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Forced Convection
Forced Convection
Forced Convection
5-1 INTRODUCTION
We now wish to examine the methods of calculating convection heat transfer and, in
particular, the ways of predicting the value of the convection heat-transfer coefficient h.
Our discussion in this chapter will
- first consider some of the simple relations of fluid dynamics and boundary layer analysis
that are important for a basic understanding of convection heat transfer.
- Next, we shall impose an energy balance on the flow system and determine the influence of
the flow on the temperature gradients in the fluid.
- Finally, having obtained a knowledge of the temperature distribution, the heat-transfer rate
from a heated surface to a fluid that is forced over it may be determined.
Consider the flow over a flat plate with different temperature as shown in Figures 5-1 and 5-
2. Beginning at the leading edge of the plate, a region develops where the influence of
viscous forces is felt.
FIGURE 5-2 Comparison of laminar and
turbulent velocity boundary layer profiles
for the same free stream velocity
These viscous forces are described in terms of a shear stress τ between the fluid layers.
τ =μ(du/dy) [5-1]
μ is called the dynamic viscosity ( Newton-seconds per square meter )
The region of flow that develops from the leading edge of the plate in which the effects
of viscosity are observed is called the boundary layer.
At the y position , where the velocity becomes %99 percent of the free-stream value,
the boundary layer ends.
The flow can be classified in the boundary layer to
• Initially laminar flow
but at some critical distance from the leading edge, depending on the flow field and fluid
properties, small disturbances in the
• flow begin to become amplified, and a transition process takes place
until the flow becomes
• turbulent.
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs when
u∞x/ν = ρu∞x/μ >5×105 at flow on flat plate.
where
u∞ = free-stream velocity, m/s
x= distance from leading edge, m
ν =μ/ρ = kinematic viscosity, m2/s
This particular grouping of terms is called the Reynolds number, and is dimensionless
if a consistent set of units is used for all the properties:
Rex = u∞x/ν [5-2]
The relative shapes for the velocity profiles in laminar and turbulent flow are indicated
in Figure 5-1. The laminar profile is approximately parabolic, while the turbulent profile
has a portion near the wall that is very nearly linear. This linear portion is said to be due
to a laminar sublayer that hugs the surface very closely. Outside this sublayer the velocity
profile is relatively flat in comparison with the laminar profile.
***** Consider the flow in a tube as shown in Figure 5-3. A boundary layer develops at the
- entrance, as shown.
- Eventually the boundary layer fills the entire tube, and the flow is said
to be fully developed.
If the flow is laminar, a parabolic velocity profile is experienced, as shown in Figure
5-3a.
When the flow is turbulent, a somewhat blunter profile is observed, as in Figure 5-3b.
In a tube, the Reynolds number is again used as a criterion for laminar and turbulent flow.
For
Red = um d/ ν >2300 [5-3]
-d is the tube diameter.
q = - kA ∂T/∂x = hA (T- T∞ )
We term the heat transfer depends on relative motions as convection heat transfer.
The problem is how to evaluate/predict/estimate the value of h for various flow pattern?
Evaluation of convection heat transfer
1. Analytical solution of the fluid temperature distribution
2. Analogy between heat & momentum transfer
3. Dimensional analysis + experimental data in terms of dimensionless No.
Consider the elemental control volume shown in Figure 5-6. To simplify the analysis
we assume
Then, for the element shown, the energy balance may be written
T h i s i s t h e e n e r g y e q u a t i o n o f t h e
l a mi n a r b o u n d a r y l a y e r . T h e l e f t s i d e
r e p r e s e n t s t h e n e t t r a n s p o r t o f e n e r g y
i n t o t h e c o n t r o l v o l u me , a n d t h e r i g h t
s i d e r e p r e s e n t s t h e s u m o f t h e n e t h e a t
c o n d u c t e d o u t o f t h e c o n t r o l v o l u me a n d
t h e n e t v i s c o u s wo r k d o n e o n t h e e l e me n t .
The equation may be solved exactly for many boundary conditions, and we
shall be satisfied with an approximate analysis that furnishes an easier solution without a
loss in physical understanding of the processes involved. The approximate method is due
to von Kármán .
Approximate integral boundary layer analysis
Consider the control volume in the B.L. Figure 5-5.
Evaluation of friction coefficient
Similarly, the integral energy equa on(Fig 5-8)
We neglects the kinetic energy term and shear work term
( )
enthalpy enter across plane 1:∫
( ) ( )
enthalpy leaves across plane 2:∫ + [∫ ] dx
The enthalpy carried into the C. V. across the upper face is
The plate under consideration need not be heated over its entire length. The situation
that we shall analyze is shown in Figure 5-9, where the hydrodynamic boundary layer
develops from the leading edge of the plate, while heating does not begin until x=x0.
Heat transfer:
T h e b u l k t e mp e r a t u r e
L o c a l h e a t t r a n s f e r
5-13 SUMMARY
Our presentation of convection heat transfer is incomplete at this time and will be
developed further in Chapters 6 and 7. Even so, we begin to see the structure of a procedure
for solution of convection problems:
1. Establish the geometry of the situation; for now we are mainly restricted to flow over
flat plates.
2. Determine the fluid involved and evaluate the fluid properties. This will usually be at
the film temperature.
3. Establish the boundary conditions (i.e., constant temperature or constant heat flux).
4. Establish the flow regime as determined by the Reynolds number.
5. Select the appropriate equation, taking into account the flow regime and any fluid property
restrictions which may apply.
6. Calculate the value(s) of the convection heat-transfer coefficient and/or heat transfer.
Example
Example
Example
Chapter 6
Empirical and Practical Relations for Forced –
Convection Heat Transfer
Regrettably, it is not always possible to obtain analytical solutions to convection problems, and the
individual is forced to resort to experimental methods to obtain design information, as well as to secure
the more elusive data that increase the physical understanding of the heat-transfer processes.
I n t h i s c h a p t e r mo s t o f o u r a t t e n t i o n
wi l l b e f o c u s e d o n me t h o d s f o r
d e t e r mi n i n g h , t h e c o n v e c t i o n h e a t -
t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t .
A traditional expression for calculation of heat transfer in fully developed turbulent
flow in smooth tubes is that recommended by Dittus and Boelter [1]:*
The properties in this equation are evaluated at the average fluid bulk temperature, and the
exponent n has the following values:
As described above, we may anticipate that the heat-transfer data will be dependent on the
Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. A power function for each of these parameters is a simple
type of relation to use, so we assume
Nud =CRedmPrn
where C, m, and n are constants to be determined from the experimental data.
To take into account the property variations, Sieder and Tate [2] recommend the
following relation:
Nud =0.027 Red0.8Pr1/3(μ/μw)0.14 [6-5]
All properties are evaluated at bulk-temperature conditions, except μw, which is evaluated
at the wall temperature.
Equations (6-4) and (6-5) apply to fully developed turbulent flow in tubes. In the entrance region the flow is
not developed, and Nusselt [3] recommended the following equation:
Nud =0.036 Red0.8 Pr1/3(d/L) .
0 055
for 10< L/d <400 [6-6]
where L is the length of the tube and d is the tube diameter. The properties in Equation (6-6)
are evaluated at the mean bulk temperature.
If the channel through which the fluid flows is not of circular cross section, it is recommended that the heat-
transfer correlations be based on the hydraulic diameter DH, defined by
DH = 4A/P [6-14]
where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow and P is the wetted perimeter.
The hydraulic diameter should be used in calculating the Nusselt and Reynolds
numbers.
6-6 SUMMARY
In contrast to Chapter 5, which was mainly analytical in character, this chapter has dealt
almost entirely with empirical correlations that may be used to calculate convection heat
transfer. The general calculation procedure is as follows:
1. Establish the geometry of the situation.
2. Make a preliminary determination of appropriate fluid properties.
3. Establish the flow regime by calculating the Reynolds or Peclet number
4. Select an equation that fits the geometry and flow regime and reevaluate properties, if