MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(MUST), MIRPUR

MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Communications Technolovgy 1
Communications Technology
ET-353

Lecture No.21: Digital Modulation

Engr. Faisal Iqbal

Lecturer
Date: March 17, 2022

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Lecture Outline
Modulation of digital data
What is modulation
Modulation systems
Types of modulation
Why digital modulation?
Information capacity, bits, bit rate, baud, M-ary
encoding

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Why Do We Need Digital-to-Analog Conversion?

1) The medium/channel is band pass, and/or

2) Multiple users need to share the medium.

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 Modulation of Digital Data
Modulation –process of converting digital data or a low-pass analog to band-
pass (higher-frequency) analog signal

Digital-to-analog modulation.
Analog-to-analog modulation.

Carrier Signal – aka carrier freq. or modulated signal - high freq.

signal that acts as a basis for the information signal
 information signal is called modulating signal

bandpass channel

freq

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 Modulation of Digital Data(cont.)
Digital-to-Analog – process of changing one of the characteristic
Modulation of an analog signal (typically a sinewave) based on the
information in a digital signal
 sinewave is defined by 3 characteristics (amplitude, frequency, and
phase)  digital data (binary 0 & 1) can be represented by varying any
of the three
 application: transmission of digital data over telephone wire
(modem)

Types of Digital-to-Analog
Modulation

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 WHAT IS MODULATION
 Modulation = Adding information to a carrier signal
 The sine wave on which the characteristics of the information signal are
modulated is called a carrier signal

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CONTD.

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MODULATION SYSTEMS

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 TYPES OF MODULATION
ANALOG MODULATION:If the variation in the
parameter of the carrier is continuous in accordance to
the input analog signal the modulation technique is
termed as analog modulation scheme
 DIGITAL MODULATION:If the variation in the parameter

of the carrier is discrete then it is termed as digital

modulation technique

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ANALOG MODULATION

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 DIGITAL MODULATION
 In digital modulation , an analog carrier signal is
modulated by a discrete signal

 Digital modulation can be considered as digital- to-analog

and the corresponding demodulation as analog-to-digital
conversion

 In digital communications, the modulating wave consists

of binary data and the carrier is sinusoidal wave

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DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES

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 Digital Modulation
Outlines

a. Introduction
b. Information capacity, Bits, Bit Rate, Baud,
M-ary Encoding
c. Digital Modulation Techniques
- ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM

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 Introduction :
Analog modulation and digital modulation

Both analog and digital modulation systems use analog

carriers to transport the information signal.
In analog modulation, the information is also analog,
whereas with digital modulation, the information is
digital which could be computer generated data or
digitally encoded analog signals.

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Digital modulation

 Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals between two or

more points in a communications system.
 Can be propagated through Earth’s atmosphere and used in wireless
communication system - digital radio.
 Offer several outstanding advantages over traditional analog system.
• Ease of processing
• Ease of multiplexing
• Noise immunity

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 Cont’d...
Applications:
 Low speed voice band data comm. modems
 High speed data transmission systems
 Digital microwave & satellite comm. systems
 PCS (personal communication systems) telephone

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 Why digital modulation?
 The modulation of digital signals with analogue carriers allows an
improvement in signal to noise ratio as compared to analogue
modulating schemes.

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 Important Criteria
1. High spectral efficiency
2. High power efficiency
3. Robust to multipath
4. Low cost and ease of implementation
5. Low carrier-to-co channel interference ratio
6. Low out-of-band radiation

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 Cont’d…
7. Constant or near constant envelop
8. Bandwidth Efficiency
• Ability to accommodate data within a limited bandwidth
• Tradeoff between data rate and pulse width
9. Power Efficiency
• To preserve the fidelity of the digital message at low power levels.
• Can increase noise immunity by increasing signal power

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Forms of Digital Modulation

v(t )  V sin( 2ft   )

FSK
ASK PSK

QAM

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 Forms of Digital Modulation

v(t )  V sin( 2ft   )

 If the amplitude, V of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal, a digital modulated signal is called Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 If the frequency, f of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
signal, a digital modulated signal is called Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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 Cont’d…
If the phase, θ of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal, a digital modulated signal is called
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

If both the amplitude and the phase, θ of the carrier are
varied proportional to the information signal, a digital
modulated signal is called Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)

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Cont’d...

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 Block Diagram
Simplified block diagram of a digital
modulation system

Transmitter Receiver

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 Cont’d…
 Precoder performs level conversion & encodes incoming data into group
of bits that modulate an analog carrier.

 Modulated carrier filtered, amplified & transmitted through transmission

medium to Rx.

 In Rx, the incoming signals filtered, amplified & applied to the

demodulator and decoder circuits which extracts the original source
information from modulated carrier.

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 Information Capacity, Bits,
Bit Rate, Baud, M-ary Encoding

Information capacity, Bits & Bit Rate

– Information capacity is a measure of how much information can be propagated
through a communication system and is a function of bandwidth and
transmission time.
– Represents the number of independent symbols that can be carried through a
system in a given unit of time.
– Basic digital symbol is the binary digit or bit.
– Express the information capacity as a bit rate – the number of bits transmitted
during one second (bps).

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 Hartley’s Law

I  Bt
Where,
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
t = transmission time (s)

From the equation, Information capacity is a

linear function of bandwidth and transmission
time and directly proportional to both.

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 Nyquist Sampling Rate

fs is equal or greater than 2fm

fs >= 2fm

fs = minimum Nyquist sample rate (Hz)

fm = maximum analog input frequency (Hz)

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 Example
For the digital message 1101 1100 1010, sketch the waveform
for the following:
a. ASK
b. FSK
c. PSK
d. QAM

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Answer

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 Example

Determine the Nyquist sample rate for a

maximum analog input frequency 7.5 kHz.

fs >= 2fm
fs >= 2(7.5kHz) = 15kHz

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 M-ary Encoding
 It is often advantageous to encode at a level higher than binary where there
are more then two conditions possible.
 The number of bits necessary to produce a given number of conditions is
expressed mathematically as

N  log 2 M OR M 2 N

Where N = number of bits necessary

M = number of conditions, level or combinations
possible with N bits.
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 Cont’d…
 Each symbol represents n bits, and has M signal states, where M = 2N.
 Example;
A digital signal with four possible conditions (voltage levels, frequencies,
etc) is an M-ary system with number of possible conditions, M=4.

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Concept of Signal states

8 possible states

3 Bit ADC

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 Baud

1
baud 
ts ts
Where
baud = symbol rate (symbol per second)
ts = time of one signaling element or symbol
(seconds)

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 Bit rate and baud
Bit rate refers to the rate of change of a digital
information signal, which is usually binary. (bps or b/s )
Baud, like bit rate, also a rate of change but it refers to
the rate of change of a signal on transmission medium
after encoding and modulation process.

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 Minimum BW

• Minimum Bandwidth refers to the minimum bandwidth

necessary to pass M-ary digitally modulated carriers.
– From the Nyquist formulation for channel capacity, fb

f b  B log 2 M
 fb  f
Then,
B    
Where fb= channel capacity (bps)
 log 2 M  N
B = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz)
M = number of discrete signal or voltage levels

Where N is the number of bits encoded into each signaling element.

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 Digital Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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 CONCLUSION
 To decide which modulation method should be used , we need to
make considerations of

a) Bandwidth
b) Speed of Modulation
c) Complexity of Hardware

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Any Question?

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