CRI224 FINAL MODULE Edited

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Tagum College
Department of Criminal Justice Education

Criminology Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: CRI 224 –Traffic Management and Accident

Investigation
Name of Teacher: Vicente L. Gumapc, RCRIM
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED
USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS
WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
Table of Contents
page
Part 1. Course Outline and Policies ...................................................... 1

Part 2. Instruction Delivery
CC’s Voice ............................................................................…….. 4
Course Outcomes .......................................................................... 4
Big Picture A: Unit Learning Outcomes ....................................... 5
Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………. 5
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 5
Essential Knowledge ............................................................... 5
Self-Help .................................................................................... 10
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 10
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 11
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 12
Q&A List .................................................................................... 13
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 14
Big Picture in Focus:ULOb …………………………………………… 14
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 15
Self-Help .................................................................................... 26
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 26
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 29
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 30
Q&A List .................................................................................... 31
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 32
Big Picture B: Unit Learning Outcomes ............................................. 33
Big Picture in Focus:ULOa ……………………………………………… 33
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 33
Self-Help .................................................................................... 52
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 53
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 53
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 54
Q&A List .................................................................................... 55
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 56
Big Picture in Focus:ULOb …………………………………………… 56
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 56
Self-Help .................................................................................... 69
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 69
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 70
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 71
Q&A List .................................................................................... 73
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 73
Big Picture C: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 73

Metalanguage .......................................................................... 74
Self-Help .................................................................................... 88
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 88
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 89
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 90
Q&A List .................................................................................... 91
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 92
Big Picture in Focus:ULOb ……………………………………………… 92
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 92
Self-Help .................................................................................... 100
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 101
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 101
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 103
Q&A List .................................................................................... 104
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 105
Big Picture D: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 105

Metalanguage .......................................................................... 105
Self-Help .................................................................................... 125
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 125
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 126
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 127
Q&A List .................................................................................... 128
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 128
Big Picture in Focus:ULOb ……………………………………………… 129
Metalanguage .......................................................................... 129
Self-Help .................................................................................... 139
Let’s Check .................................................................................... 139
Let’s Analyze ......................................................................... 140
In a Nutshell .................................................................................... 141
Q&A List .................................................................................... 142
Keywords Index ......................................................................... 143
Course Outline: CRI 224 – Traffic Management and Accident
Investigation
Course Coordinator: Vicente L. Gumapac, RCRIM
Email: vincent75.gumapac@gmail.com
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 09483704656
Effectivity Date: June 2020
Mode of Delivery: Online Blended Delivery
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: CRI 222
Credit: 3
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all scheduled Virtual
or face to face sessions.
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for distance learning mode of instructional delivery. The
expected number of hours will be 54 including the
supplemented traditional contact and/or social media
platform (if necessary).
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3 rd, 5th, 7th
and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper shall be
attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the name
of the course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you already
paid your tuition and other fees before the submission of
the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through the

features in the Quipper Learning Management System,
the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time by the
course coordinator.
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Since this course is included in the licensure examination
for criminologist, you will be required to take the Multiple-
Choice Question exam inside the University. This should
be scheduled ahead of time by your course coordinator.
This is non-negotiable for all licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin with
a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This means
that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the students will
either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for the
similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached more
than 30% similarity index, the student may be called for
a disciplinary action in accordance with the University’s
OPM on Intellectual and Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

and commissioning other students or people to complete
the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or via
Quipper portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment
task. The resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
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standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the
students on the approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from Quipper sessions and traditional

contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,

use the general practice of the APA 7th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create an email account which is a

requirement to access the Quipper portal. Then, the
course coordinator shall enroll the students to have
access to the materials and resources of the course. All
communication formats: chat, submission of
assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be through the
portal and other university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,

please contact the course coordinator or program head.
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Contact Details of the Dean Gina Fe G. Israel, EdD
Email: ginafe_israel@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 0915 832 5092 / 0909 994 2314
Contact Details of the Program Jun Mark A. Asis, MSCrim
Head Email: makoyasis@gmail.com
Phone: 0938 493 1993
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program coordinator
may provide alternative assessment tasks or extension
of the deadline of submission of assessment tasks.
However, the alternative assessment tasks should still
be in the service of
achieving the desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Globe: 0917 466 709
Smart: 09308920005
Library Contact lictagum@umindanao.edu.ph
0927 395 1639
Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the QUIPPER LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello there! Good day! Welcome to this course CRI 224: Traffic Management and
Accident Investigation. As a criminology student it is imperative to gain this literacy
regarding Traffic Investigation and the special laws providing it as it is one of the
vital job of a law enforcer. Motor vehicle traffic accidents are inevitable, thus,
having adequate knowledge about how to deal with it and learning about the
concepts regarding traffic is very significant. This may be difficult but rest assured
it would be worthy. Thus, enjoy while learning this course.
CO As a student of this course you are expected to Explain briefly the fundamentals or
basic concepts of Traffic Management and Traffic Safety Education. Explain the
different pillars of traffic and traffic control devices in the areas of traffic management.
Integrate the concept of traffic management with traffic accident investigation.
Let us begin!
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DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao delNorte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 120
Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
a. Learn and understand the historical background of transportation, wheeled vehicles

and road history as well as the evolution of motor vehicles.
b. Demonstrate deep knowledge on the nature and principles of Traffic Management. Be
able to understand and appreciate the essential interest in Traffic Safety Education
and enumerate and discuss the five pillars of traffic.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Learn and understand the historical

background of transportation, wheeled vehicles and road history as
well as the evolution of motor vehicles.
Metalanguage
The following are terms to be remembered as we go through in studying this unit. Please
refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter difficulty in understanding the
basic concepts of Traffic Management and Accident Investigation.
▪ Transportation - it is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location
to another.
▪ Motor Vehicle – shall any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using
the public highways.
Essential Knowledge
The following are basic concept of Traffic Management and Accident Investigation that
may be useful for you to understand this field of expertise. The said concepts might be confusing
or difficult as a beginner but at the later part of this unit would be of great help for you to understand
the nature of its existence. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these
resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and other resources
that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc., and even online
tutorial websites.
Transportation- is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location
to another.
1. Various Ancient Modes of Transportation
1.a. Manpower - man carry his own burdens. More so today, manpower is
important in transportation in many parts of the world.
1a1. Carrying Pole – in China and other parts of the Far East, the carrying
pole balanced on one shoulder is a popular carrying device. On islands of the
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pacific the ends of the pole are supported by two men with goods suspended
from the pole in between.
1a2. Back Load and Tumpline - in many parts of the world goods are
carried on the back. In subtemala pots are carried on a wooden framework
supported by a tumpline across the forehead.
1a3. Sledge on rollers- the moving of heavy burdens was to place them
on sledge which rested on a series of rollers.
1a4. Sledge on runners- a simple sledge probably man drawn was used
at the end of the old stone age in northern Europe as evidence by fragments of
wooden runners which survived.
1a5. Sledge on runners- a simple sledge probably man drawn was used
at the end of the old stone age in northern Europe as evidence by fragments of
wooden runners which survived.
1a6. Travois- as the pole arrangement called serves as a platform on
which the burdens are placed. The flat form or cross-beam poles are dragged
by human or animals.
1b. Animal Power- the domestication of animals greatly increased the potential
power available for transportation. Pack animals were introduced as
conveyances mainly to save labor.
1b1. Ox- cattle which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia were used
as draft animals to draw war chariots. Oxen are still used as draft animals in
many regions of the world.
1b2. Reindeer- these were first domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of
the Christian era. In the Altai mountains they were ridden with saddles.
1b3. Dog- first animal domesticated is too slight to carry heavy loads. The
plain Indians sometimes packed light loads on dog’s backs and plied goods on
a travois which dogs dragged.
1b4. Donkey- the donkey or ass first domesticated in the Middle East.
Donkey caravans carry goods between the cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt
and the donkey is still the chief beast of burden among the farmers of Near East.
1b5. Llama- in pre-Columbian America the Llama was the only new world
animal other than the dog capable of domestication for use in transport.
1b6. Elephant- Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against
Rome but in recent centuries these animals have not been tamed. Elephant
were used in war and are still employed to some extent for ceremonial
processions and big game hunting.
1b7. Horse- around 2000 b.c horse drawn chariots appeared in southeast
Asia and 1,000 years later the Persians arrived with cavalry which gave mobility
and power to the German tribes who invaded Europe and to the Central Asian
conqueror Genghis Khan.
1b8. Camel- there are two kinds of Camel, the two humped Bactrian camel
of Central Asia and the one-humped dromedary of Arabia have long been used
for transport.
1b9. Yak- a long haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the
Tibetan plateau and in the neighboring mountains regions is ridden and used
as a pack animal at heights were horses and ordinary animal could not survive.
1c. Wind Power- man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to
utilized such powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifted
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transportation vessels.
1c1. Ancient Chinese Kite - kites have been flown as a popular past time
in the Far east since the beginning of the history. In late 10th century, several European
armies experimented with kites in transporting men.
1c2. Da Vinci's Ornithopter- The great renaissance artist, scientist and
engineer, Leonardo de vinci, made study of the flight of the birds and his notebooks
sketched a number of ornithopter or orthopter which derives its principal support and
propelling from flapping wings like those of a bird.
1c3. Montgolfier Balloon- the montgolfier brothers of France Joseph
Michael and Jacques Entienne have successfully released several balloons when they
proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers.
1c4. Siemens' Rocket Plane- Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later
achieved fame as an electric industrialist, in 1847 designed rocket plane which was to be
propelled by the explosive force of gunpowder.
1c5. Lilienthal Glider- Otto Lilienthal, a german inventor who also made a
study of the flight of birds and experimented with ornitopthers, going so far as to build
model ornithopter.
1c6. Santos Dumont's Airship- one of the pioneers of lighter than air craft
was Alberto Santos Dumont, a brazilian who experimented with the steam powered
balloons in Paris.
1c7. Wright Brothers' Flying Machine- inspired by lilienthal glider
experiments, Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of heavier than air
flight.
1c8. Lindbergh's Spirit of st. Louis- following the initial flight of the Wright
brother’s airplane, the development and aviation was rapid.
2. Roads and Vehicles History
As man, from ancient times of 20th century, sought to make their transport
efficient, always endeavored to move people and property with the least
expenditure of time, effort and money. The following are some of the inventions
and innovations and important events that lead to modern land transportation
2a. Wheel- invented probably Western Asia. Archeologists found that wheel was
invented in Southwest Asia and Mesopotamia. As it was perfected (crude carts and wagons)
began to appear in TIGRI EUPHRATES VALLEY about 3500 B.C. and later in Crete, Egypt and
China. Ljublana Marshes Wooden Wheel- Is the oldest wheel ever found in Europe or anywhere
in the world. This was discovered by two Slovene archaeologists in April 2002 in the Ljubljana
Marshes in Slovenia. It is approximately 5,200 years old.
EARLIEST TYPES OF WHEELED CARTS

2a1. Solid Wheels on Fixed Axle- This ancient cart represent an early
step in the evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a single of
wood, rotated on single axle.
2a2. Sumerian Chariot with Flank Wheels- This chariot of about 2400
B.C has solid wheels built up of the three pieces and so was more durable than one-piece.
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Solid wheels built up of 3 pieces.

2a3. Greek quadrica with spoked wheels- drawn by 4 horses was a light
and elegant vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C. it had spoked wheels and axles of irons
or bronze handles for aid in mounting and seat formed by a board placed across the
handles.
2a4. Italian cocchio 1288- a traveling wagon
in which the passenger were protected by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a
wooden framework.
2a5. Arcera- it had four wheels, a cover and was generally drawn by two
or more horses. The outside consisted of unhewn boards covered by loose drapery. This
vehicle was especially used to convey the sick and infirm and was of sufficient size to.
allow occupants to recline
2a6. Arcima- The arcima was a small conveyance that is large enough for
only one person.
2a7. Basterna- This vehicle was commonly used by women when
travelling and was borne by two mules, one before and one behind each hitched to a
separate pair of shafts.
2a8. Benna- This four wheeled conveyance is made of wicker work and
was of Gallic origin. A benna can accommodate several persons when travelling.
2a9. Carpentum- a vehicle used by early Romans in as early as 500 B.C.
and as late as fifth century of the Christian era. The carpentum was a covered carriage
with two wheels, had seats for two or three and was usually drawn by two mules, horses
or even oxen.
2a10. Carruca- This vehicle had four wheels, with the front ones smaller
than the two behind. This had a cover and was drawn by two to four horses or mules. The
carriage was often ornamented by carvings in bronze and ivory and by chasings in silver
and gold. Members of the imperial families were fond of travelling using this kind of coach.
2a11. Carrus- a cart with two wheels and boarded sides, it was drawn by oxen or
bullocks and was mainly used by the Roman armies for the transportation of their baggage
and supplies.
2a12. Cisium- a light open vehicle of Gallic origin, had two wheels and
room for two persons. It also has a box or case beneath the seat, where small baggage
can be carried in. Two or three horses or mules were used to draw this and because of
the lightness of this carriage this is especially suitable for rapid travels.
2a13. Pilentum- The pilentum was used chiefly by women of the upper
classes. It was furnished with cushions, had a covered top, but open sides. Besides being
a travelling vehicle, the pilentum was also used on state occasions by Roman matrons,
priests and vestal virgins. In this they carried sacred vessels and rode in processions and
public games.
2a14. Four wheeled Plaustrum- Plaustrums were usually employed for
heavy burdens but were also used for travelling.
2a15. Raeda- The use of this carriage was common among the Romans
during the last century of the republic. A commodious vehicle of Gallic origin and had four
wheels, this was used by a man when he traveled with his family because this has
sufficient room for several persons together with their luggage.
2a16. Sarracum- This was used by ancient Roman farmers as a traveling
vehicle for themselves and their families.
2a17. Tensa- The tensa was a sacred vehicle elaborately ornamented with
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ivory and silver. This had either two or four wheels and was drawn by four horses or as in
this illustration by elephants. This carriage was used during Circensian games, to carry
the images of deities.
2b. Wheeled vehicles - Could not use the narrow paths and trails used by packed
animals, and early roads were soon build to accommodate the larger transportation vehicles.
2c. The Romans- MAJOR ROAD BUILDERS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
It has a road network at about 50 miles with feeder roads. It expensive, deep foundation and
formed by heavy stones.
2d. John L. Mc Adam- “macadamisation” - building roads with smooth and hard
surface using controlled materials and mixed particles. He perfected the macadamized road in
England about 1815.
2e. AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS- in the 5th century, land haulage
generally declined because highways suffered from inadequate maintenance. Such
improvements however, as the horse collars (10 th century), the addition of the spring to coaches,
new methods of road construction, the introduction of toll roads (18th century) all continued to
ease and speed the land travel.
2f. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE- began with the
adaptation of COACH SPRING about 1650.
2g. John Palmer- introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785 and by
1800, the English coach system was in full swing.
2h. THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE- in the early 19th century served as a nursery
of automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY
HORSE, or dan horse. The wheels were made of wood, with tires of iron, and riders pushed
themselves along with their feet on the ground.
2h1. The German KARL VON DRAIS in 1817 introduced a steerable wheel,
creating the “draisienne”, or “dandy horse”.
2h2. In 1938, KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN, a Scottish blacksmith, made
the first machine with pedals, which were attached to and drove the rear wheel by
means of cranks.
2i. PNEUMATIC TIRES (inflated by air) by a Scot, JOHN BOYD DUNLOP
appeared in the late 19th century (about 1888).
2j. MOTOR VEHICLE- the first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.
2j1. Frenchman ETIEINNE LENIOR made possible the introduction of
motorized carriages by his invention in the 1860’s and 70’s, of the INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE.
2j2. NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIED DAIMLER pioneered the
manufacture of gas engines, and later Daimler became a successful automobile
manufacturer.
2j3. RUDOLF DIESEL, a German engineer, developed an internal
combustion engine which is similar with gasoline engine but requires no electrical
ignition system or carburetor and uses other form of liquid, the diesel fuel.
2j4. The automobile found its greatest popularity in the U.S., where the first
horseless carriage appeared in the 1890’s.
2j5. In 1908, Henry Ford introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so
popular that by 1914, Ford has adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the
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demand.
2j6. 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German mathematician, developed an
advanced-typed of engine, named after him, that operates very differently from gas and
diesel engines. It is stated by a moving crankshaft.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson
Delizo, D. (2014). Traffic management and accident investigation: An instructional handbook. Quezon
City, Philippines:
Wiseman’s Books Trading.
Hole, G. (2014). Psychology of driving. Psychology press. Retrieved from

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10895890.
Let’s Check
Let us try the following activities to check your understanding in this unit.
Activity 1. Identification. In the space provided, write the term/s being asked in the following
statements: (One point each)
1. A travelling wagon which the passengers were protected by a

covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.
2. A Scottish blacksmith who made the first machine with pedals,
which were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.
3. What was the contribution of Etienne Lenoir as far as
transportation is concerned?
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4. Who introduced the mass production of motor vehicles?

5. The wheels are made of wood, with tires of iron, and the riders
push themselves along with their feet on the ground.
6. It is utilized to carry loads on the back with a strap passing over the chest.
____________7. In Europe, they were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for riding sometime
until the introduction of mechanized vehicles.
____________8. They are still used as draft animals in many regions of the world. They were
first domesticated in Mesopotamia.
9. They introduced the feeder road.

10. First horseless carriage appeared on what year.
Activity 2. True or False. In the space provided, write T if the given statement is true and F if false.
(One point each).
1. Rudolf Diesel, a German engineer, developed an internal combustion engine which is
similar with gasoline engine but requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other
form of liquid, the diesel fuel.
2. Karl Von Drais, a German mathematician, developed an advanced-typed of engine,
named after him, that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is stated by a
moving crankshaft.
3. The Germans were considered as the major road builders in ancient times.
4. Pneumatic tires were first introduced by John Palmer to modernized his fast mail
coaches.
5 Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to utilized such powers
to lift rather than to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifted transportation vessels.
6. The invention of wheels paved the way of modern air transportation.
7. Chinese made the first ever invention of kite for air transportation
____ 8. Transportation it is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location
to another.
_____ 9. NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIED DAIMLER pioneered the manufacture of gas
engines, and later Daimler became a successful automobile manufacturer.
10. Pneumatic tires are inflated by water and air.
Let’s Analyze
Let us try the following activities to know how deep your understanding about the topics of
this unit.
1. Cite the three various methods of transportations in ancient times and explain the importance
of each method.
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2. Give the advantages and disadvantages of both ancient and modern methods of
transportations.
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In a Nutshell
In this part you are going to jot down what you have learned in this unit. The said statement
of yours could be in a form of concluding statements, arguments, or perspective you have drawn
from this lesson. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.
1. Although transportation in the modern world is advancing and will continue to evolve overtime,
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it has not always been advanced as is it today. Having transportation help leads the drive of
operations
2. Transportation is important because it authorizes trade between persons, which is crucial for
the development of civilization.
Now it’s your turn!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Q&A List
In this section you are going to list what boggles you in this unit. You may indicate your
questions but noting you have to indicate the answers after your question is being raised and
clarified. You can write your questions below.
Questions/Issues Answers
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Transportation Wind Power Wheel

Travois Motor Railroads
Manpower transportation Motor Vehicle
Animal Power Steam Engine Wind power
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Demonstrate deep knowledge on the

nature and principles of Traffic Management. Be able to understand
and appreciate the essential interest in Traffic Safety Education and
enumerate and discuss the five pillars of traffic.
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Metalanguage
basic concepts of Traffic Management and Accident Invetigation.
▪ Traffic management is an act of systematic examination of facts and or circumstances

surrounding a case for the purpose of determining the truth so as to answer legal questions.
▪ Traffic - refers to the movements of persons, goods and vehicles either powered by animals
or animal-drawn vehicles, or by combustion system from place to another for the purpose
of safe travel.
▪ Transportation - it is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location
to another.
▪ Traffic Congestion- are conditions on road networks that occurs as use increases and is
characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times and increased vehicular line up.
Essential Knowledge
Before we proceed further with the study of Traffic Management and Accident
Investigation, it is highly important that we pay tribute to its different foundations. As a quality traffic
investigator, you should have a commendable knowledge of these pillars in the study of traffic
Investigation.
1. ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS OR ROADS. These are high capacity urban roads that direct traffic
from collector roads to expressways or freeways. It also refers to a highway that is used
primarily by through traffic.
2. COLLECTOR HIGHWAYS. It is also known as collector road or distributor road which
connects low-to-moderate highways or roads to arterial highways such as those entering
residential properties.
3. HIGHWAY. It means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way dedicated to
a public authority where any part of the way is open to the use of the public for the purpose of
vehicular traffic, whether or not the public is maintaining the way.
4. MANAGEMENT. It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.
5. OPERATION. Pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a certain purpose; manner of
action; or a vital or natural process of activity.
6. ROADWAY. Refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass. For purposes
of construction, repair, and or maintenance, roads are classified as:
a. National Roads. These are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/or cities.
b. Provincial Roads. These are roads/streets interconnecting municipalities and/or
cities within a province.
c. City Roads. These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays within a city.
d. Municipal Roads. These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays within a
municipality.
e. Barangay Roads. These are roads/streets located within barangay which connect
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sitios or places within a barangay.

7. SHOULDER. It refers to the sides of the roadway, especially along highways.
8. SIDEWALK. It refers to the paved walkway along the side of a street.
9. THROUGH HIGHWAY. These means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular
traffic is given the right of way.
10. THRUWAY OR THROUGHWAY. It is a highway that has limited entrances and exits such as
the expressways, freeways, or motorways.
11. TRAFFIC. Refers to the movements of persons, goods and vehicles either powered by
animals or animal-drawn vehicles, or by combustion system from place to another for the
purpose of safe travel.
12. TRAFFIC WAY. Refers to the entire with between the boundary lines of every way or place
of which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter
right or custom. It is also synonymous to public way.
13. THE INTERSECTION. Is defined as the area embraced within the prolongation or connection
of the lateral curb lines, or, if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two
highways which join one another at, or travelling upon different highways joining at any other
angle may come in conflict.
1. Classifications of intersections According to Number of Intersecting roads:
a. 3-way intersection. It is commonly known as the T or Y cross road which links
three roads.
b. 4-way intersection. It is the most common type which involve the crossings of two
roadways. It is either a regular intersection when the two roads cross perpendicularly
and it is called skewed intersection when the two roads cross at different angles.
c. 5-way intersection. It involves the crossing of five roads. this type is the least
common.
d. 6-way intersection. It involves the crossing of three most often two perpendicular
roads and one diagonal road. This type is very rare.
e. staggered intersection. It involves two successive T crossroads.
2. Classifications of Intersections According to Traffic Control:
a. Controlled Intersection. It is controlled by any traffic control devices.
A1. Yield-Control Intersection. It is usually controlled by a yield sign or give way
sign.
A2. Stop-controlled Intersection. A stop sign is usually installed. Most common
are the two way stops and most countries use the four way stops or the first-to-
stop first-to-go rule.
A3. Traffic Circle. Traffic flow here is directed by a circle, rotary island, or a
runabout sign.
b. Uncontrolled Intersection. This intersection has no traffic signals or traffic signs.
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Crossing is by observing the right-of-way rule.
c. Box Junction. This type generally prohibits entry unless the exit is clear.
d. Cloverleaf. A highway interchange at which two highways, one crossing over
another, have a series of entrance and exit ramps resembling the outline of a four-
leaf clover and enabling vehicles to proceed in either direction on either highway.
What is Traffic Management?

It is the application of the processes and skills in planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating and budgeting to traffic affairs.
Types of Traffic Management
a. Traditional traffic engineering tools or devices to regulate or control traffic such
as lights, traffic signs or pavement markings, traffic islands and other devices that could
control or direct the flow of traffic.
b. Advanced technology like intelligent transportation system (ITS). Example are
installation of road sensors for emergency cars, global position devices on motor
vehicles and road sensors attached to traffic signal lights.
Why Traffic Management is NECESSARY?
In every traffic management, three elements are necessary to be considered. These are
the road system, road users, and the enforcement procedures. Failure to coordinate these three
elements may cause traffic related problems. The only way to at least cope up with the prevailing
traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management.
A. Major Causes to Traffic Congestion
1. Physical Inadequacy- characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad

crossing, lack of traffic facilities and etc.
2. Poor Control Measures- characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices
inefficient traffic officers and poor implementation of traffic laws rules and regulations.
3. Human Errors- many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor driving
habits, pedestrian mistakes officers errors, poor planning, poor legislation and traffic
accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors.
4. Poor Maintenance- oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of
unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement
concreting.
B. Specific Traffic Problems
1. Traffic Build-up
- characterized by the gradual increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the highway
on traffic way.
2. Traffic Congestion
- are conditions on road networks that occurs as use increases and is characterized by
slower speeds, longer trip times and increased vehicular line up.
3. Traffic Jams (snarl-up)
- these are situations in highways in which the movement of traffic users (motor vehicles
or pedestrians) is very slow or stationary.
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4. Bottlenecks
- these are narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or traffic jams
usually occur or traffic may be held up.
5. Gridlocks
- state of severe road congestion arising when continuous queues of vehicles block an
entire network of intersecting streets, bringing traffic blockages are usually caused
interlocking of intersecting grids.
6. Accidents
- these are events or incidents which may cause unintentional damage to property, loss
of limbs and death.
7. Collision
- these are incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person striking violently
against another
C. Scopes of Traffic Management
In connection with the previous causes of congestion, authorities conceived that a
systematic and effective traffic management is needed which includes the following:
1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all types of conveyances for the
movement of persons or things. This includes the provisions of the controlling traffic flow
as well as provisions for the allotments of parking lots or parking places.
2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements, planning,
approving, funding, construction and maintaining these public facilities for such
movements. This area includes traffic planning committees, those involve in traffic
engineering, and the legislative bodies in the appropriations of funds.
3. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting or
controlling the use of these facilities.
Ex. LTO and other Law Enforcement Agencies.
D. Agencies involved in the Traffic Management
1. DOTC (Department of Transportation and Communication)
-through LTO is responsible for the implementation of RA 4136 (LAND TRANSPORTATION
AND TRAFFIC CODE) particularly the ff:
 Issuance of driver’s license
 Registration of motor vehicle
 Approval of franchises for public conveyances (through LTFRB) Land
Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board
 Conduct traffic seminars
2. City or Municipal Engineer’s Office
-responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities
within their respective locality.
3. DPWH (Department of Public Works and Highways)
-responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities
particularly those categorized as national highways and other major arteries.
4. Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Boards)
-they are not only responsible for the passing and amendments of laws concerning
traffic but also they are involved in the planning and approval of government
projects.
5. PNP (Philippine National Police)
-The PNP through the PNP-HPG (Highway Patrol Group) formerly PNP-TMG
(Traffic Management Group)
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-Responsible for the direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
-Other functions:
-Info. Dissemination campaign
-submit traffic scheme proposal
6. Traffic Management Bureaus(TMBs)
-These are offices created mostly under the offices of the city/municipal mayors with
the primary task assisting the local PNP traffic division/unit in the enforcement of
traffic ordinances/laws
7. Academic Institutions
-Schools, both public and private, are responsible for the basic traffic education by
integrating in their respective programs and curriculum subjects or topics on traffic
safety.
8. Courts
- The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-related cases filed before
them.
9. Public Information Office
-The government through the Philippine Information Agency(PIA) provides the
necessary updated information to the public by creating traffic safety campaigns
and other activities relating to traffic.
10. Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team (BPAT) members
-Composed of the Barangay tanods or Barangay security forces are the usual
traffic control officer in their respective localities.
11. Citizen support Groups
-Private institutions or organizations also help in the prevention of traffic congestion
by assisting government offices in various activities particularly during special
occasions and holidays where traffic problems is likely to happen.
12. Tri- media (includes the internet)
-Government and privately owned publications, and radio and television
broadcasting companies provides necessary and updated traffic-related
information to the public.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
A. The Pillars of Traffic. These are the main areas of traffic management which are also known
as the “Es” of Traffic. For a clearer understanding of various areas of traffic management, the
following pillars are conceived:
1.Traffic Engineering
-It is the science of measuring traffic and travel the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic
law and generation.
-a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and
efficient movement of people and goods on roadways.
-The application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportations of persons and goods.
a. Functions of Traffic Engineering:
a1. Fact-findings, surveys and recommendation of traffic rules and regulations;
a2. Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices; and
a3. Planning of traffic regulations
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b. Agencies and/or offices under traffic engineering:

b1. DPWH- Its scope is national which includes the responsibility for determining
traffic law, pattern, draw origin, and destinations, studies of persons and things, planning,
approving, funding and construction of:
▪ National roads which interconnect cities and municipalities;
network of national through cities and municipalities; and
▪ Yearly maintenance and repair programs which include widening
and re-designing of current road system.
b2. Provincial governments- This local government unit have similar
responsibilities with the DPWH but limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within the
province.
b3. Municipal governments- Their responsibilities are similar to the provincial
government but limited to the network of streets and roads within the barangays.
b4. Chartered Cities
Their responsibilities are similar to that of the municipal government but limited to
the network of streets and roads within the cities.
c. Objectives of Traffic Engineering-
c1. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic
c2. To prevent traffic accident
c3. To simplify police enforcement actions and performance
c4. To show that good police actions and performance makes engineering plans
effective
c5. To present close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the improvement of traffic
problems.
d. When and where the objectives of traffic engineering are applied?
d1. Habitually congested commercial areas
d2. Heavily travelled thoroughfares
d3. Congested local areas and intersections
d4. During special occasions and events
d5. During disasters and emergencies
d6. At school crossings
e. Methods in achieving the Objectives of traffic engineering
e1. Planning in geometric design-factor employed in planning
▪ The geometric design of roads is the branch of
highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical
elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints.
▪ The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal
tangents and curves
e2. Factors influencing design

a. Composition of traffic
b. Volume of Traffic
c. Speed of vehicles
d. The starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units
e. Performance values of road users
e3. Regulation and Control- Traffic Regulation
a. Based and confined within the boundaries of safety, public welfare and
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convenience.
b. Limitations imposed on road users and their loads
c. Basic general rule of road use and conduct
d. Prohibition and restrictions
2.Traffic Education
-It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic
safety knowledge.
- The following are the agencies and offices responsible for traffic education:
A. Schools (public and private)- where they imparting concerning traffic safety,
training, and practice in the actual application of traffic safety and developing traffic
safety morality.
1.Elementary
2.Secondary
3.Higher Education
B. Public Information Program - The public should inform on all activities affecting
the citizens through the public information agency, newspapers, radio and television
broadcasting networks, and other form of media.
C. Citizen Support Groups- It composed by voluntary non-government organizations
(NGOs), radio communication groups, rotary organizations, and other voluntary club.
3. Traffic Enforcement- These field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of
traffic laws, rules and regulation. The following are the various agencies/offices that are involve
of enforcement of traffic laws.
a. Land Transportation Office (LTO)- This office are the responsible for the
following:
1. Vehicle Registration
2. Vehicle Inspections
3. Driver’s Licensing (examinations, suspension, and revocations)
4. Public-to-Police on stolen or wanted vehicles
b. Legislative Bodies- Senate, Congress, Provincial Boards, and City and Municipal
Councils. They are responsible for the passing and/or amending of laws and/or
ordinances.
c. Police Traffic Enforcement- includes all Government Personnel who are duly
authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws such as:
1.The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) for the
National Capital Region (NCR)
2.Police Auxiliaries
3.LTO Flying Squad
4.Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment - It includes the study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban
concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
especially transport congestion which result therein.
a. Environmental Effects of the Urbanization of Transportation. In Modernizing the
transportation system shall consider the following environmental effects:
1. Noise 7. Changes in amount of light
2. Vibration 8. Neighborhood severance, both physical and sociological
3. Air Pollution 9. Relocation
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4. Dirt 10. Distraction during planning

5. Visual intrusion 11. Accident experiences
6. Loss of Privacy 12. Pedestrian journey
13. Congestion and other benefits to vehicles
b. External Factors that Influence The existing and future behavior of population:
1. Rapidly increasing population growth
2. Rapidly increasing urbanization
3. Rapidly increasing motorization
4. Industrialization and Technical modernization
5. Improvement of the transportation Network that is the street network and the
public transportation facilities.
c. Alternatives- a more pleasant environment can be achieved without negative
implication for economy and trade, so that any reasonable step in this direction by decision-
makers deserves support.
d. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic ecology
1. P.D. 1181 – Providing for the prevention, control abatement for Air Pollution
from motor vehicles and for other purposes.
“Section 1 – The purpose is to prevent, control and abate the emission of air pollutants
from motor vehicles in order to protect the health and welfare of the people and to prevent
and minimize damage to property and hazard to land transportation.”
2. Letter of instruction No. 551. – directing the law enforcement agencies to
implement the pollution control program
3. R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the clean air act- An act providing for the
regulation of motor vehicles emitting toxic gasses like the use of the diesel and leaded
gasoline.
5. Traffic Economy- This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits
and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite
the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any
given locality, traffic adversely affects the economic status of the commuting public.
- One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil prices in
the world market. Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to minimize the ill effect of rising
prices of basic commodities. Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of
travel but the productivity of an individual as well.
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

What is Traffic Safety Education? It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance and
prevention of traffic-related accidents.
Road Safety- it refers to reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads, achieved through
multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic management, education and
training of road users and vehicle design.
A. Factors Contributing to Accidents

1. The human factors contribute to 95 percent of accidents; Human errors include:
▪ Going too fast or excessive speed
▪ Following too closely
▪ Overtaking improperly
▪ Lack of skill
▪ Intoxication of alcohol or drug
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▪ Road factors to about one quarter of a percent

▪ Vehicle factors to fewer than five percent
2. Road factors to about one quarter of a percent; Road deficiencies that are main
contributory factors:
▪ Poor design of layout and control at junctions
▪ Inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting;
▪ Slippery roads;
▪ Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, ongoing road constructions.
3. Vehicle factors to fewer than five percent. Main vehicle factors are:
▪ Defects in tires, brakes, and lights
▪ Absence or non-using of seats belts; and;
▪ Poorly maintained motor vehicles
B. The Tree (3) principles- As effective in the prevention of traffic accidents are known as the
tree (3) “Es” or pillars of traffic. Traffic environment and traffic economy were added to complete the (5)
pillars of traffic.
1. Engineering (traffic engineering)
 Changes in layout at junctions to define priorities more clearly
 More wide use of road markings to delineate traffic lanes and waiting areas for
turning vehicles;
 Improvements in skidding resistance of wet roads;
 More uniform street lighting; and warning signs
2. Education (in traffic safety)
 New approach to training and educating young drivers
 Training in hazard perception;
 Changing of attitudes
3.Enforcement (of traffic rules)
 Strengthening and simplifying the application of the law
 New technology to aid enforcement
 Enhanced publicity
 Education of teenagers in schools; and
 The development of rehabilitation courses like seminars for apprehended traffic
violators.
4.Ecology/ Environment
 People should be educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic to our
environment that directly or indirectly affects the population’s health.
5. Economy
 People should learn also to develop schemes that do not only lessen expenses
but also accident-free.
C. Levels of traffic safety education
1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and
3. Developing traffic safety morality.
D. Traffic safety for children.
1.Elementary. Pupils are usually educated by stressing on traffic safety and guides, and
classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic safety rules.
2.Secondary. This level initiates driver education program because students have
reached the age to driver, hence, proper driving habits should be stressed.
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3. Higher education. Some universities and college offer and conduct courses to private and
public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
E. Traffic Safety Education for Adults. Safety education for elder pedestrians and drivers is
relatively easier compared to the education designed for younger children.
F. Driver's Education. In general driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving.
1. To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic, and
2. to teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.
G. Four (4) Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Driver Education Programs:
1. Comprehensive. This method places the student into real life of driving situations from
the beginning.
2. Traditional driving method. This type of instruction depends on instructor-student
communication.
3. Commentary Driving Method. The student-driver accompanied by an instructor.
4. simulated conditions. On and off the road training. Simulator is a static machine with all
the important features of a car used in driving method or driving training.
a. Partial Simulation Method. This method has the specific aim of training for the
“subtasks” of the driving task.
b. Global simulation. it may be classified into two (2) specific groups which are: training,
simulated in traffic situations and commonly used for the following types of training:
(1) Training in basic car-control skills
(2) Perceptual Training
(3) Emergency Training
c. Classification of films
(1) The analytical film which provides an “objective” analysis of the driving situation
presented of the students.
(2) The didactic film which aims to show good driving behaviour.
(3) The simulation film which offers “visual realism” to driving situations and
therefore a good aid in actual practice.
H. Essential Component of Driving Tasks.
1. Collection of information which includes:
a. Perceptual scanning and
b. Identification
2. Processing of information which includes:
a. Predicting and
b. Decision making
3. Action which is focused on:
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles and
b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.
I. Biorhythm. The theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy
and mood states.
1. The dermal exchange of light and darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Our wet and dry season
4. The waxing and waning of the moon
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The following are the most controversial theory of biorhythm:

1. 23 day cycle. A.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (the male component
of a person)
2. 28 day emotional cycle equivalent to a female’s 28 day menstrual cycle) is a.k.a our
cycle of sensitivity, love and intuition ( the female component of a person).
3. 33 day intellectual cycle
NOTE: All these cycles are present at the time we are born.
When the curve is above the centerline, the biorhythm value is said to be “HIGH” or a person has
more energy to spare:
1. Physical high – we tend to be energetic, strong, full of vitality.
2. Emotional high – we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think quickly and logically.
NOTE: When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be “LOW”
or in a recharged period:
1. Physical low – we tend to tire quickly and to succumb to illness easily
2. Emotionally low – we feel moody, irritable, or depressed
3. Intellectual low – concentrating or remembering is difficulty or we are likely to use poor
judgment.
J. Importance of Biorhythm in field of study. Should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not predict
what actually will happen.
• The theory asserts that people are accident prone if their biorhythm crosses the centerline.
• Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day, we can psychologically cope up witj the
situation. If we usually overcome any ill effect by awareness and will power.
K. Safety Campaign- Is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safely. It is also known
as road propaganda which may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the public is already
aware of the recommended behavior
1. Safety Campaign Classifications:
a. According to purpose – may be categorized as informational attitudinal and behavioral
b. According to kind of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public with
authenticated factual data.
2. Safety Campaign Design:
a. Initial campaign planning
b. Final campaign design
c. Campaign evaluation
3. Private and Government entities responsible for Safety Campaign:
a. Newspapers
b. Radio Broadcasting Networks
c. Television Broadcasting Networks
d. Public Information Agencies
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City, Philippines:
Let’s Check
1. It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention

of traffic-related accidents.
2. These field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of
traffic laws, rules and regulation. The following are the various agencies/offices that are involve
of enforcement of traffic laws.
3. It is a state of severe road congestion arising when continuous queues
of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets, bringing traffic blockages are usually
caused interlocking of intersecting grids.
4. Is the application of the processes and skills in planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, coordinating and budgeting to traffic affairs.
5. An agency responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance
of traffic facilities particularly those categorized as national highways and other major arteries.
6 It includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban concentration and new
activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion
which result therein.
7. The entire width between boundary lines in every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic
8. These are conditions on road networks that occurs as use
increases, and characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular
queuing
9. This branch of the government is responsible for the approval of
budget intended for traffic development
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10. Jam is a taxi driver; he is about to use the T or Y crossroads which

links three roads. What is referring to this?
Activity 2. Give the specific roles/functions of the following agencies concerning traffic
management.
1. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. CITY OT MUNICIPAL ENGINEER’S OFFICE
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. LEGISLATIVE
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
6. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BUREAUS
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____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
7. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
8. COURTS
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
9. PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICES
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
10. BARANGGAY PEACEKEEPING AND ACTION TEAM
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
11. CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUP
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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12. TRI-MEDIA
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Let’s Analyze
this unit. At this juncture, you will be required to ELABORATE your answers about the
following:
1. How traffic affects our environment and what are the advantages and disadvantages of traffic
when it comes to our economy?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. How can Traffic Safety Education contribute to lessen traffic related problems?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Is traffic management necessary? Support your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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In a Nutshell
Traffic management ensures safety of passengers, drivers and pedestrians and it ensures
the order of the traffic movement at a particular intersection. It helps the reduction of the frequency
and severity of some type of traffic related cases. In this portion of the unit, you will be required to
enumerate the Pillars of Traffic and elaborate their specific roles/function in traffic management.
1.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Q&A List
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Highway Traffic Engineering Traffic Education

Traffic Way Traffic Enforcement Traffic Safety Education
Intersection Traffic Environment Road Safety
Traffic Management
Shoulder
Sidewalk
Traffic
Traffic Build-up
Traffic Congestion
TrafficJams
Bottlenecks
Gridlocks
Accidents
Collisions Traffic Economy Safety Campaign
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Big Picture
a. Exhibit understanding of the different traffic laws, rules and regulations. This task is
designed for you to identify and discuss the different sanctions imposed by the state
for violating traffic laws and know the general rules of road use and conduct.
b. Demonstrate deep knowledge on the fundamentals of traffic control, traffic signs and
traffic signal lights
a. Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Exhibit understanding of the

different traffic laws, rules and regulations. This task is
designed for you to identify and discuss the different sanctions
imposed by the state for violating traffic law and know the
general rules of road use and conduct.
Metalanguage
basic concepts of Traffic Management and Accident Investigation.
▪ Motor Vehicle- shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power
(ability to exert maximal force) using the public highways but excepting road rollers, trolley
cars, street-sweepers, sprinkles, lawn mower, bulldozers, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks
▪ Articulated Vehicle- Shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and
so attached that part of the trailer rests upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the
weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle.
▪ Professional Driver- Every and any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle
whether for private use or for hire to the public. Any driver driving his own motor vehicle for
hire is a professional driver.
▪ Right of way- Refers to the legal or customary precedence which allows one vehicle to
cross or pass in front of another.
▪ Traffic control- It refers to procedures, devices and communication systems that help
vehicles and vessels safely share the roads, rails, waterways, and air space.
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Essential Knowledge
Traffic Management in the Philippines is covered and regulated by several laws. These laws are
purposely to maintain order and safety in the the trafficway. These laws are the following:
A. TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS

 Concepts: Standards of regulating movements on roads, streets and highways are found in
traffic laws, rules and regulations.\
 Sources:
• Presidential decrees(PD’s)
• Executive orders(EO’s)
• Letters Of Instructions(LOI’s)
• ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS
• MEMORANDA’S
• SPECIAL LAWS
 REPUBLIC ACTS
a. R.A. 4136- “ Land Transportation and Traffic Code of 1964 ”
b. R.A. 10883- " The New Anti-Carnapping Act of 2016 "
c. R.A. 8749- " Clean Air Act of 1999 "
d. R.A. 8750- " Seat Belt Use Act of 1999 "
e. R.A. 10586- Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013”
f. R.A 10666- “Children's safety on motorcycle act of 2015”
g. Republic Act 11229- An act providing for the special protection of child passengers in motor
vehicles and appropriating funds therefor
h. R.A 10913- Anti – Distracted Driving Act of 2017
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREES
a. P.D 1686- “Imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air conditioner”
b. P.D no.98- "Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles"
c. P.D no.96- " declaring unlawful use or attachment of sirens, bells, horns, whistles or similar
gadgets that emit exceptionally loud or startling sounds, including domelights and other
signalling or flashing devices on motor vehicles and providing certain exceptions therefor “
d. P.D. 1729- " authorizing the bureau of land transportation to dispose of impounded motor
vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time“
e. PD 1730 - declaring syndicated printing, manufacture, distribution, possession or use of fake
official Bureau of Land Transportation forms, documents, plates and stickers as offenses
involving economic sabotage.
 LETTERS OF INSTRUCTION
a. L.O.I no.43- “Providing the removal of all impediments on roads, streets and highways such
as constructions, stalled or parked vehicles and other movable property that obstruct free
passage”
b. L.O.I no.112- “Prohibiting Freight and cargo trucks from using roads, highways and bridges
whose load capacities are in excess of specific allowable limits”
c. L.O.I 229- “Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users or drives to have their possession at all
times while driving at least 1 (one) pair of EWD”
d. LOI NO. 1009- owners of MVs who desire to stop operating or using their plates and
registration certificates to surrender to BLT.
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 SPECIAL ORDER
a. Special Order No. 101-IRM- “Enumerating and identifying various city streets where parking
is prohibited”
 MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS
a. M.C. 94-188- “Issuance of driver’s license to disabled person”
b. M.C. 90-020- Directing all public land transportation operators and drivers to display in
any conspicuous place of their MV the authorized fare matrix for the specific route to avoid
conflict.
c. M.C. 94-192- mandating smoke emission test for diesel-powered MV.
 EXECUTIVE ORDER
a. E.O 202- An act creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
(LTFRB)
B. IMPORTANT PROVISIONS of RA 4136

B1. Words and Phrases Used in R.A 4136
1. Motor Vehicle- shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power
using the public highways.
2. Passenger Automobiles- shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those
usually known under the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car,
roadster, jeep and etc.
Note: Difference between Passenger Automobile and Passenger Truck- "Passenger

automobile" does not exceed nine passengers and if they are not used primarily for carrying
freight or merchandise. Motor vehicle registered for more than nine passengers shall be
classified as “Passenger truck”. "Truck" with seating compartments at the back not used for
hire shall be registered under special “S” classifications.
3. Driver- shall mean every or any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.
4. Professional Driver- shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a
motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public.
5. Owner- -shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is
duly registered with the Land Transportation Commission.
- The “owner” of a government-owned motor vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of
the Bureau to which the said motor vehicle belongs.
6. Dealer- shall mean every person, association, partnership, or corporation making,
manufacturing, constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles.
7. Tourist- shall mean a foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or culture.
8. Gross Weight- the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable capacity,
in merchandise, freight and0or passengers, as determined by the commissioner of the LTO.
9. Garage- any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without drivers, are
kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public stations, or other
places designated by proper authority as parking spaces for motor vehicles for hire while
awaiting or soliciting business.
10. Parked parking- shall mean that a motor vehicle is parked or parking if it has been brought
to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains inactive on that place or
close thereto for an appreciable period of time.
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B2. Selected Provisions of R.A 4136
1. Exceeding registered capacity- (overloading). Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor

vehicle should not be more than its registered carrying capacity.
2. Cargo carrying devices- The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or side
of trucks may be allowed, subject to approval of the commissioner, but the total net weight of
the device, including cargo, must not exceed 100 kilos(sec. 32,a)
3. Riding on running board- it is strictly prohibited, except for conducting collecting passenger
fare(sec. 32,c)
4. Riding on the top of the motor vehicle- Passenger shall not be allowed to ride on the top of
motor vehicles, but baggage or freight may be carried on top of a truck, provided that the weight
therefore it should not exceed in 20 kilos per square meter distributed in such way as not to
endanger passengers or the vehicles stability.(sec. 32,c)
5. Required motor vehicle Accessories
a. Tires
b. Brakes
c. Horns
d. Headlights
e. Tail lights
f. Stoplight
g. Windshield
h. Use of red flag
i. mufflers
6. Hitching on a vehicles- the following are prohibited:
a. Hanging on- or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on- Any moving vehicle whether on foot or otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang- or to ride outside or at the rear end of the
vehicle.
7. driving while under the influence of liquor- It is absolutely prohibited to operate any motor
vehicle under the influence or liquor or other prohibited drugs.
9. Duties of driver in case of accident

a. Stop immediately
b. Show his driver’s license
c. Give his true name and address, including that of the owner of the vehicle
d. Assist injured persons
e. Take measures to protect belongingness of passengers
f. Report the accident
10. When could a driver leave the area of accident without being held liable for HIT-AND-
RUN?
a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by other persons by reason of accident.
b. He surrenders to proper authority
c. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
C. REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

1. Classifications of Registered Motor Vehicles
• Private (not for hire)- These are motor vehicles used for personal use of their own.
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• Public Utility vehicles (PUV a.k.a for hire)- These are registered primarily for the
conveyance of passengers and other commercials goods, i.e., passenger jeepneys,
taxi cabs, etc.
• Government- These are motor vehicles owned by government officials and are used
for officials purposes only.
• Diplomat- These are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the
Philippines.
2. Plate Numbers- Upon registration, motor vehicles are assigned with plate numbers. The letter
and numeral prefixes.
• Private or not for hire MV- Green with white background, on newer vehicles, the first
letter usually indicates the region where the vehicle is registered.
• Public Utility Vehicles or for hire MV- Black with yellow background.
• Government MV- Red(maroon) with white background usually starts with letter “S”.
• Diplomatic or other exempted MV- Blue characters on a white background plates
reserved for diplomats, embassy and consulate officials, country ambassadors and
some expatriates such as scientists and researchers and some International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI), in the form of five to six digits.
• Trailers- They have yellow or green plates that mostly have either “U” (private) or “Z”
(for hire) in the middle of the letter block.
• Electric Vehicles- Orange plates are used (white symbols on orange background).
• Motorcycles- Private motorcycles have green characters on a white background with
the letters “MC” stamped on the upper left-hand corner next to the registration sticker.
Usually in the format AA 1111, but with the rise in the number of motorcycles on the
road, the 1111 AA format has also come into use.
• Tricycles- Private has green characters on a white background with the letters “MC”
stamped on the upper left-hand corner next to the registrationsticker. For Public Utility,
it has black characters with yellow background with the letters “TC” stamped on the
upper right-hand corner next to the registration sticker.
• Department of tourism (DOT) Accredited vehicles- these are usually tour buses
and airport taxis which are issued by plates that look similar to those of private
vehicles, but have yellow highlights mixed with the green color and share the same
first letter of the current PUVs plates.
• Optional Motor Vehicle Special Plates- A project of the LTO since 2004, in the form
of 3-letter 2-number, e.g. DGD 24.
• Personalized (Vanity) plates- Anyone desiring to have his own personalized must
consider the following:
a. Uniqueness- the plate does not have a registered duplicate anywhere in the
Philippines.
b. It should not have the same format as government vehicles.
c. Price-
1. Premium Edition ( ex. 111ABC)- PHP15, 000.00
2. Select Edition ( Ex. DARLIT) – PHP 10,000.00
3. DIMENSION AND MEDIUM

1. Tagalog: plaka which measures 390X140 mm
2. Characterized are stamped on an aluminium plate which then applied with reflectorized
print.
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3. Previously, numerous watermarks of the land transportation office (LTO) Logo as well as a
small logo of the plate manufacturer were stamped on the plate which was replaced in 2003
with a reflectorized, printed colour sticker of the statue to Jose Rizal.
4. In,2008, all plates are produced by a solemn privately funded manufacturer in manila.
5. Slogan on the bottom plate usually reflects the goals campaign of the incumbent president
which was began under president Fidel v. Ramos.
A. FIDEL V. RAMOS – “PHILIPPINES 2000”
B. GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO – “ MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA” ( STRONG
REPUBLIC)
6. Until 2004, plates also bore the word “PILIPINAS” At the bottom.
7. COMMOM INSCRIPTION
A. PILIPINAS (The most common inscription ;1981- 1995,2001,2002-2003, 2004-
PRESENT.
B. PHILIPPINES 2000 (1995-2000)
C. ANGAT PINOY 2004 (Raised Pinoy 2004’.2000-2001)
D. PERLAS NG SILANGAN (Pearl of The Orient”, 2001- 2002)
E.MATATAG NA REPUBLIKA (2003- present)
8. TYPEFACE – Numerous typefaces are used but the current typefaces was first
implemented in 1981 which is loosely based on the Australian licence plate system with
some slight variations on the design since then.
4.SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION –Registrationof motor vehicles should be done annually

which follows the numerical suffixes of their plate numbers.
Last Digit of Plate Number Middle digit Of plate Number Weekly Deadline (working days
of the month only)
1 – Jan 6 – Jun 1 2 3 1ST W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 – Feb 7 – Jul 4 5 6 2ND E 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 – Mar 8 – Aug 7 8 3RD E 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
4 – Apr 9 – Sep 9 0 4TH K 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
5 – May 0 – Oct 29 30 31
NOTE: Vehicle may be registered one month in advance of weekly deadline. For motorcycles, use the
3rd digit.
Example: Plate Number- TNG 984

The above motor vehicle shall be registered in April every year because the last digit is “4”
and the day of registration falls in April 15-21 since the middle us “8”.
3. LETTERS PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS- The letter

prefixes indicates:
1. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle;
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2. Year of the initial registration and the possible year model of the registered motor
vehicle could be determined from the order of the letter prefixes, i.e., the higher
the letters the later the year the year of registration and year model of the motor
vehicle.
Example: Vehicle 1- PLT 255 Vehicle 2- TNU 636
Between the above motor vehicles, Vehicle 1 was registered earlier than
Vehicle 2 and possibly, Vehicles 2’s model is later than vehicle 1.
4. PROTOCOL PLATE NUMBERS- These are special plate
numbers for high ranking government officials as
manifestation of courtesy towards them or their respective
positions or offices. These plates are blue D or DD plates
reserved for the top government officials of the Republic of
the Philippines.
1- President Of the Philippines
2- Vice President Of the Philippines
3- Senate President
4- Speaker of the House
5- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
6- Cabinet Secretary
7- Senator
8- Congressman
9 - Associate Justice Supreme Court
10- Court of Appeals Justice/Solicitor General
11- COMELEC Chairman
12- Cabinet Undersecretary
14- AFP and PNP Chief
16- RTC Judges
17. First Level Courts ( Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Tria Court in Cities and
Shari’ah Circuit courts), added by Memorandum Order No. 297 signed by President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 2, 2009.
D. PROVISIONS ON DRIVER’S LICENSES
What is a Driver’s license?

Is a document issued to a qualifies driver who posses the statutory qualification as
provided therefore.
A public document which has a legal presumption of genuineness.(CCC Insurance Corp.
vs Court of Appeals, 31 SCRA 264)
Is Driving a RIGHT or a PRIVILEGE?
Driving in the Philippines is a privilege which may be suspended or revoked. (RA 4136 &
BP 398)
1. Duty to Procure License
• No person shall operate any motor vehicle without first procuring a license to drive for
the current year. (sec. 19, RA 4136)
• Effective to the holder:
• Must not be delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoked
• Should be carried at all times
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• Shall be shown and surrendered for cause when demanded by authorized person.
2. Confiscation of driver’s license

• Driver’s License may be confiscated for violations of RA 4136
• When drivers license is confiscated for any reason, traffic enforcer must issued a
receipt or Temporary Operators Permit (TOP).
• Which is good for 72HOURS
• Failure to settle the case for 15days will cause revocation of the license.
3. Types of licenses, procedures and requirements

A DRIVER is licensed by the LTO as proof of his proficiency in driving his knowledge of road
rules and regulations while operating a Motor Vehicle.
A. International Driver’s License

• Bonafide tourist and transients who are duly licensed for operating a motor
vehicle.
• They are not allowed to operate a vehicle after 90 days of their sojourn in the
Philippines.
B. Military Driver’s License
• All licenses to be issued shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLE
ONLY”.
• Enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicle owned by the
government.
• Does not authorize the holder to operate a privately-owned vehicle.
C. Professional Driver’s License
• It is issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle
whether for private use or for hire to the public.
• Any person driving his own motor vehicle for hire
• The word “professional” on license is being black-highlighted.
D. Non-Professional Driver’s License
• This kind of license issued to owners of PRIVATELY-OWNED vehicles.
NOT FOR HIRE or PAID for Driving.
• The word “Non-Professional” is black-highlighted (the same as the professional
driver’s license).
E. Student Driver’s Permit
• It is issued to persons who desire to learn how to drive.
• A student driver CANNOT operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor
who may either be a license professional or Non-professional Driver.
4. Validity or expiration of license

a. Students Permit – 12 months
b. Non- Professional, Professional, Conductors License – 3 years
c. International License – 90 days Automobile Assoc. Phil.
• Requirement for Philippine driving permit:
✓ Original photocopy of valid driver’s license
✓ 2 pcs. of 2x2 colored id photo
✓ Dual citizens present original passport and photo of pages showing of identification
and date of last arrival.
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✓ If you are permanent resident present your passport and alien cert registration
✓ 1,800 registration, 300 AAP joining fee, 1,200 AAP Annual Registration, 300 IPDP
Processing fee.
✓ The 300 AAP joining fee is waived for overseas Filipino worker. Just Present any
valid of you being an OFW such as employment contract. The validity is 1 year.
5. Conductor’s LICENSE
• Conductors of public utility vehicles are also mandated to procure their licenses
from the LTO.
6. General criteria and qualifications for the above-mentioned licenses
• Must be at least:
a. years old for Student Permit
b. 17 years old for Non-professional License
c. 18 years old for Professional License and Conductor’s License
d. Must be physically and mentally fit
e. Must not be A drug user
f. Must be able to read and write Pilipino or English
g. Must be clean, neat and presentable
7. Driver’s examination
• Written Examination- contain questions on: proper driving procedures, road
rules and regulations, Emergency procedures, etc.
a. Non-professional – 40 questions
- passing score 30/40
b. Professional License - 60 questions
- passing score 45/60
• The Road Test
a. Under the auspices of “DRIVING SKILL RATER”
b. Applicant will have to provide a registered vehicle in which the vehicle
test will be conducted.
c. Applicant will be credited with score of 100 at the start of the road test,
and each infraction will have corresponding deductions.
d. Passing grade will be 70/100
• Road Test proficiency:
a. Checking on primary components of the vehicle such as engine, tires,
battery, lights, windshield wipers, brakes, transmission and clutch.
b. Correct positioning of the hands
c. Proper engine control and use of gear shift lever and foot pedals
d. Proper speed control and observance of road discipline
e. Proper Knowledge and interpretation of road signs and markings
f. Proper turning procedure
g. Proper Parking procedures
h. Proper backing procedures
8. Mandatory drug test

a. It is mandatory to all drivers’ license applicants except for student driver’s
permit to pass a drug test conducted by the duly LTO accredited drug testing
centers.
9. Drivers’ restriction code
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1 - Motorcycles/motorized tricycles
2 - Vehicle up to 4500 kgs Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)
3 - Vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW
4 -Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW
5 -Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
6 - Articulated Vehicle 1600 kgs GVW & below
7 - Articulated Vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW
8 - Articulated Vehicle 4501 kgs & above GVW
9 - Disabled(old) – no longer existing
-now called differently-abled person
10. Drivers’ condition
A – wear eye glasses
B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
C – drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
D – daylight driving only
E – accompanied by a person with normal hearing
E. GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT

1. Speed Limit and other Rules on speed- Any person driving a motor vehicle on a highway
shall drive the same at a careful and prudent speed not greater nor less than is reasonable
and proper having due regard for the traffic the width of the highway and of any other condition
then and there existing. No person shall drive any motor vehicle upon a highway at such
speed as to endanger the life, limb and property of any person not at a speed greater than will
permit him to bring vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.
 Maximum allowable speed- the maximum allowable speed shall be in
accordance width the preceding paragraph and for the specific speed limits on
specifics sections of highways. (Chapter 4 sec. 35 par B of R.A 4136).
 Exception to the speed limit
a. A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls.
b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of accident
or other emergency.
c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a
hospital, clinic or any other similar place.
d. The driver of motor vehicle belonging to the Armed forces while in use for
official purposes in times of riot insurrection or invasion.
e. The driver of a vehicle when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
f. A law enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws.
g. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire dept. provided that
exemption shall not be construed to allow useless or unnecessary fast driving
of drivers aforementioned.
 Uniform speed limits throughout the Philippines- no provincial, city or

municipal authority shall enact or enforce any ordinance or resolution specifying
maximum allowable speeds other than those provided by R.A 4136.
2. Lateral Placement- lateral placement means the proper positioning of the motor vehicle while
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traversing on a traffic way or while on parked.

In the Philippines unless a different course of action is required in the interest of the safety
and the security of life, person or property or because or unreasonable difficulty of operation
in compliance herewith, every person operating a motor vehicle or an animal-drawn vehicle
on a highway shall pass to the right when meeting persons or vehicles going the same
direction and when turning to the left in going from one highway to another every motor vehicle
shall be conducted to the right of the center of the intersection of the highway.
For the pedestrians they should walk on side streets to the left facing the oncoming traffic.
On the other hand motor vehicles should be parked only on designated areas and so properly
parked without encroaching the parking stall or space of another vehicle.
3. Overtaking and Passing- in overtaking another vehicle a driver should pass at a safe
distance to the left of the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume driving on the right side
of the road only after passing clear of the overtaken vehicle.
General Rule on Overtaking Passing

 Vehicle 1 can overtake vehicle 2 using the left lane
a. Exception
On the highways with two or more lanes where traffic goes one direction, another vehicle may
be overtaken on the right (Sec. 39, R.A. 4136).
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Overtaking on a Four lane two-way street

 Vehicle 1 can use the right lane (Outer) in overtaking and passing vehicle 2
 Vehicle 5 attempting to overtake vehicle 4 using shoulder of the road which is not only a violation
of the rules but also dangerous because he might hit something on the shoulder
• Vehicle can use the right lane outer in over taking and passing vehicle.
• When the vehicle in on the inner lane he must use the outer lane in overtaking.
• When the vehicle is on the outer lane he should avoid overtaking using the shoulder of the
highway to prevent accident.
b. 2. Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle- the driver of a motor vehicle about to be
overtaken must give way to the overtaking vehicle and shall not increase his speed until
the overtaking vehicle has fully passed by Sec. 40 R.A 4136.
c. Restrictions on overtaking and passing- to avoid accident or any unusual incidents
overtaking and passing on the following:
• To the left side of the center line of a highway in overtaking another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, unless such left side is clearly visible and is free
of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit safety overtaking.
• When approaching the crest of a grade nor upon a curve in the highway where
the drivers view along the highway obstructed within a distance of five hundred
feet ahead except on a highway having two or more lanes for movement of
vehicles in one directions.
• At any railway grade crossing nor at any intersection of highways unless such
intersection or crossing is controlled by traffic signal or a traffic officer.
• Between any points indicated by the placing of official temporary or caution signs
indicating that men are working on the highways.
• In any no passing or overtaking zone.
4. Right of way- refers to the legal or customary precedence which allows one vehicle to cross
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or pass in front of another.

a. Rules on right of way
RULE 1. In case of two vehicles approaching or entering an intersection at the same
time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way however the driver of
any vehicle travelling at an unlawful speed forfeits this right.
First General rule on Giving the Right of way

 Vehicle 2 should yield the right of way to vehicle 1 because the latter is approaching the
intersection from the right
RULE 2. In case of a vehicle approaching but has not yet entered the intersection,
its driver shall yield the right of way to vehicles already within such intersection or
turning therein to the left across the line of travel of the first mentioned vehicle.
(sec. 42 b)
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Second General Rule on Giving the Right of way

 Vehicle 2 should be given the right of way to cross the intersection because it has already entered
the intersection ahead of vehicle 1.
RULE 3. When vehicle on a highway within a business or residential district, its

driver shall yield the right of way to pedestrian crossing the highway within a
crosswalk. (Sec. 42, c)
Right of way Rule on Crosswalk

 Vehicle 1 should give the right of way to pedestrians crossing on the crosswalk across its path.
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RULE 4. When vehicle traversing a “thru-highway”’, its driver should bring to full
stop before crossing. (Sec. 42, d)
Right of way Rule on “Thru-Highway” Intersections

 Vehicle 1 should yield the right of way to vehicle 2 because the latter is traversing on the main
highway.
b. Exceptions to the Right of Way Rule

1. Right of Way to vehicles utilizing the highway than vehicles from private road or drive.
(Sec. 43)
2. Right of Way to police or fire department vehicles and ambulance.
3. Right of Way to vehicles approaching either direction on “through highway” than
vehicle entering.
5. Starting Stopping or Turning Rules- the driver of any motor vehicle on a highway before
starting, stopping or turning from a direct line shall first see that such movement can be safely and
if any pedestrian is affected by such movement he shall give a clearly audible signal by sounding
the vehicle’s horn.
a. When other motorists are affected- whenever the operation of any other approaching or
following may be affected by such movement the driver making the movement the driver making
the movement shall give to the driver/s of his intention to make such movement.
b. Hand Signal- the required signal shall be given by means of extending the hand or arm
beyond the left side of the vehicle or by an approved mechanical or electrical signal device.
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c. Making a right Turn (Normal procedures)- the following are the rules to be observed
in making a correct turning to the right from a four-lane street to a four lane street.
• Signal your intention to turn right with your turning signal light or a hand signal at
least 100ft. Before you intend to make your turn.
• Stay on the right lane of the road.
• Never make a right turn from left lane.
• At an intersection with a red traffic light make a right turn only after coming to a full
stop to make sure that no vehicle is coming from the left.
• If there is a sign prohibiting a right turn unless the light is green, do not turn right
while the RED LIGHT is on.
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Making a Right Turn from a Four-lane Street to Four-lane Street

 Vehicle 2 and 3 are doing the proper way of turning to the right, whereas the vehicle 1 is doing in
the wrong way.
d. Making a Left Turn(Normal Procedures)- motor vehicles intending to turn left from a
four-lane street to four- lane street should observe the following procedures:
• Signal your intention to turn left with your turning signal or hand signal at least 100 feet
before you intend to make your turn.
• Stay on the left lane of the road.
• Never make a left turn from the right lane.
• At an intersection with a traffic light, vehicles GOING STARIGHT have the right of way.
Wait for them to pass first before you turn left.
• At an intersection with a traffic light make a left turn only when green light is on or when
there is a left turn light.
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Making a Left Turn from A Four-Lane Street to Four-Lane Street

 Vehicle 1 is making a left turn the correct way, while vehicle 2 and 3 are doing it the wrong
way
e. Making a U-turn on a two-lane road- normal procedure.

• Make a right turn signal at least 100 ft. before you start moving to the right side as
possible. Come to a complete stop if necessary. Check behind you for traffic also
check for oncoming traffic on the other lane.
• Stay as close to the right side as possible. Come to a complete stop if necessary.
Check behind you for traffic. Also check for oncoming traffic on the other lane.
• Once all traffic has passed you initiate your U-Turn. See to it that you can make it in
one sweep. If you have a long vehicle look for an intersection or a wide section of the
road to make a U-turn in.
• At this point you should be making the U-Turn If you know the turning radius of your
vehicle.
• Do not move immediately to the middle of the road keep to the right side until you have
increased your speed sufficiently to move to the middle of the lane.
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Making a U-Turn on a two-Lane Road
f. Making a U-turn on a four Lane Highway:

• Check for traffic behind you and indicate your intentions with a left turn signal.
• Clear the other side for oncoming traffic and initiate your turn as soon as it is clear. Do not
come to a complete stop. Straighten out on the right lane and begin gaining speed.
• As soon as you have reached a relatively safe speed signal your intention to move to the
fast lane with a left turn signal.
• Move to the fast lane as soon as you are fast enough to hold up traffic moving in the same
direction.
 Making a U-Turn on Four-Lane Highway
6. Pedestrian’s Rights and duties- pedestrians have the right to occupy or pass on spaces or portions
of traffic way allocated for them like crossing on pedestrian lanes and passing on sidewalks or catwalks.
In addition pedestrians as part of the traffic system, their fundamental duty is to serve and obey all traffic
rules and regulations. Motorists should also know the rights of the pedestrians so that they will not be
using the portions of the traffic way allocated for the pedestrians for parking purposes.
7. General Parking Rules and Similar Regulations- motor vehicles should park only on areas
specifically designated for parking. All accidents are not caused while vehicles are being driven. A parked
vehicle may create an accident kill someone or destroy property. Before leaving your vehicle set the
brakes put the gear in low or reverse or park position and remove the key. This will prevent your car from
rolling down an incline and will also prevent cars from pushing your car.
a. Parking on the cities- in cities and towns unless otherwise directed by a city or municipal
ordinance motor vehicles will be parked parallel and within 12 inches of the curb. For additional
pre-caution while parking observe the following:
• Downhill with or without curb- turn wheels to right.
• Uphill curb with curb- turn wheels from curb to left.
• Uphill without curb- turn wheels to curb.
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b. Parking on a Highway- on rural roads pull entirely off pavement to park. Whenever practicable
turn on your parking lights.
c. Parking Prohibited in special places- no driver shall park a vehicle or permit it to stand whether
attended or unattended upon a highway in any of the following places and at any place where
official signs have been erected prohibiting parking. No driver shall park a vehicle, whether
attended or unattended upon a highway in these following places:
• Within an intersectionOn a crosswalk

• Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines
• Within four meters of the driveway entrance to any fire station
• Within four meters of a fire hydrant
• In front of private driveway
• On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or packed at the curb or edge of the highway
• At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking
City, Philippines:
Let’s Check
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1. Driver’s licenses, both professional and non-professional should be

renewed every how many years?
2. Land Transportation Code of the Philippines.
3. Whan a driver violated any of the provisions of R.A. 4136 , what should
be issued as receipt of confiscation of the driver’s license ?
4. When cruising on a four - lane two way highway , fast moving vehicles
should use the;
5. When parking on uphill parallel to the highway and there is a curb, the
front wheels should be sharply turn to:
.
6. Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using
the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley car, cranes, bulldozers, graders, forklifts,
amphibian trucks and lawn mowers if not used in public highways, vehicle which run only on rails
or tracks and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural
purposes.
7. Mr. Ramon is a driver of a passenger van with a plate number LNG 765. What
will be the type of license Mr. Ramon should have?
8. This principle refers to the legal or customary precedence which allows
one vehicle to cross or pass in front
9. The government agency having the primary responsibility of enforcing
the RA 4136
10. A physical phenomenon relating to the manner in which vehicles
impede each other’s progression as demand for limited road space approaches full capacity:
Let’s Analyze
following questions:
1. Give the classifications of registered motor vehicles and differentiate each towars one another
, including their plate numbers?
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__________________________________________________________________________
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2. When could a driver leave the area of an accident without being held liable fo HIT-AND-RUN?
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3. Based on what you have learned and understand regarding rules of right of way which have
been tackled above, you are required to make your own scenario applying those rules (one
scenario on each rule).
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In a Nutshell
Since you already have the basic knowledge regarding general rules of road use and
conduct, you are required to make a summary concerning general rules of road use and conduct.
This may help you remember everything from the topic being discussed and may apply it in
investigating traffic related cases.
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__________________________________________________________________________
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Q&A List
In this section you are going to list what boggles you in this unit. You may indicate
your questions but noting you have to indicate the answers after your question is being
raised and clarified. You can write your questions below
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
Keywords Index
Motor Vehicle Right of way

Passenger Automobile Professional Driver’s license
Passenger Truck Non-prof Driver’s license
Hit-and-Run Lateral Placement
b. Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Demonstrate deep

knowledge on the fundamentals of traffic control,
traffic signs and traffic signal lights
Metalanguage
basic concepts of Fundamentals of Traffic Control.
▪ Traffic Signs refer to any device mounted on portable support whereby a message is
conveyed by means of words or symbols officially installed for the purpose of regulating,
warning, or guiding traffic
▪ Pavements markings- separate opposing steams of traffic and direct vehicles onto proper
position on the roadway.
▪ Traffic Signs refer to any device mounted on portable support whereby a message is
conveyed by means of words or symbols officially installed for the purpose of regulating,
warning, or guiding traffic.
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▪ Danger Warning Signs- these signs are also known as “caution signs”. These signs have
an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal and having red borders.
▪ Regulatory Signs- these are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable at particular
location usually enforceable in the absence of such signs.
▪ Traffic Contol- It refers to procedures, devices and communication systems that help
vehicles and vessels safely share the roads, rails, waterways, and air space.
▪ Traffic Islands- These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish
physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
Essential Knowledge
This unit tackles one of the main issues being tackled in special crime investigation. As it
is considered as a special crime, special laws are also enacted in order to properly address these
crimes. As an effective investigator it is important to be well versed with the provisions of these
special laws.
A. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
Traffic control- It refers to procedures, devices and communication systems that help
vehicles and vessels safely share the roads, rails, waterways, and air space. Establishes a set of
rules and instructions that drivers, pilot, train engineers and ship captains rely on to avoid
collisions and other hazard. Safe travel for pedestrian is an additional goal in highway traffic
control.
1. Traffic control as applied to land transportation. A system of traffic engineering,
employing prescribe traffic rules and regulations and devices such as signals and
markings to avoid vehicle collision, promote safety and pedestrian mobility.
2. Control techniques. The primary emphasis of traffic control is on the safe and
efficient flow of vehicles over the highways. The means of promoting this can vary from
simple improvement of local streets by installing traffic signs and road markings.
These systems are:
a. access road meters to monitor and control motorway;
b. Closed circuit television(cctv) surveillance to detect quickly any deterioration in
traffic flow; and
c. Emergency services in case of accident or injury.
3. Other traffic- control techniques include
a. The use of one- way streets.
b. Enforcement of traffic flow regulation
c. Channelization(building traffic islands, turning lanes and so on), and
d. The use of traffic signals.
4. Highway traffic control- motorists depend on traffic control devices to avoid collision
and traffic safety to their destinations.
a. Traffic signs
- provide traffic information and road condition. By using signs, traffic control
planner tells the driver what to do, what to watch for and where to drive.
b. Pavements markings
- separate opposing steams of traffic and direct vehicles onto proper position on
the roadway.
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c. Traffic signal
- to permit safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians at busy intersection.
d. Priority control
- by giving priority to high- occupancy vehicles, transportation planner encourage
carpooling and reduce congestion.
e. Restraints
- as an alternative to banning traffic, traffic control planners are use devices to
discourage heavy use of a route.
B. TRAFFIC SIGNS
• Like traffic signal lights and road markings are used to convey quickly and accurately the wide
range of information needed by road users, particularly vehicle drivers, and to promote a safe
and efficient use of the road system.
Traffic Signs refer to any device mounted on portable support whereby a

message is conveyed by means of words or symbols officially installed for the purpose of
regulating, warning, or guiding traffic. Traffic signs are installed to serve the following
functions:
1. To control traffic
2. To safeguard the flow of traffic
3. To expedite traffic
4. To guide traffic and motorists
• Standardization of traffic signs shall conform to the standards set forth in the erection and
display of standard road signs and markers as prescribed by the DPWH as to shape, color,
dimension, shape, size, height, letterings or symbols. Refer to figures 19-21 for clearer
understanding.
• Traffic signs shall be installed only under public authority or by the official having jurisdiction
for that purpose, and it shall not bear any commercial advertisement.
• A thorough knowledge of traffic signs, signals and road and pavement markings is necessary
to all drivers. Every motorist must be able to recognize and obey with them without hesitation
even with the absence of traffic police officer.
1. Historical Background
 In Britain, early signposts were by private individuals at their own expense. In 1648,
parishes were required by law to place guideposts at crossroads. In 1773, these and
mileposts were required to be erected and maintained by Turnpike Trusts. The Motor Car
Act of 1903 made local authorities responsible for placing certain warning and prohibitory
signs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign
 With increased international travel after World war II, discussions took place in the United Nations
(UN) on the introduction of international traffic signs. However, it was not until 1965 that United
Kingdom (UK) signs were changed to conform to the European system. In 1995, it was estimated
that there were 2,500,000 signs and signals, 850,000 road markings, and 7,000,000 road studs
on the roads in England alone.
 On June 6, 1973, the Philippines through P.D 207 declared as part of the laws of the Philippines
the UN Vienna Convention on road traffic, signs, markings and signals.
2. International Traffic Signs

 The system of signs and signals which it has prescribed is based on the use of shapes
and colors, characteristics of each class of sign, and whenever possible on the use of
graphic symbols rather than inscriptions with few exceptions one of which is the STOP
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sign of the United States. Followings are the basic signs and shapes:
a. Round and red sign: regulates the movement of turning and passing traffic
regulations;
b. Round black yellow signs; a warning that you are approaching a railroad crossing;
c. Equilateral triangle red signs: a sign at the intersection directing drivers to yield the
right-of-way to vehicles in the road being crossed;
d. Eight-sided (octagonal) red and white stop sign: the most popular and understood
sign by all tounges and colors; and
e. Triangle red and black sign: approaching a danger zone, hill, slope, winding road,
etc.
3. Classification of International Traffic Signs. International traffic signs are classified

into three (3)
a. Danger Warning Signs. These signs are also known as “caution signs”. These
signs have an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal and having
red borders. These are signs intended to:
• Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road conditions,

• Seek caution for the approaching road hazards, and
• Call the reduction of speed
b. Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable
at particular location usually enforceable in the absence of such signs. These
are intended to:
•
Inform road users of certain laws and regulations, and
•
Special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions which they must
comply with and violations of which constitute misdemeanor.
 Regulatory signs are usually round in shape with the exception of “Stop Sign”
and Yield Signs”. These signs are further classified into two:
• Prohibitive and restrictive signs, and
• Mandatory signs
a. Informative Signs- These signs are also known as “guide signs”, or “direction
signs”. The rectangular shape white-colored on blue background is used for
informative signs. Green background is usually for route markers and
destination signs. Informative Signs are intended to:
• guide motorist along established routes,

• Inform the motorists of the proper roads, and
• Help motorists along the way in the most simple and direct method.
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C. TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS
Traffic Lights- This refers to any power operated traffic control device by which
traffic is warned or directed to take some specific acrions. Traffic light signals are used
to control traffic at junctions and also to stop traffic to provide safe crossing points for
pedestrians and cyclists.
1. Classification of Traffic Signal Light. The traffic signal lights are further
classified into three:
a. Traffic Control Signals. These are signal lights designed primarily to
control and regulate traffic flows.
b. Special Pedestrian Signal. These signal lights provides regulation for
pedestrians like the “WALK” and “DO NOT WALK” signal lights.
c. Train Approach and Gates Signals. These are usually installed on road-
rail intersections designed to inform motorists of any approaching train on
the intersection.
d. Other Special Traffic Signals. These are installed on traffic ways where
special regulations are emphasized like “YIELD TO VEHICLES COMING
FROM THE LEFT”, and other similar regulations.
2. Traffic Fixed-tike System. Traffic Signal Lights use different signaling

systems which vary according to the needs of the traffic way.
a. Fixed-time System- a traffic control signal by which traffic is alternately
commanded to stop or go in accordance with pre determined schedule.
b. Progressive System- signal at successive intersections along the
highway are timed to change from red to green at staggered intervals,
permitting a vehicle that maintains a constant speed to proceed without
interruption.
c. Computerized Control of Signal Networks- Signal changes are
ordered by the demands of traffic and are directed by computers given
by sensors on the street.
3. Specific Meaning of Traffic Lights. To attain more effective and efficient
controlling or traffic, each color of the traffic light has specific meaning anf traffic
regulation.
a. Steady Red
• STOP at the designated line
• Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
• Expect pedestrians to cross pedestrian lanes
• Unless specified you can turn right after a full stop to clear traffic
coming from the left
b. Steady Green
• Go
• It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to stop
• Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the pedestrian lane in front of
you
• Unless specified, you can move up to the middle section of the
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intersection and make the left turn when clear

• Vehicles going straight have the right of way
• Do not anticipate a green light
c. Steady Green Arrow
• Go
• Vehicles turning left can do so
• On coming straight traffic is still red to give way for the vehicles
turning left
• Do not anticipate a green arrow
d. Steady Yellow
• Prepare to stop
• It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the
GO signal shortly
• Do not beat a yellow light
e. Flashing Red
• This is the same as a STOP SIGN
• Stop at the designated line
• Vehicles will be crossing from thr other side
• Expect pedestrians to cross pedestrian lane
• Proceed when clear
f. Flashing Yellow
• This is the same a a yield sign
• Proceed through the intersection with caution
• You have the right of way over the flashing red light
• Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a full stop.
g. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right Arrow
• vehicels can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make a left
turn
• vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a
right turn
• the right green signal might or might not have rod sign disallowing
a right turn while the red light is on
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City, Philippines:

Let’s Check
1. It establishes a set of rules and instructions that helps vehicles and
vessels safely share the same roads, ralis, waterways, or air space .
2. In order to avoid parking within the fire hydrant which is prohibited , how
many meters away is allowed to park?
3. They provide information about speed limits and road conditions and
they direct traffic along certain routes and to specific destinations
4. When approaching a danger zone , hill , slope , winding road , and others
, the basic sign shape is;
5. International traffic sign is classified into three , what particular signs
which imposed legal restrictions applicable at particular location usually enforceable?
______6. These refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic
is warned or directed to take some specific actions
______7. What is the point or place where two or more , either single or double or
multi lanes certainly meet at a point?
8. It is used to discourage high speed commuting through residential
neighborhoods.
9. From the bottom, what is the arrangement of color of the traffic light?
10. These are constructed along intersections or “rotundas” for purposes
of turning around and channelize and control pedestrians.
Let’s Analyze
1. While approaching an intersection with the green light is on, a traffic officer suddenly stand in
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the middle of the intersection and starts directing traffic. The officer with his right hand pointed
to you and signals you to stop. What should you do? Support your answer,
__________________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the indication of the various colors of traffic lights and how it works on intersections?
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3. As part of the traffic system, how can you apply traffic control to land transporatation?
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__________________________________________________________________________
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In a Nutshell
Now that you aleady know and understand regarding traffic signs applied in land transporation,
you are required to list down all the traffic signs and discuss each. This is crucial for you to
familiarize and remember all those signs for that could be fundamental in your profession. Give
the meaning of each sign and state its purposes.
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Q&A List
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Traffic Signs Priority Control Informative Signs

Traffic Control Restraints Taffic Lights
Pavement Markings Danger Warning Signs Traffic Signal Lights
Traffic Signal Regulatory Signs Traffic Signal Sytstem
Big Picture
Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
a. Demonstrate deep knowledge on the fundamentals of traffic control and Traffic supervision.
b. Critically analyze the appropriate signs, signals and markings used in traffic management and
integrating it into traffic accident investigation.
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Demonstrate deep knowledge on

the fundamentals of traffic control and Traffic
supervision.
Metalanguage
refer to these definitions as supplement in case you will encounter difficulty in understanding Traffic
Control and Traffic Supervision.
▪ Pavements Markings - These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, or other gadgets
except signs set into the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curving
or to adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or
guiding traffic.
▪ Curb Markings for Restrictions- These are markings placed on the curbs or of the traffic
foe restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
▪ Object Markings- These are marking placed on object on the road or beside the road
like hump, rocks or similar hazardous object on the beside of the road.
▪ Reflectorized Markings-These are marking or gadgets designed to reflect and become
luminous when hit by vehicles headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of
the roadway to supplement separation line s or on object at the side of the roadway
which are too near or within the road ,pavement itself.
▪ Traffic Islands - These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish
physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
▪ Median barriers- These are usually movable concrete or hard plastics with or without
water inside on divided highway with narrow medians to prevent head-on collision of
vehicles and to restrict the pedestrians from crossing at any section of the road.
▪ Early Warning Devices- A triangular-shaped reflectorized device used to warning or
inform motorists about an emergency-stalled or parked motor vehicle.
Essential Knowledge
In this unit, we will discuss the imporatance and concept of pavement markings and markers in
the administration of traffic safety. Furthermore, certain types of markings that are found higways
will be explained, as well as its purpose on the roadway.
A. PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
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➢ The pavements of all main highway have certain markings to help you drive safely. Those include
the center lane lines , barrier lines, and directional arrows, depending upon the type of highway
and the needs for such markings to make the road safe under varying conditions.
1. Pavements Markings Defined.

➢ These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, or other gadgets except signs set into the
surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curving or to adjacent to the
roadway, officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
➢ Similarly, pavement markings are standardized as to color and location to conform to
international standards. Basically, pavement markings are placed on the roadway to
convey warning or information to the road user without diverting his attention from the
roadway under favorable condition.
➢ Knowledge of the purpose and use of each type of marking is important in order for
motorist to drive safety. Failure either intentionally or ignorance to observe the lines
can prove disastrous.
2. Type of Pavement Markings and Markers. Pavement marking and markers are further
classified into the following depending on their purpose and location of placement.
2a. Pavement Markings. These are lines usually white and yellow or a combination of yellow
and white officially set on the roadway as separation for motor vehicles traveling in the
opposite direction or the same direction in case of two lane-way one-way street, two-lane two-
way street or four-lane two-way street.
• Pavement Markings For Two-Lane One-way Street
https://www.google.com/search?q=pavement+markings&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834P
H834&oq=pavement+mar&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.5021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie
=UTF-8
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• Pavement Markings For Two-Lane Two-way Street
https://www.google.com/search?q=pavement+markings&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834P
H834&oq=pavement+mar&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.5021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie
=UTF-8
• Pavement Markings For four-Lane Two-way Street
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https://www.google.com/search?q=pavement+markings&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834PH83
4&oq=pavement+mar&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.5021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
2b. Curb Markings for Restrictions. These are markings placed on the curbs or of the traffic
foe restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
https://www.google.com/search?q=pavement+markings&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834PH834&oq=p
avement+mar&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.5021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
2c. Object Markings. These are marking placed on object on the road or beside the road like
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hump, rocks or similar hazardous object on the beside of the road.
2d. Reflectorized Markings. These are marking or gadgets designed to reflect and become
luminous when hit by vehicles headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of the
roadway to supplement separation line s or on object at the side of the roadway which are too
near or within the road ,pavement itself.
3. Specific Meaning of Pavement Markings. Pavement markings vary depending on the traffic
regulation in its location or depending on the road or traffic conditions.
3a. Single white dotted line

 On two lane road, it separates traffic moving in opposite direction
 On a one way street, separates traffic moving in one direction
 Overtaking is possible when the other lane is clear of incoming possible
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https://www.google.com/search?q=pavement+markings&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834PH83
4&oq=pavement+mar&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.5021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
3b. Single continuous line on a four-lane road

 When there are slow and fast lanes , NEVER overtake by passing over the solid white
lanes
 Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles
 Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes) is for fast moving vehicle
https://www.google.com/search?q=pavement+markings&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834PH834&o
q=pavement+mar&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.5021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
3c. double yellow line or double white lines

 ABSOLUTE NO OVERTAKING
 Overtaking is extremely dangerous
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 Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lines
https://www.google.com/search?q=pavement+markings&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834PH834&oq=pave
ment+mar&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l6.5021j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
3d. Single Yellow/White Line With a Dotted/ Broken Line. This line indicates:
 That you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your side;

 If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid line.
3e. Crosswalk or Pedestrian Lane. This marking indicate:

 For pedestrians to cross
 Stop for pedestrians on an intersection with no traffic light;
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 DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane especially to load or unload passengers;

 Pedestrians should ALWAYS cross a street on a crosswalk.
3f. Directional Arrows. These pavement markings indicate the following traffic regulations.
 Direction of permitted traffic movement.
 When approaching intersections where pavement arrows are used, you should
enter the lane where the arrow points in the direction you want to go.
 If you get in the wrong lane, you should keep going in the direction indicated by
the arrow until it is safe to turn off and get back on the street or highway which will
carry you to your destination.
 Some have double headed arrows which means the lane is for traffic going the two
directions indicated.
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3g. Stop Lines. These are painted across pavement lane at traffic signs and signals. Where
these lines are present, you should stop line
3h. The Barrel Lines. A new concept in reducing the seriousness of accidents. The barrels are
engineered to act as impact cushion. Usually installed in front of a solid obstacle or traffic island
at an area of high accident frequency.
B. TRAFFIC ISLANDS
1. Traffic Islands Defined. These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to
establish physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
2. Functions of Traffic Islands. Traffic islands as part of traffic control devices are designed to:
• Segregate pedestrians and vehicles; and

• Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or increase
safety.
3. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers). These are constructed between the pedestrian
sidewalk and the road pavement pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and to prevent
motor vehicles from using the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes.
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4. Division Islands. These are constructed primarily to divide the streams of the motor vehicles.
5. Channelizing Island. These are constructed to channelize or direct the flow of traffic.
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6. Rotary Islands. These are constructed along intersections or “rotundas” for purposes of
turning-around. Their functions are:
• Prohibit pedestrians from crossing major thoroughfares at points where such crossing are
exceptionally hazardous.
• Minimize imprudence and delays to vehicular traffic, and;
• Channelize and control pedestrians.
C. OTHER TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND AIDS

➢ The improvements in traffic caused various complexibilities in traffic control and traffic
direction. The previous standard traffic control devices have their limits or
weaknesses. In this regard, traffic managers conceived new or additional control
devices and aids.
1. Median barriers – These are usually movable concrete or hard plastics with or
without water inside on divided highway with narrow medians to prevent head-on
collision of vehicles and to restrict the pedestrians from crossing at any section of
the road.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_strip
2. Guard Rails – These are safety devices installed at the road side to protect
vehicles which run out of control from following on steep slopes or hitting fixed
objects.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_rail
3. Gantries – These are usually made of light metals installed overhead on highways
in which other devices and aids are also attaches.
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Gantry_(road_sign)
4. Traffic Bollards – These are upright metals, woods, plastics, or any other hard
materials installed along side streets and on parking areas to limit the movement
of motor vehicles.
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https://www.reliance-foundry.com/blog/bollards-in-high-traffic-areas#gref
5. Early Warning Devices – A triangular-shaped reflectorized device used to
warning or inform motorists about an emergency-stalled or parked motor vehicle.
https://philkotse.com/safe-driving/early-warning-device-for-cars-must-have-
safety-tool-for-every-pinoy-driver-5273
6. Taffic Cones – These are usually made of plastic materials or any lightweight
materials used as a replacement or aid to early warning devices (EWD).
https://ph.rs-online.com/web/p/traffic-cones/0766299
7. Curb or Curbstones – These are aligned stones along the sides of roads or
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highways serving as highway or boundary lines.
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Kerbstone-road-side-curb-
stone_60505485827.html
8. Close Circuit Televisions (CCTV) – These devices could assist traffic enforces
and managers monitor usual and unusual traffic occurrences. CCTVs are also
valuable in the detection, identification and apprehension of traffic law violators so
the visible presence of these devices provide general deterrence.
https://getsafeandsound.com/2018/09/cctv/
9. Weighbridges – These are either installed permanently on the road pavement

located at the entrance of main thoroughfares or some of these are movable.
Weighbridges are use to monitor overloading or exceeding load limits of motor
vehicles particularly cargo trucks.
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City, Philippines:

Let’s Check
1. These are usually movables concrete or hard plastics with or without

water inside installed on divided highway with narrow medians to prevent head-on collision of
vehicles and restrict, the pedestrian from crossing at any section of the road.
2. These are lines usually white or yellow or a combination of white and
yellow officially set on roadways as separation for motor vehicles travelling in the opposite
direction or the same direction in case of two-lane one way street, two-lane two-way street or four-
lane two-way street..
3. When traversing on a highway with double yellow line with dotted line in
between, this means what?
4. These are constructed along intersections or “rotundas” for purposes of
turning around and channelize and control pedestrians.
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5. These are markings placed on the curbs or edges of the traffic for
restriction or for parking regulation putposes.
6. These are constructed primarily to divide the streams of motor vehicles
7. These are marking or gadgets designed to reflect and become luminous
when hit by vehicles headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of the roadway to
supplement separation line s or on object at the side of the roadway which are too near or within
the road ,pavement itself.
8. These are marking placed on object on the road or beside the road like
hump, rocks or similar hazardous object on the beside of the road.
9. These are constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and the road
pavement pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and to prevent motor vehicles from using
the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes.
10. These are constructed to channelize or direct the flow of traffic.
Let’s Analyze
1. How pavement markings being important in the implementation of traffic control? Justify
the need of these markings as bases in enforcing raffic.
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__________________________________________________________________________
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In a Nutshell
Now, that you already know the essential roles of each pavement markings and traffic
islands in transportation, you are task to discuss each markings and islands one by one. This is
important for you to familiarize each pavement marking and traffic island for that knowledge could
be applied in controlling and enforcing traffic.
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
Keywords Index
Pavement Markings Pedestrian Lane Traffic Island

Object Markings Directoinal Arrow Barrel Lines
Reflectorized Markings Stop Lines Curb Markings
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Critically analyze the appropriate

signs, signals and markings used in traffic management and
integrating it into traffic accident investigation.
Metalanguage
basic concepts of R.A 9208.
▪ Traffic Law Enforcement- Is part of enforcement involving the areas, issuance of

Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any
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person who is believed to have violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the
use of traffic roads.
▪ Police Traffic Law Enforcement- This function includes the enforcement of traffic laws
deterrent to law violations, special assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental
service to highway users.
▪ Court Traffic Law Enforcement- One part of traffic law enforcement is performed by the
court through PROSECUTION, ADJUDICATION and PENALIZATION of cases. These
actions are usually undertaken by any of the regular courts where traffic cases fall under
their jurisdiction and the Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS) of the LTO.
▪ Traffic Arrest- It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody
for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a
court.
▪ Traffic Citation- are person having an uncontrollable impulse to start fires for gratificatThis
is a means of having violators appear in court without physical arrest.
▪ Traffic Warning- This is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court.
▪ Police Traffic Direction - It is defined as telling drivers and pedestrians when, how and
where they may or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially during
emergencies or period of congestion.
Essential Knowledge
In this unit, the concept of traffic supervision and its role in traffic safety education will be
dicussed. in-dept study regarding traffic enforcement will be dicussed in this portion.
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION
This module discusses Traffic Supervision which is t e keeping order on the streets
and highways within existing regulations to make their use safe and expeditious. Its objectives are:
• To prevent collisions and congestion through proper allotment of time and space
• To move traffic speedily and safely
• To use roads to the fullest
• To uphold that roads are primarily built to move traffic and not for carnivals
A. Traffic Law Enforcement Defined. Is part of enforcement involving the areas, issuance of
Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any person
who is believed to have violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic
roads.
A1. Scope of traffic law enforcement.

• The action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to traffic
laws and ordinances regulating the movement and use of motor vehicles
for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential
violators.
• Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed at controlling
road users.
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• It applies to all statues, ordinances and legally authorized regulations

relating to the use of street and highways and operation of motor vehicles.
A2. Two Major Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement.
1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement. This function includes the enforcement of
traffic laws deterrent to law violations, special assistance to prosecutors and
courts and incidental service to highway users. Usually these are the
responsibilities of traffic enforcers like members of the PNP-TMG and the LTO
Enforcement Service (LES).
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement. One part of traffic law enforcement is
performed by the court through PROSECUTION, ADJUDICATION and
PENALIZATION of cases. These actions are usually undertaken by any of the
regular courts where traffic cases fall under their jurisdiction and the Traffic
Adjudication Service (TAS) of the LTO.
A3. Tree Important Goals of Enforcement Activities.
1. To increase safety level- enforcement effort should be directed towards the
reduction of accidents or minimizing their effects.
2. To increase traffic efficiency – when traffic violators are reduced particularly
those related to traffic obstruction through an effective enforcement, there will be
free-flow of traffic.
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment – when there is an
increase safety level and increase traffic efficiency.
A4. Major Elements of traffic Enforcement System.

1. Enforcement System. This area consists of legislation, police and the courts.
Legislation defines and specifies correct or incorrect road user behavior.
2. Road Users System (Traffic Way User). This element includes pedestrians,
pedal cyclist, drivers, passengers and others.
3. Road System (Traffic System). This area is composed of the entire road and
vehicle complex, as well as all traffic rules and regulations.
A5. Five (5) Essential Steps in the Enforcement Process.
1. Detection (of violation”). A whole police responsibility that entails looking for
defects in the behavior of motorist.
2. Apprehension. It is also a whole police function which involves the actual
taking of enforcement actions.
3. Prosecution. This area is handled by the prosecution and partly the court
where the police also provide corresponding influences through preparation and
introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecuting officer.
4. Adjudication. While this is obviously a court and prosecutions’ function, the
police provide influence on this step by acting as witness to the prosecution or
supplying additional evidence.
5. Penalization. The court after due process imposes the penalty upon the
accused if found guilty. The penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of
conviction as provided by police.
A6. Reasons for Violation of Traffic Laws. Road users violate traffic laws ordinances
due to varying reasons.
1. physical disabilities or infirmities
2. ignorance of traffic
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3. lack of training and experience

4. wrong attitude towards driving
5. PUV drivers for increased compensation
6. driver’s apathy towards signs, signals and markings
7. influential person violate because they feel they are exempted from punishment.
A7. Considerations that act as deterrents to motorist and pedestrians. Some road
users re hesitant in violating any traffic law or ordinance because of varying reasons.
1. fear of fine or punishment
2. loss of driving privilege
3. possibility of being involved in accident
4. positive area of good citizenship doing what is right and setting an example
A8. Kinds of Enforcement action. When traffic enforcers detected violation of traffic
laws.
1. Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into
custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation
before a court.
a. When a traffic violator can be arrested ?
(1) offense committed is serious
(2) detention is necessary to avoid continued violation
(3) there is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court
b. How is arrest made?
(1) by an actual restraint of the person to be arrested, or
(2) by his submission to the custody of the person making the arrest.
c. Use of force in arresting. No violation or unnecessary force shall be used in
making an arrest and the person arrested shall not be subjected to any greater
restraint than is necessary for his detention.
d. Arrest in Traffic.
(1) An arrest can be effected even without warrant if the offense is
committed in the presence of an arresting officer.
(2) The officer making an arrest must intend to take the violator into custody
for the purpose of bringing him before a court.
(3) Detention of the arrested person may take place.
(4) Officer making an arrest must act under legal authority.
(5) the person being arrested must understand that he is being arrested.
e. Recording the Data of Arrest.
(1) Date/time of arrest.
(2) Place of Arrest.
(3) The common name of the offense for which the person is arrested.
(4) the full name of the arrested person, his home address, business
address and telephone number.
(5) Physical description of the arrestee, date of birth, nationality and marital
status.
(6) Name of witnesses to the arrest.
(7) Name and badge number of arresting officer.
f. When taking person into custody.
(1) the possibility that the person you are arresting may attempt to injure or
kill you or escape in your custody.
(2) inform him that you are placing him under arrest.
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(3) explain to him why you are placing him under arrest.
(4) reasonable search may be carried out in connection with the lawful
arrest.
g. When transporting arrested person.
(1) If your unit is equipped with radio, request for transportation unit and
maintain custody of your prisoner until it arrives.
(2) Give instruction to the transporting officer about the place where the
arrestee is to e delivered.
(3) Have the necessary information and instructions written out so that
transporting officer will not err in the delivery.
(4) In certain conditions, direct the arrested person to drive his own vehicle
to your headquarters and follow him with your police mobile.\
2. Traffic Citation. This is a means of having violators appear in court without

physical arrest.
a. Apprehension.
(1) You may confiscate the driver’s license or certificate of registration of

the vehicle for any violation of the RA 4136.
(2) Fill out the blank spaces of TOP/ or TCT forms in order to provide a
detailed report of apprehension for the information.
(3) Advice the violator to report within 72 hours, but not less that 24 hours
to give allowance for proper transmittal from receipt .
b. Where the violator should report?
(1) Traffic Court, if in Manila and for violation of the City’s Traffic Ordinance.
(2) City/Provincial Prosecutor, if in other chartered cities or provincial
capitals without traffic courts, for violations of local traffic ordinances.
(3)Municipal Court, in its Municipalities, for violation of local traffic
qordinances.
(4) LTO Central Office (TAS) of Metro Manila or its counterparts
[REGIONAL TRAFFIC ADJUDICATION SERVICE (RTAS)]
c. Uses the TOP, the TCT, and the TVR. These are official documents
designed for various purposes:
(1) It serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a vehicle or the driver’s

license.
(2) It serves as a temporary permit to operate motor vehicles for 72 hours
without extension from the time of confiscation or apprehension.
(3) It is an official form of judicial or administrative citation to facilitate action
on the case for which it is issued.
d. Preparation of the Information/Complaint. Within tour of duty, prepare

information or complaint by filling up the TOP for processing of all traffic
apprehensions at the appropriate office.
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e. Filing off Information/Complaint. Within 24 hours from the time of

apprehension, file the complaints, together with the confiscated items, with the
Clerk of Court or provincial Prosecutor or the court having appropriate jurisdiction.
f. Preliminary findings and disposition of license. Within 72 hours or three 3

days from the filing of the case with the respective traffic enforcement offices.
(1) Should there be no such necessity; he shall promptly order the return
of the confiscated license to the owner without prejudice to re-calling said
license.
(2) Where the violator fails to appear before the court or the investigating
official concerned, his license or permit shall be forwarded to the LTO for
its suspension.
3. Traffic Warning. This is an enforcement action which does not contemplate

possible assessment of penalty by the court.
a. Visual Warning. This is usually used when you have observed a minor violation
but are more importantly occupied at a moment.
b. Verbal Warning. This is a form of safety education. Tell the driver/violator that
he violated a law and explain the hazards of such violations.
c. Written Warning. This is a combination of verbal warning and citations. It gives
the spirit of verbal warning and the form of citation.
A9. Decision Enforcement. In determining what enforcement action to be taken, whether

you arrest, cite or warn the apprehended violator, consider the following:
1.Degree of violation;
2. Accuracy of observation;
3. Traffic and weather condition;
4. Evidence gathered;
5. Whether a new law or not; and
6. Continuous or momentary actions, a factor in some type of violations.
A10. Pursuit in Traffic Enforcement. Pursuit is a part of routine enforcement activity

performed by police and is used when a violating driver is detected.
1. When to pursue? When a violator fails to stop on signal, your normal reaction
is to pursue the violator until you apprehend him.
a. Pursuit must always be tampered with common sense and foresight of
like hazards.
b. Better judgment is used in deciding to lose a traffic violator who can be
apprehended at another time than giving great risk to yourself.
c. Pursuit requiring high speed operation of police vehicle may be justified
in certain circumstances such as in the motorists, pedestrians, and others
through operation.
d. Type of serious violation is an important factor in deciding to pursue:
(1) Non-hazardous violation. Pursuit to apprehend this violator
seldom warrants a prolonged chase or operation of your police
vehicle at high speed.
(2) Hazardous violations. These violations present continuing
danger to other road users.
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(a) driving while under the influence of liquor;

(b) Reckless driving; and
(c) Driving on excessive speed.
2. Pursuit Techniques.
a. His limitations and strength in driving a patrol vehicle under normal
conditions.
b. Good driving combined with effective techniques will help to minimize
the danger.
c. Normal driving skill is not automatically improved by wearing a police
uniform, or by having a police car to operate.
3. Identification of Pursued Vehicle.
a. When alone, use a clipboard with attached paper and pencil. Anchor the
clipboard by sitting on part of it so that notes can be written without looking
down.
b. Post a list of wanted persons or vehicles on a “hot sheet” within easy
viewing range while in driving position.
c. Identify the violator’s vehicle for later identification, particularly when
pursuit is lengthy.
d. Train yourself to observe complete license plate number at a lance.
e. Record the registration number as soon as possible, and check it against
your “hot sheet.”
4. Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicles.
a. COLOR – For example, red, black, etc. When the vehicle has more than
one color, first give the color of the body and then the top, black body, gray
top.
b. YEAR OF MANUFACTURE – learn the identify the year model f a vehicle
c. MAKE – Honda, Toyota, etc..
d. BODY TYPE – p-up wagon, 4dr sedan, truck, etc..
e. LICENSE PLATE NUMBER - city or province of issuance, letter and
number prefixes, i.e., AAA 456
f. OUTSTANDING FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES - “wide-bank racing
stripe,” vinyl top, particular damage which are noticeable as crumbled
fender, damage door, or cracked door.
g. UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE DRIVER OR PASSENGERS – clothing,
air, glasses, etc..
5. Keep Headquarters Advised
a. It is your duty to apprehend violators as soon as possible
b. While in pursuit, use your radio whenever necessary and advisable. If
forced to abandoned pursuit and there is no radio available, use any
nearest telephone.
A11. Road Check. This is another enforcement activity which involves the conducting of
actual inspection of vehicles.
1. Objectives of road check.
a. Faulty vehicle equipment
b. Registration and licensing violations
c. Load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for weight
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2. Considerations to be taken.
a. Minimum delay to motorist
b. Through checking procedure
c. Timing, location and frequency.
Note: In case thorough checking of vehicles will be conducted, take note of the legalities of
searches or the Instances that validates the search, i.e., search incidental to lawful arrest,
consented search, search of moving vessel, and search by “tips”
B. TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
▪ Police Traffic Direction. It is defined as telling drivers and pedestrians when, how
and where they may or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially during
▪ Police Traffic Direction. It is defined as telling drivers and pedestrians when, how
and where they may or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially during
1. Who are tasked to direct & guide traffic ?

• LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE who normally comes from the PNP-TMG
police auxiliaries, MMDA Traffic Management Section.
2. Directing & Guiding Traffic
• When you are assigned to direct traffic, you are expected to indicate or show
to the drivers & pedestrian how, when they move.
• In order to do this, use a type of sign language which shall be clearly
understandable to all persons you will be directing.
• However, if your signals are different from those used by other officers,
motorists would probably fall to understand the and ignore you altogether.
• Hence, it is important for the efficient direction of traffic that the officers use
uniform gestures & signals.
• Moreover, the signals should be able to seen over a fairly long distance. When
directing traffic, you first want drivers & pedestrians to recognize that you are
the officer who will tell them what to do.
• Normally, this is the center of the intersection. Stand as though you mean
business. Stand straight w/ your weigh equally distributed to each foot.
• When you are not signalling, let your hands fall at your sides. When you
authorize vehicles to move, do not face them. Stand so that your side is toward
the oncoming vehicle.
3. Suggested Methods of Directing & Guiding Traffic
a. Use hand signals to designate decisions to motorist and pedestrians.
b. Supplement arm/hand signals w/ a whistle.
• One blow to stop.
• Two short snappy blasts for GO.
• Three blasts to be used for assistance.
c. If two or more officers are assigned in one intersection, only one makes the
decision, while the other take theirs from him.
d. To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intend to stop and give the driver
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the opportunity to stop.

e. The hand signal should be made w/ the arm extended & the palm facing
the pension or vehicle to be stopped.
4. Night Control of Traffic
• METHODS:
1. When light is sufficient, work as in day time.
2. If light is not sufficient, use flashlight.
a) TO STOP, direct the flashlight in line of the vision move back & forth
b) TO START, use the same motion as in daylight expect w/ flashlight.
c) Supplement the actions w/ whistle.
5. Hand Signals
NOTE:
The signals may be modified also by the traffic direction officer as it deemed
necessary so that motorists may clearly understand the decision of the traffic officer
especially during night time. In addition to the hand signals & blowing of the whistles,
flags w/ varying colors.
https://www.google.com/search?q=traffic+direction&rlz=1C1GCEA_enPH834PH834&sxsrf=ALe
Kk02Mv3BNrjk_HJqa1Obm7OBlZlFdOA:1596594406775&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2
ahUKEwiv99zTgYPrAhVME6YKHdhnClUQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=iUx
YVBnUBE3NgM
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Delizo, D. (2014). Traffic management and accident investigation: An instructional handbook.

Quezon City, Philippines:
Let’s Check
1. Is part of enforcement involving the areas, issuance of Temporary

Operator’s Permit (TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any person who is believed
to have violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic roads.
2. This function includes the enforcement of traffic laws deterrent to law
violations, special assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental service to highway users.
3. One part of traffic law enforcement is performed by the court through
PROSECUTION, ADJUDICATION and PENALIZATION of cases.
4. This area consists of legislation, police and the courts. Legislation
defines and specifies correct or incorrect road user behavior.
5. This area is composed of the entire road and vehicle complex, as well
as all traffic rules and regulations.
6. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody
for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court.
7. This is a means of having violators appear in court without physical
arrest.
8. TOP serves as a temporary permit to operate motor vehicles for how
many hours without extension from the time of confiscation or apprehension?
9. This is a combination of verbal warning and citations. It gives the spirit
of verbal warning and the form of citation.
10. This is another enforcement activity which involves the conducting of
actual inspection of vehicles.
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Let’s Analyze
1. Explain the various kinds of Traffic Enforcement Actions.

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2. At what instance a traffic enforcement may resort to traffic arrest?

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In a Nutshell
One of the the imperative areas which a criminologist must learn is the Traffic Enforcement
Actions for this is indeed crucial in your chosen profession. In Enforcing traffic violation, as much
as possible a so called standard operating procedures in enforcing must be observed at all times.
In this part of the unit, you were given the basic concept of traffic enforcement action. Assuming
that you are a police traffic enforcer and you are placed in the following situation:
1. When a violator fails to stop on signal, your normal reaction is to pursue the violator until you
apprehend him. However, due to traffic congestion or other complications, such action is
sometimes neither practical nor safe. In pursuing, what must you observe?.
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2. A violator has committed a serious offense and normally, you shall effect a traffic arrest. How is
traffic arrest made?
Q&A List
1.
2.
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3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Intersection Traffic Arrest Traffic Law Enforcement

Police Traffic Direction Traffic Citation Police Traffic Law Enforcement
Hand Signal Traffic Warning Court Traffic Law Enforcement
Traffic Patrol Pursuit Enforcement System
Big Picture
a. Learn and understand the concept Traffic Accident Investigation

b. Demonstrate deep knowledge on the nature and principles of Hit-And-Run Investigation. Be able
to understand and appreciate the essential interest in Skidmarks as a tool in Traffic Accident
Investigation, the commandments regarding traffic and its liabilities arising from vehicular
accidents.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Learn and understand the concept

Traffic Accident Investigation
Metal anguage
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basic concepts of Traffic Accident Investigation.
▪ Accident- It is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces

unintended injury, death, or property damage.
▪ Traffic Accident– Shall any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power
using the public highways.
▪ Motor vehicle Accident- Events resulting in unintended injury or property damage
attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads.
▪ Key Event- An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a
motor vehicle traffic accident.
▪ Debris- The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left at
the scene of the accident caused by a collision.
▪ Skid Marks- These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate,
usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
▪ Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident- Refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way
involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not involving a
motor vehicle in motion. Example: pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way.
▪ Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident- Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely
in any place other than a traffic way. Example: accident on a private driveway.
▪ Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident- Any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.
▪ At-Scene Investigation- This level involves all action taken by the investigator at the
scene of the crime or accident.
Essential Knowledge
A. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Generally, to know what question to ask and what to look for, you must have some
fundamental bearing on accidents and their causes. When you speak of traffic accident,
everybody knows what you mean –SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the highway, either
a wrecked car, somebody is injured or possibly killed.
A1. What Traffic Accident Investigation Determines ? It aims to know the five
(5) “Ws” and one (1) H of the incident.
• What happened ?
• Who and what was involved ?
• Where did it happened ?
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• Why did it happened ?

• How did the accident occur ?
• When did the accident happened ?
A2. Purposes of traffic accident Investigation. There are four (4) main reasons,
depending on who does the investigation:
a. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstances of the accident.
b. For the police – to find out whether there is enough evidence of law violation in the
accident.
c. Claims attorneys and adjusters want ro determine negligence on the part of the
drivers involved in the accident so that the damages could be properly adjusted
d. Officials and others want specific information about accidents to know how to
prevent future accidents.
A3. Common words and phrases use in traffic accident. The following words and
phrases with their corresponding meaning are often used in the process:
1. Accident. It is that occurrence in a sequence of events which
usually produces unintended injury, death, or property damage.
2. Traffic Accident. An accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
3. Motor vehicle Accident. Events resulting in unintended injury or property
damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads.
included are:
a. Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas;
b. Fires;
c. Explosion;
d. Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion;
e. Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on
stationary rails or tracks; and
f. Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while the vehicle is in motion.
Excluded are:
a. Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or water-craft in motion;
b. Injury or damage due to cataclysms (flood or sudden physical change
of the earth surface); and
c. Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not under its power is being
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loaded on or unloaded from another conveyance.
4. Motor Vehicle. Every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is
propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated
upon rails.
5. Key Event. An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of
a motor vehicle traffic accident.
6. Debris. The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials
left at the scene of the accident caused by a collision.
7. Skid Marks. These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to
rotate, usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
8. Traffic Unit. Any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as
a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using. It applies not
only to motor vehicles but also to:
a. Pedestrians;
b. Cyclists;
c. Street cars;
d. Horse-drawn (animal-drawn) vehicles;
e. Farm tractors; and
f. Other road users in almost any combination – Example: A traffic accident could
involve a cyclist and a pedestrian.
9. Hazards. A hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between
a traffic unit and another object develops due to the movement of either or both.
Example: A curve in the path is a hazard. Another traffic unit in the path is also a
hazard.
10.Safe Speed. The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road
and traffic situation ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined by the road rather
than the particular driver of a vehicle.
Example: A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for it is a speed at which it
can be taken comfortably.
11.Strategy. It is the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion,
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giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving
potential hazards.
12.Tactic. Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like
steering, braking, or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
13.Impact. The striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle
with another motor vehicle.
14.Contact Damage. Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some
foreign object in a collision or roll over. It is usually indicated by striations, rub-off of
material or puncture.
15.Factor. Any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not
have occurred or it is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by itself
sufficient.
16.Primary Cause. A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily
explained factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition
factor.
17.Cause. The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one
of which result could not have occurred.
18.Attribute. Any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects
the probability of a traffic accident.
19.Modifier. A circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.
A4. Kinds of Traffic Accidents

In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is imperative for the traffic investigator to know
the kinds on accident occurred in order to map out the necessary activities to be done when
responding and investigating.
1.Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. Refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way
involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not involving a motor
vehicle in motion. Example: pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way.
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident. Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely
in any place other than a traffic way. Example: accident on a private driveway.
3. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. Any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.
Example: collision between automobiles on a highway.
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A5. Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident According to Key Event.

1.Running off road. This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on the
roadside or on a cliff along mountainous roads.
2. Non-collision on road. This does not involve any collision, an example of which is
overturning.
3. Collision on road. On the other hand, this type of accident includes all forms of
accident as long as there is a collision. Examples of this are motor vehicle colliding with:
a. Pedestrian – may be walking, running or standing on a roadway.
b. Other motor vehicle on traffic – may be head on, head and rear, sides
opposite direction, sides the same direction, head and side collision, etc.
c. Parked motor vehicle – the form of collision may be similar to a moving vehicle
like head on collision, however, one is parked anywhere on a roadway.
d. Railroad train – this type of collision usually occurs along railroad crossings.
e. Bicycle – in this form of collision, it is either the motor vehicle or the bicyclists
who initiated the collision.
f. Fixed object – traffic islands, pedestrian barriers, electric post.
g. Other objects – street cars, ice cream vendor, etc.
A6. Classification of Accidents According to Severity.

1. Property Damage Accident. There is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage
to the motor vehicle or to other property including injury to animals.
2. Slight. Only slight damages to properties.
3. Non-Fatal Injury Accident. This results in injuries other than fatal to one or more
persons.
4. Less Serious. Only less serious injuries to persons.
5. Serious. This causes serious injuries to persons.
6. Fatal. This results in death to one or more persons.
A7. Causes of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents.

Traffic accidents occur due to varying circumstances and only after thorough
investigation, when liability and responsibility can be ascertained. Notwithstanding that no driver
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will readily accept that he initiated the accident. With these, the traffic investigator is faced with a
gargantuan task of bringing out the truth on who should be held responsible for the unusual
incident. His primary concern will be to determine how and why the accident happened.
1. Simultaneous Factors
a. Road conditions.
b. Driver’s attitude or behavior.
c. Weather condition.
2. Sequential Factors
a. Speed is greater or less than safe.
b. Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction).
3. Operational Factors
a. Road hazards.
b. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations.
4. Perception Factors
a. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.
b. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
When all possible causes of an accident have been grouped together by an investigating
officer and he believes the accident would not have occurred if any one of these causes did not
exist, then the investigator may have identified the combination of factors causing the accident.
On-the-scene reconstruction of a traffic accident relates accident causation to direct causes
for summary police action and to direct, mediate and early causes for ongoing studies of high-
frequency accident locations and future research and analysis.
A8. Chain of Events in a Vehicular Accident.

For the purpose of reporting, traffic accident may usually be described well enough as a
single occurrence but when accident is investigated, attention is directed to particular stages of
the occurrence. In fact, an accident may be usually defined as a series of an expected events
leading to damage or injury. One event usually leads to another so that the series can be spoken
of as a “chain of events.” These events are described and illustrated below:
1. Perception of Hazard. It is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or
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unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident about
to happen.
2. Start of evasive action. It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a
collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
3. Initial Contact. The first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise
avoids a hazard.
4. Maximum Engagement. It is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision. The force
between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum
engagement.
5. Disengagement. It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which
it has collided. The force between the object ceases at this time.
6. Stopping. This is when the traffic unit/s involved come to rest. It usually stabilizes the
accident situation.
7. Injury. It is receiving bodily harm. This event does not necessary occur after the
accident but within any of the chain of events. It may also happen right after the evasive
action taken by the drivers involved or during the initial contact.
8. Other events that may occur during an accident.
a. Point of Possible Perception. The place and time of which the hazard could
have been perceived by a normal person. It precedes actual perception and is the
beginning of perception delay
b. Point of no Escape. It is that place and time after or beyond which the accident
cannot be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
c. Perception Delay. The time from the point of possible perception to actual
perception.
d. Final Position. It is the place and time when objects involved in an accident
finally come to rest without application of power.
A9. Who Conducts the Traffic Accident Investigation?

In some instances, the police traffic officers assigned in the field or highways upon
learning of an accident usually responds and conduct initial inquiries. However, police
stations normally have designated traffic accident investigators.
In cases of Major Traffic Accidents such as those that attract national media
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attention or those that involve numerous victims, the local traffic investigator shall
immediately inform the nearest PNP Highway Patrol Group Office which shall then take
the lead in the investigation under the Special Investigation Task Group (SITG) which shall
be activated to manage the case. (PNP Field Manual on Investigation of Crimes of
Violence and Other Crimes, (2011).
When the proper crime scene processing is necessary, the traffic investigators may
also ask the assistance of the Scene of the Crime Operation Team (SOCO Team).
A10. Five (5) Levels of Activity in Accident Investigation. In the investigation of traffic
accidents, the police are guided by the following stages or levels of investigation:
1. Reporting. This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a motor
vehicle, traffic and persons, property and planned movements involved.
2. At-Scene Investigation. This level involves all action taken by the investigator at the
scene of the crime or accident.
3. Technical Preparation. This involves delayed traffic accident data collection and
organization for study and interpretation.
4. Professional Reconstruction. This involves efforts to determine from whatever
information is available, how the accident happened.
5. Cause Analysis. This last level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident
which are bases for the prevention of similar accident.
A11. Steps Taken by the Police during Traffic Accident Investigation.

Like in any other forms of police investigations, the traffic investigators follow
chronological steps in responding and investigating traffic-related accidents to ensure gathering
if thorough information.
1. Step One Upon Learning of the Accident.
a. Ask first: When did the accident happen?; Exactly where was it?; How bad was it?; Did
you see the accident happened?; and Where can you be reached?
b. Decide whether to go to the scene: Will scene have been cleared by the time of arrival?;
Is it in the investigator’s area?; and Should headquarters be informed or consulted?
c. Then find out, if necessary: Is traffic blocked?; Has ambulance been called?; Has
wrencher been called?; and Was fire apparatus called?
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2. Step Two. Start for the Scene. With two-way radio, you can do to thing while on the
way.
a. Choose Best Approach. Consider: Time; possible traffic jams; possible route of driver
involved; and probable situation at scene.
b. Drive Safely. Get there safely; if you get involved in accident yourself, then other units
must be used.
c. Be Alert for Cars Leaving the Scene: As possible witnesses or hit and run drivers; and
record registration numbers of any likely looking vehicles.
d. Get Equipment Ready for Use. So far as practical on the way.
e. Look for Conditions confronting a driver approaching Scene: Low visibility view
obstructions; and traffic control devices.
f. Note Hazards to approaching Traffic: Drop helper to direct traffic if necessary; and look
for physical evidence. Have it guarded until it can be examined, collected or located.
3. Step Three. Upon Arrival at the Scene.

a. Select parking place carefully: Is it safe?; Will it block traffic?; and Can headlight
illuminate scene? B
b. Care for injured: Stop arterial bleeding; call for help if necessary; help injured from cars
safely; protect injured from exposure; and ask for emergency assistance from bystanders
from anywhere.
c. Look over bystanders and others: Look for drivers; look for possible witnesses; look for
volunteers who will help you; and get them under control.
d. Have Emergencies Under Control: Have spilled gasoline guarded; look for fire and
electrical hazards; look for traffic hazards; put out flares; ask helper to direct traffic; keep
bystanders off roadway; and request help from headquarters if needed.
e. Locate drivers: Consider possibility of hit and run accident; and need to alert
headquarters.
f. Measure location of short lived evidences.
g. Arrange for clearing roadway.
h. Delay removal of vehicles except to aid injured.
4. Step Four. When Emergency is Under Control.
a. Preliminary questioning of drivers: Who was driving each vehicle?; Note
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unpremeditated statement; and look for signs of nervousness, confusion and intoxication.
b. Gather clues for identifying hit and run cars: Question other witnesses especially
bystanders in hurry to go; and if needed, get signed statement at once from why who may
be hard to find later.
c. Examine drivers’ conditions: Get specimen for chemical test; and question about trip
plan for possible fatigue.
d. Question drivers carefully: Check license and record data from it; verify and identify
address; check registration and record data; verify ownership[ and correct address; and
Get step by step account of what driver saw and did.
e. Position and condition of Vehicles: Note lights and light switches; note gear position
and tires; mark position of vehicles if it must be removed; and look for unusual thing inside
the vehicles.
f. Form preliminary opinion as to how accident occurs.
g. Photography: Photograph skid mark and location of vehicles; and mark skid mark
location for later measurement.
h. Record place to which injured persons or damage vehicles were or will be taken.
5. Step Five. After Getting Short-live Evidence.
a. Get additional evidence: Make test skids; decide whether proof of violation is sufficient
for arrest; if so, make arrest or issue citation; get additional formal statements, from
witnesses remaining at the scene; and have road clear if traffic is obstructed.
b. Suggestion to drivers, if necessary: How much accidents can be avoided in the future;
and tell drivers what reports they must make and dismiss them.
c. Approach the scene by path of each traffic unit involved. Look for: View obstructions;
traffic control devices, etc.; probable points of perception; and road surface conditions.
d. Complete examinations of vehicles.
e. Locate key event of accident.
f. Make additional photographs of: Vehicle damage view obstruction; pavement’s
conditions; and control devices, and general view, etc.
g. Establish exact location of accident and record it.
h. Measure for scale diagram if location is hard to reach.
i. Review notes of evidence or testimony: Get additional facts at scene; and identify all
notes with places and time.
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j. Clean up location or arrange to have it done.

k. Report to headquarters by radio or telephone. Nowadays, the cellular phone is a ready
alternative in reporting to police headquarter.
6. Step Six. After Leaving the Scene:
a. Get medical report on injured persons from doctor or hospital.

b. Question drivers or witnesses: At hospital or home if not adequately questioned; and
take needed additional statements.
c. Notify: Relatives of dead or injured; and/or Owner of vehicles.

d. Have specimens analyzed if were taken for chemical or laboratory test.
e. Have photograph developed; get prints if needed for report.
f. Complete the report of the accident: Have copies made if necessary; file report and
copies; and complete factual data on investigation report if not completed at scene.
g. Decide whether analysis of accident is warranted by the time available for making it.
h. Reconstruction of the accident: Estimate speeds of vehicles involved; draw scale
diagram; analyze angle of collision; get technical help if necessary; and summarize
opinions.
i. Present case summary to a lawyer.
j. Complete report or investigation.
k. Submit to superior for approval.
I. Inform other Agencies or departments of any condition at the scene which needs
attention for safety.
7. Step Seven. If Case Goes to Court:
a. Find out what the prosecutor wants further to develop evidence.
b. Return to the scene if necessary for the following: Additional photographs of general
scene and long-lived evidence; measure for scale diagram for use in court; and Locate
additional witnesses and review their testimony.
c. Locate also, if necessary: Relatives and friends who confirm activities before the
accident; technicians who developed pictures, made chemical tests, etc.; and expert who
can help.
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d. Have enlargement made of any photo needed in court.

e. Enlarge scale diagram made for court use.
f. Pre-trial conference with prosecution witnesses to review testimony.
g. Ensure that subpoenas are issued.
h. Testify in court.
i. Organize papers and file permanently, if necessary, for future reference.
j. Ensure that the disposition of case is recorded in driver’s record and other reports.
A12. The Traffic Accident Report.

In the preparation of the traffic accident investigation report, the officer of the case must
consider the following:
1. Uniform traffic Accident Reporting System.
2. Preparation of Traffic Accident Report:
a. By a competent, bonafide traffic accident investigator.
b. Requirements for an investigator in the submission of report such as evidence gathered,
diagrams, sketches as well as sworn statements of witnesses.
c. Traffic Accident Investigation Report will be accomplished in five (5) copies for: the
Court or Prosecutor’s Office; TRAFCOM (TMG) or Traffic Division; the Investigator; the
Insurance company of Party-involved #1 and the Insurance Co. of Party-involved #2.
A13. Sample of Traffic Accident Investigation Report Form.
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A14. Sample of Accident Sketch
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City, Philippines:

Let’s Check
1. It is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or

unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident about to happen.
2. Events resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributable
directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads.
3. It is that occurrence in a sequence of events which
usually produces unintended injury, death, or property damage.
4. Every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled
by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails.
5. These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate,
usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
6. Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like
steering, braking, or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
7. A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained
factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor.
8. Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than
a traffic way.
9. There is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the motor
vehicle or to other property including injury to animals.
10. It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision
course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
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Let’s Analyze
1. In investigating traffic accident, why is it important for the traffic investigator to determine first
the causes of an accident?.
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2. Elaborate the four kinds of traffic accidents.
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3. Discuss the five levels of traffic accident investigation.

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In a Nutshell
In investigating traffic accidents, the one who conducted such investigation must have a
good judgement and skill. Everything he has gathered allthrougout his investigation will be put into
report and that serves as bases in filing charges against the responsible offender. Based on what
you have learned from the topic discussed, as vital oyou are task to create a scenario of a motor
vehicle traffic accident and make your own report based on the scenario you have made. Please
abide to the sample format for it is vital on your chosen profession.
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Accident Motor Vehicle Accident Traffic Accident Investigation

Traffic Accident Traffic Unit At-Scene Investigation
Debris Impact Traffic Accident Report
Key Event Chain of Events Contact Damage
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Big Picture
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Demonstrate deep knowledge on the

nature and principles of Hit-And-Run Investigation. Be able to
understand and appreciate the essential interest in Skidmarks as a
tool in Traffic Accident Investigation, the commandments regarding
traffic and its liabilities arising from vehicular accidents.
Metalanguage
basic concepts of Hit-and-Run investigation and Skidmarks as a tool in Traffic Accident
Investigation, the commandments regarding traffic and its liabilities arising from vehicular
accidents..
▪ Skid marks- The sudden application of brakes which result in the locked wheel condition
places great pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that the frictional force
at this point becomes greater than the frictional force between the tire and the road surface.
▪ Ruts - A sunken track worn by a wheel, as in road; hence, a groove forming a path for
anything.
▪ Gouge- A groove made by a hard part of a motor vehicle to another car after side
sweeping each other or it may be left on a road surface by a motor vehicle which
overturned then slid on the road surface.
▪ Paint Strips- When a vehicle collided with other object, it sometimes transfer its paint to
the other object.
▪ Brake Pedal Pressure- When wheels are actually sliding additional brake pedal pressure
will not make the stop any quicker. Once the wheels have been locked and the car is sliding,
the brakes have done all day can in slowing the car and the grab of the pavement on the
tires is what determines how fast the car will slow down.
▪ Culpa Contractual- liability arising from contractual negligence or that which results in a
brach of contract.
▪ Culpa Aquiliana- liability as a result of civil negligence or tort or quasi delict.
▪ Culpa Criminal- Liability caused by criminal negligence or that which results in the
commission of a crime or delict.
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Essential Knowledge
A. HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION

RATIONALE: The Objective of the investigation of a motor vehicle accident involving the flight of
one of the participants is two fold; First, responsibility for the collision must be determined; and
Second, the identity of the driver of the vehicle who fled the scene must be established.
This lesson covers the latter of these objectives, the identification of the driver who left the
scene without complying with the legal requirement of stopping, giving aid and identifying himself
to the other participants.
1. HIT-AND-RUN CASES Defined. Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic
accident in which a driver fails to comply with any of the duties required by sec.55 of RA
4136.further, it states that no driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall
leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under any of the following
circumstances, as discussed earlier in this book: if the driver is in imminent danger of being
seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of the accident; if the driver reports the
accident to the nearest officers of the law; or if the driver has to summon a physician or nurse
to aid the victim.
2. REASONS OF APPREHENDING AND PROSECUTING HIT-AND-RUN DRIVERS. Hit-and-
run drivers must be apprehend and the proper charges must be filed against them because
of the following reasons:
• Injury might have been lessened or death prevented if the driver had promptly sought
help instead of leaving the accident scene;
• Streets would not be safe if motorist could flee accident scenes without accepting
responsibility. Unless the negligent driver is found, accident victims cannot get
compensation for injuries and property damage;
• Public knowledge that the police usually apprehend and convict hit-and-run drivers
deters other drivers who might otherwise be inclined to evade responsibility by
committing this serious offense; and
• Since leaving the scene of an accident is not socially acceptable, the police secure
increased public support for the entire traffic control program by prompt apprehension
and successful prosecution of these offenders.
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3. TWO IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION.

In any investigation of this kind of accident, two basic considerations must be kept in mind.
These are:
a. the driver who flees the scene of an accident is not necessarily the driver
responsible for the accident. His reasons for flight are often more important than
the simple evasion of responsibility. He may be wanted for another crime, or
intoxicated, or without a valid license, etc.
b. The hit-and-run driver often will report the damage to his own vehicle as having
been the result of another hit-and-run accident in which some “ other mysterious
driver “ fled without identifying himself. Similarly, it is not unusual for the hit-and-
run driver to abandon his vehicle and then report it stolen as a means of covering
up his involvement in the accident.
As stated earlier, the basic objective of these investigation is the
identification of the driver who fled the scene. The discovery and arrest of the
driver, once identified generally comes after the location and recovery of the
vehicle.
However, the mere recovery of the vehicle does not always immediately
establish the identity of the driver.
4. ELEMENTS OF HIT-AND-RUN
To attain the objective of identifying and apprehending the hit-and-run driver, as the
investigator:
a. you must prove suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Even if you
have witnesses to prove this, get evidence to disprove his alibi.
b. suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, personal injury or damage to
property.
c. suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identity to other person(s)
involved, to police or to anyone at the accident scene; or failed to take reasonable steps to
notify the owner of damaged property other than a vehicle. Do not overlook the possibility of
a simulated second accident to explain damaged caused by the first accident.
d. Suspect had knowledge of the accident.
• physical evidence may prove the vehicle figured in the accident.
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• extent of damage to vehicle. Extensive damage to vehicle would preclude allegation

of lack of knowledge. If suspect refrained from using his vehicle for several days since
the accident, this would also indicate the guilt.
• guard against claims that the vehicle was stolen to evade responsibility.
5. THE HIT-AND-RUN OPERATOR.

The personality of the hit-and-run driver may be one of the following:
a. Three categories based upon possible psychological explanations for their motivation
of flight:
• Apprehensive-panic-drive, fearful driver: intoxicated drivers; without license; no
insurance; his companion in the car is not his/her mate; stolen car; stolen goods in car;
leaving scene of another crime; and fleeing crime scene or wanted for crime.
• Projectionist-project-guilt. This type of drivers sits as judge and jury, tries the case
himself, finds the other driver at fault refuses to be a party to the accident and drives off
as the offended person.
• The sneak operator. This type involves minor property-damaged-only accidents like one
that smashes a fender and smashes grillwork in his daily occupational activities and
chalks up his action as the calculated risk shared by all vehicle owners who place their
vehicles on the roadway.
b. classes of hit-and-run drivers. They could be: drunk drivers; criminals fleeing from the scene
of the crime; improperly licensed drivers or drivers with no license or with revoked or expired
license; drivers who fear publicity and prosecution; ignorance of the accident; driver who flees in
panic; drug addicts; insurance or financial reasons; and or juveniles.
6. PRELIMINARY STEPS IN HIT-AND-RUN INVESTIGATION.

The following usually serve as the guideline for hit-and-run cases investigators.
a. efer to checklist on accident investigation.
b. obtain the best possible description of the car and driver.
• A good description may be obtained from partial descriptions given by witnesses
• Get the licensed plate and any unusual features of the vehicle
• Concentrate on the car’s description first.
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• Dispatch initial description and all subsequent information to the headquarters and to
police agencies that may assist in spotting and stopping the suspect vehicle.
• Broadcast description of the suspected car and driver to all police units and offices.
• Try to determine the damage to the fleeing car.
c. appeal for information through local newspapers, radio, T.V., etc.
d. carefully search the hit-and-run scene for physical evidence.
• These may include broken glasses and fragments, hubcaps, paint scrapping from hit-and-
run car, other evidence such as dirt from subject car, radiator, ornament, etc…
• Carefully preserve and label all evidence found at the scene.
• Request laboratory study of evidence.
• Watch out for the possible return of the hit-and-run driver to the scene of the accident.
This has been known to happen.
c. The victim
• Check his clothing; other parts of his body, tire marks, grease, paint chips, fragments, and
such things that might have been left on him by the suspect car.
• If the victim is killed, get samples of uncontaminated blood from him at the morgue and
samples of hair, skin, etc….
• Collect and preserve for laboratory examination, the clothes, shoes, and other items he
was wearing at the time of the accident.
7. FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION. During follow-up investigation, the investigator should:

a. Interview persons living along the route taken by the hit-and-run driver; also operators of
filling stations and garages.
b. Canvass parking lots and other filling stations and garages.
c. Return to the accident scene at the same time on subsequent days and on the same day
of the following weeks to obtain additional witnesses such as delivery men operating on
scheduled routes.
d. Follow-up phone calls to garages and dealers of auto parts.
e. Continue appealing for information through the press, radio and TV.
8. SEARCH FOR SUSPECT CAR. If it is located and recovered:
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a. Look for physical evidence, such as latent fingerprints, pieces of clothing, marks, damaged
parts, hair, blood, etc. which will identify the car as that involved in the hit-and-run
accident.
b. Search the undercarriage of the suspect car. Determine also if there is indication of
disturbance in the grease or dirt adhering to it.
c. Make a careful investigation for replaced parts.
9. INTERVIEW OF SUSPECT. When the suspect is apprehend:

a. Obtain a signed statement if you can.
b. Get a full account of suspect’s whereabouts and write it down just in case he refutes in
later.
c. Approach and apprehend the driver of the suspect car as soon as his identity and
whereabouts are ascertained.
d. Place the driver in a defensive position by properly directed questions upon approach.
B. Skid marks as a Tool in Traffic Accident Investigation

Skid marks. The sudden application of brakes which result in the locked wheel condition
places great pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that the frictional force
at this point becomes greater than the frictional force between the tire and the road
surface.
1. Skid marks as a Tool in Traffic Accident Investigation
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The following are the principles underlying on skid marks; as tool in investigation:
a. Measurement of skid marks gives idea on how fast the car which left these mark was
going to the accident
b. Estimates of speed based on skid marks may lead to convictions.
2. Other Tire Marks
The investigator’s first job is to find out if the mark on the pavement is a kind of a skid mark or
another type of tire mark.
a. Centrifugal skid mark - a marking on a roadway left by a rotating tire and wheel of a
speeding vehicle on a curve when the speed of the vehicle is above the critical speed of
the curve and the centrifugal force entirely or partially overcomes the friction between the
mass of the vehicle and its tires and the surface of the roadway.
b. Impending skid marks - marks caused be the forward rotation of the wheel being slower
than the forward movement of the vehicle.
c. Yawn mark - a scuffmark made while a vehicle is yawning the road made on the road by
a rotating tire which is slipping in a direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.
d. Skip mark - the skid mark made by a bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the wheel
from turning.
e. Side skid mark(scuff mark) - it is a mark left by the tire and wheel of a vehicle sliding
sideways as a result of force other than centrifugal force.
f. Gap skid - a braking skid mark which is interrupted by release and reapplication of brakes
or which terminates by release of brakes before collision.
3. Other Marks and Impression Left by a Motor Vehicle either on the Road Surface or on
the Motor Vehicle
When a motor vehicle overturned or collided with another object like another motor
vehicle, it sometimes impresses or leaves marks that may be used to identify the motor
vehicle, if it fled the accident scene.
a. Ruts - A sunken track worn by a wheel, as in road; hence, a groove forming a path for
anything
b. Gouge – A groove made by a hard part of a motor vehicle to another car after side
sweeping each other or it may be left on a road surface by a motor vehicle which
overturned then slid on the road surface.
c. Paint Strips – when a vehicle collided with other object, it sometimes transfer its paint to
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the other object.

4. Skid marks as Evidence in Accident Cases
Determining the speed prior to the accident or collision; show if the vehicle was traveling
in the wrong side of the road; indicate if the driver failed to observe the right of way; also show
if the driver did not obey a traffic signal.
5. Skid marks Do not Show All of the Speed
Skid marks never show all of the speed of a car before the accident happened. They
show only how far the car would have had to slide to stop in the distance shown by skidmarks.
➢ Evidence of Additional Speed
A car is somewhere going faster and often faster is calculated from skid marks.
In addition to losing speed is sliding the distance shown by the skidmarks. The car losses some
of its speed.
1. Sliding with one or more wheels before any skid marks begin to appear. Dark clear
skid marks do not appear until the tires have slid far enough to get hot enough to
smear rubber or scar on the pavement.
2. Braking without skidding. Cases that the motor vehicle does not skid particularly.
3. Dragging the car as it hits some object.
4. Damaging other cars or objects.
5. Sliding other carts or objects along the way.
6. Vaulting or bouncing up into the air.
6. How to Estimate the Approximate Speed of Motor Vehicle in Case Skid Mark is not
present?
Evidence of terrific speed is the WRECKAGE (EXTENT OF DAMAGE)
a. When brakes are put on just before contact of vehicle, the skidmarks maybe only two or
three feet long and therefore show a speed of only five or six miles per hour. While the
wreckage tells that total speed may have been ten times as great.
b. In accident in which most of the speed is lost in skidding, the speed calculated from
skidmarks may come close to showing how fast the car was actually going.
c. In any accident in which great damage was done will skidmarks show more than small part
of the speed.
7. Things that Determine Skidding Distance
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How far a car will take to skid or slide to stop when all four wheels are locked
depends on many things.
8. Other Factors that Affect the skidding
Every drivers knows that it takes much longer to stop on pavements that are slippery,
and that he can stop more quickly on an upgrade than downgrade road.
a. Brake Pedal Pressure – when wheels are actually sliding additional brake pedal pressure
will not make the stop any quicker. Once the wheels have been locked and the car is sliding, the
brakes have done all day can in slowing the car and the grab of the pavement on the tires is
what determines how fast the car will slow down.
b. Weight of the car – makes a great difference in stopping distance before the wheels lock,
but once they have locked, it makes a very little difference. It takes much greater pressure to
lock the wheels on a vehicle when it is heavily loaded that it is empty.
c. Tire Thread – on the most ordinary surfaces, a smooth tire and one with a deep tread pattern
will stop the car in about the same distance.
d. Air Pressure – makes a very slight difference in stopping distance.
e. Tire Material – there is a slight difference between tires made of synthetic and those made of
natural rubber.
f. Road Surface – of surfaces such as mud, snow, , and on ice, tires equipped with chains have
a better road-gripping capacity.
g. Direction of Slides – makes a slight but unimportant difference. A tire will lengthwise except
in materials so soft that it plows or sink.
h. Temperature of the Air and the Road Surface – make some difference. In general, on
ordinary pavements, hot weather produces longer stopping distance.
i. Against Head Wind – A car will slide a little farther from given speed with a tall wind than
against a head wind, but this is not a matter of great importance.
C. Ten (10) commandments of traffic

1. Keep right
2. Observe road courtesy
3. Vehicles should not be parked near intersection. Crosswalk, pedestrian lanes, fire
stations, fire hydrant, and private driveways
4. If in doubt, do not overtake
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5. The bus stop rule

6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic congestion or traffic jam
7. Observe the traffic management measure
8. The philosophy of pinoy driver
9. On pedestrians
10. Remember the international driving safety reminder - safety first
D. LIABILITIES ARISING FROM VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS (Kinds of Culpa According to the

Source of the Obligation) Art. 1172, Philippine Civil Code.
Distinction of the three kinds of culpa:
1. Culpa Contractual- liability arising from contractual negligence or that which results in a
brach of contract.
a. Negligence is merely imcidental, incident to the performance of an obligation already
existing beacause by a contract.
b. There is pre-existing obligation- a contract, either express or implied.
c. Proff needed-preponderance of evidence.
d. Defense of “good father of a family” in the selection and the supervision of the employees
is not a proper complete defense though this may mitigate damages.here, we follow the
rule of “ respondeat superior or command responsibility” or the master and servant rule.
e. As long as it is proved that there was a contract, and that it was not carried out, it is
presumed that there was no negligence in carrying out the terms of the contract.
2. Culpa Aquiliana- liability as a result of civil negligence or tort or quasi delict.
a. Negligence here is direct, substantive and independent
b. No pre-existing obligation (except of the course the duty to be careful in all human
actuations)
c. Proof needed-preponderance of evidence
d. Defense of “good father” etc. is proper and complete defense ansofar as employers or
guardians are concerned.
e. Originally, the victim has to prove the negligence of the defendant. This is because his
action is based on alleged negligence on the part of the defendant.
3. Culpa Criminal- Liability caused by criminal negligence or that which results in the
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a. Negligence here is direct, substantive, and independent of a contract.

b. No pre-existing obligation (except the duty- never to harm others)
c. Proof neededin a crime-proof beyond reasonable doubt
d. “ defense of good father, etc” is not a proper defense. Here, the employee’s guilt is
automatically the employer’s civil guilt if the (former) employee is insolvent (not capable
of paying).
e. Accused is presumed innocent until te contrary is proved. Hence, prosecution has the
burden of proving the negligence of the accused.
City, Philippines:

Let’s Check
1. The sudden application of brakes which result in the locked wheel

condition places great pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that the frictional
force at this point becomes greater than the frictional force between the tire and the road surface.
2. A marking on a roadway left by a rotating tire and wheel of a speeding
vehicle on a curve when the speed of the vehicle is above the critical speed of the curve and the
centrifugal force entirely or partially overcomes the friction between the mass of the vehicle and
its tires and the surface of the roadway.
3. Marks caused be the forward rotatin of the wheel being slower than the
forward movement of the vehicle.
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4. A sunken track worn by a wheel, as in road; hence, a groove forming a

path for anything.
5. Liability arising from contractual negligence or that which results in a
brach of contract.
6. Liability as a result of civil negligence or tort or quasi delict.
7. When a vehicle collided with other object, it sometimes transfer its paint
to the other object.
8. Liability caused by criminal negligence or that which results in the
9. Is a term commonly applied to a traffic accident in which a driver fails to
comply with any of the duties required by sec.55 of RA 4136.
10. The tire marks left on the on the side by tires when the wheels are still
in motion..
Let’s Analyze
1. What is the importance of debris during collision in the investigation of hit and run cases?
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2. How do Skidmarks being essential in traffic accident investigation?
In a Nutshell
In traffic accident investigation specifically in hit and run investigation, liablities must be
determined. Now in this unit, you are required to give an illustrative examples of each liabilities
arising from vehicular accidents.
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
Keywords Index
Culpa Contractual Skid Marks Impending Skid Marks

Culpa Criminal Brake Pedal Pressure Centifugal Skid Marks
Culpa Aquiliana Scuff Marks Hit and Run Investigation
Yawn Marks Tire Thread
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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

Department of Criminal Justice Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CRI 224 –Traffic Management and Accident

Name of Teacher: Vicente L. Gumapc, RCRIM

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

Part 1. Course Outline and Policies ...................................................... 1

Big Picture C: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 73

Big Picture D: Unit Learning Outcomes ......................................... 105

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

Grading System All culled from Quipper sessions and traditional

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,

Student Communication You are required to create an email account which is a

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

For students who have not created their student email,

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the QUIPPER LMS

a. Learn and understand the historical background of transportation, wheeled vehicles

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Learn and understand the historical

2. Roads and Vehicles History

EARLIEST TYPES OF WHEELED CARTS

Solid wheels built up of 3 pieces.

Hole, G. (2014). Psychology of driving. Psychology press. Retrieved from

1. A travelling wagon which the passengers were protected by a

4. Who introduced the mass production of motor vehicles?

9. They introduced the feeder road.

Now it’s your turn!

Transportation Wind Power Wheel

Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Demonstrate deep knowledge on the

▪ Traffic management is an act of systematic examination of facts and or circumstances

sitios or places within a barangay.

2. Classifications of Intersections According to Traffic Control:

a. Controlled Intersection. It is controlled by any traffic control devices.

A1. Yield-Control Intersection. It is usually controlled by a yield sign or give way

A2. Stop-controlled Intersection. A stop sign is usually installed. Most common

stop first-to-go rule.

b. Uncontrolled Intersection. This intersection has no traffic signals or traffic signs.

Crossing is by observing the right-of-way rule.

d. Cloverleaf. A highway interchange at which two highways, one crossing over

What is Traffic Management?

A. Major Causes to Traffic Congestion

1. Physical Inadequacy- characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

b. Agencies and/or offices under traffic engineering:

e2. Factors influencing design

4. Dirt 10. Distraction during planning

TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

A. Factors Contributing to Accidents

▪ Road factors to about one quarter of a percent