Writing conclusions

Learner’s Module for Practical Research 2

Quarter 2 ● Week 7

KAREN L. BOSAING
Developer
Department of Education * Cordillera Administrative Region

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 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Cordillera Administrative Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BENGUET
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet

Published by:
Learning Resource Management and Development System

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the

Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for
profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems,
pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are
owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to
locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.”

This material has been developed for the implementation of K to 12 Curriculum

through the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)—Learning Resource
Management and Development System (LRMDS). It can be reproduced for
educational purposes and the source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the work
including creating an edited version, an enhancement or a supplementary work are
permitted provided all original work is acknowledged and the copyright is attributed.
No work may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit.

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 PREFACE

This module is a project of the Curriculum Implementation Division particularly

the Learning Resource Management and Development Unit, Department of Education,
Schools Division of Benguet is in response to the implementation of the K to 12
Curriculum.

This Learning Material is a property of the Department of Education – CID,

Schools Division of Benguet. It aims to improve learners’ performance in practical
research.

Date of Development : September 2021

Resource Location : CAR-LRMS
Learning Area : Practical Research
Grade Level : 12
Learning Resource Type : Module
Language : English
Quarter/Week : Q4/W8
Learning Competency/Code : Draws conclusions from research findings.
(CS_RS12-IIh-j-1)

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 What I Need to Know
Give yourself a tap on the shoulder for making it this far! Due to
the pandemic, learning in the classroom is still not feasible for this
school year but we hope that through this module, you will understand
the fundamentals of research. As you go over the activities, we hope that you will find
the learning experience fun, useful, and applicable.

We hope that when you finish this module, you can:

 Construct well-written conclusions from research findings

For the facilitator:

Thank you for guiding the learner in this module. To better facilitate learning,
schedule a day that the learner will follow. The learner does not need to complete the
module in one sitting. It may take the learner two to three days depending on his or
her pace. You may help the learners accomplish the tasks but kindly refrain from
answering the activity for him or her. Should you have any clarifications or concerns,
you can call/send a message to the subject teacher.

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 What I Know
The questions here will assess your knowledge about drawing
conclusions. Be honest in answering.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the best answer to the following multiple-choice questions
about drawing conclusions.
1. Which part of the research paper summarizes the main points of your research?
A. Introduction C. Data analysis
B. Results and Discussions D. Conclusion

2. Which statement can be used when restating the aim of the research?
A. The purpose of the current study was to determine ...
B. The findings clearly indicate that …
C. These experiments confirmed that …
D. The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.

3. Which statement can be used when summarizing the main points of your research?
A. The results of this investigation show that ...
B. In this investigation, the aim was to assess ...
C. The aim of the present research was to examine …
D. The purpose of the current study was to determine ...

4. Which of the following should be avoided when writing conclusions?

A. Starting the concluding statements with phrases like "in conclusion" or "in summary"
B. Using clear and simple language.
C. Removing unnecessary details that are repetitive.
D. Including only the most relevant points and arguments

5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about conclusions?

A. Conclusions are straight to the point so remove unnecessary details when writing your
conclusion.
B. Conclusions are based on the introduction of the research paper.
C. Conclusions are short, well-written summary usually found at the end of a research
manuscript.
D. Conclusions are as important as the other parts of a research paper.

TRUE OR FALSE? Determine whether the statement is correct or wrong. Write your
responses in your answer sheets.
6. Conclusions are based on the goals of your research.
7. Conclusions introduce new ideas about your research findings.
8. Unnecessary details can be included in the conclusion if necessary.
9. You can create a call to action in your concluding thoughts.
10. The main points of your findings are highlighted in the conclusion.
11. When writing the conclusion, it is recommended that you start with the phrase “In
conclusion…” or “In summary…”
12. When writing a conclusion, it is important to use clear and simple language.
13. When you summarize your ideas, you are giving your readers ideas for future research
studies.
14. When writing a conclusion, you should not merely summarize or paraphrase your
research objectives, but you synthesize the key points.
15. Most conclusions use complex language.

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 Lesson
Drawing conclusions from research
8 findings

What’s In
You learned from the previous modules the different ways of gathering data for your
investigations. You also learned how to analyze and interpret them. Now the next step is to
elicit conclusions from the data you analyzed. This is essential because other learners or
researchers can use your conclusions as a basis in generating their future investigations.
Having an effective conclusion also adds impact to your research finding.
Conclusions summarize the main points of your research. A well-written conclusion
tells your readers how well you have understood your research problems. It also informs the
readers of the impact and strength of your arguments. When writing a conclusion, it is
important to use clear and simple language. You also have to keep in mind that you should
not merely summarize or paraphrase your research objectives, but you synthesize the key
points.
In this lesson, you will learn the importance of an effective conclusion and how to write
one. You will also learn some strategies and tips that you can use.

What’s New
Activity 1. What say you? Read the passages carefully. What conclusions can be drawn
from each situation? Write your answers in the spaces provided.

At one time there were no rabbits in Australia. A man named Thomas Austin took
twenty-four rabbits there in 1859. Seven years later, the number of rabbits had grown.
One of Austin’s neighbors killed more than two million rabbits on his land. People called
the rabbits the "gray blanket." The rabbits ate crops and left fields bare. People put up
fences, but the rabbits climbed them. People shot the rabbits and used poison to kill them.
At last, the rabbits were under control.

1. What conclusion about rabbits can be drawn from this passage?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

The number of Facebook users in the Philippines had been gradually increasing over
the years, with the platform’s popularity apparent across generations. Used more than just
as a networking site, Facebook is leveraged by businesses and news outlets to reach out to
the country’s growing internet population. A 2021 survey on digital news in the Philippines
revealed that among the social networking platforms, Facebook was the most trusted news

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source. In addition, the pages of the two largest media organizations - ABS-CBN and GMA
Network, were among the most popular pages across the platform.
(Source: Statista Research Department, August 4, 2021)

2. What conclusions can you draw about the use of Facebook in the Philippines?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Zebra mussels stop the flow of water through pipes. They

ruin docks. They attach themselves to boats and prevent the
boats from running. They also kill other shellfish. Because the
mussels eat the same food as some other shellfish and there
are so many of them, the other shellfish run out of food.

3. What conclusions can be drawn about zebra mussels?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

What Is It
A well-written conclusion restates the aims and objectives of your paper. It also
summarizes the main findings and evidence for the readers. This part of your manuscript does
not introduce a new idea, instead, it clarifies the intent of the research by answering the
question, “Why is my argument important?”
Here is an example of a well-written conclusion:

This study examined KAP on COVID-19 among households experiencing

extreme poverty in the Philippines during the earlier stages of the pandemic. In the
context of a fragile health system and the spread of misinformation concerning
COVID-19, it is important to understand how populations that have limited access to
health services and information perceive this issue, and in particular, appropriate
responses or preventive measures. This population showed high degree of
knowledge of transmission routes, but with the exception of handwashing, they had
limited knowledge in the identification and adoption of other preventive practices.
Those who identified a greater number of transmission modes also adopted more
preventive practices. This association between knowledge and practices
demonstrates the importance of prompt and accurate public health communication.
As many COVID-19 response strategies employed by high-income countries are
unlikely to be feasible in low- and middle-income countries, targeted health education
and tailored guidance for public health response must be developed with careful
consideration of extreme low-income households.

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LESSON 1: Basic elements of a conclusion
Now let’s examine how the conclusion above was written taking into consideration the
basic elements.

ELEMENT 1: Restatement of research topic or aim

Start your conclusion by restating the topic or aim of your research and inform the
readers why your research is important.

Example:
Goal of the study Start of conclusion
The objective of this study was This study examined the KAP on COVID-
to understand the knowledge, 19 among households experiencing Restatement of
attitudes, and practices (KAP) extreme poverty in the Philippines during the purpose or
of COVID-19 among the earlier stages of the pandemic. In the aim of the study
households experiencing context of a fragile health system and the
extreme poverty in the spread of misinformation concerning
Philippines. A number of COVID-19, it is important to understand
Informing the
studies examining KAPs on how populations that have limited access
readers why
COVID-19 have already been to health services and information
conducted, but there is a need perceive this issue, and in particular, there is a need
to understand KAPs among appropriate responses or preventive to determine the
vulnerable and low-income measures. knowledge,
communities. As various attitudes, and
guidelines and strategies are practices of low-
developed to address COVID- income
19 in low- and middle-income households
countries, it is important that
households from lower
socioeconomic positions are
equitably included in these
initiatives.

When restating your research topic, do not just copy and paste your thesis statement
in the introduction. Rephrase them to avoid being repetitive. You can also use the phrases
below to restate you research topic or aim:

This study set out to …

This paper has argued that ...
In this investigation, the aim was to assess ...
The aim of the present research was to examine …
The purpose of the current study was to determine ...
This project was undertaken to design ... and evaluate ...
The present study was designed to determine the effect of ...

ELEMENT 2: Summary of the main points of your research

The next step is to review the main point/s of your paper. You can do this by going
back to your research findings and picking out the most relevant facts and arguments. Do not
introduce new ideas here because your purpose is to sum up the key points of your research.

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Example:

Results Summary
In total, 2224 respondents from 166 communities in rural, This population showed high
urban, and coastal settings were surveyed. Although the degree of knowledge of
survey was administered during the earlier stages of the transmission routes, but with
pandemic, 94.0% of respondents had already heard of the exception of handwashing,
COVID-19. Traditional media sources such as television they had limited knowledge in
(85.5%) and radio (56.1%) were reported as the main the identification and adoption
sources of information about the virus. Coughing and of other preventive practices.
sneezing were identified as a transmission route by 89.5% Those who identified a greater
of respondents, while indirect hand contact was the least number of transmission
commonly identified transmission route, recognized by modes also adopted more
72.6% of respondents. Handwashing was identified by preventive practices.
82.2% of respondents as a preventive measure against the
virus, but social distancing and avoiding crowds were only
identified by 32.4% and 40.6%, respectively. Handwashing
was the most common preventive practice in response to
COVID-19, adopted by 89.9% of respondents. A greater
number of preventive measures were taken by those with
more knowledge of potential transmission routes.

You can use any of the following phrases when summarizing your main points:
This study has identified …
This study has shown that ...
The findings clearly indicate that …
The research has also shown that ...
These experiments confirmed that …
X made no significant difference to …
This study has found that generally ...
The investigation of X has shown that ...
The results of this investigation show that ...
X, Y and Z emerged as reliable predictors of ...
Multiple regression analysis revealed that the ...
The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that ...
The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.
One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that ...

ELEMENT 3: Significance of the main points or implications

After you have presented the main points, you can tell the readers how your findings
affect a specific outcome, or you can discuss how your findings are important and relevant to
your field of research.

Examples:

This population showed high degree of knowledge of

transmission routes, but with the exception of handwashing, they Summary of
had limited knowledge in the identification and adoption of other main points
preventive practices. Those who identified a greater number of
transmission modes also adopted more preventive practices.
This association between knowledge and practices demonstrates
the importance of prompt and accurate public health Implications
communication.

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 The findings revealed that the online learning challenges of
Summary of
students varied in terms of type and extent. Their greatest
main points challenge was linked to their learning environment at home, while
their least challenge was technological literacy and competency.
With reference to previous studies, the current study has
Significance of complemented their findings on the pedagogical, logistical,
the study socioeconomic, technological, and psychosocial online learning
challenges that students experience within the context of the
COVID-19 pandemic. Further, this study extended previous
studies and our understanding of students’ online learning
experience by identifying both the presence and extent of online
learning challenges and by shedding light on the specific
strategies they employed to overcome them.

The following phrases may help you in discussing the significance of your findings
and in constructing implications:

Suggesting implications for the field of knowledge

The results of this study indicate that ...
These findings suggest that in general ...
Taken together, these results suggest that ...
The evidence from this study suggests that ...
Overall, this study strengthens the idea that …
The current data highlight the importance of …
The findings of this research provide insights for …
The results of this research support the idea that ...
These data suggest that X can be achieved through ...
These findings have significant implications for the understanding of how …

Significance of the findings or contribution of the study

The findings reported here shed new light on …
The study contributes to our understanding of …
This work contributes to existing knowledge of X by providing ...
Prior to this study it was difficult to make predictions about how …
The analysis of X undertaken here, has extended our knowledge of ...
The empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of ...
This new understanding should help to improve predictions of the impact of …
These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of X and provide a
basis for …

ELEMENT 4: Concluding thoughts

There are two ways on how you can finish your conclusion:
a. by creating a call to action
b. posing an idea that gets your readers thinking further about your argument

The concluding thought can also be used by researchers to address any unanswered
questions raised. Other researchers also use this part to raise the limitations of the study.

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Example:

As many COVID-19 response strategies employed

by high-income countries are unlikely to be feasible in low- The researchers here are
and middle-income countries, targeted health education urging policymakers to
and tailored guidance for public health response must be develop health education
developed with careful consideration of extreme low- and guidance for extreme
income households. low-income households.

Remember to incorporate the elements discussed above when writing your

conclusions.

For you to better understand our topic, let’s take a look at another example of a
conclusion and the elements in it:

This study aimed to provide an insight on the oral Element 1: Restatement of

corrective feedback (OCF) practices of selected Filipino high the aim of the study
school teachers. The findings reveal that teachers corrected
grammatical, phonological, and lexical errors of learners but
the frequency of OCF depended on the learners’ level of
Element 2: Summary of
proficiency and the teacher’s belief on language teaching.
The study further reveal that the teachers used different main points
strategies when correcting errors. The findings indicate that
language teachers have different focus when it comes to Element 3: implication
providing OCF. Some focus on both meaning and structure
while others focus on meaning or structure only.
There are some limitations of this study. First is the
limited number of participants thus, the findings may not be Element 4: The limitations
consistent with other studies on OCF practices. However, it of the study are presented
may provide an insight into the OCF practices of Filipino high
school teachers. Another limitation is the method in data
gathering which is limited to semi-structure interviews only.
Future research may want to consider classroom Element 4: Ideas for
observations and other methods of data gathering for future researchers to
triangulation purposes. consider

LESSON 2: Dos and Don’ts in writing a conclusion

✓ Write a concise and clear conclusion. Conclusions are straight to the point so remove
unnecessary details when writing your conclusion.
✓ Use simple and clear language.
✓ Include only the most relevant points and arguments you presented in your paper.
✓ Use the past tense to indicate what you found (the findings of your study), but use
present tense to suggest what the result implies.

Example:

This population showed high degree of knowledge of transmission routes, but

with the exception of handwashing…This association between knowledge and
practices demonstrates the importance of prompt and accurate public health
communication.

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  Avoid beginning your conclusion with statements like "in conclusion" or "in summary"
since these are redundant.
 Don’t repeat information that you have already discussed. Instead, restate your
arguments and evidence.
 Don’t introduce a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.

What’s More
ACTIVITY 2. The missing elements. Read the conclusions below and
identify the missing elements. Then, improve the conclusion based on what you have learned
earlier.

Conclusion #1:
Pollution can kill fish and people. Drinking water becomes unsanitary and unsafe with
pollution. If we do not fix the state of our freshwater systems, our health can suffer. Researchers are
still trying to help, but they have not resolved the issue of the water pollution. As citizens, it is our
responsibility to help keep our waters clean and avoid polluting rivers, lakes, and oceans.

What elements are missing?

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

The improved version:

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion #2:

This study aimed to determine the effects of social media to the academic performance
of the criminology students. The respondents are mostly first year students, age of 17-18,
male, commonly using Facebook on their cellphone through WiFi connection. Saving a lot of
time because of easy access and transfer of data due to collaboration with others using social
networking sites were the observed effects of social media to their academic performance.

What elements are missing?

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

The improved version:

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion #3:

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 The results of this study highlight the importance of parental smoking norms and
attitudes and smoking role models in the home. It is important that smoking prevention
strategies target and include the entire family. Limitations of the study are its cross-sectional
design and that the sample was primarily white.

What elements are missing?

______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

The improved version:

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Complete the statements below:

Conclusions are important parts of a research manuscript because it can generate

ideas for future investigations. Conclusions are based on the ________________________.
When writing an effective conclusion, one must start with the _________________
___________________________followed by the ________________________________.
The implications or importance of the study will then be presented/discussed. The
concluding thoughts can be ______________________________________________ or
______________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

ACTIVITY 3. Conclusion writing. Use the information below to create a

well-written conclusion. Write your answer in the answer sheet. Make sure that you
incorporate the elements we discussed earlier.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether teenage pregnancy is more strongly
predicted by having an older sister who had a teenage pregnancy or by having a mother who
bore her first child before age 20.

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RESULTS:
• Of the girls having an older sister with a teenage pregnancy, 40.4 % had a teenage
pregnancy. This is significantly higher than the 10.3 % teenage pregnancy rate
among those not having an older sister with a teenage pregnancy.
• Of the girls having a teenage mother, 39.4 % had a teenage pregnancy. This is
significantly higher than the 13.1 % teenage pregnancy rates among those whose
mother bore her first child after age 19.
• After data analysis, the odds of becoming pregnant for a teenager were much higher
if her older sister had a teenage pregnancy than if her mother had been a teenage
mother.

CONCLUSION: ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Rubric for assessment:

10 points 7 points 4 points

All the elements of a One element is Two elements are
Completeness
conclusion are missing. missing.
of elements
included.
The main idea is The main idea is The main idea is not
Restatement of restated in the restated in the restated at all in this
aim/goal conclusion in a new conclusion in the same conclusion.
way way as the introduction
All main points were The main points were The main points were
Summary of summarized, and the summarized but the not clearly stated in the
main points importance is importance is not conclusion.
indicated. revealed.
Concluding thoughts There are no New idea/s were
Concluding
are presented concluding thoughts presented in the
thought
included conclusion
The conclusion is free The conclusion There are numerous
from spelling, contains three to five distracting punctuation,
Mechanics
grammar, or errors in punctuation, grammar, and spelling
punctuation errors. grammar, or spelling. errors.
Total score:

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 POST- ASSESSMENT
The questions here will assess your understanding of our lesson.
Be honest in answering!

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the best answer to the following multiple-

choice questions about drawing conclusions.
1. Which part of the research paper summarizes the main points of your research?
A. Introduction C. Data analysis
B. Results and Discussions D. Conclusion

2. Which statement can be used when restating the aim of the research?
A. The purpose of the current study was to determine ...
B. The findings clearly indicate that …
C. These experiments confirmed that …
D. The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.

3. Which statement can be used when summarizing the main points of your research?
A. The results of this investigation show that ...
B. In this investigation, the aim was to assess ...
C. The aim of the present research was to examine …
D. The purpose of the current study was to determine ...

4. Which of the following should be avoided when writing conclusions?

A. Starting the concluding statements with phrases like "in conclusion" or "in summary"
B. Using clear and simple language.
C. Removing unnecessary details that are repetitive.
D. Including only the most relevant points and arguments

5. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about conclusions?

A. Conclusions are straight to the point so remove unnecessary details when writing your
conclusion.
B. Conclusions are based on the introduction of the research paper.
C. Conclusions are short, well-written summary usually found at the end of a research
manuscript.
D. Conclusions are as important as the other parts of a research paper.

TRUE OR FALSE? Determine whether the statement is correct or wrong. Write your
responses in your answer sheets.
6. Conclusions are based on the goals of your research.
7. Conclusions introduce new ideas about your research findings.
8. Unnecessary details can be included in the conclusion if necessary.
9. You can create a call to action in your concluding thoughts.
10. The main points of your findings are highlighted in the conclusion.
11. When writing the conclusion, it is recommended that you start with the phrase “In
conclusion…” or “In summary…”
12. When writing a conclusion, it is important to use clear and simple language.
13. When you summarize your ideas, you are giving your readers ideas for future
research studies.
14. When writing a conclusion, you should not merely summarize or paraphrase your
research objectives, but you synthesize the key points.
15. Most conclusions use complex language.

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PRE-ASSESSMENT
1. D
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
10. TRUE
11. FALSE
12. TRUE
13. FALSE
14. TRUE
15. TRUE
ACTIVITY 1. Answers vary
Model answers:
1. Rabbits are destructive animals
2. People in the Philippines use Facebook for business purposes and news coverage access
3. Zebra mussels can destroy the flow of water and they can also kill sea creatures like
shellfish.
ACTIVITY 2.
Missing elements:
1. Restatement of purpose/aim
2. Implications/significance, concluding remarks
3. Summary of main points
Improved versions may vary
ACTIVITY 3. Answers vary
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
research findings, restatement of the research purpose or aim, summary of main points, call to
action, ideas for future researches
Answer Key
REFERENCE LIST

Bosaing, Karen. “Oral corrective practices of selected Filipino high school teachers.” June
2021. LALS 510: Listening and Speaking in the Language Classroom, Victoria
University of Wellington, student paper.

Cabral, Ace Albert P., et al. "Effects of Social Media to Academic Performance." College of
Criminology Research Journal (2016): 21-34.
Corsicana Independent School District. "Drawing Conclusions." n.d.
<https://www.cisd.org/cms/lib6/TX01917765/Centricity/Domain/896/Drawing%20Con
clusions%20Worksheet.pdf>.
Egbert, Joy and Sherry Sanden. Writing educational research. New York: Taylor & Francis,
2015. e-book.
Komro, Kelli A, et al. "Parental, family, and home characteristics associated with cigarette
smoking among adolescents." American Journal of Health Promotion (2003).
Lau, Lincoln Leehang, et al. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of COVID-19 among
income-poor households in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study." Journal of
Global Health (2020).
Morley, John. Academic Phrasebank. University of Manchester, 2014.
Purdue University. Purdue Online Writing Lab. n.d.
<https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/argument
_papers/conclusions.html>.
Walden University. Writing a Conclusion. July 2021.
<https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/conclusions>.
Wall-Wieler, Elizabeth, Leslie L. Roos and Nathan C. Nickel. "Teenage pregnancy: the impact
of maternal adolescent childbearing and older sister’s teenage pregnancy on a
younger sister." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2016).

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