Introduction

to Middle
and Late
Adolescents
Lesson 1
 Development
progressive series of
change that occur in a
predictable pattern as the
result of interactions
between biological and
environmental factors
- Neil J. Salkind
What is
Psychosexual
Freud believed that adult personality
development problems were the result of early
experiences in life.
He believed that we go through five stages
of psychosexual development and that at
each stage of development we experience
pleasure in one of the body than in others
 Sigmund Freud
Theory of
PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT
What are erogenous zones?

EROGENOUS
ZONE
are parts of the body
that have especially
strong pleasure-giving
qualities at particular
stages of development.
 S t a g e s o f
PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT
 Oral Stage Approximate Period: 2 to 4 years
old
FOCUS: Release tension through
the anus eliminating and retaining
feces and toilet training

Approximate Period: 1st year of

life
FOCUS: Oral pleasure through
Anal Stage
mouth, eating, sucking, mouthing,
chewing and biting
 Approximate Period: 3-6 years
Phallic old
FOCUS: on the genitals as the
Stage child discovers that self-
stimulation is enjoyable

In Freud's view, the phallic stage

Importance
has a special importance in of Phallic
personality developmenet
bacause this period triggers the Stage
Oedipus Complex.
 What is the
Oedipus Complex?
The Oedipus
Complex is the A stage when a girl sees her
young child's
mother as a rival for her
develoment of an
intense desire to father's attention although
replace the parent of she still has strong
the same sex and attachment to her mother
enjoy the affection
of the opposite-sex
What is the Electra
parent.
Complex?
 At about 5-6 years of To reduce the
age, children recognize conflict, the child
that their same-sex identifies with the
parent might punish same-sex parent,
them for their striving to be like
incestuous wishes. him/her.

If the conflict is not

resolved, the
Resolving the
individual may
Oedipus Complex become fixated at
the phallic stage.
 Approximate Period: 7 years old
Latency onwards
FOCUS: resolving fixations or
Stage conflicts in previous stages;
developing academic and social
skills, physical abilities and talents

TRAIT OUTCOMES: The child

develops closeness with parents
if conflicts are resolved and builds
social ties sexual urges are
inhibited.
Genital Stage
APPROXIAMATE PERIOD:
12 yrs old
FOCUS: Sex role identity
formation
 Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994)
Erik Erikson's
- Expanded Freud's theory that
Psychological recognizes the importance of early
Theory experiences in childhood.
- Socialization process is
important.
 8S t a g e s o f
PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
 BIRTH - 1 1/2 YEARS
Trust VS Mistrust
Positive Outcomes: Feelings of
trust from environmental
support
Negative Outcomes: Fear &
afraid to concern regarding
others.
1 1/2 - 3 YEARS
Autonomy VS Shame & Doubt
Positive Outcomes: Self-
sufficiency if exploration is
encourage
Negative Outcomes: Doubts
about self, lack of independence
3 - 6 YEARS
Initiative VS Guilt
Positive Outcomes: Discovery of
ways to initiate actions
Negative Outcomes: Guilt from
actions and thoughts
6 - 12 YEARS
Industry VS Inferiority
Positive Outcomes: Development
of sense of competence
Negative Outcomes: Feelings of
inferiority, no sense of mastery
 ADOLESCENCE MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

Identity VS Role Confusion

Generativity VS Stagnation
Positive Outcomes: Awareness of
uniqueness of self, knowledge of Positive Outcomes: Sense of
role to be followed contribution to continuity of life
Negative Outcomes: Inability to Negative Outcomes:
identify appropriate roles in life Trivialization of one's activities.

EARLY ADULTHOOD LATE ADULTHOOD

Intimacy VS Isolation Integrity VS Despair

Positive Outcomes: Development
Positive Outcomes: Sense of
of loving, sexual relationships,
unity in life's accomplishments
and close friendships
Negative Outcomes: Regret over
Negative Outcomes: Fear of
lost opportunities of life
relationships with others
Jean Piaget's Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980)
Cognitive - considers the active role of
Development an individual as an important
factor in human development

Equilibration - the process of

achieving balance marks
significant development of
an individual
 Other factors involved in the
developmental process are
maturation (biological change),
experience, and the transfer of
attitudes, information, or
customs (for example, a child
learning from what parents
taught him/her.
 J ea n P i a g e t ' s
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
 Cognitive Development

PERIOD
STAGE DESCIPTION

From Birth to
The child learns
Sensorimotor 2 years through sensory
Stage experiences

Knowledge is based on the senses, and the child responds to people and things through reflex
movements like sucking or grasping
An important understanding that should be attained is that an object continues to exist even if it
is no longer seen (object permeance)
 The child may find difficulty understanding that
actions or thinking can be reversed
The child is still unable to focus on several aspects
Cognitive
of a problem or understand cause-and-effect Development
relationships

DESCIPTION
STAGE PERIOD
The child's way of thinking
is toward himself/herself
Pre- From 2 to 7 (egocentric). It is all about
Operational years him/herself. The child thinks
people are just like him/her
Stage in the way they think.

The child continues to develop using mental images and begins to use symbols to
represent that he/she knows (symbolic thought) significantly through language.
However perceptions are limited and understanding is based on concrete objects.
 Lack of conservation
ability

Animism
Egocentric
 Cognitive Development
DESCIPTION

PERIOD The child begins to be more

STAGE logical and able to perform
simple operations, begin to
Concrete 8 to 11 years understand classifications,
Operational and reversibility

Stage
 Cognitive Development

PERIOD DESCIPTION

He/she is able to
Starts to emerge
STAGE analyze problems, and
between 11 to 15
consider different ways
Formal years old
of solving it in a
Operational systematic way
Stage
 Lawrence Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral
Kohlberg Development
(1927 - 1987)
- studied how children
understand what is right
and wrong and how they
develop a sense of morality
Morality - ability to
distinguish right from
wrong and to behave
accongdingly
 2 Conventional
Stage 3 Interpersonal Relationship
Stage 4 Maintaining Social Order
1 Pre-Conventional
Stage 1 Obedience and Punishment
Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange

3 Post-Conventional
Stage 5 Social Contract & Individual
Rights
Stage 6 Universal Principles
 One of the best
known stories of
Kohlberg’s (1958)
concerns a man
called Heinz who
lived somewhere in
Europe.
Preconve ntiona l (AGE 4 - 10) RECOGNITION OF
AUTHORITY WHO GIVES PUNISHMENT

Morality
OR REWARD.
EXAMPLE
Heinz shouldn't steal STAGE 2 – MUTUAL
the drug because he'd BENEFIT “REWARD
go to jail if he got ORIENTATION”
STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT/ caught
Deciding what is right
OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
or wrong is based on
Deciding what is right or
what is rewarded.
wrong is based on what EXAMPLE
action is punished. The child
te al th e
obeys to avoid punishment. Heinz sh o u ld s
e ca u s e h e'd go
drug b
h e go t ca u g ht
to jail if
Conven tional
Morality
Heinz should try steal
the drug because that's
STAGE 3: SOCIAL
A PP RO VA L “GO OD BO Y-
GO OD GIRL OR IEN TA TIO N
Deciding what is right or
wrong is based on what
others approve or
disapprove of.
THERE IS UNDERSTANDING THAT THERE
ARE RULES TO FOLLOW TO BE ACCEPTED
AND TO MAINTAIN ORDER.
EXAMPLE
STAGE4: LAW & ORDER
“AUTHORITY
what a devoted ORIENTATION”
husband would do. Deciding what is right
or wrong based on the
rules that should be
followed.
EXAMPLE
Heinz sh ou ld n ot st e a l
be ca u s e t h at
the drug
be ag a in st t he
would
e h as d u ty to
law and h
uphold the law.
 THERE IS FLEXIBILITY IN ACCEPTING RULES.

Post-Co nvent iona l AN INDIVIDUAL MAY NOT NECESSARILY

ACCEPT OR FOLLOW GIVEN RULES AS HE/

Morality
SHE DEVELOPS HIS/HER OWN PERSONAL
CODE OF ETHICS.
EXAMPLE
Heinz should steal the drug STAGE 6:UNIVERSAL
because his obligation to ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
Deciding what is right or
save his wife's life musta
wrong is based on universal
tale precedence over his
STAGE 5:”SOCIAL principles. One looks into
obligation to respect the
CONTRACT ORIENTATION” one’s conscience, pursues
druggist's property rights. justice and seeks equality at
Deciding what is right or
wrong is based on laws; EXAMPLtE
he drug
all cost.
however, one recognizes that Heinz should ste
al
r so n w a s a
they can change. An even if th e p e
n o t h is w if e . H e
individual acts based on what stranger an d
n ce
w h is c o n sc ie
will be good for the majority must follo
no t le t t he d ru g gist's
and
o n e y o u tw ig h the
desire for m
e o f a h u m an life.
valu
Thank You
See You Next Time