In continuation, I am Hannah Dela Cruz, and I will be discussing the Intranet Technologies.

Organizations that own or lease networks for internal business use intranets.
The configuration, or topology, of a network is key to determining its performance. Now in
correlation, there is Network topology.
Network tepology is the way a network is arranged, including the physical or logical
description of how links and nodes are set up to relate to each other.
And there are five basic network topologies:
- Star Topology - Hierarchical Topology
- Ring Topology - Bus Topology
- Client-Server Topology
Most networks are a variation on, or combination of, these basic models. But before
proceeding, I will be discussing first the working definitions of some terms that we’ll be using
for the following section.
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First, networks are usually classified as either Local Area Networks or Wide Area Networks.
One way of distinguishing between these two networks is the geographic area that their
distributed sites cover.

Local Area Networks (LANs)

- A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices
connected together, usually confined to a single room in a building, or they
may link several buildings but within a close geographic area.
- It can cover several miles and connect hundreds of users.
- By definition, the connections must be high speed and relatively inexpensive.

However, networks that exceed geographic limitations of LANs are what we call the
Wide Area Networks (WANs).

In comparison to a LANs, this is not restricted to a geographical location, although it

might be confined within the bounds of a state or country.
 Hence, This technology is high speed and relatively expensive.
Because of the distances involved and the high cost of telecommunication infrastructure
(like: telephone lines and microwave channels), WANs are often commercial networks
that the organization leases.
Thus, this technology may be used to link geographically dispersed segments of a single
organization or connect multiple organizations in a trading partner arrangement
The INTERNET!
That is one example of a worldwide public Wide area networks.
The nodes of this technology may include microcomputer workstations, minicomputers,
mainframes, and as I said earlier, the Local Area Networks.
 Next is the term Network Interface Card or the NIC.
- The physical connection of workstations to the LAN is achieved through a
network interface card (NIC) which fits into one of the expansion slots in the
microcomputer.
- The NIC works with the network control program to send and receive
messages, programs, and files across the network.

 Lastly the server,

- The Local Area Network nodes usually share common resources such as
programs, data, and printers, which are managed through special-purpose
computers ,which are called servers
- Server is used to store the network operating system, application programs,
and data to be shared.

SHOW FIRST FIGURE: LAN with File and Print Servers

As you can see here in our first figure,
the computers that are connected to a Local Area Network are what we called the NODES

As what this figure depicts, when the server receives requests for resources, the requests are
placed in a queue and are processed in sequence.

However, In a distributed environment, there is often a need to link networks together.

For example, users of one LAN may share data with users on a different LAN.

SHOW 2nd FIGURE: Bridges and Gateways Linking LANs and WANs.
Networks are linked via combinations of hardware and software devices called bridges and
gateways.
This figure illustrates this technique.
Bridges provide a means for linking LANs of the same type, for example, an IBM token ring to
another IBM token ring.
Gateways connect LANs of different types and are also used to link LANs to WANs.
(AS I SAID EARLIER THAT WANs ALSO CONNECTS LANs)
(LANS CONNECTS DEVICES TO EACH OTHER, WHILE WANs CONNECTS LANs TO EACH OTHER
THAT USUALLY ACROSS MULTIPLE LOCATIONS, AND AS WELL AS INDIVIDUAL DEVICES THAT
CONNECT FROM A REMOTE DISTANCE)
Now, we have these definitions in mind, we now turn our attention to the five basic network
topologies.

1. Star Topology
SA ppt: FIGURE LANG
The star topology is often used for a WAN, in which the central computer is a mainframe. The
nodes of the star may be microcomputer workstations, minicomputers, mainframes, or a
combination. Databases under this approach may be distributed or centralized. A common
model is to partition local data to the nodes and centralize the common data.
For example, this figure illustrates the Star Network.
 Here, as an example, consider a department store chain that issues its own credit cards.
Each node represents a store in a different metropolitan area. And these are Dallas, St.
Louis, Topeka*tapika, and Tulsa*talsa

 The nodes maintain local databases such as records for customers holding credit cards
issued in their areas and records of local inventory levels.

 The central site—Kansas City—maintains data common to the entire regional area,
including data for customer billing, accounts receivable maintenance, and overall
inventory control.
**If one or more nodes in a star network fail, communication between the remaining nodes is
still possible through the central site. However, if the central site fails, individual nodes can
function locally, but cannot communicate with the other nodes.
*The assumption underlying the star topology is that primary communication will be between
the central site and the nodes.
However, limited communication between the nodes is possible
For example, assume a customer from Dallas was in Tulsa and made a purchase from the Tulsa
store on credit. The Tulsa database would not contain the customer’s record, so Tulsa would
send the transaction for credit approval to Dallas via Kansas City. Dallas would then return the
approved transaction to Tulsa via Kansas. Now, Inventory and sales journal updates would be
performed at Tulsa City.

2. For the next type of topology, here is the figure illustrating the Hierarchical Topology.
A host computer is connected to several levels of subordinate, smaller computers in a master–
slave relationship.
This type of topology is arranged in the form of a tree structure in which top level contains
parent node (root node), which is connected with the child nodes in the second level of
hierarchy with point-to-point link. The second level nodes are connected to the third level
nodes, which in turn are connected to the fourth level nodes and so on. Except the top-level
nodes, each level node has a parent node.
For example, consider a manufacturing firm with remote plants, warehouses, and sales offices
like the one illustrated in Figure 3.20.
Sales orders from the local sales departments are transmitted to the regional level, where they
are summarized and uploaded to the corporate level.
Sales data, combined with inventory and plant capacity data from manufacturing, are used to
compute production requirements for the period, which are downloaded to the regional
production scheduling system.
At this level, production schedules are prepared and distributed to the local production
departments. Information about completed production is uploaded from the production
departments to the regional level, where production summaries are prepared and transmitted
to the corporate level
- Ring Topology
- Bus Topology
- Client-Server Topology

Network Control
- Pooling Method of Controlling Data Collisions
- Token-Passing Approach to Controlling Data Collisions
- Carrier Sensing

Malicious & Destructive Programs