Quantitative

Research
According to Aliaga & Gunderson (2000), it is “explaining a
phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
mathematically based methods (in particular statistics)”.
 Quantitative
Research
It is the traditional, positivist scientific method which refers
to a general set of orderly, disciplined procedures to
acquire information.
 Phenomenon

a peculiar incident that can happen anywhere,

with any discipline or in any organization
 Characteristics:

It is reliable and objective.

 Characteristics:

It uses statistics to generalize a

finding.
 Characteristics:
It reduces and restructures a complex problem
to a limited number of variables.
 Characteristics:
It looks at the connections between variables
and establishes cause and effect relationships
in highly controlled circumstances.
 Characteristics:

It tests theories and hypotheses.

 Characteristics:

It assumes that the sample is

representative of the population.
 Characteristics:

The subjectivity of the methodology is a

secondary concern.
 Characteristics:

It deals with the details of the subject.

CLASSIFICATION OF
VARIABLES
Variable

any factor or property that a researcher

measures, controls, and/or manipulates
Variable
changing quantity or measure of any factor,
trait, or condition that can exist in differing
amounts or types
Variable
logical set of attributes, characteristics,
numbers, or quantities that can be measured
or counted
Variable

also called a data item

 A. Numeric Variables

with values that describe a measurable quantity

and answers the questions “how many” and “how
much”
 A.1. Continuous Variables

Can assume any value between a certain set or real

numbers; values depend on the scale used; also
known as interval variables
 A.2. Discrete Variables

Can only assume any whole value within the limits of

the given variables
 B. Categorical Variables

with values that describe a quality or characteristics

of a data unit like “what type” or “which category”
 B.1. Ordinal Variables

Can be logically ordered or ranked

 B.2. Nominal Variables

Cannot be organized or ranked

 B.3. Dichotomous Variables

Represent only two categories

 B.4. Polychotomous Variables

Represent many categories

C. Experimental Variables
 C.1. Independent Variables

Manipulated in an experiment; manipulated or

explanatory variable
 C.2. Dependent Variables

Usually affected by the manipulation of the I.V.;

response or predicted variable
 C.3. Extraneous Variables

Already existing during the conduct of the study and

can influence the result; mediating or intervening or
covariate
D. Non-experimental Variables
 D.1. Predictor Variables

Changes the other variable/s in a non-experimental

study
 D.2. Criterion Variables

Usually influenced by the predictor variables

E. Variables according to the
number being studied
 E.1. Univariate Study

Only one variable is being studied

 E.2. Bivariate Study

Two variables are being studied

 E.3. Polyvariate Study

More than two variables are being studied