GEC 007 - Science, Technology and Society

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
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DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society
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CHAPTER 1
MIDDLE EAST
GOLDEN AGE of ISLAM - Also introduced the decimal point
system, Hindu Arabic numeral system, and the
- Arab scientists, writings in Arabic, made
binomial theorem
staggering breakthroughs which broadened
mankind’s comprehension of the natural world. - Explained 2d patterns have a
mathematical meaning
- Scientific inquiry flourished into major
discoveries in the fields of mathematics, physics, House of Wisdom in Baghdad
astronomy, chemistry, medicine and optics.
- Library and translation institute, it
Ibn al-Haytham translated many important foreign works of
science and philosophy into Arabic and Persian
- Polymath and engineer
languages, thereby enriching Arab scientists and
- Founder of Optics; discovered the laws thinkers.
of refraction
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
- Inventions were obscure and pinhole
- Authored an encyclopedia of all known
camera
medical knowledge
- Founder of the scientific method;
- Monograph – written detailed report on
Theories should be verified by experiments
smallpox and measles
Musa Ibn al-Khuwarzmi
- Greatest scientists in the Middle east,
- Father of Algebra – gave his name to the and had great influence on western medicine.
concept of algorithm and derived from al-jabr
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*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different
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*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details
were written as much as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or
completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.
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Ibn al-Nafis - Best known for his book “The Book of
Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices”
- Pioneered the study of pulmonary
circulation of blood because he was the first to - Invented a programmable humanoid
recognize that lungs purify blood robot, mechanical clocks, crankshaft, suction
pumps and water supply systems
Jabir ibn-Hayyan
The Fall of the Golden Age of Islam
- Father of Chemistry
- The destruction of Baghdad and the
- Introduction of experimental
House of Wisdom by Hulagu Khan in 1258 has
methodology into alchemy and the invention of
been seen by some as the end of the Islamic
several chemical processes - crystallization,
Golden Age.
calcinations, sublimation and evaporation, the
synthesis of acids, and distillation MESOAMERICA
- Also developed the basic chemical Greek word: “Middle America”
methods and the study of chemical reactions
- Mexico
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
- Guatemala
- Creating a more accurate earth-centered
- Belize
planetary model after finding flaws with Ptolemy’s
model of planetary motion - El Salvador
- Made very accurate tables of planetary - Honduras
movements using the Al-Tusi couple.
- Costa Rica
Ismail al-Jazari
- Nicaragua
- Polymath, scholar, mechanical engineer,
artist, and mathematician
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CIVILIZATIONS IN MESOAMERICA - Mayan Calendar: The Long Count (The Tzolkin,
The Haab)
civilization: the stage of human social and
cultural development and organization that is - The Long Count
considered most advanced
 2, 880, 000 days long
1. Mayan Civilization (A.D. 250 – 900)  to track longer periods of time
2. Inca Civilization (1400 – 1533 CE)  they believed that the universe is
destroyed then created at the start of
3. Aztec Civilization (1345 – 1521 CE) each universal cycle
MAYAN CIVILIZATION - The Tzolkin
- longest civilization (2,000 years)  260 days with periods that has 13 days
- most scientifically advanced societies in  sacred round
Mesoamerica  important activities related to gods and
humans
- known for their works in astronomy  to predict the future
- used their temples for astronomical observation - The Haab
- Chichen Itza: (Mexico) location of the Sun
 365 days solar calendar
during the spring and fall equinoxes
 18 months of 20 days each
- predicting eclipse  one month of 5 days long
 civil calendar
- Astrological cycles in planting and harvesting
- Technology: different crops, building cities,
- Planet of Mars: when it occurs, that means
hydraulics system (Piedras Bolas Aqueduct)
there’s an enemy that will try to colonize them.
- Arts: looms, weaving cloth, glittery paints
- Human Sacrifice: happens every occasion or
(Mica), rubber (used for games)
celebration
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- Mathematics: number system, concept of zero, - Quipu: knotted ropes to keep records, data,
positional value taxes, obligations and etc.
- Mayan Hierogylphics (writing system) - Quipu Textile: cloth was one of the specifically
prized artistic achievements
INCA CIVILIZATION
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
- Largest empire in America
- Tenochtitlan: capital of the most powerful
- Inca Civil: famous for advanced scientific ideas
estate
and tools to help in everyday life
- Human Sacrifice: happens every day in
- 2 main uses of transportation:
Tenochtitlan
 Chasqui: for delivering messages
- Mandatory Education: value on education no
 Lamas and Alpacas: for goods
matter what social class, gender or age you are.
- Stones: roads, buildings to prevent in collapsing
- Chocolates: used as a currency, tribute to their
in case of disasters like earthquake (Machu
gods, Aztec valued cacao beans
Picchu), irrigation system to minimize possible
leakage - Antispamodic medication: prevent muscle
spasms and relax muscles, help during surgery
- Inca Calendar
- Chinampa: agricultural farming where the land
 12 months is divided into rectangular areas and surrounded
 to mark their religious festivals by water or canals
 prepare for planting seasons
 daytime and nighttime calendar - Aztec Calendar
Suspension Bridge: deliver messages by  365 days

Chasqui  plan their activities and rituals
 prepare for planting seasons
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- Canoe: light-narrow boat, used for travelling 2. Smelting of Zinc
Contribution of India in the Development of • India was the first to smelt zinc by the
science and technology in Asia distillation process
India • Zawar in the Tiri valley of Rajasthan is
the world’s first known ancient zinc smelting site
One of the oldest civilizations in the world
3. Seamless Metal Globe
• Strong tradition of science and
technology • the first seamless celestial globe was
made in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in
• Land of scholars and scientist
the reign of the Emperor Akbar
• Knowledge about science
4. Iron-cased Rockets
• Research has shown that from making
Medicine
the best steel in the world to teaching the world
to count, India was actively contributing to the 1. Ayurveda
field of science and technology centuries long
• A system of traditional medicine
before modern laboratories were set up
2. Plastic Surgery
Contributions
• Sushruta Samhita is considered to be
Manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works
one of the most comprehensive textbooks on
1. Wootz steel ancient surgery
• is a crucible steel characterized by a • The text mentions various illnesses,
pattern of bands that was known in the ancient plants, preparations and cures along with
world by many different names such as Ukku, complex techniques of plastic surgery
Hindwani and Seric Iron
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3. Cataract Surgery 2. Heliocentric theory
• Sushruta(Indian Physician) – performed • Aryabhatta- He correctly propounded
the first cataract surgery, way back in 6th century that the Earth is round, rotates on its own axis
BCE and revolves around the Sun
• To remove the cataract from the eyes, he -He also made predictions about the
used a curved needle, Jabamukhi Salaka, to
-solar and lunar eclipses,
loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the
field of vision -duration of the day as well as the
Science -distance between the Earth and the Moon
1. A Theory of Atom Mathematics
• Kanad(scientists) - devised the atomic 1. Zero
theory centuries before John Dalton was born
Mathematician Aryabhatta
• He speculated the existence of anu or a
• was the first person to create a symbol
small indestructible particles, much like an atom
for zero
Astronomy
• Through his efforts that mathematical
1. Configuration of the Universe operations like addition and subtraction started
using the digit, zero.
• Spherical self-supporting Earth
2. The Decimal System
• 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days
each • Ingenious method of expressing all
numbers by means of ten symbols – the decimal
system.
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3. Numeral Notations • Vedic scholar Pingala (his book
“Chandahśāstra”) - which is the earliest known
• had devised a system of different
Sanskrit treatise on prosody ( the study of poetic
symbols for every number from one to nine
metres and verse)
• This notation system was adopted by the
6. Algorithms
Arabs who called it the hind numerals
• Chakravala Method - is a cyclic
• Centuries later, this notation system was
algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic
adopted by the western world who called them
equations, including the Pell’s equation
the Arabic numerals as it reached them through
the Arab traders • Chakravala was developed by
Brahmagupta(mathematician)
4. Fibbonacci Numbers
• Jayadeva(mathematician) - generalized
• Mātrāmeru - Indian mathematics
this method for a wider range of equations
(Fibonacci numbers and their sequence first
appear here) • Bhāskara II in his Bijaganita treatise -
further refined this method
• Virahanka, Gopala and Hemacandra -
the methods for theformation of the fibbonacci
• Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (Italian 7. Ruler Measurements
mathematician) - introduced the fascinating
• Bisht noted that the earliest traces of
sequence to Western European mathematics
mathematical knowledge in the Indian
5. Binary Numbers subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley
Civilization.
• is the basic language in which computer
programs are written
• 1 and 0 - bits and bytes
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CHINA- MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY, • Chinese are known for traditional
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE, MUSIC AND ARTS medicine
AND FAMOUS INVENTIONS
• They use plants and animals to cure
• The ancient Chinese mathematics uses human illness.
small bamboo rods arranged to represent
• Acupuncture and herbal medicine is
numbers 1 to 9.
an example of medicine in China
• Abacus or suanpan is idea of a Chinese.
• Chinese discoveries and innovations
• Chinese mathematics develops in such as papermaking, compass, printing and
response for mathematically competent gunpowder
administrators
• Science and technology were seen as
• Jiuzhang suanshue or nine chapters on trivial or restricted to limited practical applications
the mathematical art includes arithmetic, because they focus on literature arts and public
algebraic and geometric algorithms presented in administration
relation to problems
• Tang dynasty was a time for great
• Chinese made significant records on innovations. (GUNPOWDER, AIR
supernovas, lunar and solar eclipse and comets CONDITIONING PRINTING ADVANCEMENT IN
and observed heavenly bodies. MEDICINE)
• Chinese constellation- 28 mansions • Ling Lun founded Chinese music during
are part of the Chinese constellation and Zhou Dynasty
considered as the equivalent to the zodiacal
• He made a foundation tone from a piece
constellation (Aries, Pisces, etc.)
of bamboo pipe that produce sound a little like
• They are also known in seismology birdsong
• This made them more prepared for • Youlan or solitary orchid by Confucius
natural calamities and become more productive. is the oldest written piece of music
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• Poetry in ancient china was an has 8 dragons that symbolizes the 8 directions
expression both public and private emotions. It (east, west, etc.) and a frog underneath each of
includes three basic elements- shi, ci, qu the dragon that made sound when earthquake
occurs
• Cloisonné is a French word that means
partition; it is a technique for decorating metal • The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial
work objects dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912.
• Chinese silk is used in a variety of • The luopan or geomantic compass is a
section such as fishing, writing, clothing, and Chinese magnetic compass, also known as a
music. Feng Shui compass. It is used by a Feng Shui
practitioner to determine the precise direction of
• The first Movable type printing is made
a structure or other item.
of clay and the second one is made of bronze
and was used to print money • China's papermaking technique using
bark and hemp. This then became one of the four
• Gun powder was made by accident
great ancient inventions of China
because Chinese wants elixir of life or immortality
but instead they end up making gun powder and • The Tang and Song dynasties are
it is used as a weaponry as a military defense known as Golden Ages in Chinese history.
• Silk road- it was an ancient trading route • The Chinese during the Tang dynasty
used by merchants and traders that connects were also noted for their beautiful poetry and fine
Asia and Mediterranean porcelain wares.
• Great Wall of China was made to • The Chinese were able to do piston by
protect the country from invaders and built by the the use of a double-action piston-bellow, which
prisoners and slaves. would force the kerosene out of the barrel on
both the forward and backward strokes of the
• Seismograph was made to measure the
pump handle.
movements of the Earth and seasonal winds. It
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• During Northern Song Dynasty, metal
production grew rapidly, especially that of
copper, tin and lead, which were all major
materials for casting money.
• About the fourth century BC the Chinese
devised a harness with a breast strap known as
the trace harness, modified approximately one
hundred later into the collar harness.
• Chinese invented a multi-tube iron seed
drill that helped them to produce food on a larger
scale
• The wheelbarrow was invented by a
man in the Chinese army named Chuk Liang.
Farmers used the wheelbarrow to carry crops to
the market. Builders use the wheelbarrow to
move heavy supplies.
• Donghai Bridge is a Chinese bridge
counted among the longest cross-sea bridges in
the world.
• Zhongguo Ke Xue Yan 1983 is also
known as China Academy of Building Research
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CHAPTER 2 Vienna circle - group of scholars who believed
that only those which can be observed should be
Human Flourishing
regarded meaningful.
Eudemonia good spirited; ultimate good
Falsification theory as long as the ideology is
Western civilization are more focused on not proven to be false; we should accept the said
individuals ideology.
Eastern civilization are more community centric. Technology as a way of living.
Science as methods and results rigid Generation gap attributed to changes brought
methodology whose very character absolves it about by technology.
from any accusation or prejudice.
Homo sapiens began to sharpen stones as one
Steps on how to do science: would a knife.
- Observe Homo erectus used fire to cook.
- Determine the problem Holocene extinction also called the 6th

extinction or more aptly anthropogenic extinction
- Formulate hypothesis
Mortality rate due to technology, lesser women
- Conduct experiment
and children die during birth
- Gather and analyze results
Average lifespan science is able to prolong lives
- Formulate conclusion and provide by enhancing living status and discovering
recommendation different remedies to most diseases.
Verification theory discipline is science if it can be Literacy rate created a more informed public
confirmed. that could determine a more just society
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Gross domestic income used to determine the Materialism
value of the country’s goods and services
-most people clinging on to material
produced within the territory given a time period
wealth as the primary source of the meaning of
The good life their existence
Plato to understand the reality and the external Atomos simply comes together randomly to form
world, man must seek to understand himself too. things in the world
- World of forms entities are only copies of Hedonism sees the end goal of life in acquiring
ideal and the models, and the forms are the only pleasure.
real entities
Stoicism one must learn to distance oneself and
- Worlds of matter things are changing and be apathetic.
impermanent
Apathelia precisely means indifferent
Aristotle
Theism people find meaning in their lives using
- Human beings are potentialities who God as a fulcrum of their existence
aspire for their actuality
Humanism man is literally the captain of his own
- Claims that happiness is the be all and ship.
end of everything we do
John Stuart Mill
- An action is right as far as it maximizes
the attainment of other people
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CHAPTER 3 of printed books from the earth to
the sun.
THE INFORMATION AGE
Exponential growth of data storage
- The Information Age (also known as - The amount of digital data stored
the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New appears to be growing approximately
Media Age) is a historic period in exponentially, reminiscent of Moore's
the 21st century characterized by the law. The amount of storage space
rapid shift from traditional industry that available appears to be growing
the Industrial Revolution brought through approximately exponentially (Kryder's
Law)
industrialization, to an economy based
on information technology. Computers
- Before the advent of electronics,
mechanical computers, like the Analytical
Information storage Engine in 1837, were designed to
- The world's technological capacity to provide routine mathematical calculation
store information grew from 2.6 and simple decision-making capabilities.
(optimally compressed) Exabyte’s in Military needs during World War II drove
1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, development of the first electronic
and to 295 (optimally compressed) computers, based on vacuum tubes,
Exabyte in 2007. This is the informational including the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry
equivalent to less than one 730-MB CD- Computer, Colossus computer, and
ROM per person in 1986 (539 MB per ENIAC.
person), roughly 4 CD-ROM per person - The invention of the transistor enabled
of 1993, 12 CD-ROM per person in the the era of mainframe computers (1950s
year 2000, and almost 61 CD-ROM per – 1970s), typified by the IBM 360. These
person in 2007. It is estimated that the large, room-sized computers provided
world's capacity to store information has data calculation and manipulation that
reached 5 zettabytes in 2014. This is the was much faster than humanly possible,
informational equivalent of 4,500 stacks but were expensive to buy and maintain,
so were initially limited to a few scientific
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institutions, large corporations, and HABITAT DESTRUCTION
government agencies.
- Damaging human activity continues to
Biodiversity
encroach on natural environments,
- The variation of life on Earth is a major thereby destroying the habitats of
factor in its resilience. In a biodiversity countless species. As our numbers rise,
ecosystem, if the environment changes
cities and industrial areas are growing
and some organisms can no longer
thrive, others can take their place and and merging into each other, fragmenting
fulfill essential functions. It is often the the remaining habitat and leaving
most overlooked species that are the isolated “islands” of natural populations
most important to healthy ecosystems. of plants and animals too small to
Insects, for example, play an essential survive.
role in pollinating flowering plants — a
third of the food we eat depends on OVEREXPLOITATION
animal pollinators.
- Ever more people need ever more
THE SIXTH MASS EXTINCTION things. Humankind’s relentless
- The plants and animals which currently consumption of resources such as
live on Earth have continued to evolve timber, oil and minerals is continuing to
over the 65 million years since the last destroy natural habitats around the
mass extinction. But many scientists
globe. We are also putting enormous
consider the huge reduction in
biodiversity since the emergence of pressure on populations of wild species,
humans is now on the scale of another both by bush meat hunting in the
mass extinction. This is known as the developing world and by large-scale
Anthropocene extinction or sixth mass industrial fishing in our seas. Wildlife
extinction. poaching and trafficking still present a
huge threat to many species, including
rhinos, tigers and pangolins.
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AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and
methane. Every half a degree of warming has a
- In order to meet the unsustainable
huge knock-on effect on ecosystems, with mobile
consumption patterns of the developed
species running out of areas to migrate to and
world and feed the numbers of people
temperature-sensitive organisms like corals
living on the Earth today, humanity has
undergoing massive die-offs. When keystone
developed agricultural systems which
species like reef-building corals disappear, the
rely on monocultures, artificial fertilizers
rich and complex ecosystems they support
and pesticides. Monocultures are
collapse as well.
increasingly susceptible to disease whilst
widespread pesticide use destroys insect POLLUTION
populations indiscriminately. In addition,
- Our oceans are becoming choked with
the growing pressure on food supplies
plastic waste which is killing millions of
means an increasing proportion of
animals, from sea turtles to whales. The
agricultural land is farmed intensively,
Ellen MacArthur Foundation estimates
with fewer off seasons or fallow years in
that by 2050, there will be more plastic
which to recover. Currently, livestock
than fish in the sea. As populations
farming contributes to more climate
increase, the disposal of waste, in
emissions than the entire transport
particular hazardous waste, becomes an
sector and is the biggest cause of
increasingly serious issue. As well as
deforestation. Runoff from farms pollutes
affecting the lives of humans, noise, light
water bodies and causes harmful algal
and chemical pollution can disrupt
blooms and the collapse of fish stocks.
wildlife behavior. Light from human
CLIMATE CHANGE activities makes it harder for predator
species to catch their prey. Noise
Ever more people produce ever more climate
pollution interrupts both hunting and
emissions. Our planet is on the verge of a climate
mating signals in many species,
crisis due to our endless production of
disturbing natural behavior.
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INVASIVE SPECIES Nanotechnology relies on the ability to design,
manipulate, and manufacture materials at the
Ever more people mean ever more travel.
nanoscale these materials are called
Human travel across the world has a very large
nanomaterials.
emissions footprint but it has also allowed the
spread of invasive species, both accidental and Nanomaterials exhibit unique properties
intentional. As a consequence of the introduction different than chemicals substances that are
of non-native species to some areas, such as larger in size. Properties of nanomaterials
rabbits and cats in Australia, goats on St. Helena,
1.Size, shape, specific surface area, aspect ratio
and American mink in Great Britain, we have put
many vulnerable ecosystems at risk, threatening 2.Agglomeration/aggregation state
native species and diminishing biodiversity
3.Size distribution
1. Projected applications and
4.Surface morphology/topography
capabilities of nano-technology.
5.Structure, including crystallinity and defect
- Nano technology has a wide variety
structure
when it comes to capabilities and application.
Imagine, altering and manipulating nano 6.Solubility
particles, atoms, electrons and other microscopic
Types of Nanomaterials
materials. Nano technology is not yet fully
discovered but it already made things that are 1.Natural nanomaterials -these include
helpful to us especially in health care, technology nanomaterials that exist in biological system.
and environment. Best examples are methods of
2. Artificial nanomaterials a. Carbon based:
curing, cleaning of environment, upgrading
composed mostly carbon commonly taking the
electronic devices and making more useful and
form of hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes. b.
helpful products like capsuled medicines, armors,
Metal based: include quantum dots nanogold,
sun screen, lithium ion batteries and many more.
nanosilver, and metal oxides such as titanium
dioxide c. Dendrimers: ionized polymers built
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from branched units. d. Composites: combine observation of change in color opacity or
nanoparticles with other nanoparticles or with flourescence
larger, bulk-type materials.
Example:
Application of Nanomaterials
Optical Nanosensors - can measure the
- Next-Generation Computer Chips fluorescence of a molecule with a high sensitivity.
- used to monitor ion concentration, toxic levels
- Kinetic Energy (KE) Penetrators with Enhanced
within a cellular environment and to monitor any
Lethality - Better Insulation Materials
unwanted and interfering species. Applications of
- Phosphors for High-Definition TV
Nanosensors
- Tougher and Harder Cutting Tools
- Early disease detection
- Elimination of Pollutants.
- Early and accurate environmental pollutant
Nanosensors are pertaining to a sensing device detection
thats is used to collecting information on the
- Defense against biological and chemical
nanoscale specifically the presence of chemical
weapons
species, nanoparticles, or monitor physical
parameters such as temperature, that can be - Food quality detection and contro
detected and analyzed. They can also be used in
l Examples:
medical diagnostic applications.
Diabetes Nanosensor - snesors can be injected
Two types of Nanosensors Active
using a minimimally invasie technology. Intra and
- ability to send a signal that could receive extracellular nanosensors resides under the skin.
remotely. Example: An embedded nanosensor in Portable (or wearable) imaging device is used to
a stationary position in a water reservoir lake or interrogate sensor as needed. Environmental
stream could detect the presence of dangerous sensor
pathogen and send a signal. Passive -rely on
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- to monitor the contaminant flume of Scientist have been scared or feared because
groundwater Food quality control (Ink artificial intelligence can surpass the human
Nanosensor) - An ink nanosensor is placed intelligence and also scientist afraid in Gray Goo.
inside of a packaged food when the seal is Gray Goo that are out of control self-replicating
broken an air is let inside the ink changes color nanorobots are consuming all biomass on Earth
this indicate that the food is possibly exposed to while they replicate themselves.
pathogens that would make the food unsafe to
Clinical training robots
eat.
Imagine the game Operation, only life-
Self- replicating Nano robots or Self
sized, with realistic blood-action, and instead of
- replicating machine is a type of autonomous losing you just fail out of med-school. That’s
robots that is capable on replicating itself by basically what clinical training bots are. Usually,
using different raw materials found in the nature. Those students that having a course that relates
It is a robots manufactured/ created by to health using this types of robots. Unlike before,
nanotechnology that can perform customized/ or Med Students perform it actually on real life
programmed works. This replicating machine is people with no experieces. They are just
an artificial self-replicating system that relies on based\basing to their school manuals. So they
conventional large-scale technology and may have chances that they will fail. They are
automation. some instances the people they are curing, will
be much worse. Instead of curing them, they
Nanorobots can be also equal to virus and
make the situation complicated like when they
bacteria because of the size, nano technology
applying wrong medicines or wrong injection in
has a size of at or near scale of nanometre. In
the wrong veins. So the purpose of this robots is
addition, nano robots can perform self-replication
to train med-students how to act as a
as if they were a cell through protein folding
professional in the terms of being a nurse or a
where nanorobots can create another version of
doctor and many more. So when the time comes.
themselves and can perform programmed
They are much ready. They can handle those
functions and reproduce. In contrast to that,
situation. They already know what to do.
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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

Suspension Bridge: deliver messages by  365 days

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

Eastern civilization are more community centric. Technology as a way of living.

- Observe Homo erectus used fire to cook.

- Determine the problem Holocene extinction also called the 6th

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

GEC 007 – Science, Technology and Society

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