Review Article
Surgical Pathology
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Jaws
Z. J. Sun, MD, H. L. Sun, DDS, R. L. Yang, DDS,
R. A. Zwahlen, MD, and Y. F. Zhao, DDS, MSc
Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a osteolytic bone lesion
that rarely involves the jaws. To date, a total of 92 cases
of JABCs have been described in detail in English lit-
erature. They prevalently occur in the first 2 decades
(72.8%) with slight female predilection. It affects the
mandible more often (68.5%) with a predominant loca-
tion in the mandibular ramus (31.3%) and its posterior
regions (20.4%). A painless (54.7%) or painful (43.2%)
bone swelling is the most frequent clinical sign.
Radiologically 93.8% of the lesions present as a radio-
lucency; in 69.4% multilocular in appearance. 15.2%
of JABCs were secondary in nature, including 8 cases
A
neurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a relatively
rare, osteolytic lesion in bones. There has
been much debate and confusion regarding
its nature and pathogenesis since this cystic lesion
was recognized for the first time by Jaffe and
Lichtenstein in 1942. Bernier and Bhaskar in
1958 were the first to publish a report of jaw
ABCs (JABCs). According to the World Health
Organization, the ABC has been considered to be a
benign intra-osseous lesion, characterized by blood-
filled spaces of varying size associated with a fibro-
blastic stroma containing multinucleated giant
cells, osteoid, and woven bone.1,2 Whereas the
From the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (ZJS,
YFZ) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering (ZJS,
HLS, RLY), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University,
Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China; and Department of
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of
Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), China (RAZ).
1. All these authors contribute equally to this work.
Address correspondence to: Z. J. Sun, Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology,
Wuhan University, 237# Luo Yu Road, Wuhan 430079, Hubei,
China; e-mail: zhijundejia@yahoo.com.cn. Y. F. Zhao e-mail:
yifang@public.wh.hb.cn.
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International Journal of
Volume 17 Number 4
August 2009 311-322
© 2009 The Author(s)
10.1177/1066896909332115
http://ijsp.sagepub.com
associated with fibrous dysplasia. The recurrence rate
(13.3%) did not differ significantly when comparing
the surgical technique (curettage, 15.2%; resection,
11.8%). JABCs are known for their different clinical
and radiographic features, therefore often posing a
diagnostic dilemma. Some JABC’s may be secondary in
nature. Careful curettage is considered to be suitable
as treatment for JABCs.
Keywords:   aneurysmal bone cyst; mandible; maxilla;
radiology; treatment
majority of ABCs exist as a primary bone lesion,
they may also occur secondary to other osseous
conditions.2 Clinically, this entity accounts for 1%
to 6% of all primary bone tumors and occurs pre-
dominantly in the long bones.2-4 Only 1% to 2% of
ABCs have been described in the jaws.5
A review of the English literature has been
performed with the aim to identify potential
clinical and radiological characteristics as well as
treatment strategies based on current evidence of
JABCs.
To date, a total of 92 cases of JABCs have been
reported in 75 articles.6-79 A summary of the clinical
and radiological featured of these 92 cases is provided
in the appendix.
Clinical Features
Incidence and Prevalence
In a South African series of 3498 jaw cysts reported
by Struthers and Shear,80 JABCs occurred in 0.4%,
whereas the incidence rate in a series of 7224 jaw
cysts from the United Kingdom was even lower at
0.15%.81
311
312   International Journal of Surgical Pathology / Vol. 17, No. 4, August 2009
Figure 1.   A, Age and gender distribution of 91 cases with jaw
aneurysmal bone cysts (JABCs). B, Schematic illustration and
detailed information of 82 JABC locations.
Age
The age range at the time of first appearance was 4
to 65 years; mean age, 19.1 years; median, 16.5
years. Figure 1A highlights the age and gender dis-
tribution of the 92 cases. Although JABCs may
occur at any age, their prevalence lies in the first two
decades (67/92, 72.8%).4,5,41,80 Only 11% of all these
patients affected by JABCs were older than 30 years
of age, which possibly might suggest that JABCs are
lesions of childhood or adolescence.
Gender
There was 1 case that lacked gender information;
the male to female ratio among the other 91 cases
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was 1:1.22 (41:50). In several previous studies,54,59,82,83
no sex predilection was detected. According to the
review presented here, however, there is a slight
female predilection.
Location
Regarding the primary location of the lesions, the
mandibular incidence rate (63/92, 68.5%) is signifi-
cantly higher than that of the maxilla (29/92, 31.5%),
which corresponds with previous published
reports.46,59,74,80,83 The site of the lesions was described
in 83 cases in detail (Figure 1B); among them the
most frequently involved anatomic regions were the
mandibular ramus (31.3%, 26/83), the posterior
body of the mandible (24.1%, 20/83), and the maxil-
lary sinus (20.5%, 17/83).5,46,84 One case occurred
bilaterally in the hard palate. Another case showed 2
isolated lesions on both sides of the maxilla.85 A total
of 10 (12.0%) mandibular lesions eroded the condy-
lar process.6,20,22,24,29,40,42,43,51,79 and 8 (9.6%) lesions
involved the coronoid process.9,12,23,40,43,51,79 Although
it has been stated in literature, this review revealed
that JABCs crossing the midline are rare, having
been reported in only 4 (3.6%) cases.8,49,50,85
Clinical Presentation
Clinical presentation of JABCs varies strongly. It
ranges from small indolent asymptomatic to rapidly
growing and destructive lesions.5,28,34,86 Among the
86 cases of JABCs with detailed descriptions of the
clinical presentation (Table 1), the majority of lesions
presented with a swelling, painless (47/86, 54.7%)
or painful (32/86, 37.2%). On the contrary, ABCs of
the long bones frequently present with pain, show-
ing a rapid growth tendency.2,87 Trauma history was
mentioned in 50 cases with a positive trauma history
in 14 (28.0%) patients.7,12,14,22,25,27,28,35,37,41,47,58,62,70.
In 10 patients (11.6%) the lesions occurred in
the mandibular condyle or ramus, all of them
presented with various degrees of limited mouth
opening.6,9-12,14,22,29,64,67 Additional symptoms, including
altered sensation or local paraesthesia, were found
in another 10 (11.6%) cases.7,8,29,48,58,70,71,78 Patients
with a maxillary sinus lesion suffered from of nasal
obstruction (n = 10), diplopia (n = 4), epiphora
(n=2), frequent epistaxis (n = 2), strabismus (n = 1),
and exophthalmos (n = 1).13,31,60,80 Also, dental symp-
toms, such as increased tooth mobility and displace-
ment, were noted in 14 (16.3%) cases.24,34,41,88

Table 1.   Clinical Presentation Summary
of 86 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Jaws
Clinical Presentation Cases, n (%)
Painless swelling 47 (54.7)
Painful or tender swelling 32 (37.2)
Limitation opening mouth 10 (11.6)
Paraesthesia 10 (11.6)
Nasal obstruction 8 (9.3)
Tooth displacement 7 (8.1)
Root resorption 7 (8.1)
Diplopia 4 (4.7)
Epiphora 2 (2.3)
Epistaxis 2 (2.3)
Strabismus 1 (1.2)
Exophthalmos 1 (1.2)
Toothache 1 (1.2)
Pathologic fracture 1 (1.2)
A diagnosed pathological fracture as first clinical
appearance of JABCs was extremely rare, having
been reported in only 1 case throughout the English
literature.8
Radiographic Features
In the long bones, the ABCs are characterized radio-
logically as well-defined expansive radiolucent
lesions surrounded by a thin overlying cortex,2-4
whereas the radiographic appearance of JABCs is
ambivalent, varying from unilocular to bloated mul-
tilocular radiolucency 5, 24, 83. The radiographic pre-
sentations of JABCs are summarized in Table 2. The
maximum diameter of the lesions was available for
43 cases and ranged from 0.3 to 20 cm (mean, 4.8
cm; median, 4 cm). Whereas the majority (93.7%,
45/48) of JABCs presented as radiolucent, 2 (4.2%)
maxillary cases47,68 were radiopaque, and 1 (2.1%)
lesion24 was mixed radiolucent and radiopaque in
appearance. Some investigators reported that JABCs
presented usually as unilocular radiolucency28
(Figure 2). Others, however, remarked that the
lesions frequently were detected mimicking a mul-
tilocular soap-bubble appearance (Figure 2).24,27,80,89,90
Reviewing the literature, the multilocular appear-
ance of the lesions was found to be somewhat more
frequent (34/49, 69.4%). Also, the description of the
radiological borders of JABCs is controversial.
Whereas Laskin et al91 considered the borders to be
usually well-defined, in some cases with an onion
skin–like bone apposition, this review found no
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Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Jaws / Sun et al   313
Table 2.   Radiological Features of Aneurysmal
Bone Cysts of the Jaws
Mandible Maxilla Total
Density (n = 48)
   Radiolucent 33 11 45
   Radiopaque 0 2 2
   Mixed 1 0 1
Locularity (n = 49)
   Unilocular 12 3 15
   Multilocular 24 10 34
Borders (n = 43)
   Well-defined 14 6 20
   Ill-defined 15 8 23
Figure 2.   Radiological features of jaw aneurysmal bone cysts
(JABCs). A, Occlusal radiograph demonstrates a multilocular
radiolucency with buccal and lingual expansion. B, Section of a
panoramic radiograph showing a unilocular radiolucency of the
mandible with a bloated appearance.
consistent pattern but rather well-defined (20/43,
46.5%) and ill-defined margins (23/43, 53.5%). The
different radiographic characteristics, including
density, unilocualr or multilocular appearance, and
borders showed no significant difference between
the maxillary and mandibular localization (P > .05).
A number of osteolytic lesions of bone must be con-
sidered as differential diagnoses including odonto-
genic cysts and tumors, traumatic bone cysts, central
giant cell lesions, giant cell tumors, as well as pri-
mary and metastatic tumours.7
Staging
Capanna et al92 divided the ABCs into 3 stages
according to clinical and radiographic features. Cysts
of the inactive stage present complete periosteal
314   International Journal of Surgical Pathology / Vol. 17, No. 4, August 2009

shells with defined sclerotic borders. Active stage

cysts show incomplete periosteal shells but defined
margins. Aggressive cysts have ill-defined margins
and show uniform osteolysis. Whereas active or aggres-
sive ABCs showed a recurrence tendency in their
series, inactive ABCs did not recur. This kind of staging
method is important for the treatment, but has so far
never been mentioned in reports of JABCs.

Histopathology
The “classic” microscopic feature of ABCs includes
fibrous connective stromal tissue or septa between
numerous blood-filled sinuses that may show signs
of thrombosis1,2 (Figure 3). This is the so-called
“vascular” form, which is also reflected in the mac-
roscopic appearance as a spongy, blood-filled lesion.93
Immature fibroblasts and giant cells are abundant,
mimicking a giant cell lesion although the latter is
devoid of vascular caverns. Contents of hemosid-
erin, osteoid, and bone formation in ABCs are vari-
able. At the other end of the spectrum is the less
common “solid” variant, either with an inconspicu-
ous vascularity or small vascular spaces lined by a
cellular fibrous tissue.93 Osteoblastic differentiation
with osteoid formation and foci of calcifying fibro-
myxoid tissue are frequent and may be considered to
be reliable diagnostic features.94 Because ABCs lack
an epithelial lining, they are not cysts although they
radiographically mimic cyst-like structures.80,90 The
so-called “mixed” variant of an ABC demonstrates
features of both the vascular and solid types, possi-
bly representing a transitional phase of the lesion.94
ABCs can occur as primary or secondary
lesions out of a preexisting lesion, such as fibrous
dysplasia, central giant cell lesion, osteosarcoma,
cementifying fibroma, hemangioepithelioma, and
ameloblastoma.78,95-97 Such ABCs lesions are classified
as secondary lesions according to Kershisnik
and Batsakis,94 who believed that ABCs are presumably
reactive bone lesions and exist in 2 clinicopathological
forms, either as a primary lesion or as a secondary
lesion arising in other osseous conditions than those
named above. They also stated that approximately
30% of ABCs were considered to be secondary, being
found most often in long bones; however, rarely in
the jaws. In this review, 14 (15.2%) JABCs were
considered to be secondary.19,21,26,29,33,38,47,48,58,64,66,70,73,75
The most common associated lesions were fibrous
Figure 3.   Histological features of aneurysmal bone cyst of the
jaws (hematoxylin–eosin, 100×).
dysplasia (n = 8), followed by osteoblastoma, central
giant cell lesion, and cementifying fibroma. To date,
no secondary JABCs have been associated with
malignant tumors.
Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of ABC remains unclear with
theories ranging from a posttraumatic, reactive vas-
cular malformation to genetically predisposed bone
tumors. The authors consider the ABC to be a reac-
tive entity, and it is supposed that ABC is related
either to a circulatory disorder causing increased
venous pressure98 or to a local vascular disorder
attributable to a preexisting lesion.99 Reactive and
repair tissue consequent to a particular hemorrhage
is another likely hypothesis.100 Some authors have
hypothesized that ABC can be caused by trauma.
Trauma may be a trigger leading to the development
of the ABC. The development of an ABC after a
fracture in a previously normal bone supports the
view that the lesion may occur secondary to a local
abnormality within the bone.101 In this review, only
28.0% patients could recall a trauma in their history.
This amount is far below from the one reported by
Kalantar Motamedi83 (70.5%).
Recent genetic studies proposed that primary
ABC is a tumor rather than a reactive lesion. A
predisposing genetic defect could be part of a

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multifactorial pathogenesis in the development of
some ABC.102 Some primary ABCs exhibited the
chromosomal translocation t(16;17)(q22;p13).103
Rearrangements in this chromosomal band seem to
be always present, irrespective of subtype and
location. Further studies detected that the t(16;17)
(q22;p13) fuses the promoter region of the osteoblast
cadherin 11 gene (CDH11) on chromosome 16q22
to the entire coding sequence of the ubiquitin
protease USP6 gene on chromosome 17p13. This
finding possibly indicates that the pathogenesis of
most primary ABCs involves an upregulation of
USP6 transcription due to the highly active CDH11
promoter. CDH11 and/or USP6 rearrangements
were detected in 36 of 52 primary ABCs in 3
different mandibular regions.104 On the contrary,
secondary ABCs lack CDH11 and USP6
rearrangements. Although they can mimic primary
ABCs morphologically, secondary ABCs show
nonspecific morphological patterns.104
Management
In the literature, treatment modalities for ABCs vary
widely, being sometimes highly controversial.3,46,80,83,105,106
Table 3 gives a detailed survey of the treatment
modalities mentioned in 83 out of 92 JABCs.
Curettage (46/83, 55.4%) and resection (34/83,
41.0%) were the most common treatment modali-
ties. In 1 case, cryotherapy was applied. Spontaneous
healing was observed in 1 mandibular case after
long-term follow-up.
The follow-up period varied from 6 months to 34
years. A total of 11 (13.3%) cases recurred within 2
years. No statistical difference was detected in terms
of age distribution between the recurrence (mean
19.9 years) and nonrecurrence group (mean 18.4
years). The recurrence rates between curettage
(15.2%) and resection (11.8%) as well as between
primary and secondary JABCs did not differ
significantly (P > .05), too (Table 4). Bone grafting
was performed in 17 cases; none of these cases
developed recurrence.
Recurrent lesions were treated with repeated
curettage (n = 6) and cryotherapy in (n = 2). Among the
11 patients suffering from recurrence, 4 patients
developed recurrences more than twice. The recurrence
rate of JABCs was low (13.3%) when compared with
long bone ABCs where it frequently ranges from 10%
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Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Jaws / Sun et al   315
Table 3.   Treatment Outcomes of Different
Treatment Methods on Aneurysmal Bone
Cysts of the Jaws
Treatment No Recurrence Recurrence Total
Osteotomy 30 4 34
Curettage 39 7 46
Total 69 11 80
P > .05.
Table 4.   Treatment Outcomes of Primary and
Secondary Jaw Aneurysmal Bone Cysts
No Recurrence Recurrence Total
Primary 43 8 51
Secondary 6 4 10
Total 49 12 61
P > .05.
to 59%.99 It is somewhat astonishing that no difference
of the recurrence rate could be detected between
curettage and resection in this review.
The management of ABCs depends on different
factors: the age of the patient, the location of the
ABCs, the extension and the size of the lesion, and
ongoing concomitant diseases. Biopsy is of utmost
importance before treatment. Capanna’s staging
methods92 may help in setting up the treatment
plan. Inactive lesions can be simply treated by
curettage. Selective arterial embolization or injections
with scleroagent may considerably contribute to the
treatment,106 but they are rarely reported in JABCs.
The inactive ABC should be carefully monitored
after the first treatment. Because ABCs often affect
children, careful curettage should be recommended
in the first treatment. If the lesion increases, becomes
painful, and destructs bony structures, resection
should be taken into account. Marginal resection
might be adopted in limited lesions with little
morbidity and minimal risk of recurrence. Of course,
the risk of recurrence is pertinent; however, its rate
can be reduced with local adjuvant therapy, such as
cryotherapy and injection of scleroagent. In some
cases, the localization and extent of the cysts can
become extremely hazardous for operative treatment,
therefore making resection impossible and curettage
difficult due to potential hemorrhage.
316   International Journal of Surgical Pathology / Vol. 17, No. 4, August 2009

Conclusions seldom show spontaneous healing. Therefore

1. JABCs are rare, benign bone tumors that may
appear mainly in the first 2 decades of life,
presenting a slight female predilection. They are
predominantly located in the mandibular ramus
or its posterior parts. Clinically, painless or pain-
ful swellings are found to be the most common
clinical symptoms of the patients.
2. Radiologically, most cases present a multilocular
radiolucency with ill-defined or well-defined
borders.
3. JABCs may be of secondary nature and they are
frequently combined with fibrous dysplasia.
4. Careful curettage represents the main method of
treatment. There is no difference of recurrence
rate between curettage and resection. JABCs
primary intervention should be indicated leaving
the “wait and see” policy aside.
5. The recurrence rate of JABCs is lower compared
with that of long bones. Primary and secondary
JABCs show similar recurrence rates. The lesions
recur more often after 1 year; however, they sel-
dom recur more than 2 years after the surgical
intervention. Therefore, the follow-up period is
considered to be at least 2 years.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by a grant from National
Natural Science Foundation of China (No.: 30600712)
to ZJS.

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 Appendix
Summary of the Clinical and Radiological Features of 92 Cases of Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Jaws

Gender/ Trauma Radiological

Author(s) Age (Years) History Location Expansion Features Size (cm) Margin Treatment Follow-up

Park et al (2008)6 F/17 N R Mand ramusa NA NA 2 NA Curr NR/7 years

Lopez-Arcas Calleja et al (2007)7 M/29 Y R Mand P Y U/RL 3.4 W Curr + Imp NR/1 year
Goddard and Patel (2007)8 F/40 NA Mand Aa NA Multi/RL NA NA Curr NR
Rattan and Goyal (2006)9 F/12 NA R Mand ramusb Y Uni/RL 6 W Res + BG NR/2 years
Goyal et al (2006)10 M/17 N L Mand ramus Y Multi 3 NA Res NA
Fyrmpas et al (2006)11 F/12 N L Max sinus Y Multi 3 I Res NR/9 months
Martins and Favaro (2005)12 M/12 Y L Mand ramusb Y Uni/RL 6 W Res NR/2 years
Sanchez et al (2004)13 F/14 N L Max sinus NA Multi 20 I Res + BG NR/4 years
Rapidis et al (2004)14 M/16 Y L Mand ramus Y Uni/RL NA I Res Rec/1 year
Perrotti et al (2004)15 M/12 NA L Mand A Y NA NA I Res NR/4 years
Weir et al (2003)16 F/10 N R Max sinus NA NA NA NA NA NA
Kiattavorncharoen et al (2003)17 M/6 N R Mand angle Y Uni/RL 7 I Res + BG NR/1 year
Asaumi et al (2003)18 M/25 N R Mand P Y Multi/RL NA I Res NA
Pasquini et al (2002)19c NR/5 NA Max sinus NA NA NA NA Res NA
Motamedi (2002)20 M/18 N R Mand ramusa Y Multi/RL NA I Res Rec/3 months
Suzuki et al (2001)21c M/23 N L Max sinus Y Multi/RL NA W Res Rec/1 year
Gadre and Zubairy (2000)22 F/12 Y L Mand ramusa Y NA 2 NA Res NR/5 years
Matsuura et al (1999)23 F/12 NA R Mand ramusb Y Multi/RL 3 NA Curr NR/1 year
Kaffe et al (1999)24 M/11 NA Mand P N Uni/RL NA W NA NA
F/4 NA Mand P Y Uni/RL NA I NA NA
M/17 NA Mand ramusa Y Uni/RL NA I NA NA
F/43 NA Mand P Y Mixed NA I NA NA
Zak et al (1998)25 F/34 Y L Mand P Y Multi/RL 3 NA Res NR/1 year
Arden et al (1997)26c F/19 N R Mand P Y Multi/RL NA NA Curr + BG NR/2.5 months
Wiatrak et al (1995)27 F/15 N R Mand Y Multi NA NA Curr NR/2 years
F/16 N L Mand Y RL NA NA Curr NR/1.5 years

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M/10 Y L Mand ramus Y NA 4.5 W Res + BG NR/6 months
Trent and Byl (1993)28 M/32 Y L Mand ramus Y Multi 4 NA Res NR/2 years
Svensson and Isacsson (1993)29c M/14 NA R Mand ramusa Y RL NA W Res + BG NR/2 years
Medeiros et al (1993)30 F/19 N R Max A Y Multi 7 NA Curr NR/14 months
Matt (1993)31 F/12 N R Max sinus Y NA 6 NA NA NR/1 years
Hernandez et al (1993)32 F/65 NA L Mand P Y RL 10 I No SL
Revel et al (1992)33c F/7 NA R Mand ramus Y NA NA W NA NR/1 year
F/15 NA L Max sinus Y Multi NA W Res NR
Hardee et al (1992)34 M/29 N L Max P Y Uni/RL NA W Curr Rec/2 years
Kim et al (1991)35 M/15 Y L Mand ramus Y RL 10 NA Res + BG NA
Karabouta et al (1991)36 F/22 N R Mand P Y Multi/RL 4 W Res NR/2 years
Greval et al (1991)37 M/11 Y R Mand P Y Multi/RL NA W Curr NA
Takimoto et al (1990)38c F/15 N Max P Y NA 3 W Curr NR/3 years

(continued)

317
 Appendix (continued)

318
Gender/ Trauma Radiological
Author(s) Age (Years) History Location Expansion Features Size (cm) Margin Treatment Follow-up

Hady et al (1990)39 F/13 N R Max sinus Y Multi/RL 2.5 I Curr NA

Nik-Hussein and Boon (1989)40 M/7 NA L Mand ramusa,b NA Multi/RL 3 NA Curr NR/8 months
Giddings et al (1989)41 M/14 N L Mand angle Y NA 10 I Res NR/1 year
M/10 Y R Mand ramus Y NA NA I Res + BG NR/3 years
Toljanic et al (1987)42 M/16 N R Mand ramusa Y NA NA I Curr Rec/6 months
Newman et al (1987)43 F/17 NA L Mand ramusa,b Y Uni 6 NA Curr NA
Nadimi et al (1987)44 M/38 NA R Max sinus Y NA NA NA Res + BG NA
Eisenbud et al (1987)45 M/48 NA R Mand angle Y Multi/RL NA NA Curr + rad Rec/9 months
Zachariades et al (1986)46 F/35 NA R Max A Y RL 2 I Curr NR/2 years
M/37 NA R Mand ramus Y RL NA NA Curr NR/4 years
Robinson (1985)47c M/13 Y L Max P NA Multi/RP NA I Curr NR/2 years
Okuyama et al (1985)48c M/6 NA L Mand angle Y NA 4 W NA NA
F/12 NA L Mand P Y NA NA NA NA NA
Hempenstall et al (1984)49 F/24 N L Mand Aa Y Uni/RL 3.3 W Curr NR/18 months
Gingell et al (1984)50 F/13 NA R Mand P NA NA NA NA Curr NR/6 months
M/30 NA R Mand ramus Y Multi/RL NA W Curr NR/5 years
M/14 NA R Mand Aa Y Multi NA NA Res NR/4 years
M/11 N R Max A NA Multi NA I Curr NR/2 years
Lovely (1983)51 F/14 NA R Mand ramusa,b Y Multi/RL 3 I Curr Rec/11 months
Ueno et al (1982)52 F/13 NA R Mand P Y Multi/RL NA NA Res NR/2 years
Surprenant and Tinker (1982)53 F/18 N R Mand P Y RL 7 NA Curr Rec/9 months
Saltzman and Jun (1981)54 F/22 NA L Mand P NA NA 1.1 NA Cryosurgery NA
Salmo et al (1981)55 F/55 N R Max P NA Uni/RL NA I Curr NR/5 years
Kozlowski et al (1981)56 F/22 NA Mand NA NA NA I Res NR/11 years
Goldman and Sisson (1980)57 M/10 N L Max sinus NA NA NA NA Res Rec
El Deeb et al (1980)58c M/19 Y R Mand P NA Multi NA NA Curr Rec/6 months
Steidler et al (1979)59 F/21 NA R Mand P Y Multi/RL 6 NA Curr NR/2 years

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Sastry et al (1979)60 F/17 N R Max sinus Y RL 4 W Curr NA
Kane (1979)61 M/14 NA L Max sinus Y NA NA NA Res NR/5 years
Reynecke (1978)63 M/18 N R Max A Y Uni/RL NA NA Curr NR
Hillerup and Hjørting-Hansen (1978)64c F/10 NA R Mand ramus Y RL NA NA Curr Rec/1 year
Boyd (1979)62 M/23 Y R Mand P NA NA NA NA Res NR/35 years
M/27 N R Max A Y RL NA I Curr NR/1 year
Rosenberg (1975)65 F/14 N R Mand ramus Y Uni/RL 5 W Curr NA
Oliver (1973)66c F/20 NA R Mand ramus NA RL NA NA Curr NA
Berry et al (1973)67 M/18 N L Mand ramus Y NA 6 W Curr NA
Ellis and Walters (1972)68 M/17 N L Max sinus Y RO 5.5 NA Curr NA
Daugherty and Eversole (1971)69 M/17 NA R Mand NA RL NA NA Curr NR/6 months

(continued)
 Appendix (continued)
Gender/ Trauma Radiological
Author(s) Age (Years) History Location Expansion Features Size (cm) Margin Treatment Follow-up

LeJeune and Bordelon (1970)70c F/17 Y L Max sinus Y NA NA W Curr NR/3 years
Byrd et al (1969)71 F/17 N L Max sinus Y Multi 7.5 NA Curr NA
Hoppe (1968)72 F/12 NA L Mand P Y Multi/RL NA I Res NA
Gruskin and Dablin (1968)73c F/8 NA L Mand Y NA 7 NA Curr NA
M/20 NA L Max NA NA 2 NA Res NA
Koticha (1965)74 F/20 N L Mand angle Y NA 6 NA Res NR/26 years
Yarington et al (1964)75c F/48 N R Max sinus NA NA 2 NA Res NR/6 months
Ebling and Wagner (1964)76 F/19 NA L Mand angle NA Multi 4 NA Res NR/8 months
Vianna and Horizonte (1962)85 M/18 N Hard palate Y Multi NA NA Rad NA
Wang (1960)77 F/8 N R Max sinus Y Multi/RL 3 NA Curr NA
Bhaskar et al (1959)78 F/9 NA L Mand A Y NA NA NA Curr NR/66 months
M/7 NA Mand angle Y Multi NA NA Curr NR/2 years
F/22 NA Max P Y RL 0.3 NA Curr NR
Bernier and Bhaskar (1958)79 F/11 NA R Mand ramusa,b Y Uni 0.5 NA Curr + BG NA
F/59 NA Mand P Y Multi/RL NA NA Curr NR/16 months

Abbreviations: F, female; M, male; N, no; Y, yes; NA, not available; Mand, mandibular; Max, maxillary; L, left; R, right; A, anterior; P, posterior; Multi, multilocular; Uni,

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unilocular; RL, radioluscent; RO, radiopaque; Mixed, mixed radioluscent and radiopaque; I, ill-defined; W, well-defined; Curr, curettage; Res, resection; BG, bone graft;
Imp, implant; Rad, radiotherapy; Rec, recurrence; NR, no recurrence; SL, self-limiting.
a
 Involving the condylar process.
b
 Involving the coronoid process.
c
 Secondary aneurysmal bone cyst of the jaws.

319
320   International Journal of Surgical Pathology / Vol. 17, No. 4, August 2009
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