Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de

Monterrey

Intelligent Electrical Networks

Final project, Extended Report

Professor:
Jesús Antonio Baez

Student:
Geraldine Maltos Hernández A00824019
Gerardo Abraham Treviño Peña A01039958
Erick Isaí Ortiz Maldonadon A00824543
Luis Eduardo Rodríguez A00821820
 10 de junio de 2022

Problem statement

Diagram below shows a simplified single-line diagram of an industrial facility in which a

group of linear and non-linear loads are fed by a transformer. Measurements shown are
before power factor correction takes place.

a) Calculate the reactive power a capacitor bank connected in parallel to loads

must deliver In order to correct displacement power factor of transformer to
0.975 (-). Round the calculated value to the next multiple integer of 100 kVAr.
Calculate the harmonic resonant frequency order (hR), the Amplification factors
for the fifth and seventh harmonics, the displacement,distortion and total
power factor(measured by Meter M1), that would result from connection of this
capacitor bank. Also calculate the THDV at the low voltage side of transformer.

The first step is to calculate the reactive power that will be delivered by the capacitor bank,
this can be calculated by the next equation:

−1 −1
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑃𝐿[𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑓)) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑝𝑓'))]

using the values given by the problem statement:

𝑃𝐿 = 2600 𝑘𝑊 𝑝𝑓𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 0. 825 𝑝𝑓' = 0, 975

𝑄𝑐 = 1188. 48 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟

rounding to closest multiple integer of 100kVAr:

 𝑄𝑐 = 1200 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟

The next step is to calculate the harmonic resonant frequency order. Using the value of utility
short circuit level, the transformer impedance and rated apparent power:

𝑁𝐶𝐶' = 250 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑆3ϕ = 4000𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑍𝑇 = 6. 75%

𝑆
𝑁𝐶𝐶'⎡⎢ 𝑍3ϕ ⎤⎥
⎣ 𝑇⎦
𝑁𝐶𝐶 = 𝑆
= 47. 904 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑁𝐶𝐶'+⎡⎢ 𝑍3ϕ ⎤⎥
⎣ 𝑇⎦

And the harmonic resonant frequency of the bank is given by:

𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 47.904𝑀𝑉𝐴

ℎ𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘
= 1.2𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟

ℎ𝑟 = 6. 318

The Thévenin reactance is given by:

2 2
𝑋𝑡ℎ = 𝑋𝑆𝐶 = (𝑉𝐿𝐿) /𝑁𝐶𝐶 = 600𝑉 /47. 9092 = 0. 007515 𝑜ℎ𝑚

In order to calculate the amplification factors for the fifth and seventh harmonics we have to
obtain the attenuation factor:

| 𝐼ℎ |
𝑎(ℎ) = | 𝐼 (ℎ)
| 𝑠 |
|
|
𝑎 (ℎ) = |1 − ℎ
|
2
( )|||
𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑁𝐶𝐶

for ℎ = 5 & ℎ = 7 we have

𝑎(5) = 0. 3738 𝑎(7) = 0. 2275

and the amplification factor for the harmonico ‘h’ is given by

1
𝐴(ℎ) = 𝑎(ℎ)

𝐴(5) = 1. 8563 𝐴(7) = 1. 5129

The fundamental current flowing through the transformer’s secondary terminal is:
𝑃3ϕ
𝑝𝑓𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝
𝐼𝐿 = = 3032. 55 𝐴
3𝑉𝐿𝐿

and the distorted power factor before the capacitor bank:

∞ 2
Σ ℎ=2
𝐼 2 2
𝑠ℎ 500 +300
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑖 = 𝐼𝐿
= 3032.55
= 19. 23%
 1
𝑝𝑓𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = = 0. 982
2
1+𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑖

After power factor correction:

𝐼𝐿 = 2566𝐴 𝐼𝑠(5) = 1337. 79𝐴 𝐼𝑠(7) = 1318. 97

𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑖 = 73. 21

𝑝𝑓'𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 73. 21%

Now let’s calculate the total harmonic distortion in voltage at the low voltage side of the
transformer:

𝑉𝐿𝑁 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑋𝑡ℎ

600𝑉
𝑉1 = = 346. 41𝑉
3

−3
𝑉5 = (1337. 79𝐴)(5)( 7. 52𝑥10 ) = 50. 26𝑉

−3
𝑉7 = (1318. 95𝐴 )( 7)( 7. 52𝑥10 ) = 69. 384𝑉

∞ 2
Σ ℎ=2
𝐼 2 2
𝑠ℎ 50.26 +69.384
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑣 = 𝑉𝐿
= 346.41𝑉
= 19. 23%
 b) Design a harmonic filter that supplies the same reactive power
calculated in (a) and that absorbs 70% of the 5th harmonic produced by
non linear load. Calculate required harmonic filter tuning frequency,
reactor reactance (at 60 Hz), the effective (RMS) value of current flowing
through filters’ reactor and the THDV at the low voltage side of
transformer.

Using the parameters calculated at a)

−3
𝑥𝑡ℎ = 7. 52𝑥10 Ω 𝑋𝑐 = 0. 3 Ω

The first step is calculate the attenuation factor for the 5th harmonic using the
amplification factor

| 𝑍𝑓 |
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼ℎ| 𝑍 +𝑍 |
| 𝑓 𝑠|

| 𝑗𝑋𝑐( ℎ5 − 15 ) | 2

150𝐴 = 500𝐴|| 𝑠|
𝑗𝑋𝑐( − 5 )+𝑗5𝑋𝑠𝑐 |
5 1
| ℎ
2
𝑠 |

𝑄𝑐 = 1200𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟 𝐴 = 0. 3
| 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟 ⎡ ℎ ℎ𝑠 ⎤||
2 2
𝑎𝐹(5) = 1/. 3 = 3. 333 𝑎 = |1 + ⎢ ℎ2−ℎ𝑠2 ⎥|
𝐹(5) | 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑆𝐶
⎣ ⎦

Then calculate the harmonic filter tuning frequency using the values of 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟 and
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑆𝐶 previously calculated

2 2
| |
𝑎𝐹(5) = |1 + 47.904 ⎡⎢ 2 2 ⎤⎥| = 3. 333
1.2 5 ℎ𝑠
| ⎣ 5 −ℎ𝑠 ⎦|
2 2 2
⎡ 5 ℎ𝑠 ⎤ = 2. 333 47.904 25ℎ𝑠
⎢ 52−ℎ𝑠2 ⎥ 1.2 2 = 93. 134
⎣ ⎦ 25−ℎ𝑠
2 93.134(25)
ℎ𝑠 = 25+93.134 = 19. 71
ℎ𝑠 = 4. 44

The next thing to do is calculate the reactor reactance

𝑋𝑐 =. 3Ω
𝑋𝑐 .3
𝑋𝑅𝐹 = 2 = 19.71 =. 015218Ω
ℎ𝑠

And finally to calculate the current flowing through filters reactor and the THDV at
the low voltage side of the transformer, the first thing to do is calculate the current in
the filter by each harmonic

𝐼𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟1 = ||| 0.015218−.3 ||| = 1216. 4𝐴

600/ 3

𝐼𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟5 = |500 * 0. 7| = 350𝐴

 𝐼𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟7 = |300 * (1 −. 5475)|= 135. 728𝐴
2 2 2
𝐼𝑅 = 1216. 4 + 350 + 135. 728 = 1273. 013𝐴

−3 2 3 2
(150𝐴*5*7.52𝑥10 ) −(164.3𝐴∗ 7 ∗ 7.52𝑥10 )
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑉 = 600 = 2. 98%
3

c) Complete table below (readings from meters) that would result from the
installation of a harmonic filter designed in (b).

To complete the table with the readings from meters, it will be used the information
and results from the previous subsection and the results are the following:

Meter 1
𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 580
2600
𝑝𝑓𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 2664
= 0. 9759 ≈ 0. 976
3
2600𝑥10
𝐼1 = = 2566A
(0.975)( 3)(600)
∞ 2
Σ ℎ=2
𝐼 2
150 +164
2
𝑠ℎ
𝑇𝐷𝐻𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿
= 2566
= 8. 67%
𝐼5 = 500 *. 3 = 150𝐴
𝐼7 = 300 * 𝐴(7) = 164. 27𝐴
𝐼𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2573 A
1
𝑝𝑓𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 2 2
= 0. 996
1 +0.0868
𝑝𝑓𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0. 976 * 0. 996 = 0. 972

Meter 2
𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 822 A
3
1200𝑥10
𝐼1 = = 1400A
(0.825)( 3)(600)
1
𝑝𝑓𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 2 2 =1
1 +0

Meter 3
𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = 959 KVAr
3
1400𝑥10
𝐼1 = = 1632. 9A
(0.825)( 3)(600)
∞ 2
Σ ℎ=2
𝐼 2
500 +300
2
𝑠ℎ
𝑇𝐷𝐻𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿
= 1633
= 35. 7%
𝐼𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1734 A
1
𝑝𝑓𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 2 2
= 0. 941
1 +0.357
𝑝𝑓𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0. 825 * 0. 941 = 0. 776
Meter P(kW) Q disp pf I1 TDH I5 I7 I Total pf pf
(kVAr) disp (Arms) I (%) (Arms) (Arms) dist Total

M1 2600 580 .976 2566 8.67 150 164 2573 .996 .972

M2 1200 822.0 .825 1400 0 0 0 1400 1 .825

1

M3 1400 959 .825 1633 35.7 500 300 1733. .941 .776
98

d) Design a harmonic filter that supplies the same reactive power

calculated in (a) and that limits THDV at low voltage bus to 4 % Calculate
required harmonic filter tuning frequency, reactor reactance (at 60 Hz),
the effective (RMS) value of current flowing through filters’ reactor and
the THDV at the low voltage side of transformer.

Using the following per-phase equivalent circuit for h=1 we can calculate the currents at the
fundamental frequency

𝑉𝐿𝑁
|𝐼𝑓| = 𝑍𝐹
= 1235. 44 𝐴

Where 𝑍 = 𝑗(𝑋 − 𝑋𝑐)

𝐹 𝑟𝑓

Utilizing this, we can calculate the effective current flowing through the filter reactor, as
shown here:

2 ∞ 2 2 2 2
𝑋𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑋𝐷𝐶 + Σℎ=1 𝑥ℎ = 1235. 44𝐴 + 248. 58𝐴 + 107. 41𝐴

2 2 2 (1/2)
𝐼𝑓𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (1235. 44 + 248. 58 + 107. 41 ) = 1264. 77𝐴

Calculating the voltages with the same method that we used in A, we proceed to
readjust the spreadsheet to obtain the following information:

e) Simulate the system with a capacitor bank calculated in (a) using

PSPICE (AC Sweep Analysis) to plot the amplification factors for h=3
(f=180 Hz) to h=19 (f=1,140 Hz). In a table report Amplification factors for
all odd harmonics from 3 to 19.

With this circuit we were able to simulate harmonics and the effect it has to add a capacitor
bank to the Ac source type of system. As expected capacitors increase harmonics in a noisy
environment.
Thanks to the parameters obtained by the plot, we were able to calculate the amplification
factor for the fifth harmonic which turned out to be 2.67.

The values of all the odd harmonics are presented in the next chart

We then proceed to graph the attenuation factor and the amplification factor
 f) Simulate the system with a harmonic filter calculated in (b) using
PSPICE(AC Sweep Analysis) to plot the amplification factors for h=3
(f=180 Hz) to h=19 (f=1,140 Hz). In a table report. Amplification factors for
all odd harmonics from 3 to 19.

With this circuit we were able to simulate a harmonics filter and the effect it has to decrease
its effect. As expected, filters reduce harmonics in a noisy environment.
Thanks to the parameters obtained by the plot, we were able to calculate the amplification
factor for the fifth harmonic which turned out to be .302

The values of all the odd harmonics are presented in the next chart

We then proceed to graph the attenuation factor and the amplification factor
 g) Include a section of relevant engineering conclusions based on the
results of your analysis.

Gerardo Treviño Peña: Throughout the development of this project we took hands in
designing harmonic filters in conditions were capacitor banks were previously installed, its
important to acknowledge the importance of harmonic distortion in facilities for the adequate
correction of power factor. Many common industrial machines generate harmonic distortion
in the network and the circuit, that’s why we as engineers need to acknowledge its causes
effects and solutions, which as we´ve seen can be suppressed with a passive or automatic
harmonic filter which is composed of inductors to counteract the reactive power dissipation. I
think that throughout this course and these project I´ve learnt that the proper operation of
intelligent electrical networks its all about balance of the parameters we already know of.

Luis Eduardo Rodríguez Montiel: This report represents a helpful insight in regards to the
impact that capacitor banks and power factor correction can have on a system. Due to how
many industrial facilities will, or still do, deal with issues of harmonic distortion, it is important
for us to learn how to recognize these issues and adapt ourselves to resolve them. On a
personal level, this project has helped me strengthen my knowledge and capabilities in not
only fixing issues of harmonic distortion, but also the management of the tools used to deal
with this problem

Geraldine Maltos Hernández: By developing this project we comprehend at its total the
behavior of harmonic filters and how to make design them, we identify the importance of this
components mostly in industrial facilities; also we could notice the difference in a more
graphic and easy way between filters because of the signal that we create and interpret.
There are so many common machines such as the air conditioning system that we as
engineers need to be aware of, to be able to understand its functioning and its behavior.
Personally this project has helped me to fully understand this topic and mostly how the
harmonics work and behave depending on different factors also has helped me to
comprehend how to analyze an industrial facility and its components.

Erick Isaí Ortiz Maldonado: Through this project I can conclude about the importance of
harmonic filters. This represents a very large initial cost, but one advantage is that you can
choose the option that best fits the budget. In addition, the most important aspect of
harmonic filters is that they bring benefits to industrial facilities such as pf correction and
improving THD, voltages and currents. The LTSpice simulations were helpful to the
development of the project.