CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MagneticCircuits

Magnetism / Magnetic Circuits In CGS:

26. 1 pragilbert is equivalent to
A. 1,000 Gilberts = 0.4π·N·I
B. 10,000 Gilberts
C. 100 Gilberts
D. 10 Gilberts Á - mmf in Gilberts
N – the number of turns ( t )
27. 1 praoersted is equivalent to I – the current in the coil in Amps
A. 1,000 Oersted RELUCTANCE:
B. 10,000 Oersted
C. 100 Oersted
D. 10 Oersted Diamagnetic metals have a very weak
and negative susceptibility to magnetic
28. Fringing of the magnetic flux near the fields. Diamagnetic materials are slightly
tips of repelled by a magnetic field and the  – reluctance in At/Wb
the magnetic materials material does not retain the magnetic ! – the average length of the
____________ it’s properties when the external field is
effective magnetic area. magnetic circuit in meters
removed. Examples are copper, silver, A – the cross-sectional area of the
A. increases and gold.
B. has no effects on magnetic circuit in sq. meters
C. decreases µ - permeability of the material
D. none of these Paramagnetic metals have a small and v - reluctivity
positive susceptibility to magnetic fields. µ0 – permeability of free space
29. This is an instrument used to These materials are slightly attracted by µ0 = 4p◌ּ10-7 (H/m)
measure the a magnetic field and the material does µr – relative permeability
strength and/or direction of the not retain the magnetic properties when F – flux in Webers
magnetic field . the external field is removed. Á – mmf in Ampere-Turns, At
A. magnetometer C. lux meter Paramagnetic materials include
B. nanometer D. ammeter magnesium, molybdenum, lithium, and
tantalum.
MAGNETIC FLUX:
30. A ________ magnet is currently the
strongest type of permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials have a large
and positive susceptibility to an external
magnetic field. They exhibit a strong
A. alnico C. ferrite attraction to magnetic fields and are able
B. cobalt D. neodymium to retain their magnetic properties after In SI: Φ – Flux in Weber
the external field has been removed. In CGS: Φ – Flux in Maxwells
Iron, nickel, and cobalt are examples of
ferromagnetic materials.
GOD BLESS!
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY:
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF):

In SI: = N·I

Á - mmf in Ampere-Turns, At In SI: B – Wb/sq.meter = Tesla

N – the number of turns ( t ) In CGS: B – Maxwells/sq.cm = Gauss
I – the current in the coil in Amps

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MagneticCircuits

15. In a given magnetic circuit, a current A. 52.5 Maxwells

MAGNETIC FLUX INTENSITY: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic of one ampere flows through a coil of B. 75.3 Maxwells
Induction: 100 turns. The magnetic circuit C. 31.5 Maxwells
consists of a core having a D. 22.5 Maxwells
Ø An emf is induced in a conductor if permeability of 1000. The magnetic
such conductor cuts the magnetic circuit has a length of 10 cm long 21. A magnetic circuit with 2,000 turns
lines of force. and 4 sq cm. area; and an air gap and with a current of 2 amperes
Ø The magnitude of the induced emf is one cm long. Calculate the field produces a flux of 100,000 maxwells
In SI: H – A-t/meter proportional to the rate of change of intensity at the air gap The current is suddenly cut-off and
flux-linkages.
In CGS: H – Oersted A. 12.250 Oersted flux collapses in about 0.01 sec.
B. 100.53 Oersted Determine the voltage across the coil.
PERMEABILITY: AVERAGE INDUCED EMF: C. 497.66 Oersted A. 20 kV C. 2,000 kV
D. 124.42 Oersted B. 200 V D. 2 kV
In SI:
e = -N (volts) 16. A certain magnetic loop consists of a 22. A magnet produces a magnetic flux
silicon steel of 10 cm square, 20 cm of 800 maxwells is inserted through a
μ = Henry/meter long and an air-gap of ¼ cm. The coil of having 1000 turns. The magnet
N – the number of turns linking F relative permeability of the given is suddenly withdrawn within 0.15
F - the flux in Weber silicon steel is about 4,500. Calculate sec. Calculate the voltage appearing
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY: t – time in seconds the reluctance. across the coil.
dF/dt – the time rate of change of flux A. 2.54 x 10-2 C. 6.44 x 10-3 A. 0.22 V C. 533 V
linkages B. 6.44 x 10-4 D. 2.54 x 10-3 B. 53.3 V D. 0.0533 V

In CGS: 17. What is the force required to separate 23. The core of a certain magnetic circuit
e = -N ◌ּ10-8 (volts) two surfaces with contact area of has a length of 5 centimeters and the
μr = unitless 150 sq. cm when the flux density is 2 inductance of the coil is 10-mH. What
Tesla normal to the surfaces? is the inductance of the same if the
F - the flux in Maxwell or Line A. 15,800 N C. 23,900 N number of turns is reduced to ½ of the
PERMEANCE: B. 35,050 N D. 10,100 N original? All other factors are
EMF Induced in a Short Length unchanged.
Straight Conductor: 18. Two conductors carrying 50 amperes A. 20 mH C. 10 mH
and 75 amperes respectively are B. 2.5 mH D. 5.0 mH
In SI: placed 10 cm apart. Calculate the
e = B◌ּ ◌ּv (volts) 24. Two coils having self-inductances of
force between them per meter.
P - Wb/A-t A. 0.075 N/m C. 100 N/m 4 henry and 6 henry are in parallel.
B. 0.0075 N/m D. 10 N/m The mutual inductance between the
B – the flux density in Tesla
two coils is 3 henry. Calculate the
COMPARISON between MAGNETIC ! - the length of the conductor in meters 19. Electromotive force has a unit of equivalent inductance of this
and ELECTRIC CIRCUITS: v – the velocity in meters/second combination if the mutual inductance
______.
A. Newton C. Volt assists and if the mutual inductance
Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit In CGS: e = B◌ּ ◌ּv ◌ּ10-8 (volts) opposes the self-inductance
B. Kilogram D. Ampere
MMF Á EMF V respectively.
B – the flux density in Gauss 20. The two like poles of two bar A. 2.4 H & 1.4 H
Flux F Current I B. 6.25 H & 2.75 H
! - the length of the conductor in magnets are placed 7.5 centimeters
Reluctance  Resistance R apart from each other. The magnets C. 3.94 H & 0.75 H
centimeters D. 16 H & 4 H
Permeance P Conductance G are of the same strength and repels
v – the velocity in centimeters/second
Reluctivity v Resistivity ρ each other with a force of 49 dynes.
Permeability µ Conductivity δ 1Weber = 108 Maxwell Determine the strength of each
magnet.

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MagneticCircuits

Example 20. What is the 8. What is the symbol of magnetic flux

inductance of three inductors 20-mH, 5- density? EMF of SELF-INDUCTION: Inductance in Series:
mH, and 4-mH when connected in A. H C. E
series? (Ans: ________) B. β D. Q LT = L1 + L2 + .. Ln
e=L (volts)
9. Magnetic materials that are best
Problems to Solve suited for making armature and
1. Who demonstrated that electricity transformer cores should have L – the inductance of the coil in Henry Inductances in Parallel:
and magnetism are related by _________ permeability and di/dt - the rate of change of current in
showing a compass needle is __________ hysteresis loss. Amps/sec
deflected by a current-carrying A. high, low C. low, high
conductor? B. high, high D. low, low
A. Faraday C. Ampere SELF-INDUCTANCE:
B. Oersted D. Maxwell 10. A unit of Weber per sq meter is
commonly known as _________. Inductance in Series-Parallel:
A. Gauss C. Tesla
L= (Henry)
2. The basic law governing the
production of a magnetic field by a B. Maxwells D. Oersted LT = L1 +
current is called ________.
A. Faraday’s law 11. Which of these core materials is L – the self -inductance of the coil in
B. Oersted’s law used for high frequency Henry
applications? N – number of turns Inductance in Parallel-Series:
C. Ampere’s law
D. Maxwell’s law A. Silicon steel A – cross-sectional area of the coil in sq.
B. Iron meter
3. A magnetic field is a ___ field. C. Ferrite Ceramics F - flux in Webers LT =
A. force C. mine D. Aluminum  - reluctance
B. flux D. line µo = 4p ◌ּ 10-7
12. One weber is equivalent to how µr – relative permeability of the core
many maxwells? Mutual Inductance:
4. Which of these is not a ferromagnetic ! - length of the magnetic core in meters
material? A. 104 Maxwells
A. iron C. nickel B. 108 Maxwells e2 = N2 = kN2
C. 106 Maxwells Inductance of A Coaxial Cable:
B. cobalt D. aluminum
D. 102 Maxwells
5. The direction of the magnetic field is L = 2◌ּ10-7ln
from _____ to _____ outside a 13. One Tesla is equivalent to how many M = k◌ּ
e2 = M
magnet. Gauss?
A. south, north C. south, south A. 104 G C. 106 G L – the inductance in Henry
B. north, south D. north, north B. 108 G D. 102 G D – outer diameter
d – inner diameter M = k◌ּN2◌ּ = k◌ּ
6. Laminations are usually used in AC 14. A toroidal core having no air-gap
magnetic circuits for the following has an average length of 60 cm. If ENERGY STORED in the MAGNETIC
reasons. Which is the best answer? the magnetic field intensity is 1,500 FIELD of an INDUCTOR:
A-t/m, calculate the required current M – the mutual-inductance in Henry
A. To increase the core loss
in the coil. The desired flux density is k – coefficient of coupling (k < 1)
B. To decease the copper loss
0.6 Tesla and the toroid has 500 I1 – the primary current in Amperes
C. To reduce permeability W = ½ L◌ּI2 (Joules) N1 – primary turns
D. To reduce eddy-currents turns.
A. 3.4A C. 2.5A N2 – secondary turns
7. Tesla is a unit of __________. B. 4.0A D. 1.8A L1 – primary inductance Henry
W – energy stored in Joules
A. Flux density B. Permittivity L2 – secondary inductance Henry
L –the inductance in Henry
C. Flux intensity D. Inductance I – current in the inductor in Amperes

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series
Sample Problems:
The DOT Convention:
Example 1. A magnetic circuit has mean
Mutual Flux Aiding (Additive Polarity) length 20 cm and cross-sectional area 10
cm2. If the relative permeability of the
material is 2000, what is the reluctance of
the circuit? (Ans: ________)
Example 2. The reluctance of the core of
a magnetic circuit is 3.18 x 105 H-1. If the
circuit carries a 1000-turn coil and a
current of 0.1 A, calculate the core flux.
(Ans: ________)
Figure
Example 3. If the mmf of a 400-turn coil
Lta15.
= L1 + L2 + 2◌ּM is 800At, the current flowing through the
16. coil is ______ amps. (Ans: ________)
Lta 17.
– the total-inductance;
Example 4. What is the flux density if Φ
18.
series-aiding in Henry = 800μWb pass perpendicularly through
a core having an area of 20x10-4 sq-m.?
(Ans: ________)
Mutual Flux Opposing (Subtractive
Polarity) Example 5. A straight solenoid wound on
a non-magnetic core has 200 turns. The
solenoid has a diameter of 2.5-cm and its
length is 25-cm. If its coil produces an
average flux of 5-µWb at each end,
calculate the average flux density at the
solenoid’s end.
(Ans: ________)
Example 6. For the magnetic circuit
Figure
having a single loop has a coil of 70
Lto = L1 + L2 – 2◌ּM turns, The average length of the core is
150-mm while its air-gap is0.2 mm
Calculate the current required to produce
a flux density of 1-Tesla in the air gap.
M=
(Ans: ________)
Lto – the total-inductance; Example 7. The relative permeability of a
series-opposing in Henry certain silicon steel is 4,500. A certain
magnetic loop consist of a silicon steel of
M – mutual inductance between 10 cm square, 20 cm long and an air gap
of ¼ cm. What is the reluctance of the
the coils in Henry
magnetic circuit? (EE October 1998)
(Ans: ________)
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Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Example 8. A magnetic circuit consists of
silicon steel having a permeability of
3000. The length of the core is 10-cm
and its cross section area is 1.5 sq. cm.
The length of the air gap of the same
cross section is 2 cm. If a current of ½
ampere flows through 500 turns,
calculate is the field intensity at the air
gap?
(Ans: ________)
Example 9. A magnetic circuit consists of
silicon steel of 3000 permeability and an
air gap. The length of the steel core is 10
cm. and the air gap is 2 cm. Both have
same cross section of 1.5 sq. cm. A
current of ½ ampere flows through the
windings to produce 2351 maxwells flux.
How many turn are there in the coil? (EE
March 1998)
(Ans: ________)
Example 10. The reluctance of the core
of a magnetic circuit is 3.18 x 105 H-1. If
the circuit carries a 1000-turn coil,
determine its inductance (Ans:
________)
Example 11. The core of a magnetic
circuit is of mean length 40 cm and
uniform cross- sectional area 4 cm2. The
relative permeability of the core material
is 1000. An air gap of 1 mm is cut in the
core, and 1000 turns are wound on the
core. Determine the inductance of the
coil if fringing is negligible.
(Ans: ________)
Example 12. A toroid has a core of
square cross section, 2500 mm2 in area,
and a mean diameter of 250 mm. The
core material is of relative permeability
1000. (a) Calculate the number of turns
to be wound on the core to obtain an
inductyance of 1 H. (b) If the coil thus
wound carries 1 A, what are the values of
H and B at the mean radius of the core?
(Ans: ________)
MagneticCircuits
Example 13. A coil is wound on a core
whose relative permeability is 1. The
length of the core is 30 cm and has a
cross-sectional area of 5 sq. cm. If the
coil has 650 turns, what is its
inductance? (Ans: ________)
Example 14. The energy (Wo) stored in
a coil is dependent on the inductance (L)
of the coil and the current flowing. If the
inductance were doubled with the same
current flowing, what would be the
resulting stored energy?
(Ans: ________)
Example 15. The north poles of two bar
magnets having strengths of 600 poles
and the other 300 poles are placed 26.38
inches apart. Determine the magnitude of
the force between them in dynes. (Ans:
________)
Example 16. What is the force between
two wires carrying currents 10 and 50
amperes each? The lengths of the wires
are 50-cm and are separated by 5-cm
distance.
(Ans: ________)
Example 17. A horseshoe magnet
produces a flux density of 1.5 Tesla on
each pole face. What is the weight in kg
this horseshoe magnet is capable of
lifting if each pole face has an area of
250 cm2. (Ans: ________)
Example 18. Two coils having
inductances of 20-mH and 50-mH are
wound on top of each other. Calculate
the mutual inductance between the two
coils if the coupling coefficient k = 0.98.
(Ans: ________)
Example 19. Find the inductance of
three inductors 20-mH, 5-mH, and 4-mH
when connected in parallel. (Ans:
________)