POLICE INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET SERVICE)
INTELLIGENCE DEFINED
According to Government - Commission Task Force -
It means the collection, processing, collation,
interpretation, evaluation and dissemination of
information, with references to national security. In
certain context, it may also mean the network or the
system for the collection, collation, interpretation,
evaluation, processing, and dissemination of
information. “The term as used here doesn’t include
any police powers or authorities, any investigative
function other than those involve in the collection of
information nor any function involved in the
enforcement of laws, orders, or regulation.
According to Military Terminologies - Intelligence is
the end product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of
all available information which my have immediate or
potential significance to the development and
execution of plans, policies and programs of the
users.
According to Police Parlance - The end product
resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of a available
information regarding the activities of criminal and
other law violators for the purpose of affecting
criminals and other law violators for the purpose of
affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and
forestalling plan to commit crime.
Functions of Intelligence in General
Today all counties have their intelligence services.
They maybe different in their organization, efficiency
and method but they all have the basic functions
such as:
 the collection or procurement of information
 the evaluation of the information which then
become intelligence
 the dissemination of intelligence to those who need
it.
 counter intelligence or negative intelligence, which
is dedicated to the concealment and protection of
one’s own information from the adversary intelligence
operation. It is a defensive function of intelligence.
CRITERIA, DOCTRINES, AND PRINCIPLES OF
INTELLIGENCE
Criteria
a. Universality of application - it should apply to as
many phases and aspects of intelligence as possible.
It should guide not only the production of intelligence
but also the concomitant activities essential to the
process as well as the organization and the thought
and actions of the individual composing it.
b. It must be broad - it should form the basis for a
formulation of corollary and subsidiary guides.
c. It must be important, indeed essential, to
intelligence- if a guide is truly important and
essential, then its violations should bring its own
immediate penalties.
Doctrines
a. There exists an essential unity between knowledge
and action; that knowledge enhances the
effectiveness of action – and minimizes the chances
of error.
b. “The knowledge requirements of decision-making
are complex and beyond the capacities of anyone
necessary to meet there requirements.”
Principles
1. Objectivity - in intelligence, only the well guided
succeed. It is a basic intelligence concept that there
must be unity between knowledge and action. It
follows therefore that intelligence should interact and
condition the decision. Intelligence must be adapted
to the needs of the decision; it is both giver and
taker. Action or decision is planned by knowledge and
guided by it at every step.
2. Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially
subdivided into component elements to insure
complete coverage, eliminate duplication and to
reduce the overall task or manageable sizes.
Nevertheless, each subdivision remains as essential
part of unity; contributes proportionately to the end
result; possesses a precise interrelationship; and
interacts with each other so as to achieve a balanced
and harmonious whole.
3. Continuity - Intelligence must be continuous. It is
necessary that coverage be continuous so that the
shape of what happens today could be studied in the
light of what happened before, which in turn would
enable us to predict the shape of things to come.
4. Communication - Intelligence adequate to their
needs must be communicated to all the decision
makers in manner that they will understand and form
that will permit its most effective use.
5. Usefulness - Intelligence is useless if it remains in
the minds, or in the files of its collectors or its
producers. The story must be told and it must be told
well. The story must be convincing and to be
convincing it must not only be plausible or factual but
its significance must be shown.
6. Selection - Intelligence should be essential and
pertinent to the purpose at hand. Intelligence
involves the plowing through a maze of information,
considering innumerable number of means or of
picking the most promising of a multitude of leads.
The requirement of decision-making covers very
nearly the entire span of human knowledge. Unless
there is selection of only the most essential and the
pertinent, intelligence will go off in all directions in
one monumental waste of effort.
7. Timeliness - Intelligence must be communicated to
the decision maker at the appropriate time to permit
its most effective use. This is one of the most
important and most obvious, for Intelligence that is
too soon or too late are equally useless. Timeliness is
one principle that complements all the others.
8. Security - Security is achieved by the measures
which intelligence takes to protect and preserve the
integrity of its activities. If intelligence has no
security, it might be as well being run like a
newspaper to which it is similar.
General Activities in Police Intelligence
1. Strategic Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity
which is primarily long range in nature with little
practical immediate operation value.
2. Line Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity that
has the immediate nature and value necessary for
more effective police planning and operation.
3. National Intelligence - it is the integrated product
of intelligence developed by all the governmental
branches, departments concerning the broad aspect
of national security and policy. It is concerned to
more than one department or agency and it is not
produced by single entity. It is used to coordinate all
the activities of the government in developing and
executing integrated and national policies and plans.
4. Counter-Intelligence – phase of intelligence
covering the activity devoted in destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the
protection of info against espionage, subversion and
sabotage.
5. Undercover Work – is an investigative process in
which disguises and pretext cover and deception are
used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for
the purpose of determining the nature and extent of
any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or
perpetuating.
Functional Classification of Police Intelligence
1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge
essential to the prevention of crimes and the
investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal
offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the
knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and
order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the
knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives
and properties.
Forms of Intelligence
1. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the
demographic and psychological aspects of groups of
people. It includes the population and manpower and
the characteristics of the people, public opinion –
attitude of the majority of the people towards matter
of public policy and education.
2. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual’s
personalities who have actual possession of power.
3. Armed Force Intelligence – deals with the armed
forces of the nation. It includes the position of the
armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its
creation and actual role, the organizational structure
and territorial disposition, and the military manpower
recruitment and Order of Battle
4. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the progress
of research and development as it affects the
economic and military potential of a nation.
KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
A. Strategic Intelligence – as defined earlier, it is an
intelligence data that are not of an immediate value.
It is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of
physical description of personalities, modus operandi.
It does not have immediate operational value but
rather long range that may become relevant to future
police operations.
B. Line Intelligence – It is the kind of intelligence
required by the commander to provide for planning
and conduct tactical and administrative operation in
counter insurgency. This pertains to knowledge of
People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain (PWET) used in
planning and conducting tactical and administrative
operation in a counter insurgency.
Intelligence information to be determined in Line
Intelligence are:
People - living condition of the people, sources of
income, education of the people, government
livelihood projects, extent of enemy influence to the
people
Weather – visibility, cloudy, temperature,
precipitation (rain), wind
Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of the
enemy, disposition, tactical capability, enemy
vulnerability
Terrain - relief and drainage system, vegetation,
surface material, man made features. There are
military aspects of terrain which includes cover and
concealment, obstacle, critical key terrain features,
observation and fields of fire, and avenues of
approach.
C. Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence
covers the activity devoted in destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the
protection of info against espionage, subversion and
sabotage. Hence, the three activities of CI are:
protection of information against espionage;
protection of personnel against subversion; and
protection of installations and material against
sabotage.
Counter Intelligence is also known as Negative
Intelligence - a generic term meaning three different
things;
Security Intelligence – means that the total sum of
efforts to counsel the national policies, diplomatic
decisions, military data, and any other information of
a secret nature affecting the security of the nation
form unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny
information to unauthorized persons by restricting to
those who are explicitly authorized to possess it.
Counter-Intelligence - counter intelligence is the
organized effort to protect specific data that might be
of value to the opponent’s own intelligence
organization. Some of its functions are: Censorship –
of the following: correspondence, broadcast, telecast,
telephone conversations, telegrams and cables, etc.,
prevention of the dissemination of any information
that might aid an opponent; maintenance of files of
suspect; surveillance of suspects; mail reading, wire
tapping and recording; infiltration of the enemy
intelligence organized to procure information about
its method, personal, specific operations and interest.
Counter-Espionage - In counter-espionage, negative
intelligence becomes a dynamic and active effort. Its
purpose is to investigate actual or theoretical
violation of espionage laws, to enforce those laws and
to apprehend any violators.
Five Categories of CI Operation
1. Military Security – it encompasses the measures
taken by a command to protect itself against
espionage, enemy operation, sabotage, subversion or
surprise.
2. Port Frontier and Travel Security – has to do with
the application of both military and civil security
measures for CI control at point of entry and
departure, international borders or boundaries.
3. Civil Security – it encompasses active and passive
CI measures affecting the non-military nationals
permanently or temporarily residing in an area under
military jurisdiction.
4. Censorship – it is the control and examination of
the civil, national, armed forces, field press, and
POWs.
5. Special Operations – counter subversion, sabotage
and espionage
Counter Intelligence (CI) Operation
1. Counter Human Intel (HUMINT) – seeks to
overcome enemy attempts to use human sources to
collect information or to conduct sabotage and
subversion which includes CI special operations,
liaison, counter security, and CI screening.
2. Counter Imagery Intel (IMINT) - includes action
taken to determine enemy SIGINT and related enemy
weaknesses, capabilities and activities. These actions
include surveillance radar, photo thermal and infrared
systems. Successful counter – IMINT operations rely
heavily on pattern and movement analysis and
evaluation of the enemy.
3. Counter Signal Intel (SIGINT) – determine enemy
SIGINT and related enemy weaknesses, capabilities
and activities, assess friendly operations to identify
patterns, profiles and develop, recommend and
analyze counter measures.
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
The single most important part of intelligence activity
is the understanding the intelligence cycle because
MISSION, which is the core of the cycle, serves as
the foundation of all intelligence operations. Every
operative must therefore place into mind the
following phases of the cycle:
PHASE 1 - Planning the Collection Effort
This phase of the cycle involve the determination of
the requirements of intelligence. It is concerned with
identifying the so called Essential Element of
Information (EEI) - an item of intelligence or
information of the characteristics of the area of
operations and the enemy, which the commander
feels he needs before he needs before he can
reasonably arrive at a decision.
With this, the intelligence officer must have a
thorough knowledge of the available sources of
information, the collecting agencies and type of info
the latter can provide. He must understand the
operations of the command in order to provide the
particular Intel required for success. He must have a
thorough knowledge of the tactics, organizations, and
characteristics of the enemy and be especially
competent in the fields of acquisition of operations.
Categories of Intelligence Requirements
In relation to use
a. Executive – are those information required by
executive, governmental and military commanders;
the executive requirements are the basis for
decisions and national policy making.
b. Contributory – information required to complete
the staff process – make staff plans and estimates
that contribute to the decision and policy making.
c. Operational – additional intelligence required in
planning and carrying out effectively the decision or
policy announced. Decisions and policy require
implementation.
d. Collateral – higher or adjacent echelons of the
government or military establishment may require
info.
In relation to type
a. Basic – are general reference materials for use in
the planning regarding the enemies, area of
operations, capabilities – static comprehensive.
b. Current – are information which are temporary in
nature and narrower in scope.
c. Estimative – are those that determine the future
courses of action; required by the executives to plan
future military operations and policies.
PHASE 2 - Collection of information
This phase of the cycle is concerned with
identification of the collecting agency, the formulation
of procedures on the manner of collecting the
information in conjunction with the plans as achieved
in phase one.
Selection of Collecting Agencies
a. List all available sources; exploit the collecting
agencies.
b. Collection will be assigned in accordance with
capabilities;
c. Collection directives prepared once the proper
collecting agency has been selected to exploit a
particular source;
d. Collection directives do not limit the activities of
the collecting agency;
e. Criteria for the selection of collecting agency;
suitability, capability, confirmation, timeliness and
balance.
Purpose of the Collection Plan
a. To insure logical and orderly analysis of the
intelligence requirements.
b. To establish a workable collection scheme based
on the analysis of the intelligence requirement.
c. To provide definite and precise directives to
collecting agencies.
d. To avoid possibility of omission, conflict or
unnecessary duplication of collection effort.
Steps in Developing a Collection Plan
a. List the requirements in the order of priority
b. Break the requirements into indication – any
evidence of actual or potential enemy activity or
characteristic of an area of operation enemy activity
or characteristic of an area of operation, habitual
activities – need experience.
c. Fit those indications into existing situations –
critical clues, security measures, attack, defense, etc.
d. Basis for development for specific collection
directive - designed to exploit to the fullest the
collection directive; guide doesn’t limit.
e. Selection of Collecting Agencies – criteria for
selection – suitability, capability, confirmation,
timeliness and balance. Designation of particular time
and place that the required information is to be
reported.
Factors in choosing Collection Agent
In choosing collection agents, they must be selected
according to their capability – agents placements or
access to the target; multiplicity – more agents; and
balance ¬– the number of agents needed per
operation.
a. Methods of Collection – collection of information
can be done through overt method (open system) or
covert method (secret/clandestine).
b. Collecting Agencies – depending on the type of
operation, the collecting agency could be Government
Agencies, Intelligence units, or Organizations
c. Trade Crafts – includes the use of photography,
investigations / elicitation / interrogation,
surveillance, sound equipment, surreptitious entry –
keys and locks, use of an artist, communication
PHASE 3 - Processing the Collected Information
This phase of the cycle is concerned with the
examination and collation of all collected information.
Steps in Processing Raw Information
1. Collection – organization of raw data and
information into usable form; grouping similar items
of information so that they will be readily accessible.
2. Recording – is the reduction of info into writing or
some other form of graphical representation and the
arranging or this info into writing or some form of
graphical representation and the arranging of this
into groups of related items.
 Police log book and Journal
 Intel-work Sheet - Intel Files
 Situation Maps - Rouges Gallery
 Modus Operandi Files
3. Evaluation – examination of raw information to
determine intelligence value, pertinence of the
information, reliability of the source and agency, and
its credibility or truth of information. Evaluation is the
determination of the pertinence of the info to the
operation, reliability of the source of or agency and
the accuracy of the info. Evaluation determines the
following:
 Pertinence - does it hold some value to current
operation? Is it needed immediately?
 Reliability – judging the source of info of agency
 Credibility – truth of info. Is it possible for the
reported fact or event to have taken place? Is the
report consistent within itself? Is the report confirmed
or corroborated by info from different sources or
agencies? If the report does not agree with info from
other sources which one is more likely to be true?
The Evaluation Guide
ACCURACY OF INFORMATION
RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
1- CONFIRMED by other sources A- COMPLETE
RELIABLE T- Direct Observation by Comdr/Chf of Unit
2- PROBABLY TRUE B- USUALLY RELIABLE U- Report
by DPA or Resident Agent
3- POSSIBLY TRUE C- FAIRLY RELIABLE V- Report by
PNP/AFP Troops
4- DOUBTFULLY TRUE D- NOT USUALLY RELIABLE W-
Interrogation of Captured Enemy
5- IMPROBABLE E- UNRELIABLE X- Observation of
gov’t/civilian employee
6- TRUTH can not be judged F- REALIBILITY cannot
be judged Y/Z- Documentary
4. Interpretation – it is establishing the meaning and
significance of the information. It involves the
following activities:
 Analysis – shifting and isolating those elements
that have significance in light of the mission or
national objective.
 Integration – combining the elements isolated in
analysis and known information to form a logical
picture or theory.
 Deduction – the formulation of conclusions from
the theory developed, tested and considered valid –
determination of effort and meaning of the
information.
PHASE 4 - Dissemination and Use of Information
This phase of the cycle refers to the activities of
transferring the processed information to the proper
users, most particularly the authority that requires
the activity. Processed information can be
disseminated through annexes, estimates, briefing,
message, reports, overlays, and or summaries.
The criteria that must be observed in dissemination
are:
1. Timeless – must reach the users on time to be of
value. It must be disseminated in accordance with
the urgency and must reach the user in sufficient
time to be use.
2. Propriety – the message must be clear, concise
and complete, as well as in the proper form for the
receiver to readily understand its contents. It must
be disseminated to the correct user, presented in a
form that lends itself to immediate use and
distributed by the most effective means appropriate
to both time and security requirements.
Methods of Dissemination
1. Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the
command
2. Memorandum, circulars, special orders
3. Operations order, oral or written
4. Conference – staff members
5. Other report and intelligence documents
6. Personal Contact
Who are the users of intelligence?
1. National leaders and military commanders –
formulation of national policies.
2. Advisors and Staff – preparations of plans and
estimates
3. Friendly nations or other branches of the armed
forces.
4. Processor – basis for evaluation and interpretation.
5. Head / chairman of an organization
6. Any person with authority for purposes of
planning.
INFORMATION AND ITS SOURCES
Information
Information refers to all evaluated materials of every
description including those derived from observation,
reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from
which intelligence in produced. Information is a
communicated knowledge by others obtaining by
personal study, investigation, research, analysis,
observation.
Two General classifications of sources of information:
1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected
are coming from open sources.
2. Close Sources – 1% of information are collected
from close sources.
Overt Intelligence – is the gathering of information or
documents procured openly without regard as to
whether the subject or target become knowledgeable
of the purpose
Open Sources: Includes information taken from
 Enemy activity
 POW and Civilians
 Captured documents
 Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report - Agencies
Covert Intelligence – is the secret procurement of
information, which is obtained without the knowledge
of the person or persons safeguarding vital
intelligence interest.
Close Sources: Include information which maybe
taken through:
 Surveillance
 Casing and
 Elicitation
 Surreptitious entry
 Employment of technical means (Bugging and
Tapping device)
 Tactical Interrogation - Observation and
Description (ODEX)
PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people
who worked through the direction of the agent
handler. The informants, principal or cutouts supply
the agent handler directly or indirectly with Intel
information
Informants (Asset) – people selected as sources of
information, which could be voluntary, or in
consideration of a price.
 Informant – refers to a person who gives
information to the police voluntarily or involuntarily
with out any consideration
 Informer – those who give information to the
police for price or reward
Types of Informants
1. Criminal Informant – an informant who give
information to the police pertaining to the underworld
about organized criminals with the understanding
that his identity will be protected
2. Confidential Informant – is similar to the former
but he gives information violate of the law to includes
crimes and criminals
3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who
give information freely and willfully as a witness to a
certain act
4. Special Informant – those who gives information
concerning specialized cases only and it is regarded a
special treatment by the operatives (ex. teachers,
businessmen)
5. Anonymous Informant – those who gives
information through telephone with the hope that the
informant can not be identified
Sub-type of Informant
1. Incidental Informant – a person who casually
imparts information to an officer with no intention of
providing subsequent information
2. Recruited Informant – A person who is selected
cultivated and developed into a continuous source of
info
Categories of Recruited Informants:
1. Spontaneous or Automatic Informant – Informants
who by the nature of their work or position in society
have a certain legal, moral or ethical responsibilities
to report info to the police
2. Ordinary (out-of-their-will) Informants –
Informants that are under the compulsion to report
info to the police
3. Special Employee – informants who are of a
specific operational nature
Other Classification of Informant
Other terms related to people who gives information
are Automatic Informant, Penetrating Agent ,
Infiltrating Agent , Full time Informant , Rival –
Elimination Informant, False Informant, Frightened
Informant, Self- aggrandizing Informant, Mercenary
Informant , Double Crosser Informant , Woman
Informant , Legitimate Informant.
Common Motives of Informants
People give information to the police due to various
reasons. Their motives include reward, revenge, fear
and avoidance of punishment, friendship, patriotism,
vanity, civic-mindedness, repentance, competition,
and other motives.
INFROMANT RECRUITMENT
Phases
1. Selection – it is particularly desirable to be able to
identity and recruit an informant who has access to
many criminal in-group or subversive organization.
Wide access is probably the single most important
feature in the consideration of recruiting the potential
informant
2. Investigation – the investigation of the potential
informants that has tentatively identified as a
“probable” must be as thorough as possible. It must
establish possible existing motives as to this person
might assist the police Intel community. Failure to do
so will deny this office who must perform the
approach and persuasion phase with little more that a
guess. If necessary, conduct complete background
investigation (CBI)
3. Approach – approach must be done in a setting
from which might include pleasant surroundings,
perhaps a confidential apartment, completely free
form any probability of compromise, preferably in an
adjacent city or a remote area foreign to the
informants living pattern.
4. Testing – the testing program should begin, of
course, with the limited assignment, with a gradual
integration into the more important areas. The
occasional testing of an informant should continue
through the entire affiliation
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
Intelligence Operations is the result of intelligence
planning, planning is always ahead of operation
although an operation can be made without a plan, it
is usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but
definitely this is poor intelligence management.
The 14Operational Cycles
1. Mission and Target –
a. Infiltration – the insertion of action agent inside
the target organization
b. Penetration – recruitment of action agent inside
the target organization
2. Planning
3. Spotting
4. Partial Background Investigation (PBI) or Complete
Background Investigation
5. Recruitment - the only qualification of an agent is
to have an access to the target
6. Training
7. Briefing
8. Dispatch
9. Communication - technical method like
telephone/radio, non-technical method like personal
meeting, live drop or dead drop
10. Debriefing
11. Payments – depends upon the motivation of
informant
a. Regulatory - pay no bonuses
b. Supplemental - income that is enough to ease his
financial worries
12. Disposition – involve activity on rerouting,
retraining, retesting, termination
13. Reporting
14. Operational Testing
COVER AND UNDERCOVER ACTIVITIES
1. Cover - the means by which an individual group of
organization conceals the true nature of its acts and
or existence from the observer.
2. Cover story – a biographical data through fictional
that will portray the personality of the agent he
assumed, a scenario to cover up the operation
3. Cover Support – an agent assigned in target areas
with the primary mission of supporting the cover
story.
Types of Cover
1. Natural Cover – using actual or true background
2. Artificial – using biographical data adopted for the
purpose
3. Cover with in a Cover – justification of existence
4. Multiple Cover – any cover you wish.
Organizational Cover – is an account consisting of
biographical which when adopted by an individual will
assume the personality he wants to adopt
Undercover Assignment – is an investigative
technique in which agent conceal his official identity
an obtain information from that organization
THE UNDECOVER AGENT
Special qualifications include knowledge of the
language, area background regarding events,
knowledge about the custom and habits, physical
appearance, and must be an artist.
Factors considered in Selecting Cover Story
1. Mutual Point of Interest
2. Justification of presents
3. Previous and permanent address
4. Efficiency of role and freedom from the movement
5. Means of communication
6. Social and financial status
7. Optional alternate plan
8. Safe departure
Selecting Action Agents
1. Placement – location of prospective agent with
respect to the target
2. Access – it is the capability of a prospective agent
to obtain the desired info for the Intel organization or
to perform to Intel collection mission in the area.
 Primary Access – it is the access to the desired info
 Secondary Access – it is the access to the desired
info through a principal source where the latter has
the direct access
 Outside Access – the agent is employed outside
the target and merely monitor info from a third
person who is monitoring info n the area
AGENT CONTROL
CONTROL – authority to direct the agent to carryout
task or requirement on behalf of the clandestine
organization in an acceptable manner and security
Two Categories of Control
1. Positive Control – is characterized by
professionalism and rapport like:
a. Agent motivation
b. Psychological control
2. Negative Control – characterized by threat and it
include the following:
a. Disciplinary Action – includes verbal reprimand for
poor performance or insecure actions withholding
certain material rewards, reduction of agents salary
or in extreme situation the threat of terminating
professional relationship
b. Escrow Account – control of an agent by putting hi
salary in a bank to be withdrawn only after a
fulfillment of a condition
c. Blackmail
METHODS OF COVERT INTELLIGENCE
SURVEILLANCE
Surveillance is a form of clandestine investigation
which consists of keeping persons, place or other
targets under physical observation in order to obtain
evidence or information pertinent to an investigation.
Surveillance of persons is called Tailing or
Shadowing, Surveillance of place is called Casing or
Reconnaissance, and Surveillance of other things,
events, and activities is called Roping.
Considerations in Surveillance Planning
 Pre-Surveillance Conference – a conference held
among the team members, the police intelligence unit
before surveillance is conducted.
 Surveillance Plan – a plan established the as
required according to type of personnel, and the
general and specific instructions for surveillance.
 Area Target Study – refers to the area of operation
of surveillance activities.
 Surveillant – a person who conducts surveillance
with includes only observations.
 Stakeout or Plant – is the observation of places or
areas from a fixed point.
 Tailing or Shadowing – it is the observation of a
person’s movement.
 Undercover Man – it refers to a person trained to
observe and penetrate certain organization suspected
of illegal activities and later reports the observation
and information’s that proper operational action can
be made
 Liason Program – the assignment of trained
intelligence personnel to other agencies in order to
obtain information of police intelligence value.
(Agencies like the press, credit agencies, labor
unions, telephone companies)
 Safehouse – is a place, building, enclosed mobile,
or an apartment, where police undercover men meet
for debriefing or reporting purposes.
 Drop – any person is a convenient, secure and
unsuspecting place where police undercover men
meet his action agent for debriefing or reporting
purposes.
 Convoy – an accomplice or associate of the subject
used to avoid or elude surveillant.
 Decoy – a cover supporting the surveillant who can
become a convoy whenever surveillant is burned.
 Contact – any persons whom the subject picks or
deals with while he is under observation and
identifies the observer.
 Made – when subject under surveillance becomes
aware that he is under observation and identifies the
observer.
 Lost – when the surveillant does not know the
whereabouts of his subject or the subject had eluded
the surveillance.
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
According to Intensity and Sensitivity
1. Discreet –subject person to be watch is unaware
that he is under observation
2. Close – subject is aware that he is under
observation varied on each occasions
3. Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period
of observation varied on each occasion
According to Methods
1. Stationary – this is observation of place usually a
bookie stall, a gambling, joint, a residence where
illegal activities are going on (fixed position)
2. Moving – surveillance follow the subject from the
place to place to maintain continuous watch of his
activities
3. Technical – this is a surveillance by the use of
communications and electronic hardware’s, gadgets,
system and equipment
Special Equipment (Technical Supports)
1. Camera with telephoto lens
2. Moving Picture camera
3. Binoculars
4. Tape recording apparatus
5. Wire taping device
6. Other instrument – miniaturized one-way radio
Methods available to employ in Surveillance
Ordinarily, the methods are surveillance of place,
tailing or shadowing (1-2-3 man shadow), undercover
investigation, special methods includes: wire tapping
- concealed microphones - tape recorder -television -
electric gadgets
Essential Requirements and Appearance in
Surveillance
In the actual process of operation, the agent is
advised to be of general appearance, has no
noticeable peculiarities in appearance. Agent should
not wear inconspicuous jewelry or clothing, nothing
about him to attract attention. He must have
perseverance and able to wait for hours. Alertness,
resourcefulness, and being versatile and quick-witted
are his weapons.
Basic Preparations in Surveillance
1. Study the Subject – name, address, description,
family and relatives, associates, character and
temperament, vice, hobbies, education, others
2. Knowledge of the area and terrain – maps,
national and religious backgrounds, transportation,
public utilities
3. Subversive Organization - history and background,
biography of the official, identity and background of
members and former members, method of
identification employed by the members, files and
records, nature, location and accessibility, meeting
4. Cover Story – the scenario must be appropriate to
cover up operation and avoidance of identification of
mission.
Counter Surveillance – the conduct of operation is
coupled with counter intelligence measures such as
window shopping, use of convoys and decoys,
stopping immediately on blind corners, getting out
immediately on public conveyances, retracing,
entering mobile housing
CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE
Casing is the term use in the police organization while
reconnaissance is used in military terms. Casing or
reconnaissance is the surveillance of a building place
or area to determine its suitability for Intel use or its
vulnerability in operations. It aids in the planning of
an operation by providing needed information. It
assists the agent handler to install confidence in his
agent during briefing phase by being able to speak
knowingly about the area of operation. Casing is also
considered a security measure because it offers some
degree of protection for those operating in an area
unfamiliar to them.
Method of Casing
1. Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective
method and will produced the most info since you
know just what you’re looking for.
2. Map Reconnaissance – it may not sufficient but it
can produce a certain amount of usable information
3. Research - much info can be acquired through
research
4. Prior Information – your unit and of the unit will
have file report that they may provide you with info
5. Hearsay –info usually gain by the person operating
in the area and performing casing job
OBSERVATION AND DECRIPTION, A.K.A (ODEX)
Observation – a complete and accurate observation
by an individual of his surroundings an encompasses
the use of all the major sense to register and
recognized its operational or Intel significance
Description – the actual and factual reporting of one’s
observation of he reported sensory experience
recounted by another
Psychologist estimate that approximately 85% of our
knowledge is gathered through sight, 13% from
sense of hearing and only 2% through the three
other senses
Psychological Processes for accurate observation
 Attention – consist of he psychological process
involve in becoming aware of an existence of fact
 Perception – involved in the understanding this
fact of awareness
 Report – involved in identifying the name in one
own mind and some fact which has been perceive,
narrated and identified
ELICITATION
It is a system or plan whereby information of
intelligence value is obtained through the process
direct intercommunication in which one or more of he
parties to the common is unaware of the specific
purpose of the conservation. The three phases are
determination of the mission, selection of the subject,
and accomplishment of the mission.
Two Devices in the conduct of Elicitation
 Approach – process of setting people to start
talking
 Probe – to keep the people taking incessantly
Types of Approach
1. Flattery – people are susceptible to praise so use
this weakness as a way of approaching the subject
for elicitation.
a. Teacher – Pupil Approach – the subject is treated
as an authority then solicit his view point and opinion
on a subject matter.
b. Kindred Soul Approach – the subject is placed in a
pedestal having some specialized quality then flatter
him/her by showing enough concern for his/her
welfare to pay special attention to his enjoyment
c. Good Samaritan Approach – is the sincere and
valid offers of help and assistance are made to the
subject
d. Partial – disagreement Approach – seek to produce
talking by the word “I’m sure if I fully agree”.
2. Provocative Approach – discover a wide range of
conventional gambits
a. Teaser Bait Approach – the elicitor accumulates
the sources of knowledge about a particular subject
to tempt the subject to give his/her views.
b. Manhattan from Missouri Approach – the elicitor
adopts an unbelievable attitude above anything. He
questions all statements and oppositions.
c. Joe Blow Approach – is “I” know the answer to
everything” approach. The elicitor adopts the attitude
of being approachable of any field.
d. National Pride Approach – nature propensity of al
persons to defend their country and its policies.
Types to Probe
1. Competition Probe – this is effective when used in
connection with the teacher pupil approach
2. Clarity Probe – used to elicit additional information
in an area which the response is clear
3. High Pressure Probe – it serves to point out
contradictions in what the subject has said
4. Hypothetical Probe – presents a hypothetical
situation and to get he subject to react to the
hypothetical situations
Purposes of Elicitation
1. To acquire info which is unbelievable through other
channel
2. To obtain info which although unclassified in not
publicity known
3. To provide source of info
4. To assist various individuals
PORTRAIT PARLE (P/P)
It is a means of using descriptive terms in relation to
the personal features of an individual and it can be
briefly described as a world description or a spoken
picture. (Anthropometry - no two human beings has
the same body measurement)
Identification Methods
1. Branding and mutilation
2. Parade system with portrait parle
3. Fingerprint method
Several method of acquiring descriptive ability
1. Learns the meaning of the numerous words used
in describing the various features of the persons.
2. Study and practice the description of the features,
such as the eyes, hair or the nose as hey appear on
several different persons.
3. Learning a definite order of proceeding from one
picture to another
Methods of obtaining descriptive information
1. Close observation of the person and accurate
recording of the terms describing the features
2. Information describing through interviews of
witnesses
3. Examination of observation of photographs and
sketches
4. Examination of records
BACKGROUND CHECKS AND INVESTIGATION
Information needed: Domestic Background, Personal
Habit, Business History, Social or Business
Associates, Medical History, Educational Background,
Family History
TACTICAL INTERROGATION
The need for obtaining information of the highest
degree of credibility taken on the minimum of time
can be through interrogation which varies and
dependent entirely on the situation. In tactical
interrogation, familiarization of the following is
necessary:
 Interrogation – the systematic asking of questions
to elicit information in the minimum of time.
 Interrogator - person who does the questioning.
 Interrogee – any person who is subjected to the
interrogation process in any of its forms and phases.
 Suspect – any person believed to be associated
with prohibited activity
 Source – a person who for any reason submits
information of intelligence interest usually on a
voluntary basis
 Provocateur – an individual from enemy forces
who is deliberately introduce in our custody with a
specific mission of causing some unfavorable action
or reaction on our part.
 Screening – initial examination of an interrogee to
determine the extent of his knowledge of persons,
places, things or events in which we are interested.
 Formal Interrogation - the systematic attempt to
exploit to an appropriate depth those are of he
interrogee’s knowledge which have been identified in
the screening process
 Debriefing – the interrogation of a friendly
interrogee who has information at the direction of or
under the control of the friendly intelligence service.
 Interview – Similar to a debriefing although it is
less formal and the interrogee is not necessarily
under the control or employment of he respective
intelligence service
 Interrogation Report – an oral or written statement
of information by the questioning f an interrogee
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES:
Techniques of Approach – the purpose is to gain the
cooperation of the source and induce him to answer
questions which will follows.
1. The “Open Techniques” – the interrogator is open
and direct in his approach and makes no attempts to
conceal the purpose of the interrogator. It is best
employed when the interrogee is cooperative. It is
frequently used at the tactical level where time is a
major interrogator.
2. The “Common Interest” Technique – the
interrogator must exert effort to impress the
interrogee of their common interest. The interrogator
must look for he point out the real advantages the
interrogee will receive if he cooperates
3. Record File (we know all technique) – the
interrogator prepare a file on the source listing all
known information (record should be padded to make
it appear to be very extensive). The information must
contain the life history of he interrogee to include his
activities and known associates (Party- bio-data of
the interrogee is important). The “we know all” s
used in conjunction with the record file. During the
approach, the interrogator may ask the interrogee
about a subject, if he refuses to cooperate, the
interrogator may provide the answer in order to
impress him that the interrogator knows him very
well (all is known).
4. Exasperation – Techniques (Harassment) –
effectively employed against hostile type interrogee.
The interrogator must be alert because the interrogee
may fabricate information to gain relief from irritation
(monotype). Subject Interrogee is placed in a longer
period of interrogation without rest or sleep. The
interrogator permits the source to go to sleep and
subsequently awaken for another series of
questioning (this is done repeatedly). After many
repetitions, the interrogee will be exasperated and
will finally cooperate hoping that he can be allowed to
rest or sleep. Ask a question, listen to a reply and
then ask the same question repeatedly (use a tape
recorder if possible). The purpose is to bore the
interrogee thoroughly until he begins to answer
questions freely to end the harassment.
5. Opposite Personality Technique – also known as
“Mutt and Jeff”, “Threat and Rescue”, “Bud Guy –
God Guy’, “Sweet and Sour”, “Sugar and Vinegar”,
“Devil and Angel”. Use of two (2) interrogators
playing opposite roles.
6. Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) – usually
successful when employed against an interrogee who
has displayed a weakness or a feeling of insecurity.
You may reverse the technique by complimenting the
interrogee in hopes of getting him to admit certain
information to gain credit. Described him as the best
person, superior or comrade.
7. “Silent” Technique – employed against nervous or
the confident type of interrogee. Look out the
interrogee squarely in the eye with sarcastic smile
(force him to break eye contact first). He may ask
questions but the interrogator must not answer.
Patience is needed until the interrogator is ready to
break silence.
8. “Question Barrage” Technique (Rapid Fire
Questioning) – intended to confuse the interrogee
and put him into a defensive position. The interrogee
become frustrated and confused, he will likely reveal
more than he intended, thus creating opening for
further questioning.
INTELLIGENCE IN NATIONAL SECURITY
Understanding National Security
National Interest - Each nation, regardless of creed or
form, has their national interest to protect and to
advance. For national interests, people would willingly
go to war to succeed of perish. What then is national
interest? National interest has been defined in many
ways. But for our purposes, we take the context of
national interest to mean the general and continuing
end for which a nation acts. The term “national
interest” is used to refer to the general concept of
national security and well-being. National are what
the decision-making body in government determines
which beliefs, matters or dictates of conscience are
important to the maintenance of the nation. To
secure or support national interest, certain objectives
may be set by a nation.
And what are the Philippines national interests?
Invariably, our national interest includes self-
preservation, freedom and independence, territorial
integrity, political stability, and socio-economic
welfare. National Principles and Polices - From our
national interests, national principles and polices are
derived. These are:
a. That our country shall be a Republican State
b. That the defense of the state shall be the concern
of all citizens.
c. That we, as a people, renounce war to further our
national interests.
d. That our government shall promote social justice.
e. That as a matter of concept, civilian authority is
supreme at all times over the military. This concept is
actualized when the President assumes at the same
time the position of the Commander-in-Chief of the
AFP.
National Strategy - In furtherance of our national
principles and polices, the leaders of our nation are
then able to formulate our strategy.
National Power - How may a nation measures ones
power? The elements of national power are numerical
strengths and character of population, cultural
development and character of government,
geographical location, resources, economic
development and military potential. The degree to
which a nation is strong or deficient in these
elements is normally a measure of its national power.
The components of National Power are: Political
Strength, Economic Strength, Cultural Strength, and
Military Strength. Political strength stems from the
character of the people and from the type and
stability of the government and the soundness of its
foreign policy. Economic strength stems from a
combination of factor such as geographic location,
climatic conditions, supply of natural resources,
industrial capacity, internal and external
communication systems, international trade, and the
size, health and technical competence of the
population. Cultural strength stems from the national
unity, the social and moral fiber of the people and the
things they believe in, and from the nature and vigor
of national institutions-political, social, religious,
educational, scientific and cultural. Military strength is
the ability of a nation to exert pressure by armed
force in furtherance of national policy. It consists of
the strength of all the armed forces in combination
with other elements of national power, depending
heavily on natural resources, economic strength, a
broad base of war industries and a vigorous
population, military strength is influenced by the
number and quality of the nation’s military,
economic, and political alliances.