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234=.)4(9(/(5:,D.8,563,?.7843
Aida Cuni-Sanchez is responsible for this course and
she will teach the second part of it, and she will be in
charge of the midterm assignment and the exam.
I shall teach the first lectures of this course.
I am a retired teacher (Professor Emeritus) and still
work part-time at Noragric. I continue to teach at
NMBU and other universities, and to supervise
Master’s and Doctoral students. I am currently
involved in three large international research projects
in Tanzania, Mozambique and Indonesia. I am a
marine ecologist, a citizen of Tanzania and Ireland. 2

E9F3-5(G34,.D,563,?.7843
You are all most welcome to this course,
which is intended to provide you with a
basis for understanding resilience and
vulnerability in both ecological systems
and social systems, and emphasising
the interlinkages and interdependence
between environmental and social
processes of change.

3
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45713)54,.D53),0553)1,56(4,-.7843,5..O 4

E9F3-5(G34,.D,563,?.7843,H-.)5()731I
A variety of case studies from both
developing and developed countries in our
increasingly globalised world will be used
to illustrate the concepts.
Several students at Bachelor’s, Master’s
and Doctoral levels have successfully
incorporated “resilience” as a conceptual
framework for term papers and theses.
5

E9F3-5(G34,.D,563,?.7843,H-.)5()731I
In the first part of the course, we will introduce the
resilience concept and development of theoryO
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93,7431,(),45713)54P,834308-6,=8.F3-54,0)1,044(+)A3)54O
6

 Teaching days and times

Lectures on Mondays at 14:15 - 16:00 and Thursdays
at 12:15 - 14:00 … all "online".
Teaching begins today, 9th September, and it will end
on 2nd December. The exam date has not been
announced.
Class attendance is not obligatory, but in past
courses I have noticed a clear positive correlation
between attendance and final grades.
I normally open the zoom room 15 minutes before the
lecture, and then stay online after the lecture for as
long as students wish to to talk (but today I cannot!).
7

8
Due to the continued corona-situation at NMBU,
we are holding this course online, using Zoom.

but…seriously,
and this this
is what Zoom
is my first reminds me of
time to teach
a course online … so please forgive my
technical incompetence and awkwardness.
I will very much appreciate your help and
suggestions for improvements, because you
are surely more technically savvy than me!

 Assessments and final examination

The required mid-term assignment will be based

on prescribed group-work on a "pass" or "fail"
basis. Students who have completed this
assignment at a previous time do not need to
repeat it.
The exam will be on in December, and will
account for 100% of your grade, from "A" to "F".
Previous years’ exam questions will be posted
later for you to see.
10

Folke, C. et al.,
2002
Johannesburg

11

12
13
14
15
16
17
What is "Resilience"? Is it just a "buzz" word?
• The word’s Latin root is "resilire", meaning to bounce back, recoil

• Engineering resilience – strong, robust, resistant, enduring (1818)

• Flexible, rebounding, recovering from a shock

• Psychological resilience – child psychology, communities (1970s)

• Ecological resilience – challenges "stability" assumptions (1973)

• Social-ecological resilience – systems, sustainability (1998, 2002)

• Theoretical strength: linking the natural and social sciences

• Practice: adaptive management, governance, stewardship

• Trends since 2002: recognition and popularisation of the ideas

• Mainstreaming and co-opting of the concept by powerful institutions

• Critiques of the concept of resilience (e.g. ahistorical, apolitical)

18
• Further theorisation and advancement of the concept

1998
2003
2009
2016
2004
2007
2012
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
in relation to Fisheries Management
Challenges and Experiences from Developing Countries

2014
Springer Climate

Pius Zebhe Yanda
Ian Bryceson
Haji Mwevura
Claude Gasper Mung’ong’o Editors

Climate Change and

Coastal Resources in
Tanzania
Studies on Socio-Ecological Systems’
Vulnerability, Resilience and
Governance

2019
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S KKKO3-./.+:0)14.-(35:O.8+

28

2005
 30
Odum and Barrett, 2005
 31
Bryceson, 2005
 32
Bryceson, 2005
 33
Bryceson, 2005
 34
Bryceson, 2005
 35
Bryceson, 2005
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Conventional Ecology Population Growth Curves

37
Odum and Barrett, 2005
 38
Odum and Barrett, 2005
U.//()+\4,CV]^,Y23)3K0/,-:-/3Y
Holling proposed a four-stage ecosystem, which
is now referred to as the "Adaptive cycle":
1. Exploitation (growth),
2. Conservation (carrying capacity),
3. Creative destruction (collapse and release),
4. Renewal (reorganisation).

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 The Lazy Eight

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U.//()+\4,Y>10=5(G3,-:-/3Y
1. Exploitation (growth), is characterised by rapid accumulation
of resources, competition, seizing of opportunities, rising levels
of diversity and connections, high but decreasing resilience
2. Conservation (carrying capacity), slowed growth, resources
are stored and used for system maintenance. Characterised
by stability, certainty, reduced flexibility, and low resilience.
3. Creative destruction (collapse and release), chaotic collapse
and release of accumulated resources. A time of uncertainty
when resilience is low but increasing.
4. Renewal (reorganisation), is a time of innovation, restructuring
and greatest uncertainty, but high resilience.

PANARCHY, a heuristic model of nested adaptive renewal cycles

emphasising cross-scale interplay
(source: Folke, 2006 - modified from Gunderson and Holling, 2002).

43

 ECOSYSTEM STATES AND LOSS OF RESILIENCE

44
Bryceson (2005) adapted from Scheffer et al (2001)
 ECOSYSTEM STATES AND LOSS OF RESILIENCE

45
Bryceson (2005) adapted from Scheffer et al (2001)
 ECOSYSTEM STATES AND LOSS OF RESILIENCE

46
Bryceson (2005) adapted from Scheffer et al (2001)
 ECOSYSTEM STATES AND LOSS OF RESILIENCE

47
Bryceson (2005) adapted from Scheffer et al (2001)
 ECOSYSTEM STATES AND LOSS OF RESILIENCE

48
Bryceson (2005) adapted from Scheffer et al (2001)
Three-dimensional stability/resilience landscape with two basins of attraction showing
the current position of the system (the ‘ball’) and how it can shift regimes as the
landscape changes (source: Resilience Alliance, 2007) … reality is even much more
complex with very many “hills” and “valleys”.

49
The Concept of Social-Ecological Resilience
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Management can either build or destroy resilience, depending on

how the social-ecological system organises itself in response to
management actions

Folke, C. et al., (2002). "Resilience and Sustainable Development"

Berkes, F., Kolding, J., & Folke, C. (2003). "Navigating Social-Ecological Systems"

The Concept of Social-Ecological Resilience

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010=505(.)O,

Management can either build or destroy resilience, depending on

how the social-ecological system organises itself in response to
management actions

Folke, C. et al., (2002). "Resilience and Sustainable Development"

Berkes, F., Kolding, J., & Folke, C. (2003). "Navigating Social-Ecological Systems"

Critical Factors for Social-Ecological Resilience

Folke C. et al. (2002) identified and expanded on four critical
factors that interact across temporal and spatial scales and
that seem to be required for dealing with natural resource
dynamics during periods of change and reorganisation:
1. learning to live with change and uncertainty;
2. nurturing diversity for resilience;
3. combining different types of knowledge for learning;
4. creating opportunity for self-organisation towards social
and ecological sustainability.

Folke, C. et al. (2002) http://www.sou.gov.se/mvb/pdf/resiliens.pdf

Building resilience and adaptive capacity in social-ecological systems

Learning to live with change and uncertainty

Evoking disturbance
Learning from crisis
Expecting the unexpected
Nurturing diversity for reorganisation and renewal
Nurturing ecological memory
Sustaining social memory
Enhancing social-ecological memory
Combining different types of knowledge for learning
Combining experiential and experimental knowledge
Expanding from knowledge of structure to knowledge of function
Building process knowledge into institutions
Fostering complementarity of different knowledge systems
Creating opportunity for self-organisation
Reorganising the interplay between diversity and disturbance
Dealing with cross-scale dynamics
Matching scales of ecosystems and governance
Accounting for external drivers

53
Berkes, et al. 2003

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