Two Branches of

Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
- Using the data gathered on a group to describe or
reach conclusions about the same group
E.g. class average, range of scores in an exam

Inferential Statistics

- A researcher gathers data from a sample and uses the

statistics generated to reach conclusions about the
population from the sample drawn.
 Two Types of
Variable

Variable – characteristic of interest about an object

under investigation

Qualitative
Variables that can
be placed to
Quantitative
distinct categories Variables are
according to some numerical and can
characteristic or be ordered and
attribute (e.g. ranked
gender)
 Quantitative
Variables

Discrete Continuous

• Countable • Can assume an

• Data are infinite number of
obtained by values in an
counting interval between
any two specific
Example: the values
number of children
in a family • E.g. temperature
 Four Levels of Data
Management

• Nominal – lowest level of data management

- for identification and classification
• Ordinal – use to reflect some rank or order of
individual or objects
• Interval – zero is arbitrary (eg. Temperature)
• Ratio – highest level of data measurement
- zero is absolute (e.g. height)
 Data Collection Method

1. Survey – makes use of questionnaires (can be

telephone, email, personal)
2. Direct Observation - data regarding the behavior,
attitudes, values, or cultural patterns of individuals are
gathered
3. Experiment method - objective is to determine cause
and effect relationship
4. Registration Method – provide information to comply
with a law or policy
 Different Forms of
Presentation of Data

1. Textual – presents data in a paragraph form

2. Tabular – presents data in tables

- more precise, systematic and orderly

3. Graphical Presentation – effective

method of presenting statistical results and can
present clear pictures of the data
3. Graphical Presentation

1. Bar Graph – consists of bars either vertically or

horizontally and usually constructed in comparative
purposes
3. Graphical Presentation

2. Line Graph – shows relationship between one or more

sets of quantities; best used to establish trends
3. Graphical Presentation

3. Pie Chart – used to represent quantities that make up a

whole