahat ng social media sites
meron akong account ayon
Interviewer: so next question, what information on your stories that commonly find on
your news feed
Interviewee: when speaking about facebook well its probably almost all about political
stuff because i am someone who is active in um active ako sa pagkuha ng balita
tungkol sa politika kase its really interest me so much so ayon madalas politika minsan
naman arts paghindi arts minsan um mga random stuffs lang na interesting , na
entertaining
Interviewer:so next question, what are the most trending topics occuring on your news
feed
Interviewee: as of now hindi ko pa alam kase busy ako so hindi ko nakikita pero yung
mga nakikita ko sa mga trending topics mostly kase mga memes kundi mga memes
yung mga bagong chapter ng mga binabasa kong manga and then madalas kase nasa
international akong ano social media website so madalas kong trending topics na alam
ko is um yung mga international na hindi ako makarelate
Interviewer: so next, what king of pages or accounts do you usually follow on facebook
Interviewee: pages and accounts usually those who which interest me pero madalas
kase um yung mga sources ko ng mga news is mga shinishare ng mga kaibigan ko na
yung mga kaibigan ko is active din sila pilitical and then some of them are form
universities na so im trust them na mga shinashare nila
Interviewer: so why do you follow that pages or accounts
Interviewee: to be more active and to be more aware or what is happening around
Interviewer: SO next,have you experience sharing an information from untrusted source
Interviewee: sharing an information from untrusted source, yes siguro kapag headline
is very interesting, seems funny for example there is an article about 20 reasons why
you should you forgive marcoses and then yung clinick ko siya anong tawag dito
walang laman which is nakakatuwa
Interviewer: so what are the effects cause by that kind of action
Interviewee: um first i think its very witty and very ironic naman staka trusted naman
yung ano kinda pero hindi kase ako laging nandon so hindi ko alam talaga kung totoo
yon so ano nalang sa mga bobo hindi nila kaagad nagegets yon parang magagalit ba
sila or magrrant sila kung ano pa sinasabi nila ganun.
Interviewer: so next, what information or post do you commonly share on facebook
Interviewee: jokes,bukod sa jokes is yung mga nakakaines na pangyayari politically
Interviewer: why do you share it
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Interviewee: well para iexpress yung galit ko,maliban don para malaman din ng iba
pero siyempre bias because of my personal opinion but its still good to spread news on
others regardless of whatever it is just up to them kung gusto nilang iverify nila iyon
Interviewer: so how will you verify an information its true or legitimate
Interviewee: well first you should go to news outlet or whatever site is and sometimes
kase some news network are not can be trusted because um news networks are own
by private companies like kahit sabihin na natin na mga companya kahit na media
outlet sila masasabi mo padin na bias parin iba sa kanila kase tumatangap sila ng pera
eh
Interviewer: so um what other media or materials do you use to verify on information
Interviewee: um mostly kase yun nga sa news if not news if its for talking about
scientific stuff then i will look at journal sa mga google scholar kung talagang nag eexist
yung ganong study madalas if an article does not nuture journal na walang DOI yung
DOI kase yun yung parang magagamit para malaman kung verifiable yung source so
pagwala nun edi ekis hindi totoo
Interviewer: so how do fake news or misinformation cause confusion that things you
believe
Interviewee: well it causes a lot of confusion kase like i have a certain believin
something and some news um parang kinokontradict niya siyempre babasahin ko iyon
tapos kikilatisin ko isat isa tapos ipopoint up ko ahhh mali ka
Interviewer: so um so how do fake news and misinformation SHS students like you
think limitedly
Interviewee: fake news and ... like what hindi ko gets
Interviewer: um paano siya nakakalimit ng pag iisip
Interviewee: like you read something , something tapos hindi mo na iveverify kasi
minsan kapag yung mga tao kase mostly ang tinitignan lang nila is yung headlines so
hindi nila na fact check so yon kung ganon lang nagspread ng ganon g news tapos
hindi mo naman chinecheck ganern isa ka pa nagpapalawak pagpapalaganap ng ka
ignorantehan ganern
Interviewer: so the moment that you encounter fake news or misinformation on
facebook how did you react on it
Interviewee: report paghindi report magcocoment ako mali yan delete mo yan fake
news as in all caps pa fake news ganern
Interviewer: so thats you handle it
Interviewee: yeah
Interviewer: so next um what actions will you take if you share invalid information
unknowingly
Interviewee: i would delete it immediately specially someone na notified na kase idont
have all that ime in the world to verify to verify on that things in internet so its just
mostly blind trust to other so hopefully others would like you know like take advantage
of blind trust put in internet
Interviewer: and last question what do you think you can do to prevent spread of fake
news and misinformation
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Interviewee: well first and for most stop stop spreading fake news and second verify all
the news that you or article or shared post that you shared in internet and then next
point out and speak out if theres something wrong in article ganern
Interviewer: so thats it thank you
Co-Researcher B – Sam
Interviewer: So tell me something about yourself.
Interviewee: I'm an ambivert type of person. I'm an introvert and extrovert at the same
time. Uhmm.. When it comes to personal life, uhmm.. I want to be alone kasi, lalo na
kapag I'm studying, so I don't want disturbance. Kapag nasa school naman, uhmm.. I
have a lot of friends, so I need to communicate with them, so yun.
Interviewer: So, uhmm.. In terms of using Facebook, uhhm.. Do you consider using
Facebook in a duration of 4 hours or above?
Interviewee: Uhmm.. It depends, sometimes when I leisure, uhhm.. almost 6 hours and
it especially when weekends and I already done my activities or school works, so I use
my social media accounts just for entertainment.
Interviewer: So next, what information and news story do you commonly find on your
news feed?
Interviewee: Uhmm.. about, uhmm.. uhmm.. I just, uhmm.. about Kobe Bryant's death
and the bush fires somewhere in Ifugao province, and then about bullying.
Interviewer: Uhmm.. next, what are the most trending topics occuring on your news
feed?
Interviewee: About the bush fire in, in Ifugao because we just came there, we went
there in Baguio and I don't see any trace of bush fire there.
Interviewer: So, next, what kind of pages or accounts do you usually follow on
Facebook?
Interviewee: Uhmm.. The GMA News. If uhmm.. there is a suspension in classes, that's
my number one basis. Uhmm.. more like Benedict Cua, for because he's a great
influencer and then my favorite, uhmm..singers.
Interviewer: So, have you experience sharing information from an untrusted source?
Interviewee: I don't.
Interviewer: Ahh, so how can you say that the information you have shared came from
a legitimate source?
Interviewee: Actually, I don't share a lot of post because, uhmm.. ayon, iniiwasan ko
kasi yung ano eh, misinformation, uhmm.. I think, uhmm.. when I shared post I, I need
to know that it was reliable, if came from a reliable sources like GMA News, like that.
Interviewer: So next, What information or posts do you commonly share on Facebook?
Interviewee: Mostly about politics.
Interviewer: and why did you share it?
Interviewee: beacause i just want to know more about our society and im a student na
gusto kong may alam parin ako sa society kahit na student lang ako
Interviewer: How will you verify an information if it's true or legitimate?
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Interviewee: usually i search it on google especially when it comes to the most

important part,uhmm... na there are incidents or daeths na involve and then i watch
youtubes.
Interviewer: And next, what other media or materials do you use to verify an
information?
Interviewee: Uhmm... like google, uhmm... sometimes uhmm... tweeter because
uhmm... there are pages like the gma news there so it's official so
Interviewer: So, how do fake news, for you how do fake news and misinformation
cause confusion to the things you beliefs?
Interviewee: Sometimes kasi uhmm.. minsan ako den naniniwala lalo na kung madami
na yung tao na nagshashare non and there a lot of comments and opinions like that.
Interviewer: so it's cause confusion?
Interviewee: yes
Interviewer: Next, how do fake news or misinformation make SHS students like you
think limitedly?
Interviewee: becuase they think na yung alam nila yun na yun,they dont uhmm.. they
dont do searching lalo na kapag nakakatamad na kase talaga like kung anong nabasa
mo sige na paniwalaan mo na.
Interviewer: Next, the moment that you have encounter fake news or misinformation
on facebook?How do you react on it?
Interviewee: i do comments like uhmm.. merong nangyari na uhmm... there lots of
uhmm.. mga nangyayari ngayon like kakapasok palang ng January or 2020 and then
about corona virus and then etc...etc...but theres is a news about the somewhere in
korea and when i click the link the date was not updated so hindi siya ano hindi siya
kumbaga nagpapasikat lang ganun.
Interviewer: So how did you handle it?
Interviewee: uhmm.. i just do comment na sinabe ko na uhmm.. like hindi naman po
updated so wag kayong maniwala and do some search
Interviewer: You just spread awareness?
Interviewee: yes
Interviewer: next, what action will you take if you have shared invalid information
unknowingly?
Interviewee: public apology was important kase when you commit mistakes you just
need to accept the consequences
Interviewer: and last question, what do you think you can do to prevent spread of fake
news and misinformation on facebook
Interviewee: spreading of fake news kase hindi mo siya maiiwasan lalo na ngayon na
yung mga kabataan ay sobrang link na sila social media so siguro uhmm.. lets just put
it in a nice way na think before you click and then siguro for them to know more
information i will do the searching and ill will put it and share it for them to know na
mali na yung alam nilang information.
Interviewer: that's it,thank you so much.
Co-Researcher C – Dan
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Interviewer: So goodafternoon tell mw sometthing about yourself first?

Interviewee: kasalukuyan akong grade 11 abm Aguinaldo 16 years old at mahilig ako
mag Facebook.
Interviewer: What information and news story you commonly find in your newsfeed?
Interviewee: Pinaka madalas talaga pinaka marame tsaka pinaka nangunguna kapag
mag oopen ako is mga tao na nag popost about sa update sa kanila , minsan den
may mga information na hindi naman tungkol sa sarili nila kung baga tungkol sa
ibang bagay na interested sila or kung baga yung hobby nila dun sila mahilig
shinishare talaga nila yun at yun yung nakikita kosa news feed ko.
Interviewer: What are the most trending topics appeared in your news feed?
Interviewee: Wala naman talagang trending kung baga pareparehas lang naman sila
ng shinishare siguro yun na yung pinaka trending yung mga kpop mga ganun siguro
yung mga tinatangkilik ng mga tao yun talga pinaka nakikita ko sa news feed ko.
Interviewer: what kind of pages or accounts you usually followed on Facebook?
Interviewee: yung mga pages or yung mga account na nag momotivate ng mga tao
kase ako madali ako ma down so yun yung pinafollow ko para narin sa sarili ko
na pag binabasa ko or lalo nat pag pagod nako, galing akong school kaya yun
yung nakikita ko sa feed ko natutuwa ako para ma motivate ako so kung may
ipafollow man akong account or pages yun talaga yung pinipili kong mga account.
Interviewer: have you experience sharing misinformation from untrusted source?
Interviewee: oo na try ko na yun kase dati lalo na nong bata bata pako hindi
naman talga kapag nakita ko yung information nainiwala agad ako eh hindi ko
naman iisipin yung source kase bata pako pero ngayon hindi naman ganun kadalas
actually hindi nako nag shishare ng information lalo na kapag dikopa napapanood
sa TV kase dun talaga ako nag rerelie kung baga kung mag shishare man ako ng
information sure ako na totoo yun.
Interviewer: follow up question what are the effects cause by that action diba nag
share ka ano ung magiging effect nun sa mga nakakita?
Interviewee: siguro kung naniwala naman sila don or hindi kasi hindi naman tayo
sigurado na lahat ng friends ko na nakita yon kasi madali yon matabunan so kung
sa unang nakakita siguro maniniwala agad sila or yun nga kung sakali man ang
shinishare ko lang naman dati kasi is kaya ako nag ABM kasi mahilig ako sa
business so mga shinishare ko yung mga tiesite lagi mga ganon so siguro pwede
sila mag panic buying or anything na talagang kung maniniwala ka agad gagawa ka
agad ng paraan eh kasi nga kung totoo man yon or hindi kung nang yari man yon
na nag share ako ng ganon siguro malaki ang magiging epekto non sa mga tao kasi
kung maniniwala sila dun na hindi naman pala totoo siguro parang may epekto
talaga na gagawa sila or mag adrenaline rush na mag iisip sila ng bagay na
hindi dapat nila ginagawa .
Interviewer: So next what information or post you commonly share on Facebook?
Interviewee: yung mga post na kung ano lang yung post na natutuwa ako lalo na
yung mga meme yun talaga yung shinishare ko sa Face Book kasi kaya ko
shinishare kasi natuwa ako so gusto ko matuwa din yung mga friends ko lalo na
kapag pang pa goodvibes.
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Interviewer: how will you verify an information if its true or legitimate?

Interviewee: kagaya nga ng sabi ko kanina titignan ko yung source ngayon kasi
maingat nako sa ganon tsaka kung maverify ko sya ang pinipili ko na source is
yung kilala ko na or yung alam ko na dati pa na nag bibigay ng reliable
information so ganun talaga yung sa sources lang talga ako titingin kung ito
yung sources na pinag kakatiwalaan ko so iisipin ko ko talaga na legitimate
yung information .
Interviewer: So What other media or materials do you use to verify information?
Interviewee: ang pinaka talaga is yung TV ,Sa GMA dun lang ako mag rerelie kasi
yung ABS alam ko na bias yun so sa tv lang ako nag aantay then nakikinig din
ako ng radio yung DZBB .
Interviewer: so next how do fake news and misinformation cause confusion to the
things you don’t know.
Interviewee: nangyayari lang to kasi kapag may tao akong pinag kakatiwalaan na
may tao akong iniidolo, talagang pinaniniwalaan ko siya tas mag ng
information minsan kahit diko kilala yung sources pinaniniwalaan ko then kung
may pinaniniwalaan man ako ang nag coconfused lang naman saakin is akala ko
ganto pero bat ganto yung mga ganon so parang kung ito yung pinaniniwalaan ko
pwede talagang mang yari yun dahil sa shinare nong something kung sino man or
someone talagang nag coconfused sya kasi bakit bat dikita pinag sampuna kung
pinaniniwalaan ko kasi diba nga yung lagay nga ng mag sasaka dito sa pilipinas
is mahira yung parang hindi sila binibigyan ng pondo ng gobyerno then may nag
share na , nakita ko sa newsfeed ko na binibigyan naman daw lalo na yung nanalo
senador di ko nasasabihin yung pangalan nanalo then binibigyan nya daw ng pondo
parang shinare sya nong kilala ko talaga yung pang alam ko na matalino ganun so
parang naniniwala nalang ako medyo panatag ako na ay dinaman pala ganon kahirap
yung lagay ng mag sasaka parang ganun.
Interviewer:how do fake news and misinformation make senior highschool students
think limitedly
Interviewee:actually lahat naman ng tao gusto mapadali yung buhay so ito mga
high school student minsan talaga madalas nag rerelie sila sa facebook yung nga
so kung itong mga fake news or mga misinformation na ito makita nila sa
newsfeed agad nilang paniniwalaanyun kasi di naman lahat ng tao ay critical
thinker na basta basta nalang inaacept yung idea basta basta nalang inaacept
yung information so yung talaga yung nag lilimit sa kanila ng pag nakita nila
paniniwalaan nila yun so parang kung pinaniniwalaan nila hindi na sila mag
iisip pa ng iba yun nag lilimit na kanila ay ganto pala ay sige ganto nalang.
Interviewer:the moment that you have incountered fake news and misinformation
on Facebook how did you react on it.
Interviewee:pag alam ko kasi na hindi naman totoo lalo na pag napanood ko sa
GMA yung totoo tapos nakita ko tapos shinishare nila mali diko nalang
piinapansin lalo na diko shinishare kasi nga mali bat ko ishishare so di ko man
sya pinapansin then parang isang beses na try ko din mag post na sana kong di
kayo sure sa pinag kuwanan sana wag nyo nalang i share kasi nag cocost lang
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kayo ng panic sa ibang tao lalo na yung sumabog yung taal diba nag post sila
sabay sabay daw yung mga volcano ganyan ganyan tapos di naman reliable souces
yung pinag kuwanan so nag cocost sya ng panic sa mga tao ganun .
Interviewer:follow up Question how did you handled it nireport mo ba? nag
comment ka dun sa mismong post na yon?
Interviewee:ang ginawa ko lang nun is nag post ako sabi ko sure kabgn toto yan
tapos after non denelete nya yung post tapos nawala dun ako natuwa.
Interviewer:what actions will it takes if you have shared invalid information
unknowingly so hndi mo sinasadya.
Interviewee:so diko sya sinasadya di ko alam na mali diba parang nung bata ako
ang ginawa ko nun denelete ko yung post tapos marami kasi nag comment dun
parang nag usap kami nun parang nag debate pa nga kami sa comment section eh so
ang ginawa ko denelete ko ko yung post then parang nalaman naman na nila yung
totoo sa future nun tapos nag post ako na nag sorry ako ganyan nag apologize
ako sa mga taong nakakita then naniwala dun talaga .
Interviewer:what do you think you can do to prevent spread of fake news and
misinformation on Facebook.
Interviewee:sa tingin ko pinakamagagawa ko lang naman talaga prevent ang
gagawin wag kanalang agad maniniwala not unless marami lang naman soures na
nakakakita ka ng parepareho sila ng information siguro totoo so parang
napigilan mo wag kanalng agad maniniwala lalo na kung may ishishare sa FaceBook
or sa social media site kung di kanaman talaga sigurado sa information.
Co-Researcher D – Kat
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself?
Interviewee: So I’m from Gr11 ABM-Aguinaldo,17 years old.
Interviewer: Okay,What information and news story do you commonly find on your
news feed?
Interviewee: About class suspension ,weather tapos mga napapanahong balita naman
ganon.
Interviewer: For you,ano yung mga trending topics na nakikita mo sa newsfeed mo?
Interviewee: Depende kasi sa panahon,minsan kase diba halimbawa maulan siyempre
tungkol sa mga suspension ganon
Interviewer: Bukod duon sa class suspension
Interviewee: Yung diba nung nakaraan kase may mga kumakalat na news na sa mga
kidnapping ganon
Interviewer: Okay, What kind of pages/ accounts do you usually follow on facebook?
Interviewee: Tungkol ba sa news or sa kahit saan?
Interviewer: Anything
Interviewee: Mga inspirational quotes na pages ganon tapos bible verses mga ganon.
Interviewer: About naman sa news
Interviewee: Yung ABS-CBN, GMA ganon
Interviewer: Follow up question,bakit mo finallow yung page na iyon?
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Interviewee: Alin,lahat iyon? Yung una kase sa mga quotes ganon para kase ma inspire
ako ganon,kapag nakikita ko yung ganon kase yung mga post nila parang iniinspire
kanila na gawin mo yung ganyang bagay ganon tapos yung sa mga ano naman sa ABS-
CBN atsaka GMA siyempre kase para malaman ko rin yung mga nagyayari sa paligid
ganun then mga news na napapanahon…. ayun.
Interviewer: Have you experience sharing information from an untrusted source?
Interviewee: Oo
Interviewer: Follow up question,Ano yung epekto na naidulot nito?
Interviewee: Sakin ano kase naniwala ako agad kase akala ko talaga nangyayari, yung
sa kidnapping kase may nagshare na, babae siya, nagpost siya tungkol doon sa
nangyari sakanya tapos ako shinare ko kase baka nga totoo yun,nangyare iyon, so
sakin parang ako natakot ako na lumabas ganyan kase baka nga totoo,baka nandiyan
sila na kidnaping din ako ganon tapos para sa iba naman syempre matatakot din sila
kase nabasa nila iyong ganong experience nung babae.
Interviewer: What information or posts do you commonly share on facebook?
Interviewee: Memes ganon.
Interviewer: Follow up question, bakit mo shinare iyon?
Interviewee: Kase natutuwa ako eh.
Interviewer: Kung about naman sa news nakapagshare kanaba ng news?
Interviewee: Oo ,yung sa mga class suspension ganon
Interviewer: Ano yung pinaka reason kung bakit mo shinare iyon?
Interviewee: Para mainform din yung iba na walang pasok ganon then bukod duon
yung ano kase iba ibang news ganon kapag na catch yung atensiyon kunwari yung
isang news na catch nung atensiyon konon ishahare ko ,mga links ganon tungkol sa
news shinashare ko minsan.
Interviewer: Okay next, How will you verify an information if its true or legitimate?
Interviewee: If nung source non is kilala,kunware yung ABS-CBN diba kilala namn siya
or kaya yung GMA NEWS ganon .
Interviewer: Ok, I’ll give you example,Paano kung yung isang post is maraming likes at
share?
Interviewee: Hindi,hindi padin.Hindi pwedeng maging basehan yung likes and shares
kase minsan yung mga tao naattract lang duon sa pictures or duon sa laman ng post
pero di nila alam na kung fake bayun or totoo ganon.
Interviewer: Oki, What other media or materials do you use to verify information? Ano
yung mga ginagamit mong source or saan ka nagpupunta para malaman kung yung
isang information is legit?
Interviewee: Sa mga page non,kunware yung sa GMA ganon or kaya sa TWITTER den
kase feeling ko kapag sa twitter mas totoo yung mga news na nadoon ganon or kaya sa
television,yung mga news talaga doon.
Interviewer: How do fake news and misinformation cause confusion to the things you
believe?
Interviewee: Siguro halimbawa yung sinabi ko yung sa kidnapping , may mga nagpost
doon na parang totoo mga sinasabi nila , iyong mga nangyayare kase may mga pictures
pa silang pinapakita ganon tapos parang sobrang emotional yung post nila kaya
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karamihan naniniwala sa kanila kase emotional yung pagsabi nila ng mga nagyayare
kaya naniniwala yung mga ibang tao.
Interviewer: How do fake news and misinformation make SHS Students think limitidely?
Interviewee: Siguro kase ang galing magkuwento,ayun nga yung halimbawa ko kanina
yung kidnapping,marami rin kaseng nagpopost ng ganon so parang yung mga student
naniniwala na kase marami ng nagpopost.
Interviewer: The moment that you have encountered fake news/misinformation on
facebok, how did you react on it?
Interviewee: Wala,hindi kolang pinapansin hinahayaan kolang.
Interviewer: Follow up question, paano mo naihandle?
Interviewee: Hindi kase ako nagko comment sa ganon kase feeling ko kapag ganon
parang dadagdagan kolang yung mga toxic people.
Interviewer: Okay next , What actions will you take if you have shared invalid
information unknowingly?
Interviewee: Idedelete,kase pwede namn idelete ganon.
Interviewer: Last, What do you think you can do to prevent the spread of fake news
and misinformation on facebook? Bilang student para saiyo ano yung maitutulong mo
kahit na sa small things?
Interviewee: Siguro sisimulan kona sa sarili ko kase sakin syempre kung alam konaman
na fake iyon bakit kopa ishahare,halimbawa ako,marami naman akong friends din sa
Facebook if na nagshare ako ng ganong fake news syempre yung iba makikita rin iyon
so posibleng maishare din nila so sa akin dapat ako, hindi kona ishashare yung fake
news na iyon para hindi narin maishare ng iba,ibang studyante ganon.
Interviewer: Thank you.
Co-Researcher E – Blue
Interviewer: Good after noon participant
Interviewer: 1st question
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself ?
Interviewee: Good afternoon I am blue im 16 years old im female student I take up gas
strand. Im a chill person , and Im an introvert. Im not really friendly ,and I found
anwers and Im am aware on fake news that is happening online
Interviewer: 2nd question
Interviewer: What information and story do you commonly find on your news feed?
Interviewee: Kadalasan kong nakikita sa newsfeed ko is news about politics. Yung sa
government ngayun nakakita din ako news about sports lalo na yung sa fiba asia cup
ngayun tapos mga entertainment news tungkol sa mga artista
Interviewer: 3rd question
Interviewer: What are the most trending topics occurring on your own feed?
Interviewee: Sa ngaun kasi sa newsfeed ko ang nakikita kong news yung anu nga sa
franchise renewal ng abscn. Tas nakikita ko din news sa ncov yung mabilis na pagkalat
which is yung origin is yung china and yung nxt country na may pinakamaraming cases
ay ang south korea yun
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Interviewer: 4th question

Interviewer: What kind of pages/ accounts do you usually follow facbook?
Interviewee: Kadalasang mga news page like gma news abcbn news cnn news cnn
sports rappler and I usually followed meme pages
Interviewer: Follow up question
Interviewer: Why do you follow that kind of pages/accounts?
Interviewee: Para makakuha ng information about what is happening sa surroundings
ko para maging aware ako kung ano bang mga issues na nangyayari sa country and sa
world and para sa entertainment
Interviewer: 5th questions
Interviewee: No
Interviewer: If no, how can you say that the information you have shared came from
legitimate source?
Interviewee: It came from legitimate source kasi shinaredan ko ng post is verified ng
facebook at talagang credible na sya. Known sya maraming tayo
Interviewee: Kadalasan yung mga ano, trending news lalo na yung sa government
tapos sa mga health news like ncov I commonly shared mga entertainment stuff like
memes
Interviewer: Why do you share it?
Interviewee: For entertainment and para makakuha din ako ng information about what
is happening sa surroundings ko
Interviewer: How will you verify an information if its true or legitimate?
Interviewee: The information is true if yung page na shinaredan mo ng post is verified
ng facebook tapos credible na at alam maraming tao
Interviewer: What other media or materials do you use to verify information?
Interviewee: I use google para maghanap ng related things about dun at mas ma
verified kung totoo yun
Interviewer: 9th question how do fake news and misinformation cause confusion to the
things you believe?
Interviewee: It cause confusion kasi nga di moa lam kung ano yng paniniwalaan mo
yung parang isang side lang yung alam mo di mo alam yung buong story
Interviewer: How do fakenews and misinformation make shs students think limitidely?
Interviewee: Pag kasi nakakakita ng fake news anf shs students mabilis silang
magbigay ng emotion kagaya ng example nung fakenews about class suspension. Kasi
parang ambilis nilang mag react
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Interviewee: Syempre naiinis kasi maraming mga tao ang naniniwala tapos nagging uto
uto dun sa mga fakenews na nakita nila
Interviewer: How did you handle it?
Interviewee: Siguro wala nalang hindi ko nalng sila pinakaelaman minsan nirereport ko
yung page na nagpapakalat ng fakenews
Interviewer: 12 question
Interviewer: What actions will you take if you have shared invalid information
unknowingly?
Interviewee: First I will turn down the post I will delete the post tapos para di na
kumalat
Interviewer: What do you think you can do to prevent the spread of fake news and
misinformation on facebook?
Interviewee: Syempre I will report the page yun lang kaya ko as a student tapos siguro
siguro I will tell my friend na yung mga shinishare nila na fake yun wala naming
credibility and I will ask them to turn down the post para di na kumalat sa iba
Interviewer: Thank you very much for spending your valuable time with us. We assure
that your responses will be confidential. We hope that you will still have time to see us
in the near future foe follow up interview is the need arises.
Co-Researcher F – Kharel
Interviewer: Good after noon participant
Interviewer: 1st question
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself ?
Interviewee: I’m 17 yrs old. I’m from grade 11 Gas Mabini
Interviewer: 2nd question
Interviewer: What information and story do you commonly find on your news feed?
Interviewee: Actually yung mga fake news about sa mga classes. Kapag kunyare
walang class suspensions
Interviewer: 3rd question
Interviewee: Kunyare yung pag may mga bagyo ganun. Yung mga trending topics dun
syempre wala kaagad pasok sa ganito ganyan which is di naman talaga legit kasi sabi
sabi lang.
Interviewer: What kind of pages/ accounts do you usually follow facbook?
Interviewee: For me our local mayor si oca kasi yun nga mga announcement kung may
pasok ba o wala
Interviewer: Why do you follow that kind of pages/accounts?
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Interviewee: Para maka seek ng information at maging aware pa sa mga nanyayare sa

paligid
Interviewer: 5th questions
Interviewee: No
Interviewer: If no, how can you say that the information you have shared came from
legitimate source?
Interviewee: Masasabi ko lang is makikita naman sa facebook kung legitimate yung
source like page kung yun ay may check at verified ng facebook
Interviewee: Para saken yung mga bagay kung saan makaka relate ka talaga like
hugots sa love life friendship at iba pa.
Interviewee: Nakakarelate lang kasi tapos halos lahat di naman lahat pero nararanasan
din nila
Interviewer: How will you verify an information if its true or legitimate?
Interviewee: Ayun pag konti yung nag lalike tapospaulitulit lang din yung mga post
tapos walang verification check ng facebook
Interviewee: I use IG or Twitter ganun kung parehas lang din sila nag mga content or
sinasabe maybe totoo yun.
Interviewer: 9th question how do fake news and misinformation cause confusion to the
things you believe?
Interviewee: Confusing sya the way na pag nakita mo yung information or news tapos
may isa pang same news or information pero iba sila ng story di muna na alam sa
dalawa kung alin ang paniniwalaan mo.
Interviewer: How do fakenews and misinformation make shs students think limitidely?
Interviewee: Most of shs students lang di naman lahat pero kasi andaming studyante
yung paniwalain pero ayun nga may mga tao padin na info seeker di naman lahat ng
tao pareparehas ng iniisip.
Interviewee: Kapag nakakakita ako ng fake newsnapapailing nalang ako at napapaisip
bakit ba nila need ito ipagkalat di ba nila iniisip na nakakapahak sila at nakakaperwisyo
ng tao.
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Interviewee: Irereport ko nalang para ma turndown yung page or kung kaninong

account man yun
Interviewer: 12 question
unknowingly?
Interviewee: Kung di ako sure tapos nalaman kung fake news pala yun idedelete ko
nalang kaagad yung post at mag sosorry ako sa mga nakabasa or nag react about dun
misinformation on facebook?
Interviewee: Mag rarant ako at mag re raise ng awareness about sa mga fake news at
yung mga posibilidad na maging epekto nn pag hinayaan lang nila.
Interviewer: Thank you very much for spending your valuable time with us. We assure
that your responses will be confidential. We hope that you will still have time to see us
in the near future foe follow up interview is the need arises.
Co-Researcher G – Mau
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself.
Interviewee: I’m from ICT – Agoncillo
Interviewer: What information and news story do you commonly find on your news
feed?
Interviewee: Uhm… karaniwan kasi kapag nag-iiscroll ako sa news feed ko, karamihan
nakikita ko yung parang nagiging freedom wall yung news feed ko kasi nandoon yung
labasan ng sama ng loob ng mga ano ko, mga friends ko sa Facebook, ganun.
Interviewee: Ngayon, yung trending topics about yung dumbbell ba ‘yun? Basta ‘yun
dumbbell.
Interviewer: May mga news ka ba na nakikita sa news feed mo?
Interviewee: Uhm… ayun, yung karaniwan na yung kapag sa walang pasok, ganun.
Interviewer: What kind of pages/accounts do you usually follow on Facebook?
Interviewee: Mostly, yung mga interest ko. Halimbawa, sila Marshmellow, yung page
about sa Marshmellow, fina-follow ko ‘yun. Tapos yung about sa mga pages yung
tungkol sa mga anxiety, parang mga kadramahan sa buhay, ganun.
Interviewer: Paano mo ito nire-relate sa sarili mo?
Interviewee: Nakakarelate kasi ako minsan sa mga post na ‘yun. Halimbawa, kapag
malungkot ako o kaya masaya. Yung mga post na ‘yun nararamdaman ko sa sarili ko.
Interwiewer: Why do you follow that kind of pages/accounts?
Interviewee: Syempre, ano… kasi yung interest ko nata-tackle nila at saka kapag
malungkot may mga ano rin dun, natututunan ako na pwede kong i-adopt sa sarili ko.
Interviewee: Yes, nagshe-share ako ng mga galing sa untrusted source. For example,
yung… may mga chance na walang pasok, syempre ‘di ba excited ako, masaya ako kasi
walang pasok, edi may makikita ako dun. Naniniwala agada ko nang hindi ko man lang
kinukonsulta yung iba.
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Interviewer: What information or posts do you commonly share on Facebook?

Interviewee: Yung shine-share ko commonly… is yung mga parang memes ganun…
mga kadramahan sa buhay.
Interviewee: Syempre ano… shine-share ko yun kasi yung post na yun… yun na nga
kanina sinasabi ko, nakaka-relate ako sa mga post nay un, syempre gusto ko ring i-
share sa iba yun. Halimbawa, kapag ano… katulad sila ng mga nararamdaman ko,
pwedeng makatulong yung mga post na yun sa kanila.
Interwiewer: How will you verify an information if it’s true or legitimate?
Interviewee: Syempre ano… may mga post kasi diba na di mo malalaman agad yun na
fake news, syempre ako as a student, inaalam ko muna yun sa ibang mga source.
Halimbawa, pwedeng kila mama, tatanungin ko… sila kuya… kung may alam sila
tungkol dito. Tapos yun, sasabihin nila yung about dun ganun. O kaya pwede rin akong
mag-ano sa news, ganun… kung totoo ba talaga tong balitang to, yung nakita ko sa
Facebook.
Interviewer: Na-consider mo na ba sa isang news, ‘di ba mayroong picture, link, may
date. Paano mo iyon ina-analyze para ma-verify mo yung information kung legit ba or
hindi?
Interviewee: Sa pictures, mahahalata naman minsan yung edit, ganun… at saka
binabase ko rin sa mga comments, diba pag may mga comments dun na “totoo” ganun,
parang yun naniniwala na rin ako. Sa link naman, binibisita ko muna. Tapos titingnan
ko kung edited ba yun or hindi yung link na yun.
Interviewee: Halimbawa yung post about sa walang pasok, nag-coconsult muna ako sa
television, pwede rin sa radio.
believe?
Interviewee: Halimbawa, may mga post na iba sa paniniwala ko, ganun. Syempre, yung
fake news nay un, may epekto sa paniniwala ko. Syempre, macoconfuse tuloy ako kung
ano ba talaga yung totoo dito… yung sarili ko bang kaalaman o yung fake news na
nabasa ko. Parang malilito tuloy ako kung ano ba talaga yung totoo dun sa dalawa.
Interviewer: How do fake news and misinformation make SHS students think limitedly?
Interviewee: Syempre, karaniwan na silang nagso-social media at may nababasa silang
fake news kaya yung mga nababasa nilang fake news parang dun na lang talaga sila
maniniwala kasi minsan ako rin… aaminin ko na tinatamad rin ako magbase sa ibang
source kung totoo ba o hindi. Kaya yung mababasa ko na lang na post dun, fake news
man o hindi, yun na lang yung paniniwalaan ko.
Facebook, how did you react on it?
Interviewee: Kapag fake news, di na alng ako nagrereact. Dina-daan daanan ko na lang
Interviewer: Parang binabale-wala mo na lang?
Interviewee: Oo, ganun.
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Interviewee: Nagbabasa ako ng mga comment kung totoo ba yun base sa mga
comments nila. Wala akong masyadong ginagawa about it. Parang ano… babalewalain
ko na lang, hindi ko na lang papaniwalaan.
unknowingly?
Interviewee: Kapag nakakapag-share naman ako ng mga post na hindi naman totoo,
syempre sa huli marerealize ko na hindi pala totoo to ganun… buburahin ko yun.
Syempre kasi aminado ako na napapahiya ako… kasi kapag nagshe-share ako ng post
na “ay ganun, mali pala… fake news…” edi maba-bash ako sa mga comments… yun,
buburahin ko na lang.
misinformation on Facebook?
Interviewee: As a student, hindi na lang ako basta-basta magshe-share ng mga di ko
pa napapatunayang totoo, ganun. Kaya nga… sabi nila… think before you click. Bago ka
mag-share, mag-comment, or mag-react sa isang post, kailangan mo munang pag-
isipan kung totoo ba to or mabuti ba yung epekto nito sa iba.
Co-Researcher H – Chocho
Interviewer:ok good afternoon, tell me something about yourself
Interviewee: uhh umm ok hi I’m umm 16 years old im studying in mystical rose school
of caloocan corporation my favorite school and im currently taking the ict strand my
favorite strand in my favorite school
Interviewer: ok next what information or news story do you commonly found on your
newsfeed
Interviewee: pwede naman magtagalog diba
Interviewee: so um ah information and news story na common sa newsfeed ko is sating
mga studyante siguro mga balita na walang pasok yon yung madalas makita sa
newsfeed ko sa facebook and twitter or other social media na nagagamit ko
Interviewer: what are the most trending topic occuring on your own feed
Interviewee: sa sarili kong feed kung hindi yung mga walang pasok news na nakikita ko
its either mga current issues tulad ng corona virus and um yung lalaking tumalon sa city
hall na depression and other issues na pinapakalat ng mga tao
Interviewer: ok next what kind of page or account do you usually follow on facebook
Interviewee: so umm mga pinafollow ko sa facebook is usually for memes kase alam
mo kase alam ko walang pinagkakatiwalaan lahat ng nakikita ko sa facebook hindi
naman natin makakapagkatiwalaan so kung ganon lang naman kukuha nalang ako ng
entertainment para naman atlis alam kong mga memes kung mga page nila ay magpost
ng balita alam kong na peke
Interviewer: follow up question why do you follow that kind of pages or account
Interviewee: ahh yun nga sinabi ko nga kanina since alam ko naman na lahat na sa
social media ay makakapagkatiwalaan kukuha nalang ako sa kanila na pang
entertainment and kung mag post man sila nang example ng balita atlis alam ko na
alam ko na kaagad na hindi yun totoo
Interviewer: ok next have you experience sharing information from an untrusted source
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Interviewee: um yes
Interviewer: if yes what are the effects cause by that kind of action
Interviewee: sa tingin ko wala naman kase yung sa mga shinashare kong fake news na
aware akong fake news sobrang fake news siya and um once na makita siya ng ibang
tao na im sure na ano maalam nila na fake news nga iyon
Interviewer:ok next what information or post do you commonly share on facebook
Interviewee: umm wala naman akong masyadong shinishare sa facebook bukod sa mga
memes na nakikita jokes ganun
Interviewer: ok follow up question why do you share it
Interviewee: shinishare ko lang siya kase gusto ko ayon wala akong other reason bukod
don kase natatawa lang ako shinishare ko sa mga friends ko ayon
Interviewer: ok next how you verify news and information if its true or legitimate
Interviewee: so ako i verify news and information nakadepende sa um marami akong
pinagbabasehan una sa likes, comments and shares pangalawa sa um kung verified ba
talaga ang account na nagpost and kung saan ko nakita
Interviewer: ok next what other media or materials do you use to verify an information
Interviewee: for me hindi lang ako kung ano um nakakita ako ng balita sa facebook at
hindi ako sure, iba gumagamit akon ng verification through um the internet the other
parts of the internet tulad ng google magsesearch ako ng mga um topic na related don
sa related news na nakita ko so ayon
Interviewer: ok next how do fake news and misinformation cause confusion to the
things you believe
Interviewee: so ayun nga um diba tayong mga sa generation ngayon mas madalas
tayong gumamit ng social media and internet sa karamihan ng bagay and kung hindi
lahat ng ano kung hindi lahat na makikita mo sa internet and social media na mga
balita ay lahat silay di totoo malilito tayo kung alin dito ang paniniwalaan natin and
ayon minsan hindi ako nakakapasok pero yung totoo may pasok pala kase yu yung
nakita ko sa facebook so ganun maraming cause ang information
Interviewer: ok next how do fake news and misinformation make senior highschool
students think limitedly
Interviewee: so ayon fake news and misinformation nalilimitahan ang pag iisip sa ating
mga senior highschool kase satin kailangan aware tayo sa mga kung baga eto na yung
ano eh mga steping stones natin na papuntang college na kung saan aware tayo sa
mga lahat ng mga nangyayari sa society natin tulad ng corona virus hostage taking um
kung hindi lahat mababalita tungkol doon ay totoo mas um mas kokonte or limitado
lamang ang information na makukuha naten therefore yung mga nalalaman natin ayun
nalilimitahan den
Interviewer: ok next the moment have encountered fake news or misinformation on
facebook how did you react on it
Interviewee: so um ako um once may nalaman once may makita akong fake news ako
matatawa lang ako kase mostly para sakin joke lang yon and lalo na kapagmay nakita
akong naniniwala talaga ansarap talagang magpangap na bobo sa harap ng tao na
feeling matalino kaya ayon natatawa lang talaga ako
Interviewer: follow up question how did you handle it
204
Interviewee: so sakin once na pagnakaencounter ako ng fake news or misinformation

shinishare ko den pretending na naniniwala don den titignan ko kung sino yung
maniniwala o sa hindi para sa katuwaan la
ng den
Interviewer: for troll?
Interviewer: ok next what action do you take if have shared invalid information
unknowingly
Interviewee: so kung hindi ako aware na fake news parang na share ko um una ang
unang option ko siguro ay ieedit ko yung post ko pangalawang option ko is magkaroon
ako ng follow up post na hindi totoo iyon or just straight up delete ko yung ano yung
post na yon and sa tatlong option na yon irereport ko yung ano yung post na yun
saying that hindi yon totoo fake news iyon
Interviewer: ok next what do you think you can do to prevent of spread of fake news
and misinformation of facebook
Interviewee: uhh, sa totoo lang wala akong masyadong magagawa as a student pero
sating mga tawag dito sating gumagamit ng social media ang ano nalang siguro tulad
ng ginagawa ko kaganina either ipaalam sa iba na fake news to or just delete it report
yung mga post and accounts na nagpopost ng mga fake news na iyon
Interviewer: ok thank you
Co-Researcher I – Leonard
Interviewer: Ok Goodafternoon, Tell me something about yourself
Interviewee: ahm I’m from section Burgos, Home Economics strand grade 11, 16 years
old
Interviewer: okay next, What information and news story do you commonly find on
your news feed?
Interviewee: uhm usually i commonly find on my news feed is ano yung mga ano news
na napapanahon ngayon and, and a story about the lives of my friends yun po
Interviewer: Okay next, What are the most trending topics occurring on your own feed?
Interviewee: ahm pagdating sa news i think it's about ABS-CBN shutdown and ahm
pagdating sa kabalbalan po is that yung parang pornsite na meron nakalagay sa baba
na ano na ano na makulit ka iuuntog kita sa ganito kineme ganon
Interviewer: ah okay, okay next. What kind of pages/accounts do you usually follow on
Facebook?
Interviewee: uhm usually i followed pages or account ahm comedy, love story minsan
po it's about LGBTQ, IA plus group or ahm mga ano, mga nakaka-catch ng attention ko
Interviewer: Okay follow up question.Why do you follow that kind of pag---pages or
account?
Interviewee: ahm ayun nga as i've said earlier uh ano nakaka-catch sila ng attention ko
Interviewer: Okay next,Have you experience sharing information from an untrusted
source?
If yes, what are the effects caused by that kind of action?
If no, how can you say that the information you have shared came from a legi---
legitimate source?
205
Interviewee: ahm siyempre hindi rin naman maiiwasan talaga na makakuha ng mga
sources sa mga untrusted and ahm ano yung epekto nito saken actually wala naman
dahil hindi ko rin siya siniseryoso dahil wala naman talaga akong paki sa nara-- sa kung
anong meron ngayon, dahil ang paki ko kung ano ang meron sa akin ganon and ano
po siyempre ayun nga kung alam ko na uns--- ah untrusted sources siya ng news ano
hinahayaan ko muna siya mga ano ilang araw tapos doon, doon ko na malalaman kase
kung totoo ba siya or hindi dahil ika-clarified na siya e kaya doon.
Interviewer: Ok ,What information or posts do you commonly share on Facebook?
Interviewee: ahm nakakatawa kase minsan, kadalasan sa mga shinishare kong
information is memes actually hindi naman siya information e, ahm mga kabalbalan
lang, kunwari mga taglibog ganon and ano mga funnies--- funny video
Interviewer: ok follow up question, Why do you share it?
Interviewee: ahm ayun nga nakaka-catch sila ng attention and para pag ano pag na
stalk ko yung sarili ko masaya ako kasi alam kong yung ini-stalk ko may saysay yung
nilalagay doon --dahil kasi ako yun
Interviewer: ok next, How will you verify an information if it’s true or legitimate?
Interviewee: ahm sa panahon ngayon ahm ano madami na talagang kumakalat na fake
news pero hindi rin talaga natin maiiwasan kung ano nga ba yang totoo sa hindi. Ahm
bilang isang estudyante ahm ano parang nasa ko pa rin yung think before you click so
bago mo siya kunin or bago mo siya ikalat kailangan ano intindihin mo muna kung ano
yon, kung tama ba siya or hindi ah siguro ano kung kailan siya pinost, kung kailan siya
ano lang mabisa, siguro ganon para malaman mno kung totoo ba siya o hindi.
Interviewer: ok next, What other media or materials do you use to verify information?
Interviewee: ahm maliban sa facebook i usually use ahm tiktok ewan ko kung ano siya
kung multimedia account ahm next po dun is twitter na kung saan kadalasan na pina-
follow ko po talaga sa twitter is mga news, news site like ABS-CBN,GMA,TV5 and ano
yun pa yung mga iba pang network site
Interviewer: Ok next, How do fake news and misinformation cause confusion to the
things you believe?
Interviewee: ahm actually kase ano e dahil sa fake news naiba yung ano e yung
perception natin dun sa isang bagay may mga opinyon kase sa fake news na hindi
talaga tama ano siguro kung napaniwalaan mo man yon siyempre mag iiba yung ano
understanding mo sa isang bagay na kung saan pag lumabas na yung katotoohanan
hindi mo siya matatanggap dahil ano dahil hindi nga yun yung una mong nakuha.
Interviewer: ok next, How do fake news and misinformation make--- make SHS
students think limitedly?
Interviewee: ahm ayun na nga fake news nga eh kaya siguro kaya limitly lang yung
ano. Limitedly lang yung pag iisip ng tao kase hindi parin ano, parang hindi kase nila
inuuwa---- inuunawa ng maayos ahm bali dito kase parang kung ano yung nakikita nila,
what you see is what we believed, pero para sakin kung ano yung nakita mo dapat
suriin mo para malaman mo yung totoo.
Interviewer: Ok , The moment that you have encountered fake news/misinformation on
Facebook, how did you--- how did you react it?
206
Interviewee: ahm wala parang wala lang pake talaga kasi nga, pero kung magre-reacy
man talaga ako siyempre naiinis ako kasi bakit nag kakalat sila ng misinformation eh
kung pwede naman nila ikalat yung totoong information
Interviewer: follow up question ,How did you handle it when you?
Interviewee: ahm pag hina-handle sa tingin ko lang ayun nga yung katagang think
before you click bago mo siya ano paniwalaan dapat intindihin mo at ano ano ba
parang intindihin mo siya at suriin mo para malaman mo talaga yung totoo.
Interviewer: na try mo na bang mag ahm report ng post or mag comment don sa
mismong post na yun na fake ganon?
Interviewee: ah usually kapag alam kong fake talaga hindi talaga ako dun
Interviewer: hindi ka nakikipag inter act don?
Interviewee: ahm no hindi ako nakikipag interact don as long as alam kong mali yon
hindi talaga makiki--- hindi ako mag sasayang ng oras para makipag interact don sa
ano
Interviewer:Okay next,What actions will you take if if you have shared invalid
Interviewee: ahm kung sakali man na makapag share ako ng maling post ay maling
news dini-delete ko agad siya sa ano ko sa news feed ko or sa ano ko account ko kase
parang ano e parang mali ka na nga ba't mo pa ikakalat edi dapat itago mo nalang or
burahin para hindi na kumalat pa ganon.
Interviewer: okay last,What do you think you can do to prevent the spread of fake
news and misinformation on Facebook?
Interviewee:ahm for me self awareness talaga and ano po kamalayan sa kasalukuyan
kasi kung hindi mo alam yung mga nakapaligid sayo paano pa kung sa sarili mo ahm
katulad ah ng ano ano ba. Ano para sakin para po hindi na mapre-- ma-prevent na po
yung pagkalat ng fake news i think ano wag niyo nalang po i-share kase kung ise-share
niyo pa dumagdag lang din po kayo don and ano parang marami pang maniniwala doon
na kung saan pag naniwal sila gagawin din nila yung isang bagay na dapat hindi kaya
yun yung sa tingin ko and self awareness po para po wala ng misinformation sa
facebook and not only in facebook but in other kind of social media like twitter,
instagram and ayon
Interviewer: Thank you!
Co-Researcher J – Kang
Interviewer: Tell me something about yourself?
Interviewee: I’m 18 years old from HE-Jacinto.
Interviewer: Then nag spend ba kayo sa Facebook ng 4hours daily?
Interviewee: Opo
Interviewer: So next question,What information and news story do you commonly find
on your news feed?
Interviewee: About sa Memes astaka mga kadramahan ganon
Interviewee: Yung mga Sad post
Interviewer: Kung about sa news or fake news
207
Interviewee: Yung mga nababalita den sa TV lumalabas din sa Facebook,then meron

ding mga fake news halimbawa yung dating issue about kayla James at Nadine na
naghiwalay nadaw sila pero ngayon totoo na.
Interviewer: Okay, What kind of pages/ accounts do you usually follow on facebook?
Interviewee: Pangalan ng page minsan ANXIETY ganon
Interviewer: Kung interms of news po
Interviewee: Sa GMA
Interviewer: So, bakit niyo po pinafollow iyon?
Interviewee: Gusto ko yung post nila
Interviewer: Okay next, Have you experience sharing information from an untrusted
source?
Interviewee: Yes
Interviewer: So paano niyo po nasabi na yung source kung saan niyo kinuha yung
information is legitimate po?
Interviewee: Kapag kilala yung taong nagsabi nun
Interviewee: Kagaya ng sinabi ko kanina yung sa mga sadpost mga memes ganon
Interviewer: Interms of news po
Interviewee: Sa mga balita mga topics na pinapalabas sa TV tapos lumalabas sa
Facebook
Interviewer: Why you share it? Ano pong purpose niyo?
Interviewee: Para malaman or mainform din yung ibang tao
Interviewer: Okay so, How will you verify an information if its true or legitimate?
Interviewee: Kung galing siya sa kilalang tao then napanood mona siya tapos nakita mo
sa facebook
Interviewee: Magsesearch ako sa Facebook and Google.
believe?
Interviewee: Makakaapekto siya kase paniniwala namin is magka iba
Interviewer: So susundin nyo po ba?
Interviewee: Hindi
Interviewer: So pero nagcacause poba ito ng pagkalito?
Interviewee: Oo
Interviewer: Ok, How do fake news and misinformation make SHS Students think
limitidely?
Interviewee: Yung kapag may pinapagawa yung teacher tapos about sa news tapos
fake pala yun syempre maaapektuhan yung ginawa mo don.
Interviewer: So you think nakakalimit siya ng pagiisip?
Interviewee: Yes
Interviewee: Wala kase alam ko ng fake news iyon
Interviewer: So paano niyo naihahandle iyon?
208
Interviewee: Siguro ishashare ko tapos sabihin na fake news yon

Interviewer: Okay next, What actions will you take if you have shared invalid
Interviewee: Edi nung pinagsharean ko ng information ipapaalam ko sakanya na mali
pala yung information
Interviewer: Okay last question, What do you think you can do to prevent the spread of
fake news and misinformation on facebook?
Interviewee: Kapag nagshare ako lalagyan ko ng caption na Fake news ito tapos huwag
na nila ishare or ipakalat pa.
Interviewer: So how about po kapag nakakita kayo ng Facebook users na kagaya niyo
tapos mali yung information niya,paano niyo masasabi na or ano gagawin niyo para
maprevent?
Interviewee: Magko comment tapos sasabihing itigil na iyan kase mali yung
impormasiyon na ibinibigay nila.
Interviewer: So thank you very much po!
209
APPENDIX G: CURRICULUM VITAE
HERIANA JULIAN R. BAGONA

#44 Venus St. Constellation Homes Zabarte Road, Caloocan City
Email Address: heriana_0615@yahoo.com
Contact Number: 09556345549
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To be successful in life
 To graduate in College
 To be successful in my chosen profession
 To provide my family needs
 To buy what they want
 To travel in the world
QUALIFICATIONS
 Good in communicating
 Good observant
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth: June 15, 2003

Place of birth: Quezon City
Age: 16
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Height: 5’5
Weight: 40 kg.
Religion: Catholic
Language/Dialect: Tagalog
Mother’s Name: Glenda Bagona
Occupation: PHMI
Father’s Name: Henry Bagona
210
Occupation: Electrician
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Able to play some sports

 Able to do flag and baton
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
SECONDARY LEVEL
MYSTICAL ROSE SCHOOL OF CALOOCAN INC.
#15 Ilang-ilang St. Metrocor Homes, Almar Subd., Camarin, Caloocan City
2019 – Present
CIELITO ZAMORA JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Mahogany St. Cristina Homes Brgy. 177, Caloocan North I, Caloocan City
2015 – 2018
Academic Awards: Grade 7 (Top 7)
Grade 8 (Top 3)
Grade 10 (With honor)
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
CIELITO ZAMORA MEMORIAL SCHOOL
Castle Spring Ave., Cor Molave, Camarin, Caloocan City
2010 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE
RITCHIE VAN B. OBLIANDA

Teacher
09556458078
211
JIANA M. BERON
Ph 10 B, Pkg 5, Blk 33, Lot 18 Bagong Silang, Caloocan City
Email Address: jianaberonblue@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To finish my studies and to show my appreciations for my parent’s sacrifices

 To fulfill my goals, dreams, and plans in the future
 To become successful in life
 To help my family
 To travel the world someday
 To gain more experience
 To gain more friends
QUALIFICATIONS
 Good at memorization
 Know how to manage my time
 Willing to explore and learn new things

Age: 17
Sex: Female
Height: 5’7
Weight: 50 kg.
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
Language/Dialect: Tagalog/English
Mother’s Name: Mercy M. Beron
Occupation: Caregiver
Father’s Name: Julio D. Beron
Occupation: Delivery Driver
212
SPECIAL SKILLS
 I can draw (sketching)

 I can easily associate with other people
 I can make good decisions and manage my time
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present
KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Langit Road, 1428, Caloocan City
2015 – 2018
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
KALAYAAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Phase 10 A, Parking 3, Block 6, Barangay 176, Caloocan City, Metro Manila
2009 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Teacher
09556458078
213
KIER LOUIS A. CARTAS

Sampaguita Rd. Brgy. 177 Camarin, Caloocan City
Email Address: kiercartas06@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To pursue the career I want in life

 To help my family in their financial needs and etc.
 To be successful someday
QUALIFICATIONS
 Goal Oriented
 Creative
 Adaptive

Place of birth: Cabanatuan City
Age: 16
Sex: Male
Height: 5’5
Weight: 57 kg.
Religion: Catholic
Language/Dialect: Filipino
Mother’s Name: Celia A. Cartas
Occupation: Sales Marketing Tactical Coordinator
Father’s Name: Enrico S. Cartas
Occupation: Sales Marketing Merchandiser
214
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Can draw
 Can sing
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present

2015 – 2018
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
Cielito Homes Subd. Brgy.177 Camarin, Caloocan City
2009 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Teacher
09556458078
215
CERVANTES ANTHONY JOHN

Ph4 Pkg2 Lot3 Blk114 Bagong Silang Caloocan City
Email Address: sicervantesto@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To be an animator
 To be one of the best programmers
 To be successful
QUALIFICATIONS
 Creative
 Not giving up easily
 Determined
Date of birth: April 3, 2003

Place of birth: Caloocan City
Age: 16
Sex: Male
Height: 5’4
Weight: 57 kg.
Religion: Catholic
Language/Dialect: Tagalog
Mother’s Name: Emily L. Cervantes
Occupation: Sales Clerk
Father’s Name: Agapito L. Cervantes
Occupation: Time Keeper
216
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Can draw anime

 Can play instruments
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present
BENIGNO AQUINO JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Ph1 Pkg2 Bagong Silang Caloocan City
2015 – 2018
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
BAGONG SILANG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Phase 1 Bagong Silang, Caloocan City
2008 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Teacher
09556458078
217
MJAY C. DEL ROSARIO

615 La Forteza Sub., Camarin, Caloocan City
Email Address: delrosariomjay26@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To be a programmer
 To be healthy
QUALIFICATIONS
 Ability to do multiple tasks at once
Date of birth: August 26, 2002

Age: 17
Sex: Male
Height: 5’9
Weight: 52 kg.
Religion: Catholic
Mother’s Name: Teresita C. Del Rosario
Occupation: None
Father’s Name: Mario L. Del Rosario
Occupation: Chef
218
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Drawing
 Active listening
 Computer skills
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present
CAMARIN HIGH SCHOOL

Cadena de Amor St. Area B, Camarin, Caloocan City
2015 – 2018
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
CAMARIN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (MAIN)
Camarin, Caloocan City
2009 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Teacher
09556458078
219
LEXI JOHANA R. DEMATE

2668 Sampaguita St. Brgy.178 Camarin Caloocan City
Email Address: lexijohana23@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To expand more my knowledge and experiences.

 To finish my studies.
 To be successful in my chosen profession.
 To maximize my skills.
QUALIFICATIONS
 Has an ability to work with a team.

 Great time management.
 Willing to try new things.
 Has an creative mind.
 A responsible and trustworthy student.
 Can do multitask different things
 I have leadership skills
Date of birth: January 23, 2003
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Height: 5’4
Weight: 60 kg.
Religion: Catholic
Mother’s Name: Ana Liza R. Demate
Occupation: None
Father’s Name: Johnson V. Demate
Occupation: Freelance Driver
220
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Can do task as long as I can

 Capable of creating calligraphy art works
 Can easily socialize with other people
 Multi-task
 Good at playing badminton
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present
CAMARIN HIGH SCHOOL

Cadena de amor St. Area B Camarin, Caloocan City
2015 – 2018
Academic Awards: With Honors
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
CAMARIN D. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Area D, Camarin Langka St., Caloocan City North
2009 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE
CHRISTINA B. ADA
Teacher
Camarin High School
09959410650
ARLYN G. BARINAGA
Teacher
Camarin High School
221
09777638061
JAMES IAN B. MARTIR

Blk 9 Lot 4 Maria Luisa Subd. Taurus St., Caloocan City
Email Address: hayame101200@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To be an accountant
 To be a Manga artist
QUALIFICATIONS
 I have an ability to do job under pressure

 Good at proofreading
 Fluent in English
Date of birth: October 12, 2000

Age: 18
Sex: Male
Civil Status: In a relationship
Height: 5’9
Weight: 69 kg.
Religion: Baptist
Language/Dialect: Tagalog/English/Japanese
Mother’s Name: Lynneth B. Martir
Occupation: None
Father’s Name: Warlito I. Martir
Occupation: Driver
222
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Drawing
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present

2015 – 2018
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
Castle Spring Ave., Cor Molave, Camarin, Caloocan City
2009 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Teacher
09556458078
223
KATRINE JOYCE B. PANGAHIN

4999 Caimito St. S.V.F. Brgy. 178 Camarin, Caloocan City
Email Address: katrinejoycepangahin@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To settle with a simple living

 To grow as a person
 To continuously serve Jehovah God whole-heartedly
 To be genuinely happy
QUALIFICATIONS
 I have a good-leadership
 Great at organizing things
 Creative in different ways
 Responsible for the given task
 Eager to explore new things and learnings
 A fast-learner and versatile person
Date of birth: February 08, 2003

Age: 17
Sex: Female
Height: 5’1
Weight: 59 kg.
Religion: Jehovah’s Witnesses
Mother’s Name: Loida B. Pangahin
Occupation: None
Father’s Name: Elven Q. Pangahin
Occupation: Jeepney Driver/Operator
224
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Writes literary pieces

 Good at memorization
 Can create traditional and digital art
 Have a creative lay-outing and editing skills
 Computer literate
- Adobe Photoshop
- Adobe Illustrator
- Microsoft Office
- Visual Basic
- Autodesk Sketchbook
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present

2015 – 2018
Grade 8 (With High Honors)
Extra-Curricular Awards: 4th place in Pagsulat ng Agham DSPC 2015
8th place in Pagsulat ng Agham DSPC 2016
7th place in Pagsulat ng Agham DSPC 2017
1st place in Division NDRM Essay Writing 2018
Leadership Award (Editor-in-Chief)
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
CALOOCAN NORTH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Phase 6 Package 2 Camarin, Caloocan City
225
2009 – 2014
Grade 2 (Top 7)
Grade 3-4 (Top 3)
Grade 5 (Top 2)
Grade 6 (Class Valedictorian)
Extra-Curricular Awards: 1st place in Pagsulat ng Agham District 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Teacher
09556458078
JESSICA D. CLAVERIA
Teacher
Cielito Zamora Junior High School
09279476519
226
JOHN MICHAEL N. TAPANG

Phase 6 Package 2 Barangay 178 Camarin Caloocan City
Email Address: michaelnaragtapang@gmail.com
LIFE OBJECTIVES
 To finish my studies
 To be a successful person
 To develop my skills
QUALIFICATIONS
 I have a creative imagination

 Great with time managing
 Always trying new things in life
 Loves to explore many things
 A responsible student
Date of birth: November 11, 2002

Age: 17
Sex: Male
Height: 5’8
Weight: 54 kg.
Religion: Roman Catholic
Mother’s Name: Carmelita Tapang
Occupation: Housewife
Father’s Name: Bienjamin Tapang
Occupation: Electrician
227
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Have a skills on character designing

 Have a creative imagination
 Can work without a reference as long as it’s not needed
SECONDARY LEVEL
2019 – Present
CAMARIN HIGH SCHOOL

Cadena de Amor St. Area B Camarin, Caloocan City
2015 – 2018
Academic Awards: With Honors
ELEMENTARY LEVEL
CALOOCAN NORTH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Phase 6 Package 2 Camarin, Caloocan City
2009 – 2014
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Teacher
09556458078
JHECEL C. DE LA CRUZ
Teacher 1
Camarin D. Elementary School
09104447501

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Fact or Bluff For Prelim

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FACT OR BLUFF: SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS AND MISINFORMATION

This research entitled, FACT OR BLUFF: SPREADING OF FAKE NEWS AND

DR. MARCELINA L. GREGORE DR. ROLANDO M. GREGORE

would like to send the deepest gratitude to these people:

Dr. Rolando M. Gregore, President of Mystical Rose School of Caloocan, Inc.,

Dr. Marcelina L. Gregore, Directress Principal of Mystical Rose School of

students guided to their way towards achievement.

Mrs. Novette A. Gregore, Assistant Directress, for advocating the researchers

towards the completion of this study.

support, by giving endless advice, cheering the researchers up at their disheartening

of wisdom to help the researchers.

time to taught the researchers of what must be done.

especially to those who validate the questionnaires.

To their Participants, for willingly and considerately accepted the researchers’

invitation and truthfully answered the question during the interview.

believing the researchers’ success to achieve their goals.

The researchers enthusiastically dedicate this research paper to their

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 TEACHER as their inspiration and motivation to make this

the researchers to do great performances in class. To their CLASSMATES AND

lastly to the GRADE 11 SHS STUDENTS OF MYSTICAL ROSE SCHOOL OF

GROUP 1 – ICT AGONCILLO

Statement of the Problem.....................................................................xiv

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

3 METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

4 REPORT OF FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION,

be distributed just to influenced or manipulate reader’s opinion on a certain topic and

information. Today’s generation mostly relies on technology especially the internet

misleading digital environment.

Misinformation can affect all aspects of life. It contributes to the way

much impact and are not harmful.

Mitchell (1983) defined a case study as a “detailed examination of an event (or

prior development of theoretical propositions to guide data collection and analysis.

and qualitative analysis of data.

fake news and misinformation, particularly on Facebook, to students.

SELECTION OF CO-RESEARCHERS/SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

establishing and retaining a tight connection and improving a comfortable gaining of

accurate results. This is a Non-Probability Sampling which pertains to choosing the

probability sampling that allows choosing according on attributes of a population and

that have been purposefully chosen for the study.

information that a participant qualifies. Qualifications of the participants were:

have been included on the 1st quarter’s achievers list.

2. Each participant must be an active Facebook user.

The qualifications of the co-researchers mentioned above ensure that the

gathered insights will be beneficial in addressing the study being conducted.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to Stroud (2020), fake news refers to false information or

stories/hoaxes created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. Spreading fake

Rose School of Caloocan, Academic Year of 2019-2020.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following:

1. What are the common information or news story encounters of the

2. What are the reasons of spreading misinformation as perceived by the

4. How do fake news and misinformation affect the participants?

5. How may the participants handle fake news and misinformation on

6. How may the findings be utilized in crafting a guide?

they have been engaging interactions the most.

likeliness of the users to believe on this false information is at a greater chance,

contrary to the way it should be.

Majority of the co-researchers pointed out that when sharing an information,

researchers when they happened to encounter or shared false information.

Awareness must be empowered. It will be effective to prevent the outspread of