As 1921 - 1976

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AS 1921—1976
Australian Standard
AIR CONDITIONING
AND VENTILATION IN SHIPS
CABINS AND
LIVING SPACES OF
MERCHANT SHIPS

Single user license only, copying prohibited.
The following scientific, industrial and governmental organizations and departments

were officially represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this
standard:
American Bureau of Shipping

Australian Chamber of Shipping
Australian Shipbuilders Association
Australian Shipbuilding Board
Australian Shipping Commission
Bureau Veritas
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
Department of Defence
Department of Industry and Commerce
Department of Transport
Designers and Manufacturers of Marine Air Conditioning Systems
Institute of Marine Engineers
Lloyds Register of Shipping
Royal Institute of Naval Architects
This standard, prepared by Committee MS/22, Shipbuilding Details, was approved on

behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of Australia on 5 May 1976, and
was published on 1 January 1977.
Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new edit ions as necessary. It is
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without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This standard was issued in draft form for public review as DR 75086.

AS 1921—1976
Australian Standard
AIR CONDITIONING
AND VENTILATION IN SHIPS
CABINS AND
LIVING SPACES OF
MERCHANT SHIPS
First publi shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976
Incorporating:
Amdt 1—1984
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 0999 6

AS 1921—1976 2
PREFACE
This standard was prepared by the Association’s Committee on Shipbuilding Details

at the request of the Whyalla Shipbuilding and Engineering Works.
The standard has been based on Swedish Standard VIS 376, Air Conditioning in
Cabins — Conditions and Calculation Fundamentals, with suitable changes for
Australian conditions. Assistance was obtained from CSIRO Division of Mechanical
Engineering in regard to conditions applying in Australia ports and acceptable
conditions of comfort. The air condition charts given in Appendix A were made
available from a CSIRO Division of Mechanical Engineering Technical Report (in
press) by Wooldridge M., and Kaschmeider D., entitled ‘Climatic Data for Several
Australian Locations for Use in Air Conditioning Design’.
The standard specifies the design conditions for vessels operating generally on the
Australian coast in terms of overall summer conditions, and zoned winter conditions.
Recommendations are also given in regard to the summer conditions for ships
operating in restricted geographical locations.
The standard is intended to apply to new ships, and to ships that are to be
extensively modified or converted.
Users of the standard should note that while observing the requirements of this
standard, they should at the same time ensure compliance with such statutory and
classification society requirements, rules and regulations as are applicable to the
individual ships concerned.
For requirements for air conditioning and ventilation of machinery control rooms
of merchant ships, reference should be made to AS 1925.
This standard requires reference to —
AS 1150 Artificial Illumination in Ships.
AS 1806 Seawater Temperatures for Cooling of Ships Machinery

3 AS 1921—1976
CONTENTS
SPECIFICATION Page
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . . ... 4
2 Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... .. . . ... 4
3 Calculation of Heat Gain and Heat Loss . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. 5
4 Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . . ... 5
5 Solar Heat Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . . ... 8
6 Heat from Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . . .. . 10
7 Heat Gain from Lighting and Appliances . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. 10
8 Heat Gain from Other Sources . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . ... 11
9 Number of Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . . ... 11
10 Air Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . ... .. . . ... 11
11 Refrigeration Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . ... 15
12 Air Movement in the Occupied Zone . . . . . .. .. .. ... . . . . .. . 16
13 Noise from Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . . ... 16
APPENDICES
A Recommendations for the Design of Air Conditioning Systems
for Ships Operating in Restricted Geographical Locations on
the Australian Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
B Termal Conductivities and Conductances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

AS 1921—1976 4
STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard Specification

for
AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION IN SHIPS—
CABINS AND LIVING SPACES OF MERCHANT SHIPS
1 SCOPE. This standard specifies the design conditions for the air conditioning of
cabins and living spaces of merchant ships operating on the Australian coast, and also
in all global waters except arctic and antarctic waters in winter, and provides data and
suitable methods of calculation for use in designing to meet these conditions.
The ‘cabins and living spaces’ referred to in this standard are intended to include
the following:
Cabins
Saloons and mess rooms
Smoke rooms and recreation room
Day rooms
Games room and gymnasium
Hospital and first aid rooms
Radio office
Other offices
Pantry.
Appropriate requirements are specified for other spaces which may be ventilated
from the air conditioning system, or which may affect the operation of the system.
The standard also includes recommendations for the design of air conditioning
systems for ships operating in restricted geographical locations on the Australian coast,
e.g. ports and adjacent waters. These are given in Appendix A.
2 DESIGN CONDITIONS.
2.1 Summer. The design conditions for summer shall be as follows:
(a) High enthalpy condition —
Outside: 35°C dry bulb and 30°C wet bulb
Inside: 29°C dry bulb with a wet bulb temperature less than 24°C.
(b) Low enthalpy condition —

Outside: 35°C dry bulb and 22°C wet bulb
Inside: 24°C dry bulb with a wet bulb temperature less than 19°C.
The system shall be designed to meet both sets of conditions.

5 AS 1921—1976
2.2 Winter.
2.2.1 Zones. For winter the ship shall be air conditioned for the operating zones
specified by the purchaser, as follows:
Zone A — Ships primarily operating in tropical waters
Zone B — Ships primarily operating on the Australian coast or in similar
temperature zones
Zone C — Ships operating in all waters except arctic and antarctic waters in
winter.
2.2.2 Conditions. The design conditions shall be as follows:
(a) Outside —
Zone A: Heating not required
Zone B: −1°C
Zone C: −15°C
(b) Inside —
All Zones: 22°C.
3 CALCULATION OF HEAT GAIN AND HEAT LOSS.
3.1 Summer Conditions. The calculation for summer conditions shall be based
on the heat gain from the following sources:
(a) Transmission (see Clause 4)
(b) Solar Heat Gain (see Clause 5)
(c) Heat from Persons and Food (see Clause 6)
(d) Heat Gain from Lighting and Appliances (see Clause 7)
(e) Heat Gain from Other Sources (see Clause 8).
3.2 Winter Conditions. The calculation for winter conditions shall be based on
the transmission (see Clause 4). Any solar heat gain, heat gain from persons and food,
lighting and appliances, or other heat sources, shall not be included.
4 TRANSMISSION.
4.1 Method of Calculation. The following formula should be used for calculating
the transmission loss or gain:
Pt = ∆t o [(A v × hv ) + (Ag × hg )]
where
Pt = transmission loss or gain, in watts
∆to = temperature difference to adjoining space (see Clause 2 for external
spaces, and Clause 4.2 for internal spaces), in degrees Celsius
Av = surface exclusive of any glass surface, in square metres
hv = heat transfer coefficient for the surface, in watts per square metre
kelvin (W/m2 .K)
Ag = free glass surface, in square metres
hg = heat transfer coefficient for glass surface, in watts per square metre
kelvin (W/m2 .K).

AS 1921—1976 6
TABLE 1
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES TO ADJOINING INTERNAL
SPACES
degrees Celsius
High Low
Zone C Zone B
enthalpy enthalpy
winter winter
Surface against adjoining space summer summer
ti − ta ti − t a
ta − t i ta − t i
°C °C
°C °C
Group 1
Deck above hot tanks 41 41 17 11
Deck and bulkhead against boil er room 26 31 17 11
Deck and bulkhead against engine room or
non-air- condit ioned gall ey 16 21 17 11
Deck and bulkhead against cargo space or equivalent
large spaces (venti lated wit h outside air) 11 16 37 23
Deck and bulkhead against laundry or like size spaces
(venti lated wit h outside air) 11 16 17 11
Group 2*
Deck and bulkhead against common sanitary spaces
and like (venti lated wit h outside air and heated) 6 8 0 0
Deck and bulkhead against private sanitary spaces and
li ke (ventil ated by exhaust of condit ioned air from
cabins) —
(a) with any part against exposed outl et surface 2 2.4 3 2
(b) not exposed 1 1.2 0 0
Bulkhead against all ey way (venti lated by exhaust of
condit ioned air fr om cabins) — 3 3.6 6 4
(a) adjoining engine room or boil er room or like 2 2.4 8 5
(b) not adjoining engine room or boil er room or like
* Adjoining spaces referr ed to in Group 2 with surfaces exposed to outside or cold or warm spaces are
assumed to have these surfaces insulated in the same way as air -conditi oned spaces.
LEGEND:
ta = temperature in adjoining space; ti = temperature in the air -conditi oned space.
4.2 Temperature Differences to Adjoining Internal Spaces. Unless otherwise

advised by the purchaser, the values given in Table 1 shall be used as the temperature
difference between adjoining air-conditioned and non-air conditioned internal spaces.
4.3 Insulation. Insulation shall be provided for all surfaces exposed to outside
conditions or adjoining warm or cold spaces. Increased insulation shall be provided for
surfaces adjoining hot pipes, boilers, etc.
The maximum heat transfer coefficients for surfaces commonly involved in air
conditioning calculations are given in Table 2. Allowance shall be made for any
deviations advised by the purchaser.

7 AS 1921—1976
TABLE 2
MAXIMUM HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
Maximum heat transfer

Surface coeffi cient
W/ m2.K
Glass windows, single pane 4.7
Glass windows, double pane 3.5
Deck and bulkhead against alleyway, sanitary space, etc
(Table 1, Group 2) 2.3
Ship’s side, outer bulkhead or weather deck with sun awning 0.9
Deck and bulkhead against engine room, cargo space or 0.8
other non-air -conditi oned spaces
Deck and bulkhead against boil er room or near boil er in 0.7
engine room
Deck against open air or weather deck without sun awning 0.6
and deck above hot tanks
4.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient. The following formula should be used for
calculating the heat transfer coefficient:
where
h = heat transfer coefficient, in watts per square metre kelvin (W/m2 .K)
a = heat transfer coefficient for surface to air
= 80 W/m2.K for surfaces exposed to wind (≈ 20 m/s), outside
= 8 W/m 2.K for surfaces not exposed to wind (≈ 0.5 m/s), inside
d = thickness of material, in metres
λ = thermal conductivity, in watts per metre kelvin (W/m.K)
ML = thermal resistance in air layer, in square metre kelvins per watt (m 2 .K/W)
Mb = contact resistance between different layers of material, in square metre
kelvins per watt (m 2 .K/W)
µ = correction factor for steel frame
= 1.2 for insulation according to Fig. 1
= 1.45 for insulation according to Fig. 2.
NOTE: Figs 1 and 2 are intended to be typical examples. Factor µ must be derived for other types of
constr ucti on.

AS 1921—1976 8
Practical values of thermal conductivity for commonly used materials are given
in Appendix A.
For thermal resistance of a non-ventilated air layer, see Table 3.
The contact heat resistance between different layers of material is normally taken
as 0.09 m2 .K/W for common types of construction.
Fig. 1. PLAIN INSU LATION OF UN IFORM THICK NE SS
Fig. 2. CO RR UG ATED INSU LATION OF UNIFORM THICKN ES S
TABLE 3
THERMAL RESISTANCE OF NON-VENTILATED AIR LAYER
Boundary surfaces of Air thickness Thermal resistance

air layer mm m 2.K/W
Non-metall ic material 5 0.10
10 0.13
20 0.17
50 0.17
One surf ace of aluminium foil 5 0.17
10 0.30
20 0.43
50 0.47
Both surfaces of aluminium foil 5 0.17
10 0.34
20 0.47
50 0.52
4.5 Measurement of Transmission Surfaces. Height shall be measured from

steel deck to steel deck. Length shall be measured from steel bulkhead to steel
bulkhead where applicable, otherwise to the centre of the partition.
5 SOLAR HEAT GAIN. The following formula should be used for calculating
solar heat gain:
Ps = A v × h × ∆t r + Ag × G s

9 AS 1921—1976
where
Ps = solar heat gain, in watts
Av = surface exposed to solar radiation excluding glass windows (possible shadow
from overhanging deck or sun awning is to be considered), in square metres
h = heat transfer coefficient for the surface, in watts per square metre kelvin
(W/m2 .K)
∆t r = excess temperature (above the outside temperature), caused by solar radiation
on surfaces according to Table 4, in degrees Celsius
TABLE 4
EXCESS TEMPERATURE CAUSED BY SOLAR RADIATION
Excess temperature
Surface Time
°C
Hori zontal 0800 14
1000 25
1200 30
Vert ical dark 0800 28
1000 18
1200 —
Vert ical li ght 0800 14
1000 9
1200 —
Ag = free glass surface of window (possible shadow from overhanging deck or sun
awning is to be considered), in square metres
G s = additional heat gain from glass surface
= 350 W/m2 at 0800 hours
= 235 W/m2 at 1000 hours.
NOTE: If solar radiation reflecting glass is used, G s may be reduced.
The calculations shall be made as at 0800, 1000 and 1200 hours, allowing angles
of incidence of solar radiation of 30, 60 and 90 degrees, respectively, to the horizontal,
and the maximum value shall be taken. For the purposes of this standard, the afternoon
conditions shall be deemed to be covered by these calculations.

AS 1921—1976 10
6 HEAT FROM PERSONS AND FOOD.

6.1 Heat from Persons. The sensible and latent heats from persons shall be as
given in Table 5.
TABLE 5
HEAT EMITTED PER PERSON
Heat emitt ed per person, W

Typical Heat
Acti vity High enthalpy Low enthalpy
application type
condit ion (29°C) condit ion (24°C)
Low Cabin, TV room Sensible 50 70
Latent 50 30
Moderate Recreati on room, Sensible 54 74
mess room, Latent 86 66
pantri es
High Games room, Sensible 70 110
gymnasium Latent 230 190
6.2 Heat from Food. The heat gain from food in the saloons and mess rooms
shall be taken as 18 W per person (9 W sensible, 9 W latent).
7 HEAT GAIN FROM LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES.

7.1 Lighting. The heat gain from lighting shall be calculated from the rated
wattage of the lamps and fluorescent ballast provided for lighting purposes as advised
by the purchaser.
Where the rated output from lighting is not advised by the purchaser, the heat
from general lighting shall be calculated on the basis of the minimum illumination
levels specified for new ships in Table 1 of AS 1150, Artificial Illumination in Ships,
using a value of 8.5 W/m 2 of floor area per 100 lx, and an appropriate allowance shall
be made for special purpose lighting (this implies fluorescent lighting, and includes
ballast losses).
7.2 Appliances. The heat gain from appliances shall be calculated on the basis
of information supplied by the purchaser in regard to the type, number and output of
all heat producing appliances, their periods of operation, and whether they are provided
with an exhaust hood.
The heat gain shall be calculated at the value at which the appliance generates
sensible and latent heat under normal use at the time of peak cooling load, or in most
cases where a properly designed mechanical exhaust hood is fitted, at half the value.

11 AS 1921—1976
If the output from refrigerators, television sets or hot water urns is not stated, it
shall be calculated on the following basis:
(a) Refrigerators — 0.3 W per litre of storage capacity, continuous.
(b) Television sets — 250 W continuous, with an allowance of 2 W/m2 of floor
area for lighting during night hours, and in spaces without natural lighting.
(c) Hot water urns fitted with an effective exhaust hood — in accordance with
Table 6.
TABLE 6
HEAT GAIN FROM URNS
Heat gain, W
Heat type
10-l it re urn 20-l it re urn
Sensible 400 500
Latent 200 250
8 HEAT GAIN FROM OTHER SOURCES.

8.1 Air Ducts. The average rates of air temperature rise and air leakage for the
air distribution ducts shall be determined, and shall be taken into account when
calculating the necessary air flow for summer conditions for each space, and in
calculating the total system heat gain.
8.2 Fans. The heat gain from fans shall be included in the total system heat gain.
If a fan motor is outside the air stream, the heat gain shall be calculated as the shaft
power in watts. If the fan motor is inside the air stream, the heat gain shall be
calculated as the input power to the motor in watts.
8.3 Radio Offices. Unless otherwise advised by the purchaser, a heat gain of
1 kW shall be allowed in radio offices, exclusive of the radio transmitter for which it
is assumed that a separate exhaust duct will be provided.
9 NUMBER OF PERSONS. The number of persons to be accommodated shall be

calculated in accordance with Table 7.
10 AIR FLOW CALCULATION.

10.1 Volume of Space. Furniture, wardrobes, etc shall not be deducted in
calculating the gross volume of cabins and other spaces.
The air to the room shall be based upon given conditions with regard to the
character of surrounding surfaces. Consequently, spaces with the same volume may
have a different number of air changes, depending on the heat leakage through the
boundary surfaces, e.g. heated tanks, engine rooms or other bulkheads.

AS 1921—1976 12
TABLE 7
NUMBER OF PERSONS
Space Number to be accommodated

Cabins The number of persons normally living in the cabin*
Saloons, messrooms The number of persons who can be seated*
Smoke rooms, recreation rooms The number of persons who can be seated*
Dayrooms (captain and chief engineer) 4 persons
Dayrooms (chief off icer, second engineer, 3 persons
chief steward and other similar personnel)
Gymnasium, games room 4 persons
Hospit al The number of beds plus two
First aid room 2 persons
Radio and other off ices 2 persons unless otherwise stated by the purchaser
* As stated by the purchaser.
10.2 Supply Air for Cabins and Living Spaces.

10.2.1 Cabins and living spaces except radio offices and pantries. The supply
air shall be calculated using whichever of the following criteria gives the highest
value:
(a) Necessary air flow for summer conditions (having regard to Clause 10.7).
(b) Necessary air flow for winter conditions.
(c) The air flows given in Table 8 at an air density of 1.20 kg/m 3.
NOTE: The air flow is usuall y determined by the ‘necessary air flow for summer condit ions’.
10.2.2 Radio offices. Sufficient air shall be supplied to maintain the summer
and winter design conditions up to a maximum of 12 air changes per hour, with a
minimum air flow per person of 17 litres/s, and a minimum of 6 air changes per hour.
10.2.3 Pantries. The following conditions shall apply to pantries:
(a) At least 5 air changes per hour shall be supplied.
(b) With all equipment and appliances except hot water urns not operating, the
summer design conditions shall be met.
(c) With all equipment and appliances operating, the summer design
conditions shall be met up to a nominal maximum of 8 air changes per
hour, beyond which the temperatures may be permitted to rise to a
maximum of 6 K above the design temperatures.

13 AS 1921—1976
TABLE 8
SUPPLY AIR FLOW
Minimum air fl ow Minimum number

Area per person of air changes
li tres/s per hour
Cabins 17 3
Saloons and messrooms 7 5
Dayrooms 7 4
Smoke rooms and 17 6
recreati on rooms
Gymnasium and 17 6
games room
Hospit al and 17 4
fi rst aid room
Other off ices 17 4
10.3 Supply Air for Associated Spaces.

10.3.1 Wheel houses. Where wheel houses are ventilated with air taken from
the air-conditioning system, the design dry bulb temperature condition should be met
using a minimum of 4 air changes per hour up to a nominal maximum of 8 air changes
per hour, beyond which the temperature may be permitted to rise to maximum of 6 K
above the design temperature.
10.3.2 Laundries. Where laundries are ventilated with air taken from the
air-conditioning system, the following conditions should be met:
(a) At least 4 air changes per hour should be applied.
(b) With all equipment and appliances not operating, the summer design
conditions should be met.
(c) With all equipment and appliances operating, the summer design dry bulb
temperature condition should be met up to a nominal maximum of 8 air
changes per hour, beyond which the temperature may be permitted to rise
to a maximum of 6 K above the design temperature.
10.3.3 Change rooms and store rooms. Where change rooms and store rooms
are ventilated from the air-conditioning system, they should be supplied with at least
4 air changes per hour up to a maximum of 8 air changes per hour.
10.4 Air Balance. A positive air balance shall be maintained between supply and
exhaust air, i.e. a slight positive pressure shall be maintained in all air conditioned
spaces and associated corridors.

AS 1921—1976 14
10.5 Exhaust Air.

10.5.1 Air not to be recirculated. Air-conditioned spaces which are the source
of smells, steam or other contaminants, such as pantries, sanitary spaces, and hospitals,
shall be exhausted to atmosphere, and shall be held at a slightly lower pressure than
that obtaining in the adjoining accommodation. In addition, urns, clothes dryers and
other equipment producing steam should be efficiently exhausted to atmosphere.
10.5.2 Sanitary spaces. The quantity of air to be exhausted from sanitary
spaces shall be calculated on the basis of Table 9.
TABLE 9
EXHAUST AIR QUANTITIES
Space Minimum exhaust air quantit ies

Common sanit ary spaces, containing bath, 10 air changes per hour
shower, uri nal and water closet
Private sanit ary spaces, att ached to private
dayrooms and cabins sleeping not more than
3 persons and —
(a) which may include all of water closet, 17 li tr e/s
handbasin, and/or shower
(b) which includes only a water closet 9 lit re/s
10.5.3 Adjoining ventilated spaces. Adjoining ventilated spaces shall be

effectively isolated from air-conditioned spaces.
Adjoining ventilated spaces, except engine rooms and similar spaces, should be
exhaust ventilated and held at a pressure slightly lower than the accommodation.
Where such spaces need large air quantities, e.g. as in galleys, they should be isolated
from the accommodation by airtight boundaries and self-closing doors or air locks, and
provided with a separate mechanical supply of ventilation air.
Engine rooms and similar spaces which are required to be ventilated at a pressure
higher than the accommodation should be effectively isolated from the accommodation
by airtight boundaries and air locks with self-closing doors.
10.6 Fresh Air Requirements.
10.6.1 Determination of requirements. For each fan unit in the air-conditioning
system in which the total flow of fresh air into the unit is expected to be substantially

15 AS 1921—1976
constant, the minimum fresh air requirements shall be determined by the greatest of
the following:
(a) The requirement to maintain a positive air balance (see Clause 10.4).
(b) 1.5 changes of fresh air per hour calculated for the volume of all spaces
directly ventilated by one fan unit.
(c) The following personal requirements based on the maximum simultaneous
number of persons in all spaces served by the fan unit:
Number of persons Fresh air requirement
served by fan unit litre/s
1 .... .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 .... .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 .... .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 .... .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
More than 4 . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 7 per person
10.6.2 Applications. The basis given in Clause 10.6.1 shall apply to constant
volume single duct systems, terminal reheat systems and dual duct systems, and to
variable air volume systems where means are provided to keep the flow of fresh air
into the system constant down to the level where the fresh air flow comprises
100 percent of the reduced air flow in the system.
In variable air volume systems, which also permit the flow of fresh air into the
system to vary, the rates in Clause 10.6.1 (b) and (c) shall be doubled for full flow
conditions, provided that this does not result in the total air flow as calculated in
Clause 10.2 being exceeded, in which case the system shall be based on 100 percent
fresh air.
10.7 Temperature of Supply Air. The following temperature limits shall be used
when calculating the necessary air flow for summer conditions:
(a) Where the outside air condition corresponds to the high enthalpy summer
condition, the temperature of the supply air, measured in the core of the
air flow 300 mm from the supply opening, shall be not more than 10 K
lower than the cabin temperature.
(b) Where the outside air condition corresponds to the low enthalpy summer
condition, the temperature of the supply air, measured in the core of the
air flow 300 mm from the supply opening, shall not be less than 12°C.
11 REFRIGERATION MACHINERY. The refrigeration machinery shall comply
with the following requirements:
(a) For a sea water system, the size of the condenser shall be based on an inlet
water temperature of 33°C, and the compressor motor shall be capable of
driving the compressor at an inlet water temperature of 35°C.

AS 1921—1976 16
(b) For a fresh water system, the size of the condenser shall be based on an
inlet water temperature of 36°C, and the compressor motor shall be
capable of driving the compressor at an inlet water temperature of 38°C.
The appropriate fouling factor given in Table 10 shall be used for calculating the
heat transfer coefficient of the condenser.
An air density of 1.20 kg/m 3 shall be used in calculating the cooling effect.
12 AIR MOVEMENT IN THE OCCUPIED ZONE. The air velocity in the

occupied zone of a room not being a pantry shall be not more than 0.3 m/s. The
occupied zone shall be the berths and the normal seating locations.
13 NOISE FROM UNIT. The internal and external sound levels shall be in
accordance with AS 2254, Recommended Noise Ratings for Various Areas of
Occupancy in Vessels.
TABLE 10
FOULING FACTOR (UNITS OF RESISTANCE) FOR CONDENSERS
Thermal resistance
Application of condenser
m 2.K/W
Sea water system 0.000 35

Fresh water system 0.000 086

17 AS 1921—1976
APPENDIX A
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS FOR SHIPS OPERATING
IN RESTRICTED GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS ON
THE AUSTRALIAN COAST
A1 GENERAL. Where a vessel is to operate in a restricted geographical location

on the Australian coast, the purchaser may specify summer design conditions suitable
for the restricted location in which the vessel is to operate.
The changed design conditions should be stated in the form given in Clause 2(a),
although in many locations it may be possible to avoid the need to state two design
conditions. Table 1 and 5 should be interpolated or extrapolated by the purchaser for
the specific design conditions. The other criteria should also be checked to ensure that
they remain valid for the specified conditions in the restricted location. In particular,
Clause 11 should be reviewed having regard to AS 1806, Seawater Temperatures for
Cooling of Ships Machinery.
Alteration of the basic design conditions as given in Clause 2.1 is not
recommended if there is any reasonable likelihood that the vessel may be used by the
purchaser outside the restricted geographical location, or may later be sold for such
use, as this will require re-sizing of the air distribution system, which is both difficult
and expensive. In cases of doubt, the full-size air distribution system should be
installed.
A2 METEOROLOGICAL DATA. Suitable meteorological data to guide the
purchaser in the selection of suitable design conditions for the principal Australian
ports are given in the charts of Figs A1 to A9. Other meteorological data may be used.
NOTE: The wet bulb temperature used in these charts was that measured by the Australi an Bureau
of Meteorology, and no correction factor has been applied. The data on the charts have been
normalized to 8760 hours/year base.
A3 RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA. For the ports of Sydney, Melbourne,

Adelaide and Perth and adjacent coast lines, the plant may be designed using the low
enthalpy summer design condition given in Clause 2.1(b), the high enthalpy condition
being disregarded.
For those areas where the meteorological data indicate that there are more than
50 h in an average year during which the dry bulb temperature exceeds 35°C or the
wet bulb temperature exceeds 25°C, the high enthalpy design condition for summer
(see Clause 2.1(a)) may be selected by the purchaser with the aim of maintaining an
inside condition of dry bulb temperature at least 5 K above the wet bulb temperature
for all but about 50 h in the year, the design condition of inside dry bulb temperature
being the maximum given by the following formulas:
ti = tw − 1
ti = 0.6td + 3

AS 1921—1976 18
where
ti = inside dry bulb temperature, in degrees Celsius
tw = an outside wet bulb temperature which is not reasonably expected to be
exceeded for more than 50 h per year, in degrees Celsius
td = an outside dry bulb temperature which is not reasonably expected to be
exceeded for more than 50 h per year, in degrees Celsius.
The low enthalpy design condition for summer should not be altered in these
areas.
For those areas where the meteorological data indicate that there are less than 50 h
in an average year during which the dry bulb temperature exceeds 35°C or the wet
bulb temperature exceeds 25°C, a single summer design condition may be selected by
the purchaser with the aim of maintaining an inside dry bulb temperature of 24°C with
a wet bulb temperature not exceeding 19°C for all but about 50 h in the year.
For other areas, the purchaser should evaluate the conditions from the
meteorological data given in Figs A1 to A10 (or other data) and determine the revised
summer design conditions.

19 AS 1921—1976
Fig. A1. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — SYD NE Y

AS 1921—1976 20
Fig. A2. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — MELBO UR NE

21 AS 1921—1976
Fig. A3. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — BRISB AN E

AS 1921—1976 22
Fig. A4. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — ADE LAIDE

23 AS 1921—1976
Fig. A5. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — PER TH

AS 1921—1976 24
Fig. A6. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — HOB AR T

25 AS 1921—1976
Fig. A7. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — DAR WIN

AS 1921—1976 26
Fig. A8. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — TOWNS VILLE

27 AS 1921—1976
Fig. A9. AIR CO ND ITION CH AR T — POR T HED LAND

AS 1921—1976 28
APPENDIX B
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES AND CONDUCTANCES
B1 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF COMMONLY USED CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS.
Densit y Thermal Normal Practi cal

of conducti vity moisture value of
dry of dry content thermal
material material by mass conducti vity
Material λ
at normal
moisture
content
kg/m 3 W/ m.K percent W/ m.K
Concrete 2300 0.93 2 1.7
Site cast lightweight concrete, 1200 0.29 2 0.35
in dry premises 500 0.116 2 0.14
400 0.093 2 0.12
300 0.082 2 0.09
200 0.058 2 0.08
Lightweight concrete ballasted with 700 0.17 4 0.21
expanded burnt clay, internal 600 0.14 4 0.17
insulati on 500 0.12 4 0.15
Aluminium 200
Mild steel 50
Windows glass 2600 0.81
Wood (heat fl ow at ri ght angles
to fi bres) —
fi r, pine 500 0.12 16 0.14
beech, oak 700 0.14 18 0.16
Chipboards 600 0.13 10 0.14
400 0.11 10 0.12
Wood fi bre sheets—
hard 1000 0.12 8 0.13
medium hard 600 0.0075 9 0.08
soft 300 0.047 10 0.052
Cork sheets (expanded) 140 0.041 3 0.04
(Notes 1 and 2) 210 0.047 3 0.05
Cork flooring 500 0.075 10 0.08
Mineral wool (Notes 1 and 3)
glass wool —
fi bre dia. 6 µm 15-100 0.035 1 0.05
fi bre dia. 20 µm 40-200 0.035 1 0.05
slag wool, rock wool 35-200 0.035 1 0.05

29 AS 1921—1976
B1 (continued).
Densit y Thermal Normal Practi cal

of conducti vity moisture value of
dry of dry content thermal
material material by mass conducti vity
Material λ
at normal
moisture
content
kg/m 3 W/ m.K percent W/ m.K
Mineral fi bre sheets 400 0.041 0.06
Asbestos ship board consolidated 576 0.112
fr om a combinati on of asbestos fibre, 720 0.13
hydrated li me and sil ica
Sprayed li mpet asbestos 120 0.045 0.06
Semtex and simil ar 0.75
levell ing compounds
NOTES:
1. The indicated thermal conducti vity only applies where a fl ow of air which can make an appreciable
diff erence to the insulati on cannot arise in the material or flow through it.
2. The thermal conducti vity indicated is only vali d where no air flow is possible in the joints between
the sheets.
3. If the insulati on is compressed the thickness in the compressed state is to be used as the basis for the
calculation of the heat tr ansfer coeffi cient.
B2 THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF FLOOR COVERINGS (λ/d).

Carpet and fibrous underlay = 2.7 W/m2
Cork tile—
3 mm = 26 W/m2 .K
6 mm = 13 W/m2 .K
Rubber or plastic tile, 3 mm = 240 W/m2 .K
Ceramic tile or terrazzo, 25 mm = 71 W/m 2 .K.


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The following scientific, industrial and governmental organizations and departments

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This standard, prepared by Committee MS/22, Shipbuilding Details, was approved on

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First publi shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

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This standard was prepared by the Association’s Committee on Shipbuilding Details

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STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard Specification

(b) Low enthalpy condition —

The system shall be designed to meet both sets of conditions.

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4.2 Temperature Differences to Adjoining Internal Spaces. Unless otherwise

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Maximum heat transfer

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Fig. 1. PLAIN INSU LATION OF UN IFORM THICK NE SS

Fig. 2. CO RR UG ATED INSU LATION OF UNIFORM THICKN ES S

Boundary surfaces of Air thickness Thermal resistance

4.5 Measurement of Transmission Surfaces. Height shall be measured from

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6 HEAT FROM PERSONS AND FOOD.

Heat emitt ed per person, W

7 HEAT GAIN FROM LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES.

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8 HEAT GAIN FROM OTHER SOURCES.

9 NUMBER OF PERSONS. The number of persons to be accommodated shall be

10 AIR FLOW CALCULATION.

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Space Number to be accommodated

10.2 Supply Air for Cabins and Living Spaces.

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Minimum air fl ow Minimum number

10.3 Supply Air for Associated Spaces.

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10.5 Exhaust Air.

Space Minimum exhaust air quantit ies

10.5.3 Adjoining ventilated spaces. Adjoining ventilated spaces shall be

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12 AIR MOVEMENT IN THE OCCUPIED ZONE. The air velocity in the

Sea water system 0.000 35

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A1 GENERAL. Where a vessel is to operate in a restricted geographical location

A3 RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA. For the ports of Sydney, Melbourne,

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