Anatomy and Physiology Lab

Coracobrachialis
- is a band-like muscle that extends from the
COVERAGE:
coracoid process of the scapula to the
A. Muscles of the Arm humerus
B. Muscles of the Forearm
a. Anterior Compartments
b. Posterior Compartments
C. Muscles of the Thigh and Leg
a. Muscles of the Buttock

A. MUSCLES OF THE ARM

Biceps Brachii
- is a large, conspicuous muscle which small
boys like to show when boasting of their
physical strength
- lies anterior to the humerus and forms a
large part of the substance of the arm
- most familiar muscle of the forearm
because it bulges when the elbow is flex
- power prime mover for flexion of the arm
and supinate the forearm
Triceps Brachii
- Is single muscle on the posterior aspect of
the arm
- Arises by three heads: two from the
humerus and a long one from the scapula.
- Antagonist of the biceps brachii and the
brachialis. Extensor of the forearm.
- Often called the “Boxer’s Muscle” (it can
deliver a knockout punch)

Brachioradialis
- Superficial muscle of the lateral forearm
- Fairly a muscle that arises on the humerus
Brachialis and inserts into the distal forearm
- It resides mainly in the forearm
- Lies deep to the biceps brachii
- Synergist of brachialis in forearm flexion
- Extends from the distal anterior half of the
humerus to the coronoid process of the ulna,
covering and protecting the front of the
elbow joint
- A powerful flexor of the forearm

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B. MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM
 The superficial muscles in the anterior
compartment of the forearm are the flexor
carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi
radialis and pronator teres.
Palmaris Longus
 They all originate from a common tendon,
which arises from the medial epicondyle of
the humerus.
Pronator Teres
- Its lateral border of the pronator teres forms
the medial border of the antecubital fossa,
Brachioradialis
an anatomical triangle located over the
elbow.
- It has two (2) origins, one from the medial
epicondyle and the other from the coronoid
process of the ulna. It attaches laterally to
the mid-shaft of the radius.
- Actions: Pronation of the forearm
- Innervation: Median Nerve
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- Originates from the medial epicondyle with
the other origin from the ulna. It passes into
the wrist and attaches to the pisiform carpal
bone.
- Actions: Flexion and adduction at the wrist
- Innervation: Ulnae Nerve
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Carpi Radialis
- Originates from the medial epicondyle,
attaches to the base of metacarpals II and III.
- Actions: Flexion and abduction at the wrist
- Innervation: Median Nerve
- Originates from the medial epicondyle,
attaches to the flexor retinaculum of the
wrist.
- Actions: Flexion at the wrist
- Innervation: Median Nerve
- Originates from the proximal aspect of the
lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, and
attaches to the distal end of the radius, just
before the radial styloid process.
- Actions: Flexes at the elbow
- Innervation: Radial Nerve
 The muscles in the posterior
compartment of the forearm are
commonly known as the extensor
muscles.
 The general function of these muscles is to
produce extension at the wrist and fingers.
 They are all innervated by the radial nerve.
- A pair of muscles located on the side of the
forearm, allowing them to control extension
and abduction of the wrist.
- Both originate from the humerus and attach
to the base of the hand
- Actions: Extend and abduct the wrist
- Located on the other side of the forearm to
the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis,
it performs a similar role.
- Attachments: Originates from the humerus
and attaches to the base of the hand.
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- Actions: Extension and adduction of the
wrist.
Extensor Digitorum
- The extensor digitorum is the main
extensor of the fingers.
- Originates from the humerus, splitting into
four tendons at the wrist which travel
through the carpal tunnel and attach to the
digits.
- Actions: Extends Fingers
C. MUSCLES OF THE THIGH AND LEG
a. MUSCLES OF THE BUTTOCK
Gluteus Maximus
- Is a broad, thick, fleshy, quadrilateral
muscle that forms much of the buttock.
- Superficial muscle of the hip
- This acts as an extensor muscle of the hip
only when power is required, as in rising
from a seated position and also in running.
Gluteus Medius
- It runs from the ilium to the femur, beneath
the gluteus maximus
- Is a hip abductor and is important in
steadying the pelvis during walking
- Important site for intramuscular injections
Gluteus Minimus
- Innermost gluteal muscle; originates from
the lateral surface of the ilium and inserted
into the greater trochanter of the femur
- Abducts the thigh and stabilizes pelvis on
the floor
Tensor Fascia Latae
- Is a fusiform muscle located in the lateral
aspect of the thigh. It belongs to the muscles
of the gluteal region, along with the gluteus
maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus
minimus muscles.
- This is found superficial in the anterolateral
aspect of the thigh, spanning from the
anterior portion of the iliac crest to the
superior portion of the tibia, onto which it
inserts via the iliotibial tract.
- The main function of this muscle is to
produce the extension and lateral rotation of
the leg on the knee joint. Additionally, it
contributes to the movements to the
movements of the thigh, acting as a
relatively weak abductor and medial rotator
on the hip joint.
b. MUSCLES OF THE THIGH
Iliopsoas
- is a compound muscle made up of psoas
major which arises from the lumbar
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vertebrae and iliacus which arises from the Sartorius

iliac fossa;
- Is a long muscle, narrow and ribbon-like or
- It is a powerful flexor muscle of the thigh;
straplike muscle running obliquely across
prime mover of hip flexion; also acts to
anterior surface of thigh to knee.
keep the upper body from falling backward
- The most superficial muscle of the thigh
when one is standing erect.
- Commonly referred to as the “Tailor’s
muscle” because it acts as a synergist to
bring the cross-legged position.

Adductor Muscles (Magnus, Longus, and Brevis)

Quadriceps femoris or Quadriceps Group
- Form the muscle mass at the medial side of
each thigh - is a large fleshy mass covering the front and
- Adduct or press the thighs together the sides of the femur
- Since the gravity does most of the work for - This is composed of four (4) parts which all
them, they tend to become flabby very extend the leg at knee joint and have a
easily, hence special exercise is often common tendon of insertion with the
needed to keep them toned. patella and is inserted to the tibia.
- Includes rectus femoris and the three vastus
Hamstring Muscles
muscles (lateralis, medialis, and
- Form the boundaries of the popliteal space intermedius)
- These are muscles that form the mass of the
Rectus Femoris
posterior thigh
- Their name comes from the fact that - Superficial muscle of the thigh
butchers use their tendons to hang hams - Runs straight down the thigh
(consisting of thigh and hip muscles) - Only muscle of the group to cross the hip
- Includes biceps femoris, semitendinosus joint
and semimembranosus - Arises from two heads
- These flex and rotate the knee joint, and - Extend knee and flexes thigh at hip
extends the thigh at the hip joint.
Vastus Lateralis
Biceps Femoris
- Forms lateral aspect of the thigh
- Most medial muscle of the hamstring - Extends knee
muscles
Vastus Medialis
- Arises from two heads
- Extends the thigh; laterally flexes knee - Forms medial aspect of thigh
- Extends knee
Semitendinosus
Vastus Intermedius
- Lateral to biceps femoris
- Extends thigh; flexes the knee; medially - Lies between vastus lateralis and medialis;
rotates the leg obscured by rectus femoris
- Extends knee
Quadriceps femoris or Quadriceps Group

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- The Vastus lateralis and Rectus Femoris

are sometimes used as intramuscular
injection sites particularly in infants.

c. MUSCLES OF THE LEG

Gastrocnemius
- Is a two-bellied muscle that forms the
curved calf of the posterior leg
- Arise from the femur and instead into the
calcaneus through the calcaneal tendon
(thickest tendon in the body)
- The prime mover for plantar flexion of the
foot hence regarded as the “Toe Dancer’s
Muscle”.

Soleus
- A fleshy muscle deep the gastrocnemius
- It arises from the tibia and fibula rather than
the femur
- Like the gastrocnemius, it is a strong
plantar flexion of the foot.
Tibialis Anterior
- A superficial muscle on the anterior leg
- Acts to dorsiflex and invert the foot
Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Found lateral to the tibialis anterior
- The prime mover of toe extension and a
dorsiflexor of the foot
Fibularis muscles – Longus, Brevis, and Tertius
- Are found on the lateral part of the leg
- The group as a whole plantar flexes and
everts the leg

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