NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 6

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Name: Ferriel Trixshen L. Castro Section: BSNR 127 Date Submitted: 09/27/2021

I. INTRODUCTION

The skeletal system is a system which provides an internal framework for the human
body, protects organs and anchors skeletal muscles so that muscle contraction can cause
movement. The internal framework is mainly provided by the skeleton which is divided
into two parts: axial skeleton which consists of bones that form the longitudinal axis of
the body and the appendicular skeleton which forms the limbs and girdles.

Bone is a living vascular structure composed of organic tissue and mineral. It serves as a
support structure, site of attachment for skeletal muscles and site of blood cell formation.

Bone is characterized by its hardness and strength. But despite its remarkable strength,
it is susceptible to fracture or breaks. A type of fracture in which the bone breaks clearly
but does not penetrate the skin is known as a closed fracture while if there is a
communication with the skin it is known as an open fracture.

II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS

6.01A. Explain the functions of the skeletal
system.
6.02A. Describe the components of the
extracellular matrix and explain the function of
each.
6.03A. Explain the structural differences between
compact bone and spongy bone.
The skeletal system support and protect our body
and internal organs. It allows movement and acts
as a storage for minerals and fat. It is a site to
produce blood cells.
The extracellular matrix of a bone contains
proteoglycans that connect to
glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, osteonectin
which attach bone to collagen, and osteocalcin a
calcium-binding protein.
Spongy bone is a light, spongy, and soft type of
bone called cancellous bones, while compact
bones are called cortical bones that are heavy,
tough, and compact. Compact bone is made up of
osteon and fills the outer layer of bones.
However, spongy bone consists of trabeculae and
fills the inner layer of bones. Unlike in spongy
bone, the bone marrow cavity is present in
compact bone. The bone marrow in compact

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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
6.03B. Outline the processes of bone ossification,
growth, remodeling, and repair.
6.04A. Explain the role of bone in calcium
homeostasis.
6.04B. Describe how parathyroid hormone and
calcitonin influence bone health and calcium
homeostasis.
bone stores fats but in the spongy bone, it
produces red corpuscles and white granular
corpuscles. Lastly, the spongy bone forms the
epiphyses of long bones while the latter forms
the diaphysis.
Bone Growth in width
Bone growth happens by the removal of new
lamellae onto the existing bone called
appositional growth.
Bone Growth in Length
There is an increase of chondrocytes on the
epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.
An enlargement of chondrocytes will result in it
expiring. Through this, the cartilage matrix
becomes calcified. Because the chondrocyte is
dying it will be replaced by osteoblasts.
Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling is the removal of existing bone
by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by
osteoblasts.
Bone Repair
When a bone breaks, a hematoma will occur.
Afterward, a fibrocartilaginous callus will form
that will result to a bony callus. Lastly, the
remodeling and addition of compact bone.
The bone serves as a storage site for calcium.
Calcium moves out of bone as osteoclasts break
down bone while the body deposits calcium in
the bones when blood levels get too high.
Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build
new bone and it releases calcium when blood
levels drop too low. Calcium homeostasis is
controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
calcitonin
When blood calcium levels go too low,
parathyroid hormone raises them. When blood
calcium levels grow too high, calcitonin, which is
secreted by the thyroid gland, lowers them.
These two systems work in tandem to keep blood
calcium levels in check.
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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
6.05A. List and define the major features of a
typical bone.
6.06A. Name the bones of the skull and describe
their main features as seen from the lateral,
frontal, internal, and inferior views.
6.06B. List the bones that form the majority of the
nasal septum.
6.06C. Describe the locations and functions of the
paranasal sinuses.
6.06D. List the bones of the braincase and the face.
6.06E. Describe the shape of the vertebral column
and list its divisions.
A foramen in a bone is formed when a structure,
such as a nerve or blood vessel, passes through
the bone at that location. A canal or a meatus is a
hole that has extended into a tunnel-like tube in
the bone. A fossa is a depression in the bone. A
tubercle or tuberosity is a bulge on a bone, while
a process is a projection from the bone. The
majority of tubercles and processes on the bone
serve as muscle attachment points. Increased
muscle pull, which occurs when a person lifts
weights to gain muscle mass, can cause some
tubercles to grow in size. A condyle is the
smooth, rounded end of a bone that forms a joint
with another bone.
The skull is made up of 22 bones: 8 for the
braincase and 14 for the face. The skull is made
up of the hyoid bone and six auditory ossicles.
The parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones can
be viewed from the side. The orbits and nasal
cavity, as well as accompanying bones and
structures such as the frontal bone, zygomatic
bone, maxilla, and mandible, can be seen from a
frontal view. Three fossae with multiple foramina
line the interior of the cerebral cavity. Numerous
foramina and other structures, such as muscle
attachment processes, can be found at the base
of the skull.
•perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.
• vomer bone.
• cartilage of the septum.
• maxillary bone.
• palatine bone.
The frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal
sinuses are called after the bones in which they
are placed. The mastoid air cells, which are found
inside the mastoid processes of the temporal
bone, are additional sinuses in the skull. Instead
of opening into the nasal cavity, these air cells
open into the middle ear.
An adult spine exhibits a natural S-shaped curve
when viewed from the side. Cervical, thoracic,
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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
6.06F. Discuss the common features of the
vertebrae and contrast vertebrae from each region
of the vertebral column.
6.06G. List the bones and cartilage of the rib cage,
including the three types of ribs.
6.07A. Identify the bones that makeup the
pectoral girdle and relate their structure and
arrangement to the function of the girdle.
6.07B. Name and describe the major bones of the
upper limb.
6.07C. Name and describe the bones of the pelvic
girdle and explain why the pelvic girdle is more
stable than the pectoral girdle.
6.07D. Name the bones that make up the coxal
bone. Distinguish between the male and female
pelvis.
lumbar, sacral, and coccyx are the different parts
of the spine.
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, as
well as 1 sacral bone and 1 coccyx bone, make up
the vertebral column. A body, an arch, and
processes make up each vertebra. The following
are regional variances in vertebrae: The sacrum is
a single, fused bone; the coccyx is four or fewer
fused vertebrae. Cervical vertebrae have
transverse foramina; thoracic vertebrae have
long spinous processes and attachment sites for
the ribs; lumbar vertebrae have rectangular
transverse and spinous processes, and the
position of their facets limits rotation; the sacrum
is a single, fused bone;
The thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum
make up the rib cage. The ribs are divided into 12
pairs: 7 true and 5 false (2 of the false ribs are
also called floating ribs). The manubrium, the
body, and the xiphoid process make up the
sternum.
The scapulae and clavicles form the pectoral
girdle, which serves as the anchor that connects
the appendages to the axial skeleton.
The upper limb consists of the humerus which is
the arm, ulna and radius composed our forearm,
8 carpal bones in the wrist and our hand consists
of 5 metacarpal bones, 3 phalanges in each
finger, and 2 phalanges in the thumb.
The bones of the pelvis are securely connected to
each other to produce a generally static, weight-
bearing structure, unlike the bones of the
pectoral girdle, which are extremely flexible to
enhance the range of upper limb movements.
This is vital for stability since it allows the body's
weight to be carried laterally from the vertebral
column, via the pelvic girdle and hip joints, and
into either lower leg when the other isn't bearing
weight. As the upper body rests on top of the
dynamic lower limbs, the pelvis' immobility
provides a sturdy base.
The two coxal bones make up the pelvic girdle.
An ilium, an ischium, and a pubis make up each
coxal bone. The pelvis is made up of the coxal
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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
6.07E. Identify and describe the bones of the lower
limb.
6.08A. Describe the two systems for classifying
joints.
6.08B. Explain the structure of a fibrous joint, list
the three types, and give examples of each type.
bones, sacrum, and coccyx. The functions and
body sizes of the mature female and male pelvis
are different. Male pelvic bones are bigger and
heavier in general, built to support the male's
heavier physical frame and stronger muscles. The
male hip bone's greater sciatic notch is narrower
and deeper than the female hip bone's broader
notch. The female pelvis is wider than the male
pelvis because it is adapted for childbearing, as
indicated by the space between the anterior
superior iliac spines. Females' ischial tuberosities
are likewise spaced more apart, resulting in a
larger pelvic exit. Females have a larger subpubic
angle (more than 80 degrees) than males due to
their larger pelvic width (less than 70 degrees). In
comparison to males, the female sacrum is larger,
shorter, and less curved, and the sacral
promontory projects less into the pelvic cavity,
resulting in a more rounded or oval pelvic inlet
(pelvic brim). Females' lesser pelvic cavity is
likewise larger and shallower than males', which
is narrower, deeper, and tapering. Because of the
evident variances in the hip bones of males and
females,
The lower limb includes the thigh (femur), leg
(tibia and fibula), ankle (7 tarsal bones), and foot
(metatarsal bones and phalanges, similar to the
bones in the hand).
Joints can be classified in two ways: according to
their structure or according to their function. The
structural categorization separates joints into
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints based
on the substance that makes up the joint and
whether or not it has a cavity.
Sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses are the
three forms of fibrous joints. The narrow fibrous
link that connects most of the bones of the skull
is known as a suture. Periodontal ligaments hold
the root of a tooth to the walls of its socket in the
bony jaw across a narrow gap at a gomphosis. A
syndesmosis is a fibrous joint that connects two
parallel bones. The space between the bones
might be broad and filled with a fibrous
interosseous membrane, or it can be narrowed
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
6.08C. Give examples of cartilaginous joints.
6.08D. Illustrate the structure of a synovial joint
and explain the roles of the components of a
synovial joint.
6.08E. Classify synovial joints based on the shape
of the bones in the joint and give an example of
each type.
6.08F. Demonstrate the difference between the
following pairs of movements: flexion and
extension; plantar flexion and dorsiflexion;
abduction and adduction; supination and
pronation; elevation and depression; protraction
and retraction; opposition and reposition;
inversion and eversion.
by ligaments that cover the gap. The bones of the
forearm (radius and ulna) and the leg (femur)
have syndesmoses (tibia and fibula). Fibrous
joints are strong connections between
neighboring bones that prevent internal organs,
strength to body regions, or weight-bearing
stability.
The joint between the manubrium and the
sternum
A synovial joint's bones are encased in a synovial
capsule, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate
and nourish the joint as well as act as a shock
absorber. Smooth, glass-like hyaline cartilage
covers the ends of the joint bones, reducing
friction during movement. The articular capsule,
which is generally linked with auxiliary ligaments,
is formed of a synovial cavity and dense, uneven
connective tissue.
The body can move in a variety of ways thanks to
the six types of synovial joints. (a) Pivot joints
allow for side-to-side rotation of the head by
allowing rotation around an axis, such as
between the first and second cervical vertebrae.
(b) The elbow's hinge joint functions similarly to a
door hinge. (c) A saddle joint connects the
trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal
bone at the base of the thumb. (d) Plane joints,
such as those between the tarsal bones of the
foot, allow for limited gliding movements. (e) The
wrist's radiocarpal joint is a condyloid joint. (f)
The only ball-and-socket joints in the body are
the hip and shoulder joints.
Flexion and extension are sagittal plane
movements that entail anterior and posterior
movements of the body or limbs. Flexion
(anterior flexion) of the vertebral column refers
to an anterior (forward) bending of the neck or
torso, whereas extension refers to a posterior-
directed motion, such as straightening from a
flexed position or bending backward.
The ankle joint, which is a hinge joint, has two
movements: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.
Dorsiflexion is the lifting of the front of the foot
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Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

such that the top of the foot moves toward the

anterior leg, whereas plantar flexion is the lifting
of the heel of the foot from the ground or
pointing the toes downward. At the ankle joint,
these are the only movements possible.

Abduction and adduction motions involve medial-

lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or
thumb in the coronal plane. Abduction causes the
limb to move laterally away from the body's
midline, whereas adduction causes the limb to
move toward the body or across the midline. The
anterior movement that gets the thumb to a 90°
perpendicular position, pointing straight out from
the palm, is called abduction. The thumb is
adducted back to its anatomical position close to
the index finger. Condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-
socket joints all exhibit abduction and adduction
movements.

Supination and pronation are forearm

movements. The upper limb is held adjacent to
the torso with the palm pointing forward in the
anatomical posture. The forearm is supinated in
this position. The radius and ulna are parallel to
each other in this configuration. The forearm is
pronated when the palm of the hand faces
backward, and the radius and ulna form an X
shape.

The scapula or mandible moves downward and

upward in depression and elevation. The
elevation is the upward movement of the scapula
and shoulder, while depression is the downward
movement. Shrugging your shoulders is done
with these movements. Similarly, the elevation of
the mandible refers to the upward movement of
the lower jaw required to seal the mouth or bite
something, while depression refers to the
downward movement that causes the mouth to
open.

Protraction and retraction of the scapula or

mandible are anterior-posterior movements.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
6.09A. Describe the effects of aging on bone
matrix and joints.
III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.
The skeletal system serves as a support structure for the body. It provides the body its shape,
allows for movement, produces blood cells, safeguards organs, and stores minerals. As a result,
it is critical to be knowledgeable about it.
When the shoulder is thrust forward, such as
when pressing against something or tossing a
ball, the scapula protrudes. The scapula is drawn
posteriorly and medially, toward the spinal
column, in the retraction motion. Protraction of
the mandible occurs when the lower jaw is forced
forward, causing the chin to flare out, whereas
retraction pulls the lower jaw backward.
opposition and reposition;
Inversion and eversion are complicated
movements involving numerous plane joints
among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot
(intertarsal joints) and hence are not ankle joint
actions. Inversion is when the bottom of the foot
is turned toward the midline, whereas eversion is
when the bottom of the foot is turned away from
the midline. The inversion range of the foot is
bigger than the eversion range. These are vital
motions that aid in the stabilization of the foot
when walking or running on uneven terrain, as
well as the fast side-to-side changes in direction
employed in vigorous sports like basketball,
racquetball, or soccer.
During the aging process, the bone matrix
becomes more brittle and the total amount of
bone matrix declines. As we age, our joints lose
articular cartilage and become less flexible.
Exercise, as well as calcium and vitamin D
supplementation, are recommended as
preventative strategies.
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