ET-353, Lecture 07&08 (Microwave Comm. System)

MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(MUST), MIRPUR
MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Communications Technology 1
Communications Technology
ET-353
Lecture No.07&08:Microwave Communication
System
Engr. Faisal Iqbal
Lecturer
Date: December 15-16, 2021
Lecture Outline
What is Microwave Communication
Classification of Microwave
Terrestrial Microwave
Microwave Generation & Transmission
Microwave Antenna & Propagation
Advantages/Disadvantages of Microwave System
Microwave Applications
What is Microwave
Microwave Communications
– Is simply a high radio frequency link specifically designed to provide
signal connection between two specific points.
– Also called as Line-of-Sight or LOS communications, Radio Link, Point-
to-Point communications.
What is Microwave Communication
A communication system that utilizes the radio frequency band
spanning 2 to 60 GHz. As per IEEE, electromagnetic waves
between 30 and 300 GHz are called millimeter waves (MMW)
instead of microwaves as their wavelengths are about 1 to
10mm.
Small capacity systems generally employ the frequencies less
than 3 GHz while medium and large capacity systems utilize
frequencies ranging from 3 to 15 GHz. Frequencies > 15 GHz
are essentially used for short-haul transmission.
Classification of Microwave
 Nature
– Analog
– Digital
 Distance / Frequency
– Short Haul
• used for short distance microwave transmission usually at lower capacity ranging from 64 kbps up to 2Mbps
– Medium Haul
– Long Haul
• used for long distance/multi-hop microwave transmission. Used for backbone route applications at 34 Mbps to 620
Mbps capacity
 Capacity / Bandwidth
– Light (Narrow Band)
– Medium (Narrow Band)
– Large (Wide Band)
Terrestrial Microwave
Types Of Microwave Stations
– Terminals – are points in the system where the baseband signals
either originate or terminate
– Repeaters – are points in the system where the baseband signals
maybe reconfigured or simply repeated or amplified.
 Passive Microwave repeaters – a device that re-radiates microwave energy
without additional electronic power.
– back-to-back
– billboard type
Active Microwave repeater – a receiver and a transmitter placed back-to-
back or in tandem with the system. It receives the signal, amplifies and
reshapes it, then retransmits the signal to the next station.
7
Communications Technology
WHAT IS MICROWAVE?
 Electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 3 GHz to 300 GHz.
 Wavelength is in the order of 10 cm to 1mm – something in between light

waves and radio waves. So, it is also known as millimeter waves.
 Term “micro” refers to the tinyness of the wavelength.
 Because of high frequency and short wavelength phase changes

continuously w.r.t time.
WHAT IS MICROWAVE?(CONTINUE)
 Microwaves up to 300 GHz occupy a region in the electromagnetic
spectrum between radio waves and infrared waves,
 Microwaves behaves more like rays of light than ordinary radio waves. Due
to this unique behaviour, microwaves frequencies are classified separately
from radio waves.
WHAT IS MICROWAVE?(CONTINUE)
 Microwave frequency bands
MICROWAVE GENERATION & TRANSMISSION
MICROWAVE GENERATION
 The operation of conventional vacuum tubes and solid state devices is
limited by transit time , Inter-electrode capacitance and lead inductance
effects.
 Thus, the development of new devices was essential to exploit the microwave
frequency region.
 Fortunately, numbers of new principle of operations, such as , velocity
modulation, interaction of electrons with electromagnetic fields,
transferred electron techniques etc have enabled the generation of
microwaves.
MICROWAVE GENERATION & TRANSMISSION (CONT…)
MICROWAVE GENERATION (cont..)
Microwave
Generation
Microwave
Tubes
Travelling
Klystron Magnetrons Wave Tube
(TWT)
MICROWAVE TUBES
 Tubes generate and amplify high levels of microwave power more
cheaply than solid state devices.
1. KLYSTRON TUBE : -
 Types
a) Reflex Klystron b) 2-cavity c)Multi-cavity
 Schematic diagram of 2-cavity Klystron Amplifier.
Working :
 Used as an oscillator or high-power amplifiers.
 It makes use of velocity modulation and electron transit time.
 Electron beam moves down tube past several cavities.
 Input cavity is the buncher, output cavity is the catcher.
 Buncher modulates the velocity of the electron beam.
 Electric field from microwaves at buncher alternately speeds and slows electron beam
 This causes electrons to bunch up
 Electron bunches at catcher induce microwaves with more energy.
1. KLYSTRON TUBE : -
MICROWAVE TUBES
2. MAGNETRONS: -
• High-power oscillator
• Common in radar and microwave ovens.
• Working :
• Cathode in center, anode around outside
• Strong dc magnetic field around tube causes electrons from cathode to
spiral as they move toward anode
• Current of electrons generates microwaves in cavities around outside.
2. MAGNETRONS: -
2. MAGNETRONS: -
 MICROWAVE TUBES
3.Travelling wave tube (TWT): -
 Generates frequency in the range of 0.5 GHz to 95 GHz.
 It has high gain, high power, larger bandwidth & low noise.
 Used as low noise amplifier in microwave receivers, repeater,
communication satellites, RADAR (airborne, shipborne & ground
based).
3.Travelling wave tube (TWT): -

Working:
 Uses a helix as a slow-wave structure.
 Because of the helix, electrons interact longer with the electric field. Hence, it produces
high continuous power of 2-5 KW and large bandwidth.
 Microwaves input at cathode end of helix, output at anode end
 Energy is transferred from electron beam to microwaves.
Basic structure of a Travelling wave tube (TWT):-
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION -
• Two wire transmission line used in conventional circuits is inefficient at
microwave frequencies.
• The most common transmission lines are coaxial cable, micro strip lines,
waveguides.
1.Co-axial cable:
• Consists of inner conducting wire made of copper, over this conducting wire
the coating of polyethylene or Teflon material is carried out.
• Then it is enclosed in the braded wire in the shape of mesh. The outer surface
of this wire is enclosed in a plastic jacket.
Merits
 The possibility of external interference is minimized & output at the load end
will be less noised.
 It is used for high frequency transmission.
 The conductor is protected from dust, rust etc due to proper insulation.
Demerits
 Costly than two wire line.
 Complex design
 Handles low power transmissions.
MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION -
2. Micro strip line:
• A micro strip line is simply a copper track running on a side of the PCB while
the other side is the ground plane.
• There is thick coat of insulating material over the copper plate which is made of
fiber glass or polystyrene. This insulator works as a dielectric in micro strip line.
• At the top of the insulated plate one or more than one strip of the best
conducting material are plated which is made of gold, aluminium etc.
2. Micro strip line:
Merits
Very high frequency.
Small size
Low weight
Losses are minimum.
Used in IC’s where the distance between source and load is very short.
Demerits
Costly than co-axial.
Cannot be used when the distance
between source and load is long.
Cannot be used in twisty path.
3. Waveguides:
• A Hollow metallic tube ofuniform cross section for transmitting electromagnetic
waves by successive reflections from the inner conducting layered walls of the
tube is called waveguide.
• At microwave frequencies (above 1GHz to 100 GHz) the losses in the two line
transmission system will be very high and hence it cannot be used at those
frequencies. Hence microwave signals are propagated through the waveguides
in order to minimize the losses.
3. Waveguides:
• They are generally of two types: a) Rectangular & b) Circular waveguide
• Waveguides are generally used to couple transmitter power to antenna and

microwave signal from antenna to receiver.
• Dimensions of the waveguide determines the operating frequency range.
Merits
• Large surface area
• Low losses
• Better power handling capability
Demerits
• Size
• Difficult to install because of its rigid structure.
• costly
Lecture No. 08
Continue to the topic Microwave Communication System
Date:- December 16,2021
MICROWAVE ANTENNA & PROPAGATION
MICROWAVE ANTENNA:
• The antenna is a passive device that radiate or receive the modulated signal. It
is fed by direct connect of the RF unit, coaxial cable, or waveguides at higher
frequencies.
• In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for transmission and
reception.
• Types:
1. Horn Antenna 2.Parabolic Dish Antenna 3. Slot Antenna
4. Micro-strip patch or Printed Antenna
MICROWAVE ANTENNA TYPES:
• Horn Antenna
• Parabolic Dish Antenna
• Slot Antenna
• Micro-strip patch or Printed Antenna
MICROWAVE PROPAGATION:
• Since microwave is used for point-to-point communication, it follows Line-of-
Sight (LOS) propagation.
• Fresnel zone –elliptical area around the LOS between a sender and receiver;
microwaves spread into this area once are generated by an antenna; this area
should be free of any obstacles:
T O R
F 1
P
d 1 d 2
• The first Fresnel zone is the region where the microwave transmission energy is
the most concentrated.
• With the increase of the Fresnel zone serial numbers, the field strength of the
receiving point reduces as per arithmetic series.
• Formula of the first Fresnel zone radius:
1.Tropospheric scatter propagation
• For frequencies above 500 MHz, less delay, 20 Mbps data rate for 100 Km
link. Communications Technology 43
• Ionospheric Propagation:
• Fading in Microwave Propagation:
• Free space fading
• Absorption fading
• Rain fading
• Multipath fading
• Duct fading
Duct type fading
TYPICAL MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION LINK
Repeater
Transmitter
Receiver
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF MICROWAVE
Advantages:
• Increased bandwidth availability
• Improved directive properties
• Fading effect and reliability
• Low power requirements
• Transparency property of microwaves.
• Less interference from nearby applications.
• Fast speed for digital system signal processing and data transmission.
• Difficulty in jamming (military applications).
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF MICROWAVE
Disadvantages:
• More expensive components.
• Reliance on GaAs instead of Si technology.
• Higher component losses and lower output power from active devices.
• Less accurate design tools and less matured technology.
• Line-of-sight will be disrupted if any obstacle, such as new buildings, are in the way
• Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves suffer from attenuation due to
atmospheric conditions.
MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS
1. Telecommunication: Intercontinental telephone and T.V. space communication
(earth to space and space t earth) telemetry communication link for railways
etc.
2. Radars: Detect aircraft, track/guide supersonic missiles, observe, and track
weather patterns, Air Traffic Control (ATC) etc
3. Commercial & Industrial Application use heat property of Microwave
a)Microwave oven(2.45 GHz, 600 W)
b) Drying machines
c) Food processing industry
d) Mining/public works
e) Biomedical Application
4. Electronic warfare.
Any Question?

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MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MIRPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Date: December 15-16, 2021

 Wavelength is in the order of 10 cm to 1mm – something in between light

 Term “micro” refers to the tinyness of the wavelength.

 Because of high frequency and short wavelength phase changes

MICROWAVE GENERATION (cont..)

a) Reflex Klystron b) 2-cavity c)Multi-cavity

3.Travelling wave tube (TWT): -

Basic structure of a Travelling wave tube (TWT):-

2. Micro strip line:

• Waveguides are generally used to couple transmitter power to antenna and

• Parabolic Dish Antenna

• Micro-strip patch or Printed Antenna

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