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Frpmanufacturingmethods 151030103025 Lva1 App6891
Frpmanufacturingmethods 151030103025 Lva1 App6891
Frpmanufacturingmethods 151030103025 Lva1 App6891
METHODS
Group 3
GEETHU C.THOMAS
JEFF JOSE
KESIYA GEORGE
KRISHNAPRIYA M.P
IMPORTANT METHODS
Hand Lay-up
Spray up method
Filament winding
Match die molding
Pultrusion
Resin transfer molding
Reaction injection molding
1)HAND LAY-UP METHOD
• Hand Lay-Up is well suited for low volume
production of product.
• This method can be used for both corrosion
barrier and the structural portion.
• A mold must be used for hand lay-up parts
unless the composite is to be joined directly to
another structure.
• The mold can be as simple as a flat sheet or
have infinite curves and edges.
• For some shapes, molds must be joined in
sections so they can be taken apart for part
removal after curing.
• Reinforcement fibers can be cut and laid in
the mold.
– It is up to the designer to organize the type,
amount and direction of the fibers being used.
• Resin must then be catalyzed and added
to the fibers.
• A brush or roller can be used to
impregnate the fibers with the resin.
– The lay-up technician is responsible for
controlling the amount of resin and the quality
of saturation.
Hand lay-up : (1) mold is treated with mold release agent; (2) thin gel coat
(resin) is applied, to the outside surface of molding; (3) when gel coat has
partially set, layers of resin and fiber are applied, the fiber is in the form of
mat or cloth; each layer is rolled to impregnate the fiber with resin and
remove air; (4) part is cured; (5) fully hardened part is removed from mold.
Materials used for hand layup
• Resins:
– Any, e.g. epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester,
phenolic.
• Fibres:
– Any, although heavy aramid fabrics can be
hard to wet-out by hand.
Advantages:
• i) Widely used for many years.
• ii) Simple principles to teach.
• iii) Low cost tooling, if room-temperature
cure resins are used.
• iv) Wide choice of suppliers and material
types.
• v) Higher fibre contents, and longer fibers
than with spray lay-up.
Disadvantages
• Resin mixing, laminate resin contents, and laminate
quality are very Dependent On The Skills of laminators.
Low resin content laminates cannot usually be achieved
without the incorporation of excessive quantities of voids.
• Applications:
– Boat hulls
– Swimming pools
– Large container tanks
– Movie and stage props
– Other formed sheets
• The largest molding ever made was ship hulls for the British Royal
Navy: 85 m (280 ft) long
2)Spray up method
• Fibre is chopped in a hand-held gun and
fed into a spray of catalysed resin directed
at the mould. The deposited materials are
left to cure under standard atmospheric
conditions.
• Materials Options:
Resins: Primarily polyester.
Fibres: Glass roving only.
• Advantages:
– Continuous process
– Any materials can be used as mold.
– Error can be corrected by re-spraying.
• Disadvantages:
– Slow.
– inconsistency.
– No control of fiber orientation.
– Only one side finished.
– Environmental unfriendly.
3) PULTRUSION
• Fibres are pulled from a creel through a resin bath and
then on through a heated die.
• The die completes the impregnation of the fibre, controls
the resin content and cures the material into its final
shape as it passes through the die.
• This cured profile is then automatically cut to length.
• Fabrics may also be introduced into the die to provide
fibre direction other than at 0°.
• Pultrusion is a continuous process, producing a profile of
constant cross-section, a variant known as 'pulforming'
allows for some variation to be introduced into the cross-
section.
Main Advantages:
• i) This can be a very fast, and therefore
economic, way of impregnating and curing
materials.
ii) Resin content can be accurately controlled.
iii) Fibre cost is minimised since the majority is
taken from a creel.
iv) Structural properties of laminates can be very
good since the profiles have very straight fibres
and high fibre volume fractions can be obtained.
v) Resin impregnation area can be enclosed
thus limiting volatile emissions.
Main Disadvantages: