‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ(‪[1].‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪف ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎل‪) :‬ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ‬

‫دﻓﻊ اﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ارﺳﺎء اﻟﺒﺎﺧﺮة ﺑﺤﺒﻞ اﻹرﺳﺎء‪.‬‬

 ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﻒ‪.‬‬

‫رﻓﻊ اﻟﺸﻮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ :‬ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬

 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎورة ﻃﺎﺋﺮات ﻣﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮوح اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻬﺎرة ﻧﺠﺎح‪ ،‬وﻳﺸﺘﺮط اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ واﻟﻮﺿﻮح واﻟﺘﺪوﻳﻦ واﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ وﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ واﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪،‬‬
‫وﻳﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ وﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻌﻼج ودراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫]‪[2‬‬
‫إن ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وإﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻲ أﺿﺤﺖ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس )أﻓﺮادا وﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎت( واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮورات اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻬﺎرات‬
‫]‪[3‬‬
‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ أو ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫]‪[5][4‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﺣﺪد اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ‪ 10‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻓﺌﺎت‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﻌﻤﻞ(‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻬﺪف‬

‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺎول اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﺎ وﻏﺎﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ(‬

 ‫رﺻﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاف‬

‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬

‫رﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ )اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻔﺘﺮات اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻓﺾ اﻟﻨﺰاﻋﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ وﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻹدارﻳﺔ‬

‫وأﻛﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن أداء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺒﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ‬
‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪[6].‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻹدارة اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻟﻴﺎت واﻷدوات واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ و اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ واﻹدارﻳﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ أﻓﺮاد ذوى ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻣﺘﻘﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﻮﻛﻠﺔ إﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻗﺪرات ذﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳ ـ َُﻤ ﻜﻦ ﻫﺆﻻء اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم ُ‬
‫وﻣﻬﺎرات أداء ﺗ ـُﻤﻴﺰه ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﺪرات واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﻠﺼﻘﻞ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻔﺮد أن ﻳﺸﺎرك ﺑﺠﻬﺪه وﻓﻜﺮه واﻗﺘﺮاﺣﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت ودﻓﻊ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ أن اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ وﻣﺘﻼﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ،‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻷﺧﺮى واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮرا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻷداء واﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪرات اﻟﻔﺮد ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دراﺳﺔ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺬي أﺣﺮزه ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻪ وﻳﺒﺪو‬
‫ً‬
‫واﺿﺤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻷداء ﻛﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ُﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﺺ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻲ ‪ 2014‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 45‬دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة وﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة أن ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻮ‬
‫»ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت واﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻷداء‪ «.‬إدواردو ﺳﺎﻻس‪ ،‬دﻳﺒﻮرا‬
‫]‪[7‬‬
‫‪ ،DiazGranados‬ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺮون ﻛﻼﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺷﻮن ﺑﻴﺮك‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻦ ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ ،St agl‬ﺟﻴﺮاﻟﺪ واو ﺟﻮدوﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وﺳﺘﺎﻧﻠﻲ م ﻫﺎﻟﺒﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ…‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫اﺷﺘﺮاك اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮق ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوﻋﺎت وﻫﻲ ﻓﺮق ﺗﻀﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أﻗﺴﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻳﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻷداء ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺮق ﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 7‬أﻓﺮاد ﻣﻦ اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﺨﺒﺮة و اﻟﺜﻘﺔ و اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة وﺗﺴﻨﺪ إﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎور ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺪراﺗﻬﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮق ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ وﺗﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ إدﺧﺎل ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ أداﺋﻬﺎ وﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﺷﺘﺮاك اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة وﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 10‬أﻓﺮاد وﺗﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ آﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ دواﺋﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة ‪ QC‬واﻧﻌﺪام‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب ‪ ZD‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء أﺧﺮى ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺬي ﺗﺆدﻳﻪ‪.‬‬

‫أﺳﺲ وﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫اﺳﺘﻤﻊ إﻟﻰ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻵﺧﺮون ﻋﻦ أﻓﻜﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻷﻓﻜﺎر أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫أﻓﻜﺎر أﺧﺮى‬

‫ﺗﺤﺎور ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮل أﻫﺪاف اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻋﺪ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻣﻊ إﻇﻬﺎر اﻻﺣﺘﺮام ﻟﻠﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ودﻋﻢ أﻓﻜﺎره‬

‫ﺷﺎرك ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻓﺮاد ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﺪف ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ أﻋﻤﺎل وﻣﻬﺎرات ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻣﻦ أﻓﺮاده ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ وﻣﻬﺎرات اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬وﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎ‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا‬ ‫أﻫﺪاﻓﻪ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻟﻘﺒﻮل ﻣﻬﻤﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ‬

‫ﻋ…‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎءة واﻟﻤﻘﺪرة ﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ وﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﺿﻊ إﻋﻼن ﻳﺤﺪد اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ‬

‫إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮب‬

‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺎت واﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ‬

‫ﻋ…‬
‫اﻷدوار اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻣﺴﺮﺣﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎم اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‪ ،‬وﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﺪة ﻣﻬﺎرات ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﺪر ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮد واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬أو ﻓﻲ إدارة واﺣﺪة‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﻴﻮم إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت واﻹدارات اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ً‬
‫إﻟﺤﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ وأن اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ أﺻﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫ً‬
‫ووﻋﻴﺎ وﻳﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻠﻮﻻً ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ‬
‫ﻋ…‬
‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺮوح اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ واﻟﻘﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎم ﻣﻊ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف وﻳﻨﺼﺖ إﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫وﻳﺤﺎول ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺪل ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻗﻔﻪ إذا ﻣﺎ اﻗﺘﻨﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ وﻳﺴﺎرع إﻟﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺄﺧﻄﺎﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ اﻣﺮؤ واﺳﻊ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﻮاﻟﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ذو ﻫﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻗﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت )ﺑﻜﻞ ذﻟﻚ وﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ إدارة اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف(( وﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻧﺒﻮغ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ أو ﺑﺮاﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻏﻴﺮه ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ أﻗﺼﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪه‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎدر‬
‫ﻋ…‬
‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﺪم أﻓﻜﺎرا وأﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ وﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻤﺒﺎدرة إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎت اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺪﻋﺎة ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﺸﺠﻊ‬
‫ﻋ…‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﺪﻋﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ وﻳﺒﻌﺚ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻹﻧﺠﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺜﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﻮد‬
‫واﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻖ‬
‫ﻋ…‬
‫ﻳﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻘﺪم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺪﻋﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺈزاﻟﺔ ﺳﻮء اﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺧﻮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎت‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫ﻋ…‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻨﺰاﻫﺔ وﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺪراك واﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫]‪[8‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺪرار ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ‬

‫وﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮى اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﺮاﻫﻢ أﻗﺪر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاف وﻳﺨﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أ ّﻧ ﻬﻢ ّ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮون ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ وﻗﺘً ﺎ وﺟﻬﺪً ا ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﺳﻴﺘﻜ ّﺒﺪوﻧﻪ ﻟﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻮا ﻓﺮادى‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ :‬اﻟﻌﻘﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺠﻌﻞ أﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺄن اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ [9].‬اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻗﺮارات أﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪ ،‬أو ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺴﺘﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﺑﻴﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ واﻟﺘﻮازن ﻣﻦ‬
‫]‪[10‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎت اﻷﻋﻀﺎء واﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل واﻟﺠﻬﺪ واﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ‪.‬‬

‫واﺣﺪ‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺗﺮى ّ‬
‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﺨﺒﺮات واﻟﻤﻌﺎرف؛ ﻓﺤﻴﻦ ﻳﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﺪدٌ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻠﻮا ﻋﻤ ً‬
‫إﻃﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺘﻌﻠ ﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ وﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮاﺗﻪ وﻳﺘﺒﺎدل ﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺧﻴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤ ّﺒﺔ واﻷﺧﻮّ ة اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ روح اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات‬
‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨّﺎس‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻳﺨﻮض ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺐ اﻟﻨّﺎس وﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎب ﻣﻬﺎرات‬
‫ّ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﺪه ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﻓﻮاﺋﺪه ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[11‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ‪.‬‬

‫اﻧﻈﺮ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎون‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬

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‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ واﻟﻤﻌﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪http://www.almaan) 1‬‬
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https://web.archive.org/web/20150117042727/http://www.almaany.com/home.p) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (0
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2015 ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬ hp?language=arabic) 17

Teamwork" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203400/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dict" .2
https://www.merriam-webs) ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬، ionary/teamwork)، Merriam-Webster Dictionary online
.2012 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬26 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬،2019 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬7 ‫ﻓﻲ‬ (ter.com/dictionary/teamwork

Ezzamel, Mahmoud, and Hugh Willmott (1998)، "Accounting for Teamwork: a Critical Study of .3
Group-Based Systems of Organizational Control"، Administrative Science Quarterly، 43 (2): 358–396،
. (doi:10.2307/2393856 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2393856

Marks, Michelle A., John E. Mathieu, and Stephen J. Zacaro punda (2001)، "A Temporally Based .4
Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes" (https://archive.org/details/sim_academy-of-manag
ement-review_2001-07_26_3/page/356)، Academy of Management Review، 26 (3): 356–376،
line feed :{{‫ }}اﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎد ﺑﺪورﻳﺔ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬. (doi:10.2307/259182 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F259182
(‫ )ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬7 ‫ ﻓﻲ |ﻣﺆﻟﻒ= ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن‬character

LePine, Jeffery A., Ronald F. Piccolo, Christine L. Jackson, John E. Mathieu, and Jessica R. Saul .5
(2008)، "A Meta-Analysis of Teamwork Processes: Tests of a Multidimensional Model and
Relationships with Team Effectiveness Criteria"، Personnel Psychology، 61 (2): 273–307،
doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00114.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-6570.2008.00114.x)،
. (ISSN 0031-5826 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-5826

Cattani, G., Ferriani, S., Mariani, M. e S. Mengoli (2013) “Tackling the ‘Galácticos’ Effect: Team .
Familiarity and the Performance of Star-Studded Projects”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 22(6):
1629-1662.[1] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByE7rCUuloTlVEF2UFBjMURmX2s/edit?usp=shari
https://web.archive.org/web/20170224013633/https://drive.google.com/file/d/) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (ng
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2017 ‫ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ‬ 0ByE7rCUuloTlVEF2UFBjMURmX2s/edit?usp=sharing) 24

Does Team Training Improve Team Performance? A Meta-Analysis"، Human Factors: The Journal of" .7
،933–903 .‫ ص‬،2008 ،6  ‫ رﻗﻢ‬50 .‫ ج‬،the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
. (doi:10.1518/001872008X375009 (https://doi.org/10.1518%2F001872008X375009

http://dar.bibalex.org/webpages/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:8964) 3.1.2 ‫ اﺳﺲ و ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻰ‬.

https://web.archive.org/web/20170718104323/http://dar.bibalex.org/webpa) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (=3&q
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2017 ‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬ ges/mainpage.jsf?PID=DAF-Job:89643&q=) 18

Chin, Roger (2015)، "Examining teamwork and leadership in the fields of public administration, .9
leadership, and management" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190629140656/https://www.emeraldi
‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ‬، nsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/TPM-07-2014-0037)، Team Performance Management
‫ﻓﻲ‬ (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/TPM-07-2014-0037/full/html) ‫اﻷﺻﻞ‬
.2019 ‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬29

Hoegl, Martin, and Hans Georg Gemuenden (2001)، "Teamwork Quality and the Success of .10
Innovative Projects: a Theoretical Concept and Empirical Evidence"، Organization Science، 12 (4):
435–449، doi: 10.1287/orsc.12.4.435.10635 (https://doi.org/10.1287%2Forsc.12.4.435.10635)،
. (JSTOR 3085981 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3085981
 Manser, T. (2009)، "Teamwork and Patient Safety in Dynamic Domains of Healthcare: a Review of .11
the Literature"، Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica، 53 (2): 143–151، doi:10.1111/j.1399-
. (6576.2008.01717.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-6576.2008.01717.x

‫ﻗﺮاءات إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬:‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺰ ﺻﻮر وﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻦ‬

Larson, Carl E., and Frank M. LaFast o (1989)، Teamwork: What Must Go Right, What Can Go
Wrong (ht t ps://archive.org/det ails/t eamworkwhat must 00lars)، Newbury Park, CA: SAGE،
.0803932898 ISBN

Groups That Work (and Those That Don't): Creating ،(1990) ‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺮر‬,Hackman, J. Richard
Conditions for Effective Teamwork (ht t ps://archive.org/det ails/groupst hat workan0000unse
.1555421873  _ d0f9)، San Francisco: Jossey-Bass، ISBN

Campion, Michael A. (1994)، "The Knowledge, Skill, and Abilit y ‫؛‬.St evens, Michael J
Requirement s for Teamwork: Implicat ions for Human Resource Management " (ht t ps://archi
ve.org/det ails/sim_ journal-of-management _ summer-1994_ 20_ 2/page/503)، Journal of
Management، 20 (2): 503–530، doi:10.1177/014920639402000210 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.117
. (7%2F014920639402000210

George, Jennifer M. (1998)، "The Experience and Evolut ion of Trust : ‫؛‬.Jones, Garet h R
Implicat ions for Cooperat ion and Teamwork" (ht t ps://archive.org/det ails/sim_ academy-of-
management -review_ 1998-07_ 23_ 3/page/531)، The Academy of Management Review،
. (23 (3): 531–546، doi:10.2307/259293 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.2307%2F259293

Sext on, J. Bryan, Eric J. Thomas, and Robert L. Helmreich (2000)، "Error, St ress, and
Teamwork in Medicine and Aviat ion: Cross Sect ional Surveys" (ht t ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pmc/art icles/PMC27316)، BMJ، 320: 745–749، doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7237.745 (ht t ps://do
i.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.320.7237.745)، PMC 27316 (ht t ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art ic
. ( les/PMC27316)، PMID 10720356 (ht t ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10720356

Weaver, L. (2001)، "Int erdisciplinary Educat ion and Teamwork: a Long and Winding ‫؛‬.Hall, P
Road"، Medical Education، 35 (9): 867–875، doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00919.x (ht t ps://
. (doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2923.2001.00919.x

Dukes, ‫؛‬Salisbury, Mary ‫؛‬.Wears, Robert L ‫؛‬.Jay, Gregory D ‫؛‬Simon, Robert ‫؛‬.Morey, John C
Berns, Scot t D. (2002)، "Error Reduct ion and Performance Improvement in t he ‫؛‬.Kimberly A
Emergency Depart ment t hrough Formal Teamwork Training: Evaluat ion Result s of t he
MedTeams Project " (ht t ps://archive.org/det ails/sim_ healt h-services-research_ 2002-12_ 3
7_ 6/page/1553)، Health Services Research، 37 (6): 1553–1581، doi:10.1111/1475-
. (6773.01104 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-6773.01104
 Helmreich, Robert L. (2003)، "Discrepant At t it udes about ‫؛‬Sext on, J. Bryan ‫؛‬.Thomas, Eric J
Teamwork Among Crit ical Care Nurses and Physicians" (ht t ps://archive.org/det ails/sim_ crit i
cal-care-medicine_ 2003-03_ 31_ 3/page/956)، Critical Care Medicine، 31 (3): 956–959،
doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000056183.89175.76 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.CCM.00000561
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Sheard, A. G., and A. P. Kakabadse (2004)، "A Process Perspect ive on Leadership and Team
Development "، The Journal of Management Development، 23 (1): 7–11, 13–41, 43–79, 81–
106، doi:10.1108/02621710410511027 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1108%2F0262171041051102
. (7

Bonacum, D. (2004)، "The Human Fact or: t he Crit ical Import ance of ‫؛‬.Graham, S ‫؛‬.Leonard, M
Effect ive Teamwork and Communicat ion in Providing Safe Care"، Quality and Safety in
Health Care، 13 (Supplement 1): i85–i90، doi:10.1136/qshc.2004.010033 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.
. (1136%2Fqshc.2004.010033

Burke, C. Shawn (2005)، "Is t here a 'Big Five' in Teamwork?" (ht ‫؛‬.Sims, Dana E ‫؛‬Salas, Eduardo
t ps://archive.org/det ails/sim_ small-group-research_ 2005-10_ 36_ 5/page/555)، Small
Group Research، 36 (5): 555–599، doi:10.1177/1046496405277134 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.117
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Salas, Eduardo (2006)، "Teamwork as an Essent ial Component ‫؛‬Day, Rachel ‫؛‬.Baker, David P
of High-Reliabilit y Organizat ions" (ht t p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art icles/PMC1955345/
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66.x)، PMC  1955345 (ht t ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art icles/PMC1955345)،
. (PMID 16898980 (ht t ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16898980

Mesmer-Magnus, Jessica R. (2010)، "The Cognit ive Underpinnings of ‫؛‬.DeChurch, Leslie A

Effect ive Teamwork: a Met a-Analysis" (ht t ps://archive.org/det ails/sim_ journal-of-applied-p
sychology_ 2010-01_ 95_ 1/page/32)، Journal of Applied Psychology، 95 (1): 32–53،
. (doi:10.1037/a0017328 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0017328

West , Michael (2012)، Effective Teamwork: Practical Lessons from Organizational Research،
.9780470974988 Chichest er, West Sussex, UK: BPS Blackwell، ISBN
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