ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

10(08), 421-443

Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com

Article
DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/15196
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/15196

RESEARCH ARTICLE
ERADICATING HARDCORE POVERTY VIA ZAKAT DISTRIBUTION: A CASE STUDY AMONG
POOR AND NEEDY ASNAFS IN SIK, KEDAH

Fadhilah Mohd Zainon1, Marina Abu Bakar2, Afiffudin Mohammed Noor3, Muhamad Husni Hasbulah4 &
Mohamad Khairul Izwan Rifin5
1. Master Student, Kulliyyah of Shariah & Law, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam
Shah (UniSHAMS), 09300, Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia.
2. Lecturer, Kulliyyah of Shariah & Law, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah
(UniSHAMS), 09300, Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia.
3. Senior Lecturer, Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Perlis
Branch, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
4. Lecturer, Faculty of Muamalat & Islamic Finance, Kolej Universiti Islam Perlis (KUIPs), 02000, Kuala Perlis,
Perlis, Malaysia.
5. Senior Lecturer, Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam,
40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Hardcore poverty is a problem that still plagues the community in this
Received: 07 June 2022 country. Although various efforts have been implemented by the
Final Accepted: 14 July 2022 Malaysian Government to overcome it, but until now these efforts
Published: August 2022 haven’t succeeded in achieving the goals that have been set before. Zakat
Key words:-
is a social and economic system that its implementation is controlled by
Eradication of Hardcore Poverty, Zakat the government. Through zakat provision, Islam has been ahead of the
Distribution, Poor & Needy Asnafs, times in defending the plight of the poor and needy asnafs. In 2021,
Kedah State Zakat Board (LZNK). Kedah State Zakat Board (LZNK) has reported on the problem of the
increasing number of poor and needy asnafs as well as insufficient zakat
distribution in Kedah. Thus, this study was conducted to analyse the
forms of zakat distribution that can eradicate hardcore poverty among
the poor and needy asnafs in Sik, Kedah. This study has used a
qualitative design, where data is collected through library research and
semi-structured interviews with informants from Zakat District Office
(PZD) Sik, Kedah. The findings of the study were then analyzed using
the content analysis method. The results of the study prove that the
LZNK, especially the PZD Sik, are still struggling to eliminate the poor
and needy asnafs from the cocoon of hardcore poverty in Sik, Kedah.
This study urges the parties involved towards improvements in the aspect
of zakat distribution so that in the future it can help to eradicate hardcore
poverty in line with the efforts of the Malaysian Government and the role
of zakat as a social security tool.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2022,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....

Corresponding Author:- Marina Abu Bakar, PhD

Address:- Kulliyyah of Shariah & Law, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Abdul Halim 421
Mu’adzam Shah (UniSHAMS), 09300, Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(08), 421-443

Introduction:-
To date, the Malaysian government is pro-active in drawing up various new strategies to eradicate poverty in line with
current factors including in the phase of post COVID-19 pandemic. This noble intention can be seen through the 12th
Malaysia Plan (RMK-12) which was formulated based on common prosperity and is regarded as a follow-up to the
revision of the Poverty Line Income (PLI) from RM 980 to RM2208 (Sinar Harian, 2020). Shared Prosperity Vision
2030 is the current national economic policy designed to focus on new development that is expected to restore the
country’s goals. This vision is more robust if it takes into account the successful aspects of the New Economic Policy
(NEP) and takes into account the shortcomings of the previous New Economic Model (NEM) for the purpose of
improvement. In fact, the previous (NEP) was more geared towards reducing and eradicating poverty by increasing
income, employment opportunities and accelerating economic growth. Later (NEP) was replaced by (NEM) by the
Prime Minister of Malaysia at that time, Dato’ Seri Najib on 30 March 2010. It was said to have failed to achieve its
goal in addressing various problems of income disparities and poverty across races (Hussain, 2019).

Poverty is a phenomenon that has existed in society for a long time. Additionally, poverty poses a number of threats
to society’s well-being if it isn’t adequately addressed since it contributes to the backwardness of a country. Besides,
poverty is one of the challenges that need to be faced, especially at the national level. Aboo Talib @ Khalid (2016)
asserts that in the context of policy development at the global, national and community levels, the issue of poverty is
indeed a key issue that needs to be dealt with. Perhaps, the issue of poverty is now referred to as a multidimensional
issue that encompasses not only social injustice, but also power and exploitation, unemployment, homelessness, health
services, disability and illness and victims of abuse and discrimination. All of these things are seen as maltreat and
insult to human dignities. Therefore, in point of fact, poverty itself requires a reinterpretation of the so-called “poor
condition” via different dimensions. According to Aboo Talib @ Khalid (2016) also, these different, interconnected
and closely related dimensions are evidenced by the strategy that has been carried out by the government by
developing the economy and intervention programs to eradicate poverty in the country. Issues such as lack of
employment opportunities, lack of skills as well as opportunities for good health care and access to clean water supply
need to be addressed by the government by strengthening efforts to alleviate the shortages and limitations of the poor.
The poor should be given ample opportunity to free education, no more discrimination against them, and there should
be social justice for such groups.

Moreover, poverty is also often linked as a contributor to various problems and crimes that are capable of having a
psychological impact on individuals in society. This can be seen through reports made of United Nations (UN) Special
Rapporteur on Hardcore Poverty and Human Rights made by Philip Alston during his visit to Malaysia in August
2019. His discussion with the Women’s Aid Organization (WAO) has opened the eyes of the community to the real
reality of poverty in the country. In reality, it was found that poverty has contributed to the issue of domestic violence
which is more dangerous for women and children, as a result of which there is drug addiction, abuse, educational
dropout to cause domestic violence to escalate (Lee, 2020). Che Mat et.al (2012a) found that Malaysia uses only one
variable, namely household income and expenditure in determining the level of poverty. In tackling poverty more
effectively, the aspects of health, education, employment are among the key indicators that need to be used as a metric
to determine the well-being of each individual.

Earlier research from Nik Mat (1999) stated that over the past five centuries, Islam has provided a model for
eradicating poverty. The zakat model brought by Islam also breaks the deadlock of the formula to overcome poverty.
Poverty is a social problem that many studies, seminars or researches are done to overcome it. The obligation to give
zakat from the wealthy and its distribution by the government to the asnafs who need immediate assistances will cause
the asnafs to be more protected and live in a better environment in society. According to Haron & Rahman (2016)
community development can be considered as the objective of zakat distribution through which the needs of those
who are entitled of zakat can be met as prescribed by the Islamic law. In addition, the appreciation of religion can be
improved and the socio-economic welfare of asnafs will be better shielded.

Ultimately, zakat can create a nature of reciprocal assistance between the rich and the poor as well as the protection
of the rights of the needy. Besides, Md Yusof et.al (2019) stated that the objective of zakat is very broad, and not just
focuses on providing foods and drinks to asnafs only, but aims to remove the asnafs from the poverty shackles until
eventually they become muzakkis (zakat payers). The increasing poverty scenario coupled with the COVID-19 disaster
that hit the world has affected the economic sector of the country and the world. This matter should be addressed at
an immediate rate and in the best possible way. According to Sulaiman (2018) zakat has played an important role in
the social and economic system of Muslims. The institution of zakat is seen as a driver of religious responsibility in

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matters related to collection and distribution as well as eradicating poverty. By carrying out this role productively and
systematically, the social responsibility of the country and the economy of Muslims is indeed achieved.

As a result of the poverty problems that still surround the community until now, a useful study related to zakat
distribution in eradicating hardcore poverty among the community should be done. It is a strategy to find a solution
to avoide the society from becoming poverty-stricken, especially those involving states and districts that have a high
percentage of hardcore poverty such as Sik district in Kedah, Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze
the forms of zakat distribution that can eradicate hardcore poverty among the poor and needy asnafs in Sik, Kedah.

Problem Statement:-
The zakat distribution concept should serve as a special tool provided by Islam to eradicate poverty in society. The
management of zakat plays an active role in enabling and developing the well-being of the ummah. Zakat is an act of
worship that is seen as so important when viewed from the religious, political, economic and social aspects of
community life. Islamic history clearly proves that good zakat management has successfully helped the society to live
in better conditions and harmony.

The issue of a society plagued by poverty has been discussed by Abu Bakar (2012). Although these asnafs are
safeguarded in Islam as outlined by the Quran and Hadith, but issues related to zakat distribution among poor and
needy asnafs are still continue to arise and being openly debated. Kedah’s monthly PLI was reported worth RM2254
based on a review made in Poverty Line Income (PLI) for Malaysia in 2019. The average hardcore poverty recorded
has decreased to 0.5 from 1.9 in 2016 (DOSM, 2019). This degression manifests a positive indicator from the
Malaysian government in its efforts to eradicate hardcore poverty. In early 2019, Minister of Rural Development,
Dato’ Rina Harun has declared Sik, Baling and Yan districts in Kedah as among the 28 poorest districts in Malaysia
(Pressreader, 2019; Astro Awani, 2019). Later, she suggested that focal points should be given to these three districts
especially in increasing the socio-economic level, in order to remove the districts’ community from the cocoon of
poverty. From these three districts, it was reported that Sik has recorded the highest number of hardcore poverties in
Kedah. As a consequence, it has caused the government to propose a village in Sik to be the first locality for the
implementation of a pilot project to eradicate hardcore poverty holistically (Berita Harian, 2021). Therefore, a
comprehensive study needs to be done to find a solution to solve the problem of hardcore poverty that occurs in Sik.
Nevertheless, there are two main problems that need to be resolved as follow:

The Increasing Number of Poor and Needy Asnafs

Kedah is one of the fourteen states in Malaysia and is located in the north of Peninsular Malaysia. Kedah is divided
into twelve districts, namely Kuala Muda, Kota Setar, Kulim, Kubang Pasu, Baling, Langkawi, Pendang, Yan, Sik,
Padang Terap, Pokok Sena and Bandar Baharu. Sik district is the largest district in Kedah followed by Baling district
as the second largest. Yan, Baling and Sik are the three districts that have been listed by the Ministry of Rural Affairs
as the poorest districts in the country and are located in the state of Kedah. Meanwhile, Sik is the poorest district
compared to these three districts.

The issue of high poverty in Sik is often associated with the socio-economic activities of the locals. Every year, the
people in this district suffer in poverty and this number is increasing throughout the year. The situation worsened with
the fall in rubber prices and the monsoon season, this problem caused them to continue living in poverty with no end
in sight (Ikhsan et.al, 2019). According to Che Mat et.al (2012b) most of the rural population depends on agricultural
activities. Agricultural activities always take into account the factors of weather and soil conditions. This situation
causes their income to be volatile throughout the year. In fact, this is one of the causes of rural poverty and contributes
to the increase in poverty levels that are higher than urban poverty. They also suggested that the authorities should
increase the distribution expenditure to develop infrastructure facilities in Sik due to its remote location inland. It is
also likely that poverty will continue to be inherited from one generation to another if this matter is not addressed
properly.

Insufficient Zakat Distribution

Before the 1990s the State Islamic Religious Department (JAIN) had created a division called Baitulmal which was
responsible for handling the zakat collection and distribution including donations, alms, inheritance and so on
(Makhtar et.al, 2016). The State Islamic Religious Department (JAIN) was the secretariat for the State Islamic
Religious Council (MAIN) at that time. After the 1990s, there was a transformation of the management and
corporatisation of zakat in several states including Kedah.

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The management of zakat as is generally known is not under the administration of the state government but is under
the jurisdiction of His Majesty Yang Di Pertua Agong (SPBA) and His Majesty (DYMM) the Sultan or King for the
states that sheltered by them. Kedah has created a special institution related to zakat, namely the Kedah State Zakat
Board (LZNK). It has a different and unique management model, established under a special enactment related to
zakat management and isn’t under the auspices of the Kedah Islamic Religious Council (MAIK) anymore like most
other states, but it is under the governance of His Majesty Tuanku Sultan of Kedah (Makhtar et.al, 2016).

Table 1:- Zakat Collection Statistics Year 2015-2018.

Types of Zakat Year
2015 2016 2017 2018
Paddy 4,650,469.00 4,210,590.00 4,210,590.00 3,757,073.00
Livestock 21,882.00 14,423.00 26,344.00 32,326.00
Income 82,589,365.00 86,614,805.00 95,813,764.00 110,475,243.00
Business 25,946,191.00 26,098,086.00 40,682,748.00 35,861,434.00
Savings 10,138,380.00 10,959,679.00 11,968,256.00 13,672,446.00
Shares 279,691.00 331,055.00 302, 553.00 468,173.00
Employees’ Provident Fund 1,200,840.00 1,508,994.00 1,614,017.00 1,912,274.00
(EPF)
Gold 846,755.00 918,729.00 1,031,614.00 1,110,414.00
Silver 2,786.00 5,976.00 2,316.00 2,982.00
Minerals 202.00 0.00 0.00 350.00
Fitrah 8,127,304.00 8,733,793.00 9,104,987.00 9,602,495.00
Qadha’ Zakat 55,685.00 104,034.00 158,242.00 116,523.00
Total Amount 133,859,550.00 140,448,128.00 164,915,431.00 177,011,733.00

Table 1 is the zakat collection statistics released by LZNK. The pattern of zakat collection from 2015 to 2018 shows
an increasement in number of every year. Whereas, Table 2 is the pattern of zakat collection from 2019 to 2021 which
also shows an increasement in number gradually by year but there was a drastic decrease in 2021.

Table 2:- Zakat Collection Statistics Year 2019-2021.

Types of Zakat Year
2019 2020 2021
Paddy 4,442,086.77 5,173,191.83 2,413,608.62
Livestock 45,765.99 32,999.30 15,576.60
Income 118,750,237.29 129,634,647.03 53,076,693.49
Business 41,541,764.95 47,920,161.73 17,593,741.15
Savings 16,604,942.21 18,652,040.77 13,914,278.77
Shares 506,743.62 932,411.45 650,725.32
Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) 2,490,664.79 2,621,631.31 2,396,202.79
Gold 1,326,134.10 1,911,732.09 1,380,521.24
Silver 7,365.69 7,741.95 1,209.52
Minerals 4.30 2,690.30 31.85
Fitrah 10,200,354.00 10,643,279.97 11,120,812.67
Qadha’ Zakat 202,615.11 380,493.09 135,479.84
Total Amount 196,118,678.82 217,913,020.82 102,698, 881.86

Table 3 represents the LZNK distribution statistics from 2015 to 2018.It can be seen that the distribution priority of
RM 62,585,716.00 is given to fisabilillah (those in the cause of Allah SWT) asnafs in 2015. However, from 2016 to
2018, the poor and needy asnafs were given a large allocation in the distribution of 3years in a row. The statistics
shows that the poor, needy and fisabilillah asnafs were among the top zakat recipients prioritized by LZNK in zakat
distribution. For 2021, the needy recorded the highest number of zakat recipient in zakat distribution compared to
seven other recipients as illustrated in Table 4.

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Table 3:- Zakat Distribution Statistics Year 2015-2018.

Types of Asnafs Year
2015 2016 2017 2018
Fuqara’ (The Poor) 8,065,104.00 11,791,594.00 10,693,481.00 165,372.00
Masakin (The Needy) 60,350,677.00 67,608,579.00 70,009,207.00 81,638,060.00
Muallaf (Muslim Converts) 1,902,430.00 1,680,590.00 1,388,810.00 2,173,503.00
Ar-Riqab (Slaves) 0.00 0.00 0.00 14,600.00
Al-Gharimin (Debtors) 32,100.00 38,098.00 57,134.00 1,510,834.00
Fisabilillah (Those in the cause of Allah 62,585,716.00 63,466,777.00 52,631,166.00 64,392,300.00
SWT)
Ibn Al-Sabil (Stranded Travelers) 189,050.00 245,840.00 163,810.00 223,930.00
Total Amount 133,125,077.00 144,831,478.00 134,943,608.00 150,118,599.00

Table 4:- Zakat Distribution Statistics Year 2021.

Types of Asnafs Year
Number of Recipient 2021
Fuqara’ (The Poor) 14231 34,920,575.50
Masakin (The Needy) 16632 77,885,497.94
Muallaf (Muslim Converts) 234 1,440,871.94
Ar-Riqab (Slaves) 9132 3,339,725.50
Al-Gharimin (Debtors) 785 414,427.38
Fisabilillah (Those in the cause of Allah SWT) 33793 59,222,849.44
Ibn Al-Sabil (Stranded Travelers) 28 71,437.38
Total Amount 79261 205,744,821.50

The report on the zakat collection and distribution by LZNK also proves that until now, Sik which is one of the districts
in the state of Kedah still dominates the highest poverty rate in Malaysia (LZNK, 2022). In fact, this is seen as in line
with the statement made by the Minister of Rural Development, Dato’ Rina Harun before. Although LZNK has
undergone a transformation in terms of management and corporatization, it has not yet been able to remove the Sik
district from the hardcore poverty line. Therefore, this study needs to be conducted to unravel the problems and needs
of the poor and needy asnafs with making zakat as a tool to get out of the cocoon of poverty. Next, the researchers try
topropose some suggestions of zakat distribution forms that can eradicate hardcore poverty among the poor and needy
asnafs in Sik, Kedah.

Literature Review:-
Zakat Funds Distribution
The zakat that has been collected by the zakat institution shall be distributed to the asnafs who have been determined
by Allah SWT. The basis of the implementation of zakat is taken from Holy Quran, Surah At-Taubah, verse 60 which
means, “The alms are only for the poor and the needy, and those who collect them, and those whose hearts are to be
reconciled, and to free the captives and the debtors, and for the cause of Allah, and (for) the wayfarer; a duty imposed
by Allah. Allah is Knower, Wise.” (Al-Qur’an, 9:60)

Apart from that, there is also evidence from the Hadith, which is the basis that further strengthens the implementation
of zakat distribution. Among the hadith of Mu’az bin Jabal narrated by Ibn ‘Abbas explains that: “…. Allah has
enjoined upon them zakat from their wealth, to be taken from the rich and given to their poor. If they obey that, then
beware of (taking) the best of their wealth. And beware of the supplication of the oppressed, for there is no barrier
between and Allah.” (Sunan Ibn Majah, 2022).

The Islamic jurists also agreed that zakat distribution is obligatory on those who perform it. The evidence from surah
At-Taubah, verse 60 indicated that Allah SWT has appointed eight group of asnafs who are entitled or eligible to
receive the distribution of zakat funds. Among the main group of asnafs who are entitled to receive zakat are the poor
and needy people. Islam established a number of mechanisms, like the zakat institutions, to combat and improve social
welfare. Zakat contributes to the flow of money and the hiring of the essential labour. The Arabic word for zakat is
translated as “development,” “cleanness” and “purity” (Wan Khairuldin & Mohammad, 2013). Moreover, zakat also
serves as a fiscal instrument, carrying out some of the most important duties of contemporary public finance, including

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social security benefits, childcare grants, food subsidies, education, health care, housing, and public transit in welfare
states (Yusoff & Densumite, 2012). To remind, each state in Malaysia including Kedah has different interpretations
ofasnafs according to the ruling of their respective states administrations.

In relation to a study by Talib & Ahmad (2019) in Kedah, Kedah State Zakat Board (LZNK) uses a method of
calculation and measurement to determine if a person is included in the group of poor and needy asnafs. The
assessment made in determining the had al-Kifayah (subsistence criteria) covers six aspects of basic needs in life
which include:

Figure 1:- Had al-Kifayah.

Based on Figure 1, six aspects of basic needs that must be considered in deciding the had al-Kifayah (subsistence
criteria) are shelter, food & drink, cloth, medicine, education and transportation. Shelter is needed to provide protection
to human being. In fact, to ensure the well-being of life, shelter is a basic need for every family in society. Allah SWT
has explained in the Holy Quran via Surah An-Nahl verse 80 which means, “And Allah has made for you from your
homes a place of rest and made for you from the hides of the animal’s tents which you find light on your day of travel
and your day of encampment; and from their wool, fur and hair is furnishing and enjoyment for a time.” (Holy Quran,
16:80). Food and drink are viewed as basic needs and facilities of an individual’s life. It is a measure in determining
that the individual belongs to poor or needy asnafs. Clothing is also vital in human life for the purpose of closing
aurah. With the adequacy of this need, it will help the individual to preserve the aurah. Muslims are required to cover
their aurah, dress modestly and protect themselves from heat and cold. A Muslim’s obligation includes defending life
and the soul from evil forces. Other than, medicine, education and transportation are also categorized under subsistence
criteria. Good health will ensure a healthy body and make it easier for individuals to perform the worship of religious
demands properly. A healthy individual will be able to meet the maintenance needs with the health he has. Education
is a need of every human being to live this life as it can removes themselves from religious ignorances. Transportation
at this point becomes a necessity to facilitate individuals to do daily work and is no longer a symbol of wealth. With
the convenience of transportation owned by individuals, it can avoid themselves from difficulties in going about their
daily lives.

A study by Buchari (2019) argues that zakat if managed efficiently, will definitely able to eradicate poverty on a
regular basis. Helping the poor and needy people is not only the task of the government but every community needs
to work together to overcome the problems faced by the asnafs. Besides, Mohd Salleh (2011) in his study has stated
that the practice of government in the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW, the time of Khulafa’ al-Rashidin and the
rule of Caliph Umar Abdul Aziz has succeeded in proving the zakat funds distribution can address the issue of poverty
and destitution among Muslims. Meanwhile, Ab Rahman (2012) in his study entitled “The Role of Zakat in Islamic
Banking Institutions in Developing the Economy of The Poor and Needy in Malaysia” has looked at how Malaysian
Islamic banking institutions use business zakat to help the poor and needy asnafs in improving their economies. Thus,
Islamic banking institutions in Malaysia are the primary source of funding for business zakat. The researcher proposed

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some numerous ways of zakat distribution methods to assure that the zakat administration in Malaysian Islamic
banking institutions becomes better-arranged and successful.

On the other hand, Bhari et.al (2018) claimed that Malaysia’s current economic crisis necessitates the establishment
of a new had al-Kifayah in line with the demands of the modern economy. The researchers try to compare had al-
Kifayah currently implemented in Malaysia. The findings of this study demonstrate that there are variations in had al-
Kifayah values across different Malaysian states. Moreover, the researchers are also on the opinion that had al-Kifayah
may change depending on the people’s current and local spending patterns. Possibly, included in the extensive list of
fundamental needs are housing, food, clothes, medicine, education, and transportation. As a matter fact, Bhari et.al
(2018) study has complemented previous study done by Jamil & Che Mat (2014). As specified by Jamil & Che Mat
(2014), poverty in the context of Malaysia is explained through a financial perspective or income. Through this
concept, poverty is divided into two, namely absolute poverty and relative poverty. Even so, poverty that is often
referred to in Malaysia is absolute poverty due to household income compared to the Poverty Line Income (PLI). This
type of measurement uses the income method in identifying poor individuals or households and is also referred to as
unidimensional measurement. Different with unidimensional measurement, poverty measurement using
multidimensional methods has not yet been used as a basis for policy makers to eradicate poverty. This
multidimensional measurement of poverty is more to measure and to identify “who is poor” based on the lack
experienced by the household in every dimension. With this multidimensional measurement of poverty, the identity
or characteristics of poor people exist on two steps. The first step is to identify individual deficiencies in each
dimension and the second step involves the definition of poverty through all dimensions. Multidimensional poverty,
is a new method of poverty measurement that allows us to see the real lack or the reality of poverty experienced by a
household.

Zakat Distribution to Asnafs

Zakat is an act of worship prescribed in Islam based on the Holy Quran and Hadith. It is a tool to empower Muslims,
support their economic strength and further uphold the superiority of Islamic law. When zakat was obliged at the
beginning of its enforcement, there is no detail on the specification of the amount and type of property that is obligatory
to pay zakat. Only, after the second year of Prophet Muhammad SAW migration to Medina, the zakat legislation was
set in detail. From here on, Islam explained in detail the amount and type of property that is obligatory for zakat, zakat
recipients (asnafs) who are eligible to receive its distribution as well as some other important matters related to zakat.

In general, many studies on the zakat recipients (asnafs) are conducted throughout Malaysia. Whether it is towards
the zakat collection or distribution or through reference to several dissertations, journal articles and books, it is clearly
proven that issues related to the asnafs have been studied and discussed by previous researchers from various aspects.

Md Yusof et.al (2019) in their study stated that poverty and destitution of asnafs are closely related to the problems
in the daily life of this group. The results of the study found that the problems included the asnafs’ own health problems
or families under their care. Furthermore, losing their jobs and livelihoods as a result of family conflicts is also a factor
in them falling into poverty. Among other problem of asnaf poverty is the lack of a stable source of income and
employment as well as their educational factors. Some of them have skills but lack of knowledge in terms of marketing.
Other problem experienced by the asnafsis that they don’t own any real estate assets such as houses or land, so because
of this, they have to rent or stay at relatives’ houses temporarily. The study sample consisted of 8 poor and needy
asnafs who received zakat distribution from LZNK in Kubang Pasu district, Kedah. The outcome of this study also
reveal that the problems faced by the asnafs are among the factors that affect their efforts to increase personal and
family income. The zakat distribution on an annual or monthly basis only helps these asnafs in a short period of time
and will not be effective in helping them out from the poverty shackles. Capital assistance as well as guidance to
promote skills from zakat has been seen to be able to help asnafs who have skills. Asnafs who have higher education
level will eventually able to came out of from the poverty circles with assistances from LZNK. Apart from that, the
zakat distribution in the form of capital and guidancecan increase the income and expand the knowledge of marketing
among the asnafs. The asnafs will succeed in achieving the objective of zakat distribution, which is to remove
themselves from the poverty line.

Next, Abu Bakar’s study (2012) tries to identify the best and quality zakat distribution mechanism for the poor and
needy asnafs. He used the minimum concept of quality of life determined through three measurement methods. The
applied rules include reaching the comfort level of life, passing the level of poor and needy and having an income
exceeding the nisab (zakat ratio) level. His study found that the distribution of zakat in the Jayadiri Zakat Assistance

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program such as in the form of business capitals and equipments from LZNK, has successfully removed the asnafs
from the circle of poverty and achieved at least minimum level of life quality. Furthermore, Muda (2014) has found
three factors that influence the increasement in asnaf’s income by using case study of the effectiveness of zakat
distribution via Jayadiri Zakat Assistance from LZNK. The main factor is the period of receiving assistance, followed
by the form of assistance channeled and the last factor is asnafs receiving assistance from other agencies. The quality
of life of asnafs related to housing and education has increased as a result of this assistance distribution. However, the
quality of life related to health, transportation and communication still didn’t show any improvement. The zakat
distribution in this form of assistance has successfully reduced the number of poor and needy asnafs. Nonetheless,
their monthly mean income is just above the country’s Poverty Line Income (PLI). If there is a change in the country’s
economic situation, the possibility of them falling back into poverty is indeed very high. If this happens, then those
asnafs who are living outside the city areas will be more affected.

Additionally, Wahab & Rahman (2011), Azman et.al (2012), Anwar & Siregar (2016) and Adiwijaya & Suprianto
(2021) have explored zakat through the management, administration and governance perspectives in their particular
studies. Wahab & Rahman (2011) tries to deliver a conceptual framework for the effectiveness and governance of the
zakat institutions in Malaysia that are in charge of gathering, maintaining, and distributing zakat. The study identifies
the relevant approaches for assessing the effectiveness and administration of zakat institutions. In order to attain the
lofty goals of socio-economic justice through equitable wealth distribution, the Islamic financial system must work
effectively. Azman et. al (2012) stressed out are some of the factors that will determine how well the zakat institution
performs its duties. These include the expansion of new zakat resources, the collection of zakat from tangible and
intangible properties, systematic zakat management, effective zakat distribution and the thoroughness of Islamic law
implementation. Although the zakat institution exclusively serves the poor and needy Muslims, the researchers agreed
that it can be a valuable ally in the government’s fight against poverty. In fact, there are more asnafs permitted by the
Islamic law in addition to the poor and needy. Conceivably, through capacity building and attitude transformation, its
success would also aid in mitigating the effects of the economy’s downturn on the poor. Aside from, Anwar & Siregar
(2016) examined the correlation of government role and zakat management in facing Asean Economic Community
(AEC). The researchers asserted that the two major responsibilities of managing zakat from an Islamic normative
standpoint are as a charity single manager and as a provider of punishment against those who refused to pay zakat. By
implementing the zakat-based economic system, one is able to promote this economic transformation process as well
as quicken the social welfare and income distribution processes. Besides that, the qualities of zakat institutions, which
can be categorised as having strong governance, are well-described in Adiwijaya & Suprianto (2021) study. The
researchers came to the conclusion that a zakat organisation must satisfy a number of requirements, including
distribution requirements, efficiency and financial reporting, in order to be classified as a good-governance institution.

Therewithal, other researchers for example Wahid et. al (2005), Mohamad Ibrahim et.al (2016), Yaakub et.al (2017),
Sakka & Qulub (2019), Ab. Azizi et.al (2021) and Isa et.al (2022) are more concerned on different niche of zakat i.e
payment methods among zakat payers. Wahid et.al (2005) study tries to unravel the question of why there are still
many Muslims who haven’t implemented the demand to pay zakat income, what factors determine it and what
measures that should be taken seriously by the zakat institution to increase awareness? The results of the study prove
that demographic factors such as age, marital status and income are significantly influencing income zakat payment
in addition to the income zakat payment mechanism through salary deductions. The researchers have come up with
several policy implications for the zakat institution to improve the performance of income zakat collection in Malaysia.
Mohamad Ibrahim et.al (2016) revealed that even though in terms of fractions, the overall business zakat collected in
Malaysia can be considered as low and small i.e only about 19.4% of the total amount of zakat, but this amount is
much different when compared to taxes businesses collected by the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDN) where
52.3% of the total collection consist of business zakat. The imbalance in zakat collection from businesses is still yet
unable be explained, and this can affect the business’s zakat collection potential. Hence, the study tries to identify the
factors that hinder the potential collection of business zakat. As a result, this study has identified and classified it into
three situational matters, namely; the needs of zakat education to traders, zakat centre relationship with traders and
financial records of the business itself. The researchers also concluded that the zakat affairs in our country haven’t yet
reached a certain level which can be considered as excellent.

Into the bargain, the studies of Yaakub et.al (2017) and Sakka & Qulub (2019) which are concentrating on the online
zakat payment among zakat payers. Yaakub et.al (2017) wrote a conceptual paper about the application of online
payment at Pusat Zakat Negeri Sembilan (PZNS). Adding to the literature, the researchers claimed that studies on
electronic or online payments and charitable endeavours, particularly Islamic charitable endeavours like zakat and

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waqf, are, nevertheless, quite scarce. It’s intended that the study will be useful to other non-profit groups, particularly
in how to use online technologies to improve collecting. In addition, it might add to the body of knowledge already
available on e-payments and charitable organisations. While, Sakka & Qulub (2019) agreed that zakat plays a
significant part in the humanitarian component in distributing wealth properly to promote equitable prosperity.
However, the issue is that management, particularly in terms of zakat collection from those who are required to pay
it, has not been carried out correctly. As one of the National Amil Zakat Institutions, Dompet Dhuafa runs an online
zakat collection system in keeping with the advancement of internet technology. Thus, the study tries to examine the
efficiency of South Sulawesi’s Dompet Dhuafa zakat system in obtaining zakat from the zakat payers. The study’s
findings indicate that more zakat is being collected online than the intended of 2%. Resultantly, the South Sulawesi’s
Dompet Dhuafa has successfully implemented the zakat payment system based on financial technology.

Along with, Ab. Aziz et.al (2021) have analysed the literature on zakat, online zakat and zakat collection in an effort
to find a connection between online zakat, zakat collection and eradication poverty in Malaysia. The findings of this
study clarify the relevance between online zakat payment, zakat collection and poverty alleviation in Malaysia. It was
found that although the amount of zakat collection has increased throughout the states in Malaysia for many years, it
can only reduce the problem of poverty rather than alleviating it. Reasons being, various problems including the asnafs
database inaccuracy, bureaucracy, identification of asnafs, ignorance of asnafs, amils attitude and geographical
distance with asnafs still needs to be streamlined and resolved to make zakat collection online system more efficiently
in the future. Isa et.al (2022) asserted that nowadays, there is a decreasing rate of zakat fund collection, which has a
negative impact on how Muslims are perceived because it raises the proportion of the Muslim population who live in
poverty. As a consequence, it’s crucial to ensure that Muslim populations have a strong desire to pay zakat. The study
tries to ascertain the Muslim population’s zakat intention levels as well as attempt to investigate how five variable
factors namely; role identity, self-religion, subjective norm, satisfaction, and corporate reputation will affect Muslims’
intentions to pay zakat. The results showed that each of the five variables would significantly and favourably influence
Muslims’ zakat intentions.

Hardcore Poverty Via Islamic Perspectives

Poverty should be avoided by Muslims. Abu Daud narrated that the Prophet Muhammad SAW prayed to be saved
from poverty; “Oh God, I seek refuge in You from disbelief and poverty” (Hadeethenc, 2022). Researcher like Ahyani
(2016) has stated that poverty in this life is a problem that requires a relevant solution. Poverty is also a suffering, test
and trial that is not aimed at the poor, its even the responsibility of the wealthy to provide for this tested group. The
researcher has divided the nature of poverty according to the Qu’ran into three parts. Firstly, human relations and
property. Even though this world was created for human life, it doesn’t mean that humans can use it as they please by
forgetting the obligation of charity and zakat. Secondly, understanding the meaning of poor and needy itself which is
part of the asnafs that belongs to the recipients of zakat. Which by receiving this zakat distribution will be able to
remove themselves from poverty. Thirdly, sunnatullah (the immutable constants of Allah’s system). Here, poverty is
divided into two. First, poverty is determined by the potential of the poor themselves, and second, poverty is due to
God’s will. According to Ahyani (2016) also, Islam has provided several solutions to get out from poverty, namely;
by working, life insurance from close family members and with zakat. Working will pave the way for the poor to
accumulate wealth to support their lives. While, Islam has placed the closest relatives as the people who should care
and help the difficulties experienced by their relatives. Whereas, zakat also containsthe rights of the poor and needy
asnafs that has been set by Allah SWT from the property of the rich. Last but not least, the researcher also highlighted
the significant role of baitulmalin eradicating poverty in the life of asnafs.

Besides, Md Yusof et.al (2019) in their study claimed that the poor and needy asnafs are among those who are eligible
to receive zakat. The clear objective of zakat is to make these asnafs succeed in removing them from the poverty circle
with the help and guidance of those who are responsible for them i.e zakat managers. Therefore, the efficiency of the
zakat distribution manager should be emphasized by the agency that manages the zakat distribution. Consequently,
the results of this study found six important findings regarding the zakat managed by LZNK. Firstly, the promotion
carried out by the LZNK has been carried out using various methods including the LZNK website, Facebook, via
imams, assistant amils and further through talks and forums organized by the LZNK related to this zakat distribution
program. The researchers suggested that this matter should be improved by hanging banners related to zakat
distribution by LZNK in mosques, schools and markets. Secondly, the seven forms of assistance offered by LZNK
are subsistence assistance, medical assistance, housing assistance, business assistance, education assistance and skills
training followed by natural disaster assistance. The researchers suggested that productive assistance should be
diversified via collaboration with various agencies to improve the skills of these artisans. Thirdly, the application

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process for zakat assistance provided for the poor and needy asnafs can be made online via LZNK website or manually
by obtaining a form from the LZNK offices, the District Zakat Offices or PZD or from the assistant amils. Researchers
have suggested that the role of amil should be empowered from time to time. Fourthly, the researchers have found that
LZNK has prepared consideration guidelines in the selection process to approve every application from the poor and
needy asnafs. Fifthly, from the aspect of handing over assistance, the researchers suggested that the role of amil in
each qaryah should be simplified and strengthened further. Sixthly, from the aspect of monitoring by LZNK, the
researchers have agreed with annual monitoring by LZNK. The researchers have also proposed some solutions to
avoid any problems for the asnafs where the LZNK needs to increase monitoring aspects for house repair assistance.

Meanwhile, the focal study point by Masduki et.al (2010), Che Mat & Abdul Hakim (2011), Ramli (2011), Putra
(2012), Muda (2014) and Jamil et.al (2018) is centred on the alleviation of poverty via zakat distribution to asnafs.
Masduki et.al (2010) has identified the extent to which zakat distribution in the form of Jayadiri Assitance can
contribute towards improving the living standards of the poor and needy asnafs. Previously, LZNK has allocated
Jayadiri Assistance to those who are qualified from poor and needy asnafs in the form of capital assistances such as
sewing machines, carpentry tools, sugarcane water processing machines and other equipments that are needed as well
as can help them to start businesses in an effort to improve their economic and living standards. This assistance is
given by LZNK to alleviate and help those who are in need and have the potential to continue to progress. It’s part of
LZNK’s hope that those who initially receive zakat assistance will eventually become those who pay zakat. Then,
simultaneously, make a large contribution to the poor and needy asnafs with continuous progress. The results of the
study found that the Jayadiri Assitance conducted by LZNK has successfully helped to overcome the economic
problems and living standards of the poor and needy Muslims in Kedah. Most of the recipients of the Jayadiri
Assistance Scheme have succeeded in changing their standard of living as a result of the increase in family income.
Anyhow, there are a few of the recipients who fail to gain benefit from the assistance given to them and increase the
amount of family income. This can be avoided by choosing a different form of Jayadiri Assistance that fits the asnafs’
interests and capabilities. The researchers also suggested LZNK to expand the Jayadiri Assistance to more asnafs in
a more efficient and systematic way. Aside from, Che Mat & Abdul Hakim (2011) tries to untangle the question of
how long the average time is needed to free a society from the poverty cocoon. The study tries to estimate the period
of time needed by households that are in the poverty group of farming households in Kedah to get out of the poverty
cocoon by using some estimation of income growth. The findings indicated that at a five percent income growth rate,
the average period of time required is approximately 10 years to free those who are poor (PLI: RM700.00) from their
poverty cocoon. While a farmer’s household in a state of poverty (PLI: RM430.00) takes eight years to free from its
poverty cocoon.

Ramli (2011) has identified the efficiency of zakat distribution in eradicating poverty among zakat recipients from the
poor and needy asnafs in Negeri Sembilan. Even when programmes to alleviate poverty are diligently carried out and
the number of zakat collections rises each year, the poverty phenomenon still persists. Negeri Sembilan Islamic
Council (MAINS) is in charge of overseeing Muslim welfare and developing a number of ancillary programmes to
make sure the poor and needy asnafs are helped appropriately. The main question is whether the effective measures
implemented to reduce poverty have completely succeeded or not. Therefore, the study tries to evaluate whether zakat
distribution is efficient or not in eradicating poverty. As a consequence, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of
MAINS’ implementation of the zakat distribution in reducing overall poverty, the poverty gap, the average poverty
gap, and the income gap ratio. While, zakat distribution has improved the income inequality distribution among the
poor and needy society in Negeri Sembilan, according to an analysis of the distribution of income inequality.
Therefore, the researcher recommended that MAINS improve the distribution technique by identifying the primary
group of the poor, creating a particular area for the poor who are elderly, and improving the special needs society’s
education and skills, establishing in the international zakat field as well as building an information network and the
single parent economy.

Putra (2012), Muda (2014) and Jamil et.al (2018) studies are mainly engaged with eradicating poverty in the Kedah
region. Putra (2012) try to examine the connection between poverty and population growth in the Kedah state.
Political, Economic, Social, and Technological (PEST) analysis and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
Threats (SWOT) analysis were then used to analyse the actual situation in this state in addition to learn more about
the Kedah’s human capital development initiative. It was discovered that a growth in the population was followed by
a rise in the number of the poor people. Although there are many other factors that influence the level of poverty in
Kedah, changes in population growth have a minor impact on the level of poverty there. Further, Muda’s (2014) study
is to determine whether the Jayadiri Assistance programme was effective in lowering poverty rates and enhancing

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participants’ quality of life or not. The number of beneficiaries getting income over the Poverty Line Income (PLI) is
used to gauge the amount of poverty that has been reduced. The standard measures of quality of life, i.e; housing,
transportation and communication, health and education were examined in this study. An analysis of 180 participants
revealed that 42 of them were able to escape poverty by earning more than the PLI after getting assitance. Before
obtaining financial assistance, the respondents’ mean monthly income was RM450; after receiving assistance, it was
RM775 on average. This study also indicates how, despite a decrease in the number of poor and destitute people as a
result of the programme, the increase in mean monthly income is only slightly above the PLI, putting them at risk of
falling back into poverty should the economy change, especially for those on the margins. In light of this, the study
recommended that LZNK establish cooperation with other anti-poverty organisations, provide entrepreneurial ship
training and guidance, follow-up assistance, and active monitoring, in addition to providing a sufficient amount of
capital for the asnafs to support their business needs. Then, Jamil et.al (2018) also disclosed the impacts of education
and poverty in Sik, Kedah. This study has figured out the relevant impacts related to the level of education and poverty
rate among the poor and needy people in Sik, Kedah. This study further is strengthened by other findings found in
2021, where a village in Sik, Kedah has been used as a pilot project to eradicate hardcore poverty at the Malaysian
level (Portal Maklumat Rakyat, 2021).

Finally, Nazri et.al (2012), Haron & Rahman (2016), Abd. Rahman & Uddin (2017) and Ibrahim et.al (2021) have
examined the poverty alleviation through different angles. By exploring both theoretical and practical issues, Nazri
et.al (2012) study aims to give a conceptual analysis on the functions of zakat in reducing poverty, particularly in
Malaysia. According to the researchers, cooperating with organisations like microfinance institutions could increase
the effectiveness of zakat institutions. Besides, Haron & Rahman (2016) concludes that there is a close relationship
between zakat distribution, community well-being, and maqasid al-Shari’ah where zakat distribution meets the
requirements of maqasid al-Shari’ah and can improve community well-being. Apart from that, zakat also plays a role
in eradicating poverty from being rampant, especially in countries where the majority of the population is Muslim.
According to Abd. Rahman & Uddin (2017), low-income and poorer groups were shown to have very poor health
status and risky health behaviours. Both of the researchers look at the health status and health care seeking habits in
households at Kampung Sadek as a resettlement housing unit by The Kedah Regional Development Authority
(KEDA) in Kedah, Malaysia. Based on the findings, the respondents had a serious case of bad health and were afflicted
with various ailments. Households were connected to traditional healthcare practitioners because of the many
obstacles to receiving modern health services (indigenous to nature consist primarily of two traditional providers such
as bomoh and religious authority imam). The researchers have made a few recommendations, such as the need for
hospitals and clinics to be located close to resettlement areas of housing because the majority of people who need to
access public health services do so on foot, and the KEDA authority needs to take action by implementing initiatives
like mobile clinic services on weekends so that the poor and needy asnafs don’t have to travel to the hospital or clinic
in order to receive healthcare services. Lastly, current research by Ibrahim et.al (2021) showed a significant
relationship between livelihood assets, zakat aid and food security achievement among zakat recipient in Kedah,
Malaysia. Zakat has the strongest and most lasting effects on asnafs’ poverty and food insecurity. Hence, eight
sustainable development goals can be fulfilled if zakat is wisely collected from all qualified rich Muslims in Kedah
and distributed effectively and regularly to the actual poor and needy asnafs. The targeted objectives include reducing
hunger, poverty, inequality, and unemployment; fostering peaceful and inclusive societies; ensuring healthy lifestyles;
fostering well-being; and guarding against environmental deterioration (Ibrahim et.al, 2021).

Methodology:-
Research Design
Research design can be understood as research inquiry strategies that help researchers find answers to research
questions. Consequently, the researchers can achieve the research objectives that have been set up by them (David &
Sutton, 2004; Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). There are four factors that influence the selection of a research design, namely
the purpose of the study, the research problem, the researcher’s experience and the targeted group (Neuman, 2015;
Creswell & Creswell 2018). In the context of this study, this study uses a qualitative approach via interviews and
library research method that involves data from primary and secondary sources. Qualitative design was chosen because
this study aims to analyze the forms of zakat distribution that can eradicate hardcore poverty among the poor and
needy asnafs in Sik, Kedah. After a variety of data was obtained from the interviews and library research that had
been carried out, all of this data was analyzed in more depth to generalize it. Next, the data that has been analyzed is
included in the researchers’ study, as the research findings.

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Data Collection
The researcher has collected primary and secondary data for this study. The primary data of this study involves semi-
structured interviews with selected informants from the LZNK’s Sik branch zakat officers. This study chose a
purposive sampling technique in selecting study informants. The non-probability sampling technique known as
purposive sampling is used when the researcher makes the decisions about which items to include in the sample.
Researchers frequently think that by using excellent judgement and obtaining a representative sample, they may save
time and money (Black, 2010). Other traits that make someone as the chosen informant include being respected by
other experts in the subject, serving as an example, a source of knowledge or opinion, according to some scholars
(Mohajan, 2018; Silverman, 2020; Stough & Palmer, 2003). This indicates that the informant has a wealth of
knowledge and experience in this particular sector and is qualified to supply pertinent data for research (McGowan
et.al, 2020). Table 5 is the list of informants involved in this study:

Table 5:- List of Informants.

List of Informants Positions Experiences
Informant 1 PZD Sik Zakat Officer 11 years
Informant 2 PZD Sik Zakat Officer 7 years

Meanwhile, secondary data is known as existing data that has been collected through primary sources and processed
by previous researchers (David & Sutton, 2004). The secondary data of this study involves literature studies which
can be categorized into two main types of information. First, the data obtained from published materials. Second, the
data obtained from internet access through the database. For the first type, the data involved is through books, theses,
dissertations, research reports, working papers, proceedings and articles through workshops, seminars, conferences
and others.

Data Analysis
The primary data of this study involves data obtained through semi-structured interviews with informants. Whereas,
the secondary data analysis involves data in the form of writing or documentation and obtained through library and
database research. Later, both of these data were analyzed using content analysis method. Content analysis method is
a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes or concepts within some given qualitative data
(i.e., text). This process involves the researchers examining the data materials related to the research issue, namely the
forms of zakat distribution that can eradicate hardcore poverty among the poor and needy asnafs in Sik, Kedah. All
of the analysis processes are carried out systematically and repeatedly by focusing on several aspects such as concepts,
themes, items and others related to the study phenomenon (Berelsen, 1952).

Results &Discussion:-
An Overview of Sik, Kedah
Sik is a district located in the state of Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. Sik’s name is derived from the word “Sheikh”
which is the title given to a group of Muslim missionaries from Arab (Hadramaut) who went down the Chepir River
(one of the main river networks in the Sik district) and stopped at Kg Lubok Tok Keramat to carry out missionary
activities among the Malay community around the 17th century. The Sik Malay community was originally the Pattani
Malay community who came to open land in the western area in the territory of the Kedah Sultanate. The word
“Sheikh” which was given to the Arab preachers was eventually changed to “Sek” or “Saik” according to the Pattani
dialect which was eventually accepted as the name for this district. The area of Sik district is 163,456-acre or 1,634.6
square kilometre which is 17.35% of the area of Kedah. This district is the largest district in the state of Kedah. It is
bordered by Padang Terap district to the northwest, Thailand to the north, Baling district to the south, Kuala Muda
district to the southwest and Pendang district to the west. Currently, Sik district is administered by the Sik District
Council. Figure 2 represents Sik district in Kedah.

Geographically, Sik is an area that still preserves its flora and fauna. Apart from that, this district still has many areas
of amenity and recreational forests which has also been made an “agro-tourism area” by the Kedah State Government.
Overall, Sik has a population of 76,300 people as in 2021 which consists of 93.1% Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 0.1% Indian
and 5.3% other races. There are several mukims in Sik district, namely Mukim Sik, Mukim Sok, Mukim Teloi and
Mukim Jeneri. However, in terms of economy, most of the Sik’s population is engaged in the agricultural sector and
mainly working as rubber tappers.

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Figure 2:- Sik District in Kedah.

Kedah State Zakat Board (LZNK)

Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah (LZNK) was established in 1955 via the command of His Royal Highness Al-Marhum
Tengku Mahmud Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Abdul Halim Muazzam Shah. This organisation is in charge of
supervising or regulating the distribution of zakat to people who are eligible to receive it in accordance with Shariah
regulations (Sulaiman et.al, 2020). The Menara Zakat building at Jalan Teluk Wanjah in Alor Setar, Kedah is the
headquarter for LZNK. The vision and mission of LZNK serve as a blueprint to make sure that the objectives and
duties of the organisation’s establishment are on the right path so that the administration of zakat collection and
distribution keeps expanding speedily while assisting asnafs in Kedah to alleviate poverty. The vision of LZNK is to
become a premier zakat management institution on a global scale. While LZNK’s mission is to effectively handle
zakat collection and distribution activities for the socio-economic well-being of the Kedah-based Muslim community.

The LZNK is dedicated to offering complete, continuing, top-notch zakat collection and distribution services based
on Shariah that satisfy customer needs. Hence the LZNK’s catchphrase, “Asnaf Disantuni, Pembayar Diberkati” is
perfectly matched by this. The LZNK has four key principles; accountability, up-to-date information, accuracy and
the best possible customer service. For instance, LZNK has mentioned in the accountability part that zakat assitance
application status can be acquired within 21 days of the application’s completion date. Additionally, within 14 days
after the date the assistance was accepted, the zakat assistance payment must be made. LZNK will assure that the
zakat payers can monitor the payments of zakat made through salary deductions or agent collections within 14 days
of the date of payments in the context of updated information. After making their zakat payment at the counter, the
zakat payers can get an official receipt as soon as they have all the necessary information. In addition, the customer’s
information is used to accurately and appropriately determine the zakat evaluation. Like other organisations, LZNK
constantly innovates and produces in order to give zakat payers a new platform on which to pay zakat. Figure 3 is the
organization chart of LZNK in 2022. The Sik Zakat District Centre is located at Zone B under the supervision of Zakat
District Office.

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Figure 3:- Organization Chart of Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah (2022).

The Implementation of Had al-Kifayah by LZNK

A Zakat Distribution Sub-Committee was previously established at LZNK according to the Kedah’s districts to
facilitate the management of overall zakat distributions in Kedah. This committee is managed by the Zakat Distribution
Department based on their head quarter in Alor Setar, Kedah. The headquarter acts as the General Committee for the
Zakat Distribution Sub-Committee in Sik. The General Committee is chaired by the Zakat Chairman, Secretary of the
Kedah State Government. This committee also consists of several Chief Executive Officers, which is responsible for
deciding the eligibility conditions for all existing zakat schemes at LZNK. For Sik district, the zakat officers will
follow the conditions that have been decided by the General Committee as a guideline in distributing zakat to the poor
and needy asnafs. It is worth noting that the had al-Kifayah has been decided and resolved in the zakat system, so
there is no issue of favoritism in the determination criterion of the poor and needy asnafs in Sik. This is best explained
by Informant 2 as follow:

“We aren’t the type that when we look at this person in difficulty...we straight away decide...oh, yes! he deserves to
receive zakat. Everything has to go through the system. If the system says poor or needy, then he will get it. Usually,
we will key in the appropriate data in the computer for most of the zakat assistances existed at LZNK such as monthly
cash zakat …” (Informant 2)

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In addition, it was found that the Sik zakat officers didn’t follow the zakat system solely for all zakat assistances at
LZNK. For special cases involving subjective assistances such as housing assistance, the Sik zakat officers will
perform an on-site assessment for the house to be given to the asnafs. Meanwhile, in terms of poverty, the zakat
officers will make calculations based on the had al-Kifayah. In other words, the value of a person’s survival has been
determined rather than just looking at what they eat and drink every day. All of these implementations were voiced
out by Informant 1 and 2 as below:

“For example, for the needy... like a household with a husband, wife and a child. We set a value for this husband at
approximately RM300 per month, wife RM100, child RM150...so if his income is more than that, he is not in the
needy category…” (Informant 1)

“The had al-Kifayah isn’t determined by… this person eats shrimp, crab, squid...so, we considered him as not poor as
he eats luxury foods...Rather, we consider that he is poor when he eats just to be able to live...Perhaps, the value is a
bit low compared to other ordinary people.” (Informant 2)

Furthermore, the Sik Zakat officers are on the opinion that the had al-Kifayah system is very helpful in facilitating
their work as amils who distribute zakat, but from one perspective it still needs improvement. They also agreed that
the number of poor and needy asnafs is increasing every year. This view was discussed by Informants 1 and 2:

“I can evaluate the had al-Kifayah from two perspectives. Firstly, me as an employee. I’ve been working here for
about 11 years. Before the had al-Kifayah exists, I personally think…maybe the determination of the poor and needy
asnafs could be biased. Because, we expect the applicant to be honest in declaring his income, so after that we will go
into the system to confirm. Secondly, in terms of the had al-Kifayah itself. We need to update and always revise the
had al-Kifayah because the cost of living is always… change from time to time...I think it needs to be reviewed at
least once a year.” (Informant 2)

“For me, this had al-Kifayah should be published to the public so that everyone can understand...and know the
determination of the number of poor and needy asnafs. In fact, there are applicants who think they deserve to receive
zakat, even though they aren’t. Some people think that poor is the same as needy, although they are actually two
different categories.” (Informant 1)

“So far, in Sik, we have approximately 1500 recipients according to the had al-Kifayah system. In Sik, there are many
possibilities that we will find more people who are even poorer than those who have already applied…” (Informant
2)

The determination of poor and needy asnafs is done according to the zakat system, which indicates the person’s income
that is less than RM200 to RM400 as poor asnaf and RM0 to RM200 as needy asnaf. Informant 1 has clarified this
matter in simpler words:

“A poor person needs at least RM10 in his pocket every day, but when the value he has is not even more than half, we
consider him as poor. If he is poor, for example out of RM10... he has RM6 ... more than half of his needs, then he is
under the needy category.” (Informant 1)

The had al-Kifayah system at LZNK is taken from the Zakat Distribution Department based at Alor Setar, Kedah and
guided by the Shariah Management Division together with the Poverty Research Centre. As a matter of fact, the value
of had al-Kifayah is set on based on the various results of studies carried out by Poverty Research Centre as well.
Thus, the views of academicians are also taken into account in this determination. The main challenge of its
implementation lies in the process of assimilating the had al-Kifayah in accordance with the zakat industry and
financial reports. Informant 2 stated as:

“We don’t simply place the value of had al-Kifayah randomly. It’s based on the views of academicians… and then
assimilated in the zakat industry. Then, we need to look at the strength of the money given, appropriate or not...is it a
budget deficit? If there is no deficit then you can continue. Later, it will be revised back to the new value...” (Informant
2)

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However, to eradicate hardcore poverty among the poor and needy asnafs in Sik, the Sik zakat officers admit that it’s
not an easy job. Seeing that, there are asnafs who are sick and unable to work to try to get out of the poverty line and
the mentality of asnafs itself that also influences the efforts to eradicate hardcore poverty especially those asnafs who
came from low educational backgrounds. Despite that, zakat from one dimension, is able to help asnafs live a better
life than before. Nevertheless, there is still some potentials that can be expected for at least 10% of these poor and
needy asnafs to get out of hardcore poverty. These confessions were made by Informant 1 and 2:

“Personally, I think it will be difficult for us to eradicate hardcore poverty in Sik. This view is from the perspective of
the zakat recipients... Most of the zakat recipients in Sik are sick, so even if we help them, they can’t get out of the
hardcore poverty line. For example, those who are suffering with kidney disease, cancer, the elderly...some of them...
even their children don't even work...the majority of recipients here are like that…” (Informant 2)

“…...except in the 10% of zakat recipients...For example, we give them wood machine assistances...then they can try
to get out of the zakat recipient list. Another thing, …. the mentality of the people in Sik too, they received low level
of education...Yes, we can treat them as clients...but to eradicate poverty is quite impossible...only with zakat, they
can continue their lives better.” (Informant 1)

Forms of Zakat Distribution Among Poor and Needy Asnafs

Technically, the forms of zakat distribution to poor and needy asnafs that have been implemented by the LZNK in Sik
can be divided into two main categories, namely the poor and needy codings. It should be pointed out that zakat
managers in Sik have successfully administered zakat by using systematic coding to differentiate between those
assistances given to poor or needy asnafs. The assistances provided can be divided into four main functions,
specifically for livelihood, religion, business and education. This method of zakat distribution is described by
Informant 1 as follows and the detail of the forms of zakat distribution among poor and needy asnafs in Sik is
illustrated in Figure 4:

“From technical point of view, here, we use two codings... We use Coding 1 for poor. This means that below this
Coding 1...we will breakdown the aid into many more categories... Another coding is Coding 2...We use Coding 2 for
needy asnafs” (Informant 1)

Based on Figure 4, in an effort to eradicate hardcore poverty, it can be seen that for the poor asnafs, the specialized
assistance includes monthly financial assistance. Meanwhile, for the needy asnafs, there are numerous specialized
assistances offered by LZNK such as monthly financial assistance, housing assistance, Jayadiri assistance and zakat
schools.

Figure 4:- Zakat Distribution Among Poor and Needy Asnafs in Sik, Kedah.

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Previously, LZNK has also introduced Jayadiri Assistance Scheme under the category of needy asnafs in form of
financial capital or tools for the applicants who have experience and potential to runbusiness activities. It was found
that this assistance was the most popular assistance requested by the needy asnafs in Sik. This point was mentioned
by Informant 2 as below:

“Frankly speaking… I can say that this Jayadiri Assistance Scheme is the most favorite application among the needy
asnafs in Sik...” (Informant 2)

Criteria of Zakat Distribution Among Poor and Needy Asnafs

In determining whether an individual is included in the category of poor or needy asnaf, the LZNK will be guided by
had al-Kifayah especially for matters related to financial assistance. Whereas, for housing assistance, an assessment
will be made on the houses occupied by asnafs. This eligibility criteria are also shared with Social Welfare Department
(JKM) in Sik district. This is clairified by Informant 1 and 2:

“For the house assistance assessment, we have to see his house... First, we do an evaluation of his house first. The first
assessment is from the zakat district officer, usually when we go...we will make a decision together...Second, the
assessment from the house’s engineer...whether the house is worthy of repair or not. Because this house costs around
RM20,000-RM30,000... so, the decision needs to be made properly.” (Informant 2)

“Recipients of financial assitance will be evaluated every year to determine whether they’re still eligible to continue
financial assistance by adding or reducing the value of the assistance or are no longer eligible to receive zakat
assistance. For these criteria, we also share information with Social Welfare Department (JKM) by call...” (Informant
1)

The Determination of Poor and Needy Asnafs by LZNK

Although LZNK refers to the had al-Kifayah technically according to the asnafs’ application in deciding the forms of
zakat distribution to the poor and needy asnafs in Sik, but this assistance is still being evaluated with reasonable cause
by the LZNK. It was mentioned by Informant 1:
“If we want to know which assistance that he is eligible for...we will look at the technical aspect...on the filled-out
form...in the purpose section of the application. Usually if he wants money, he will ask for money, if it’s to repair
house, he will ask for the purpose of the house... But we will also look on ...other aspect. For example, he is 80 years
old and asking for a house, maybe it’s not suitable for us to give him a house, instead we change the assistance to
monthly financial assistance...” (Informant 1)

In terms of assitances that have been distributed, it has been found that Jayadiri Assistance is effective in eradicating
poverty because it comesup in the form of business. However, the number of recipients of this assistance is small,
which is almost 20 people only in the entire Sik district. This was expressed by Informant 1 and 2:

“In terms of assistance...I think Jayadiri’s Assistance is effective because it’s in the form of business assistance. It’s
just that the number of recipients in Sik is not so many... less than 20 people...” (Informant 2)

“If out of 10 people.... I dare to say …all of them will be successful...only they’re not all up to the level of zakat
payers. Those who are zakat payers maybe able to pay small amount of zakat...like RM 100, RM 200...that’s it...It's
just that they don't reach the level of asking for zakat assistance back.” (Informant 1)

Simultaneously, the Jayadiri Assitance Scheme is able to help several asnafs without any generalisation. This is
because, not all recipients are able to utilize the assistances given to them up to the maximum extent possible. While
in terms of monthly financial assistance, the asnafs can only get a better life and still can’t get out of poverty. This
was exposed by Informant 1 and 2:

“Just look at the industry for Jayadiri’s Assistance... there are people who give the asnafs machines, yet they still can’t
do business with these machines. When we look at our friends from other agencies...we realize that not everyone can
make full use of it...As the saying goes, “Give Them Hooks and Don’t Give Them Fishes” is the Malay proverb that
we often hear so that a person can be independent without relying solely on financial assistance. However, perhaps,

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there are some asnafs that we can help by giving them hooks.... some we have to give fishes too...so they can continue
to survive” (Informant 2)

“In terms of Jayadiri Assistance, it is successful.... but in terms of monthly financial assistance...asnafs will only be
able to live better without being able to get out of poverty line. That is the reality in my view...” (Informant 1)

The Success Story of the Zakat Distribution Among Poor and Needy Asnafs
The amils in Sik have managed to collect more zakat recipients with the help of amil’s assistants. The position of
amil’s assistant is very helpful in streamlining the management of zakat distribution to the poor and needy asnafs in
Sik. The importance of amil’s assistants in helping the distribution of zakat is highlighted as below:

“The number of zakat recipients in Sik is quite high... I want to give credit to my amils because before they were
helped by the amil’s assistants... the monthly zakat recipients in Sik were less than 300 people only…” (Informant 2)

“...so far, after the existence of the position of amil’s assistants...the number has reached over a thousand...We have
just noticed, oh, it seems that there are still many more poor and needy asnafs out there...who are actually eligible to
receive zakat payments…Maybe, some of them… we may overlook….” (Informant 1)

“This amil greatly facilitates the distribution of zakat to asnafs. Here… at Sik, we ask amil to set up a committee to
facilitate collection matters from our side...for example, foodbank distribution. There is a lot of information that the
amil’s assistant can provide regarding zakat applicants... In the past, amil just collected the fitrah... but now, we give
them a little task to share a sense of responsibility. Even though they are involved in zakat distribution...but we don’t
leave them alone...we keep monitoring...” (Informant 1)

Amil’s assistants can also help to get information if there is any slander related to LZNK or the zakat centers managed
by them as mentioned by Informant 2:

“In the past...if the news about zakat went viral...at 11pm....If I wanted to get any information... I didn’t know…
because I’m an outsider...Now, if it went viral...for example in Kampung Tupai, I can directly contact my amil’s
assistant only...he can give information from A to Z.” (Informant 2)
Moreover, the LZNK also monitors to ensure that the poor and needy asnafs are always assited and guided to break
out from hardcore poverty. This process happened to be implemented in most of their zakat assistances:

“After this Jayadiri Assistance was successfully approved...we will go down to investigate...then, after receiving the
assitances... we will meet the asnafs to monitor...we’re of course afraid ...in case there will be a sale of zakat assistance
items...sometimes, we go down to the field to monitor informally...” (Informant 2)

“…. also housing assistance...we will monitor this assitance as well.... It’s just that, if it’s from financial assistance...we
don’t investigate, so, we hope the asnafs are honest and the selection is verified by the amil’s assistant. However, the
decision of the zakat distribution still applies to the Sik District Zakat Centre as well... If it’s in Sik, alhamdulillah...
so far, the people are good... and hardworking….” (Informant 1)

Challenges of Zakat Distribution Among Poor and Needy Asnafs

For the time being, the LZNK faces several challenges especially in terms of manpower to ensure zakat can be
distributed holistically to the poor and needy asnafs in Sik. It was narrated by Informant 1 & 2 as:

“For me... at the moment…I’m facing with the issue of inadequate staffing here... Actually, the amils who do the
distribution work, in terms of documentation here…we only have 2 officers.... that’s me and my staff alone.... The
others, they only manage the payment vouchers.... they don’tinvolve in field work...” (Informant 1)

“The main challenge...for me... insufficient human resources …. the manpower.... I think other challenges are not so
crucial… still okay...” (Informant 2)

“...Fortunately, we have 30 amils... This number of amils is actually not enough. Even, if we compare with the Social
Welfare Department (JKM) staff, they have 20 staff for Sik district. Here, at PZD Sik...working in this section...only

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2 officers...altogether with 3 officers.... total of 5 officers. If you want to calculate with Sik’s demographic background
which is quite broad. ...it’s indeed quite challenging...” (Informant 1)

However, zakat officers at PZD Sik still strive to make sure that the applications and zakat assistances can be
completed promptly as stipulated in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines at LZNK.

“In Sik there is still Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for us... This KPI is applied in every application for zakat
assistances... It has to be completed within 21 days... If it doesn’t finish... it indicates that we already know from the
beginning... the application is failed.” (Informant 2)

“Only for the housing assistance and Jayadiri Assistance... we have to be extra careful for the assessment…”
(Informant 1)

“The financial assistance is usually completed within 21 days... The duration of 21 days isspecified in International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)…” (Informant 2)

While, in terms of other challenges to channel financial assistance to poor and needy asnafs such as budget and location
of the asnafs, it can be asuccessfully resolved at the zakat administrative level in Sik.

“For budget... at Sik we don’t have to worry... because the Distribution Department at headquarter will manage it...
it’s just that if we ask for budget... maybe we won’t be able to receive the budget on the spot... as sometimes the budget
decreases...so the Distribution Department will be a little late in handing over the budget...but whatever it’s…we will
definitely receive it…” (Informant 1)

“For me...I’m okay, there’s no problem for me to go to the asnaf placement location...because I’m used to it...”
(Informant 2)

“Previously, I’ve been placed in other PZD like in Baling, far away places like Landai...Gubir...In simple word…I can
say...we’re expert in finding location of the asnafs…up till we’re good even at looking at the electric pole to find the
asnafs’ houses. For me, there is no issue because we have amil’s assistants...it’s just that the number of staff is not
sufficient.” (Informant 1)
Among the efforts made to eradicate hardcore poverty in Sik is through regular monitoring of poor and needy asnafs.
However, the COVID-19 pandemic has hindered to some extent the activities carried out with asnafs.

“We look at the type of assitances.... if we can give Jayadiri Assistance, we will give it...perhaps, it’s more in that
direction...If we see this asnaf is more suitable for monthly financial assistance only...we will only give them that
specific assistance. Before COVID -19 pandemic, we do have meetings with the asnafs that receive our monthly
assistance…when they come along, they don’t even know us. So, when zakat matters are carried out in the village,
we hold a meeting at the mosque with the qaryah...we give motivation.... etc... Only, after this COVID-19 pandemic,
we can’t do activities like this regularly...” (Informant 1)

“Before COVID-19 pandemic, we used to have meetings with asnafs, after that, some qaryah in Sik asked us to give
lectures and awareness to the poor and needy asnafs...but when COVID-19 is there...it’s true... we can’t conduct the
meetings temporarily. During this time, we asked the asnafs to live and survive without zakat assistances... and if
they’ve tried and still can’t... they can come to us and apply for zakat assistances again.” (Informant 2)

Despite that, a fact that needs to be accepted is that many people still have few misunderstandings on the concept of
poor and needy asnafs. It’s important to note that lack of zakat recipients doesn’t actually reflect that the amils have
succeeded in reducing the poverty rate among poor and needy asnafs in Sik. Thus, the Sik zakat officers don’t set any
target annually to reduce the number of poor and needy asnafs, instead, they continue their efforts to search for these
asnafs especially after the post COVID-19 pandemic.

“For zakat we can’t set a target. For zakat, we have to search for the asnafs. Indeed, many people
misunderstand...people always remember that by reducing the number of zakat recipients...then we have succeeded in
reducing poverty.” (Informant 2)

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“The situation in Sik with COVID-19 pandemic... unsurprisingly, the number of new asnafs will increase...because
sometimes there are people who live in the town, suddenly they are fired...so they want to come back and settle in Sik.
When only one asnaf who receives zakat exits, the name of another asnaf or recipient will also enter.” (Informant 1)

“The number of asnafs will increase as a result of people from outside Sik, that is, the children of Sik residents who
migrated abroad, returning to settle in Sik due to loss of income or unemployment. Sik, is the largest district in Kedah,
but the population is not as dense as others. Currently, there are only 30 qaryahs here....” (Informant 2)

Recommendations for Eradicating of Hardcore Poverty Among Poor and Needy Asnafs
Among the initiatives organized by PZD Sik is to give awareness to the public about the role of LZNK in helping the
community to get out of the hardcore poverty line as well as ongoing promotion of activities carried out by PZD Sik.

“From the perspective of PZD Sik......we use phone to communicate with the asnafs...If on Facebook, we talk about
the activities carried out to eradicate poverty...” (Informant 1)

It is recommended that continuous assistances to be given to asnafs, especially those involved with Jayadiri
Assistance. In terms of awareness, the existing zakat schools are limited and need to be expanded to provide best
education to the children of asnafs in order to begone the poverty shackles.

“Jayadiri Assistance.... it’s just this assistance that not many asnafs can really fully utilized it. For example, the zakat
estate in Kota Setar, the land belongs to the LZNK....we still don’t have any land for asnafs yet...” (Informant 2)

“In Sik, we have zakat schools for asnafs’ children like in Belantik....and we are working to expand this school...”
(Informant 1)

In addition, progressive distribution can be carried out in an effort to reduce the rate of hardcore poverty in Sik if all
agencies involved in eradicating poverty can sit down and review all existing assistance schemes.

“All agencies have to sit together...... Social Welfare Department (JKM), District Office....after that, we need to review
the existing schemes so that there is no confusion.... We can’t leave zakat alone to take the responsibilities in
eradicating hardcore poverty. If there is assitance that we can’t give... maybe the agencies can accommodate... after
all, we don’t have enough staff here...” (Informant 2)

“It’s like a Malay proverb... “If We Pinch The Left Thigh, The Right Thigh Also Feels” ... Meaning…do as you would
be done by helping each other...” (Informant 1)

In fact, to overcome the challenges related to zakat distribution among the poor and needy asnafs in Sik, the role and
responsibilities of amil’s assistant need to be further well-organised so that they can both help in realizing the LZNK’s
agenda to eradicate hardcore poverty.

“I give credit to these 30 amil’s assistants... because they have successfully contributed to the increasement of more
than a thousand zakat recipients...” (Informant 1)

“The amil’s assistant need to mix with the village people... especially the mosque and non-mosques communities...”
(Informant 2)

“We … on the administration side need to teach the guidelines for the poor and needy asnafs... Previously, indeed
many amil’s assistant who were dismissed from their positions as they were unable to help in realizing the zakat
agenda...” (Informant 2)

Conclusion:-
To sum up, the results of the study prove that the zakat distribution carried out by LZNK has not yet been fully
effective in eradicating hardcore poverty among the poor and needy asnafs in Sik, Kedah. In fact, this study also found
some challenges that the PZD Sik went through to distribute zakat in the effort to eradicate the problem of hardcore
poverty. For the implication of zakat distribution, it’s necessary for PZD Sik to focus on the poor and needy asnafs
who are judged by them to be easily trapped into the problem of hardcore poverty again. Focus should be given on

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the implementation stage of assistance programmes in order to produce better effects over time. Although the LZNK
always improves the system of zakat distribution to the poor and needy asnafs, but sometimes the implementation of
these programmes faces constraints which is difficult to avoid at times. Therefore, by improving the forms of zakat
distribution among the poor and needy asnafs, which is expected to eradicate hardcore poverty, it will directly increase
the effect of zakat distribution to a better level.

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