Expansion on freezing Solids are more dense than liquids Water expands when frozen. Ice is less dense?

H bonding highly dependent on orientation In ice, each water molecule is hydrogen bonded to four other water molecules in a tetrahedral shape around it. Forms a lattice of hexagonal rings -> open cage like structure As ice melts, water molecules move faster, H bonds are broken and the open rigid network partially collapses. Therefore, water molecules in liquid are closer (higher density!) Vital to nature Frozen ice has insulating layer on water surface, allowing aquatic animals to live longer

Syllabus ref 3.1.1 a) Soluble ionic compound: - Most ionic compounds soluble in water, polar water molecules are able to pull ions into solution and then surround then with a hydration sphere. - The partially negative atom attracts cations (eg. Na+), while the partially negative end (H bonds) attracts anions (eg. Cl-, D-D attraction) - Insoluble ionic compounds (eg. AgCl) have ionic bonds that are too strong to be overcome by (????? Sorry I white outed this part; dunno what it is >.<) b) Soluble molecular compound: - Most molecules are insoluble in water, they only dissolve in water. - Therefore only very polar molecules will dissolve as they interact via D-D attractions or H bonding. - In general, we say like dissolves like. - Polar solvents tend to dissolve polar solutes. - Non polar solvents tend to dissolve non polar solutes. - Therefore, the crystals of the solid break up and disperse throughout the solvent (water) and they break down to the molecular level. c) Soluble/partially soluble element/molecule compound: - eg. HCl + H2) H20+ + Cl- Some polar molecular gases dissolve in water by chemically reacting with it, eg. acid and base HCl (g) + H20 (l0 H3) + Cl (aq) - Some non polar molecular gases like O2 and I2 are partially soluble in water. Since water is highly polar, its able to induce a dipole within neighbouring non polar molecules forming induced D-D attractions that allow non polar molecules to partially dissolve (important for aquatic animals!)

d) Covalent molecular structure eg. sand SiO glass - Insoluble since the extensive and very strong covalent bond prevents the molecules from breaking down the structure and dispersing the atoms. Nothing happens. e) Large molecules (eg. cellulose, polyethene) - Polymer molecules are insoluble in water - So large and extended that water is unable to sufficiently surround them and disperse them - Polyethene (polymer of ethane) is large and non polar - Cellulose (polymer of glucose) is polar but forms long linear fibres that can H bond to one another, preventing water from getting in between the fibres.