CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO PHP

Namma Kalvi
< ?php
www.nammakalvi.org $num = 1;
$num1 = 2;
PART II
print $num . “+”. $num1 ;
?>
Choose the Correct Answers
a) 3 b) 1+2
c) 1.+.2 d) Error
1. What does PHP stand for?
a) Personal Home Page 8. Which of the following PHP statements will
b) Hypertext Preprocessor output Hello World on the screen?
c) Pretext Hypertext Processor a) echo (“Hello World”); b) print (“Hello World”);
d) Pre-processor Home Page c) printf (“Hello World”); d) sprintf (“Hello World”);

2. What does PHP files have a default file 9. Which statement will output $x on the
­extension? screen?
a) .html b) .xml a) echo “\$x”; b) echo “$$x”;
c) .php d) .ph c) echo “/$x”; d) echo “$x;

3. A PHP script should start with ___and end 10. Which of the below symbols is a newline
with ___: character?
a) <php> b) < ? php ?> a) \r b) \n
c) < ? ? > d) < ?php ? > c) /n d) /r

4. Which of the following must be installed on ANSWERS FOR OBJECTIVES

your computer so as to run PHP script?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
a) Adobe b) windows
b c b c e d c a b a
c) Apache d) IIS

5. We can use ___ to comment a single line? PART III

i) /? ii) // iii) # iv) /* */
a) Only (ii) Short Answers
b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
1. What are the common usages of PHP?
d) Both (ii) and (iv)
™™ PHP can be used on all major operating systems.
e) Both (ii) and (iii)
™™ PHP has also support for most of the web servers
6. Which of the following PHP statement/ today. This includes Apache, IIS, and many others.
statements will store 41 in variable num? ™™ The main advantage of creating your own PHP
(i) $x = 41; (ii) $x = ‘41’; (iii) (i) $x = “41”; GUI(Graphical User Interface)
a) Both (i) and (ii) b) All of the mentioned. ™™ PHP can interact with MySQL databases
c) Only (iii) d) Only (i) ™™ PHP can perform all types of calculations and It
can collect user information.
7. What will be the output of the following PHP
code?

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Chapter - 4  Introduction to PHP www.nammakalvi.org XII Std - Computer Application
2. What is Web server? Example:
™™ A Web server is Software that uses HTTP ™™ If you defined variable in lowercase, then you
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to serve the files need to use it in lowercase everywhere in
that form Web pages to users program.
™™ Web server software that runs on server
8. How to declare variables in PHP?
hardware, governs the server side scripting
­
™™ Variable name must always begin with a $
­compilation into an intermediate byte-code that
symbol.
is then interpreted by the runtime engine.
™™ Variable name can never start with a number.
3. What are the types scripting language? ™™ Variable names are case-sensitive.
Web scripting languages are classified into two
9. Define Client Server Architecture.
types,
™™ Client-server architecture is a network architec-
™™ Client side scripting language
ture in which each computer or process on the
™™ Server side scripting language
network is either a client or a server.
4. Difference between Client and Server? ™™ Servers are powerful computers or processes
Client Server dedicated to managing disk drives printers, or
The client-side The server-side network traffic
­environment used to ­environment that runs a ™™ Clients are PCs or workstations on which users
run scripts is usually a scripting language is a run applications.
browser. web server. 10. Define Web server.
Does not need server Requires server   A Web server is Software that uses HTTP (Hyper-
Interaction interaction. text Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that form
Example: HTML, CSS, Example PHP, ASP.net, Web pages to users.
JavaScript etc. Ruby on Rails, Python,
etc.
PART IIII
5. Give few examples of Web Browser?
™™ Google Chrome Explain in Brief Answer
™™ Mozilla Firefox
™™ Opera 1. Write the features of server side scripting
™™ Safari language.
™™ Internet Explorer ™™ Server-side scripting offers greater protection for
™™ UC Browser user privacy
™™ Netscape Navigator etc. ™™ It often reduces the loading time for web pages
™™ Some browsers don’t fully support JavaScript, so
6. What is URL?
server-side scripting is essential to run dynamic
™™ URL is the abbreviation of Uniform Resource
pages on these browsers.
Locator
™™ It is the address of a specific Web page or file on 2. Write is the purpose of Web servers?
the Internet. ™™ A web server (or Web server) is server software,
™™ URL is made up four parts–protocols, hostname, or hardware dedicated to running said software,
folder name and file name. that can satisfy World Wide Web client requests.
™™ Example: http://www.google.com/ ™™ A web server can, in general, contain one or
more websites.
7. Is PHP a case sensitive language?
™™ A web server processes incoming network
Yes, PHP is a case sensitive language
requests over HTTP and several other related
­
protocols.

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3. Differentiate Server side and Client Side Scripting language.
Basis for
Server-side scripting Client-side scripting
comparison
Works in the back end which could not be visible at Works at the front end and script are
Basic
the client end. visible among the users.
Does not need interaction with the
Processing Requires server interaction.
server.
L a n g u a g e s PHP, ASP.net, Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, Python, et-
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, etc.
involved cetera.
Could effectively customize the web pages and provide
Affect Can reduce the load to the server.
dynamic websites.
Security Relatively secure. Insecure

4. In how many ways you can embed PHP
code in an HTML page?
™™ There are two ways to use HTML on your PHP
page.
™™ The first way is to put the HTML outside of your
PHP tags. You can even put it in the middle if you
close and reopen the tags.
™™ The second way to use HTML with PHP is by
­using PRINT or ECHO. By using this method you
can include the HTML inside of the PHP tags.
5. Write short notes on PHP operator.
™™ Operator is a symbol which is used to perform
mathematical and logical operations in the
­programming languages.
™™ Different types of operator in PHP are:
•• Arithmetic operators
•• Assignment operators
•• Comparison operators
•• Increment/Decrement operators
•• Logical operators and
•• String operators
PART IVI
Explain in detail
1. Explain client side and server side scripting
language.
  Web scripting languages are classified into two
types, client side and server side scripting language.
Client-side Environment
™™ The client-side environment used to run scripts is
usually a browser.
™™ The processing takes place on the end users
computer.
™™ The source code is transferred from the web
server to the user’s computer over the internet
and run directly in the browser.
™™ The scripting language needs to be enabled
on the client computer. Sometimes if a user is
conscious of security risks they may switch the
scripting facility off.
™™ When this is the case a message usually pops up
to alert the user when script is attempting to run.
Server-side Environment
™™ A server is a computer system that serves as a
central repository of data and programs and is
shared by clients
™™ The server-side environment that runs a ­scripting
language is a web server.
™™ A user’s request is fulfilled by running a script
directly on the web server to generate dynamic
HTML pages.
™™ This HTML is then sent to the client browser.
™™ It is usually used to provide interactive web sites
that interface to databases or other data stores
on the server.
™™ This is different from client-side scripting where
scripts are run by the viewing web browser,
­usually in JavaScript.
™™ The primary advantage to server-side scripting
is the ability to highly customize the response
based on the user’s requirements, access rights,
or queries into data stores.

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2. Discuss in detail about Website develop-
ment activities.
™™ Web development concept describes in detail
about Website development and hosting through
network (Internet/Intranet).
™™ The process of development also includes
•• Web content generation
•• Web page designing
•• Website security and so on.
Website Development Life Cycle
1. Information Gathering
•• Set goals for the website
•• Define website’s target audience
2. Planning
•• Create a sitemap sketch
•• Create a wireframe/mockup
•• Select technology stack
3. Design
•• Create colorful page layouts
•• Review the layouts
•• Get client’s feedback on the layouts
•• Change the layout when required
4. Content writing and assembly
•• Create new content
•• Get content ready for migration
5. Coding
•• Build and deploy website
•• Add special features and website
•• Testing, Review and Launch
6. Test the create website
•• Upload the website to server
•• Final test and launch
4. Discuss in detail about PHP data types.
7. Maintenance and Regular updating
•• Add report system
•• Fix bugs
•• Keep website up-to-day
3. Explain the process of Webserver
­installation.
  The following are the steps to install and config-
ure Apache Httpd Web server and PHP module in
windows server machine.
Step 1:
•• Go to Apache foundation Website and
­download the Httpd Web server Software.
https://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi
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Step 2:
•• After downloading. MSI file from Apache
foundation Website, user launches the. MSI
file and clicks next and next button to finish
the installation on server machine.
•• The software takes default port number 130
or 130130.
•• Once the user finished, the Web server
­software is installed and configured on server
hardware machine as a service.
Step 3:
•• To test the installation of Apache Httpd
Webserver, enter the following URL from your
Web browser which is installed in your client
machine.
https://localhost:130/ or https://­
localhost:130130
•• The output page that says “Its works”
Step 4:
•• Administrator user can start, stop and ­restart
the Web server service at any time via
­windows Control panel.
•• Once the services stops, the client machine
will not receive the response message from
server machine.
Step 5:
•• Webserver’s configuration setting file “httpd.
conf ” is located in the conf directory under
the apache installation directory.
•• Edit this file and enable the PHP module to
run PHP scripting language.
™™ PHP scripting language supports 13 primitive
data types.
™™ Data Types plays important role in all program-
ming languages to classify the data according to
the logics.
™™ PHP supports the following data types.
•• String
•• Integer
•• Float
•• Boolean
•• Array
•• Object
•• NULL
•• Resource
XII Std - Computer Application Chapter - 4  Introduction to PHP

Data type Explanation Example

String is a collection of characters within
String $x = “Computer Application!”;
the double or single quotes
Integer is a data type which contains non decimal
Integer $x = 59135;
numbers.
Float Float is a data type which contains decimal numbers. $x = 19.15;
Boolean is a data type which denotes the $x = true;
Boolean
possible two states, TRUE or FALSE $y = false;
Array is a data type which has multiple values in single $cars = array(“Computer”,”Laptop”,”­
Array
variable. Mobile”);
It is a data type which contains information about data
Object $school_obj = new School ();
and function inside the class.
Null is a special data type which contains
NULL $x = null;
a single value: NULL
Resource is a specific variable, it has $handle = fopen(“note.txt”, “r”);
Resources
a reference to an external resource. var_dump($handle);

5. Explain operators in PHP with example.

™™ Operator is a symbol which is used to perform mathematical and logical operations in the programming
languages.
™™ Different types of operator in PHP are:
•• Arithmetic operators,
•• Assignment operators,
•• Comparison operators,
•• Increment/Decrement operators,
•• Logical operators, and
•• String operators.

Arithmetic operators
™™ The arithmetic operators in PHP perform ­general arithmetical operations, such as addition, ­subtraction,
­multiplication and division etc

Symbol Operator Name Purpose

+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus
This operator performs the process of adding numbers
This operator performs the process of subtracting numbers
This operator performs the process of multiplying numbers
This operator performs the process of dividing numbers
This operator performs the process of finding remainder in division
­operation of two numbers

Assignment Operators:
™™ Assignment operators are performed with numeric values to store a value to a variable.
™™ The default assignment operator is “=”. This operator sets the left side operant value of expression to right
side variable.

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Assignment Similar to Description

x=y x=y This operator sets the left side operant value of expression to right
side variable
x += y x = x+ y Addition
x- = y x=x-y Subtraction
x* = y x = x*y Multiplication
x/ = y x = x/y Division
x%=y x=x%y Modulus

Comparison Operators:
™™ Comparison operators perform an action to compare two values.
™™ These values may contain integer or string data types (Number or Strings).

Symbol Operator Name Symbol Operator Name

== Equal > Greater than
=== Identical < less than
!= Not equal >= Greater than or equal to
<> Not equal <= Less than or equal to
!== Not identical

Increment and Decrement Operators:

™™ Increment and decrement operators are used to perform the task of increasing or decreasing variable’s value.
™™ This operator is mostly used during iterations in the program logics.
Operator Name Description
++$x Pre-increment Increment $x value by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

Logical Operators:
™™ Logical Operators are used to combine conditional statements.

Symbol Operator Name Example Result

&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
║ Or $x ║ $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both

String Operators:
™™ Two operators are used to perform string related operations such as Concatenation and Concatenation
­assignment (Appends).
Operator Name Example Result
. Concatenation $text1 . $ text2 Concatenation of $txt1 and $txt2
.= Concatenation $text1 .= $ text2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1

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ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
PART AI
Choose the correct answers:
1. The variable in PHP begins with a dollar
______symbol
a) @ b) # c)$ d) %
2. The assignment activity implemented
­using ___ operator,
a) + b) - c) * d) =
3. In PHP, Variable name can never start with
a_____.
a) alphabet b) number
c) both a and b d) either a or b
4. PHP scripting language supports _____
primitive data types.
a) 10 b)1 1 c) 12 d) 13
5. PHP was invented by _______
a) RasmusLerdorf b) Dennis Ritchie
c) Bjarne Strousrup d) James Goasling
6. PHP was invented in _____
a) 1992 b) 1993
c) 1994 d) 1995
7. PHP can embed with _____
a) HTML b) CSS
c) Javascript d) All of the above
Chapter - 4  Introduction to PHP
11. Which of the following is an assignment
­operator?
a) = b) = = c) = = = d) ! = =
12. Which of the following is an identical
­operator?
a) = b) = = c) = = = d) ! = =
13. Which of the following is an non-identical
operator?
a) = b) = = c) = = = d) ! = =
14. Which of the following is an equal ­operator?
a) = b) = = c) = = = d) ! = =
15. PHP, ____is released by theofficial team on
30 November 2017.
a) 7.1 b) 7.2
c) 7.3 d) All of the above
16. ______is a collection of characters within
the double or single quotes
a) String b) Boolean
c) Integer d) Float
17. Boolean is a data type which denotes___
a) Integer numbers b) Decimal point numbers
c) True or False state d) Array
18. ____ is a data type which has multiple
­values in single variable.
a) Integer numbers
b) Decimal point numbers
c) True or False state
d) Array

8. Which of the following isthe important 19. We can use ___ to comment multiple lines?
server side Web and general purpose a) /? b) // c) # d) /* */
scripting language? 20. ____is a data type which contains
a) HTML b) CSS
­information about data and function inside
c) Javascript d) PHP
the class.
9. PHP also creates ______ Webpages in a) Integer numbers b) Array
­thereal time Web development projects. c) True or False state d) Array
a) Dynamic b) interactive
c) both a and b d) None of these ANSWERS FOR OBJECTIVES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
10. 78.9 % of Website are developed by_____
c d b d a c d d c d
scripting language.
a) ASP b) JSP 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
c) VbScript d) PHP a c d b c a c d d d

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Chapter - 4  Introduction to PHP www.nammakalvi.org
Abbreviations:
ASP - Active Server Page
JSP - Java Server page.
CSS - CascadingStyle Sheets
PHP - Hypertext Pre-processor
WWW - World Wide Web
CGI - Common GatewayInterface
OOPs - Object Oriented Programming
PART BI
Short Answers
1. What is the purpose of Var_dump()
­function?
™™ The var_dump() function is used to dump
­information about a variable.
™™ This function displays structured information
such as type and value of the given variable.
2. Classification of Client Server Architecture
Model.
  Client server architecture is classified into three
types, as follows
™™ Single Tier Architecture
™™ Two Tier Architecture
™™ N/Multi/Three tire architecture.
3. Write the types of PHP Syntax.
™™ Three types of PHP Syntax are available.
™™ They are as follows
•• Default Syntax
•• Short open Tags
•• HTML Script embed Tags
4. What is the main advantage of PHP ­variable
declaration?
 The main advantage of the PHPvariable
declaration is, it does not requires tospecify the
­
data type keyword separately such as int, char,
float, double or string etc.
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PART CI
Explain in Brief Answer
1. Write the Characteristics of PHP.
™™ Open Source
™™ Case Sensitive
™™ Simplicity Program language
™™ Efficiency Program language
™™ Platform Independent Program language
™™ Security Program language
™™ Flexibility Program language
™™ Real-Time Access Monitoring Program language
2. Write short note on Var_dump() function
with Example.
™™ The var_dump() function is used to dump
­information about a variable.
™™ This function displays structured information
such as type and value of the given variable.
™™ Arrays and objects are explored recursively with
values indented to show structure.
Example:
<?php
$x = “COMPUTER APPLICATION!”;
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
OUTPUT: NULL
3. What do you mean by Resources?
™™ Resource is a specific variable.
™™ It hasa reference to an external resource.
™™ These variables hold specific handlers tohandle
files and database connections irrespective PHP
program.
XII Std - Computer Application Chapter - 4  Introduction to PHP

PART DI

Explain in detail

1. Explain all the types of syntax in PHP.

Default Syntax:
™™ The default Syntax begins with “<?php”and c­ loses with “?>”.

Short open Tags

™™ The Short open Tags begins with “<?” andcloses with “?>”.
™™ But admin user has toenable Short style tags s­ ettings in php.ini fileon the server.

HTML Script embed Tags:

™™ HTML Script embed Tags looks just likeHTML scripts tags.

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