ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB

Digestion is the process of breaking down

COVERAGE:
complex foods into simpler, smaller and
I. Component Structures or absorbable forms or forms that can be used in
Organs
1. Mouth (Oral Cavity;
the body or by the body cells. It includes:
Buccal Cavity)
a. Physical or Mechanical Digestion –
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus occurs in the mouth when the food is
4. Stomach physically broken down into smaller
5. Small Intestine pieces by chewing (called
6. Large Intestine
II. Digestive Glands
mastication).
1. Liver b. Chemical or Enzymatic Digestion –
2. Pancreas occurs in the gastrointestinal tract
III. Accessory Digestive Organs where food is broken down into small
1. Tongue
2. Teeth molecules by digestive enzymes.
3. Salivary Glands
a. Parotid Glands
b. Submandibular /
Submaxillary Glands
c. Sublingual Glands

I. MOUTH – Main Parts

1|CRISPARK
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB
1. Vestibule – is a small, outer part and is
bounded by lips and cheeks on the
outside and the teeth and gums on the
inside.
2. Oral Cavity Proper – extends from
teeth and gums to fauces (an opening
leading to the pharynx). This is
bounded by the hard and soft palate as
the roof; the tongue as its floor; the
cheeks as the lateral walls; and the lips
forming the frontal boundary.
MOUTH – Lips
1. Lips are two fleshy, muscular folds
that surround the opening of the mouth.
These are extremely sensitive and are
abundantly supplied with blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels and sensory
nerve endings.
2. Oral Cavity Proper – extends from
teeth and gums to fauces (an opening
leading to the pharynx).
This is bounded by the hard and
soft palate as the roof; the tongue as
its floor; the cheeks as the lateral
walls; and the lips forming the frontal
boundary.
3. Palate forms the roof of the mouth and
is having two sections:
- Hard palate is formed by a portion
of the palatine bones and maxillae.
- Soft palate is continuous with the
posterior border of the hard palate.
4. Tongue is a special organ for sense of
taste (gustation). Its dorsal surface is
irregular and rough and contains
lingual papillae where taste buds are
found. These papillae are –
circumvallate papillae, foliate
papillae, fungiform papillae and
filiform papillae.
 The specific cells that respond to
chemicals dissolved in the saliva
are epithelial cells called
gustatory cells which are
surrounded by supporting cells
in the taste buds.
 Taste Buds or specific receptors
for the sense of taste and are
widely scattered in the oral
cavity.
 Found mostly on the tongue, a
few are found on the soft palate
and inner surface of the cheeks.
 Found on the sides of the
circumvallate papillae and on
the more numerous fungiform
papillae.
The Tongue is connected to the floor of the
mouth by means of a fold of mucous
membrane called lingual frenulum.
2|CRISPARK
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB
SETS OF TEETH
5. Teeth are contained in the sockets of
the alveolar processes of the maxillae
and mandible. A typical tooth has 3
Parts;
ROOTS is embedded in a socket
(alveolus) of the alveolar processes of the
jaw bones;
CROWN which projects upward from the
gum;
NECK is a narrow portion between the
root and crown and is surrounded by the
gum.
A tooth is composed of the following
substances:
 DENTINE- an extremely sensitive
yellowish portion surrounding the pulp
cavity (or root cavity). This forms the
bulk of the tooth and gives shape of a
tooth.
 ENAMEL- an insensitive white
covering of the crown and is
considered as the hardest substance of
the body.
1. Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth – are
temporary set of teeth. Appear
between the child’s 6th month and 2nd
year.
A normal child as 20 baby teeth,
each jaw holding 10 teeth with 4
incisors (for cutting); 2 canines
(for tearing) and 4 premolars
(for grinding).
2. Permanent Teeth – begin to appear in
man at the age of 6 ½ to 25 years od
with the exception of the 2nd and 3rd
molars.
There are 32 in number and are
arranged in two arches, one in
the upper jaw (maxilla), and the
other in the lower jaw
(mandible).
Each jaw holds 4 incisors, 2
canines, 4 premolars and 6
molars.
3|CRISPARK
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB

II. PHARYNX / THROAT

Pharynx is a muscular; membranous; cone-
shaped tube between the mouth and
esophagus.
This serves as both air passage during
breathing (respiratory function) and food
passage during swallowing (digestive
function).
The pharynx has 3 parts: nasopharynx;
oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
1. Nasopharynx – is found superior to
the soft palate and opens into the nose.
This has purely respiratory function.

2. Oropharynx – is found from the soft

palate to the epiglottis and opens into
the mouth. This has both respiratory
and digestive functions.

3. Laryngopharynx – is found posterior

to the epiglottis which joins with the
esophagus. This has both respiratory
and digestive functions.

4|CRISPARK