NEW HORIZON PUBLIC SCHOOL

AND PENGUIN KIDS

Academic year: - 2022-23
Name: - Disha Sharma
Roll no: - 25
FOOTBALL

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. Disha Sharma of class XII-D has successfully
completed the physical education investigatory project on football
under the guidance of Ms. Priyanka dashi mam as prescribed by the
CBSE for the academic session 2022-23

Signature of internal examiner Signature of principal

Signature of External Examiner School Stamp

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to y respected Principal
Mr. Anand Bangal of New Horizon Public School, new Panvel for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided for this project work
on football which also encouraged me to do a lot of research work and learn
about new things.
I extend my hearty thanks to my subject teacher Mrs. Priyanka Dashi. I take
this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable
guidance, useful suggestions and constant encouragement, which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and friends who helped
me carry out this project work and thank them for their valuable advice and
support, which I received from them time to time.

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 Index

1. History of football……………………………………………………….………5

2. Rules and regulations………………………………………………………....6

3. Latest rules and regulations……………………………………………..…9

4. Playground and dimensions……………………………………………….11

5. Terminologies related to football……………………………………….12

6. Sports and equipment………………………………………………………..15

7. Important tournaments and venues…………………………………..20

8. Venues…………………………………………………………………………….…25

9. Officials and their duties………………………………………………….…28

10. Sports personalities…………………………………………………………....30

11. Sports injuries and preventions………………………………………....33

12. Specific warm ups and exercises………………………………………...35

13. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..…37

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 History of football:-
Football (or soccer as the game is called some parts of the world) has a long
history. Football in its current form across in England in the middle of the 19 th
century. But alternative versions of the game existed much earlier and are part
of football history.

Early history and predecessors of football:-

 The first known examples of a team game involving a ball, which was
made out of a rock occurred in old Mesoamerican cultures over 3000
years ago. According to the sources, the ball would symbolize the sun
and the captain of the losing team would be sacrificed o the gods.
 The first known ball game which also involved kicking took place in china
in the 3rd and 2nd century BC under the name cuju. Cuju played with a
round ball on an area of a square. It later spread to japan and was
practiced under ceremonial forms.
 Other earlier varieties of ball games had been known from ancient
Greece. The ball was made by shreds of leather filled with hair (the first
documents of balls filled with air are from 7 th century). In ancient Rome,
games with balls were included in the entertainment on the big arenas,
but could occur in the military. It was the roman culture that would
bring football to the British island (Britannica). It is, however, uncertain
in which degree they had developed their own variants.

The game of football takes its form

 The most admitted story tells that the game was developed in England in
the 12th century. In this century, games that resembled football were
played on meadows and roads in England. Besides kicks, the game also
involves punches of the ball with the fist. This early form of football was
also much more rough and violent than the modern way of playing. An
important feature of the forerunners to football was that the games
involved plenty of people and took place over large areas in the towns
(an equivalent was played in Florence from the 16th century where it was
calico). The rampage of these games would cause damage on the town
or sometimes death. These would be among the reasons for the
proclamations against the game that family was forbidden for several

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 centuries. But the football-like games would return to the streets of
London in the 17th century. It would be forbidden again in 1835, but at
this stage the game had been established in public schools.
 It took, however long time there was no clear distinction between
football and rugby. There were also many variations concerning the size
of the ball, the number of players and the length of a match.

Rules and regulations:-

1. FIELD PLAY:-
This is an interest factor with professional soccer. There is some flexibility with
the size of the pitch, even with the professional matches on the world level.
The rules state that the pitch length is required to be between 100 and 130
yards. With the width being between 50 and 100 Yards.
2. SOCCER BALL:-
The law states that the circumference of the soccer ball being used cannot be
greater than 28, and no less than 27. The ball is made from leather r other
similar material. It cannot weigh more than 16oz, or less than 14oz at the kick-
off of each match.
3. NUMBER OF PLAYERS:-
Each team is to field 11 players. With one player being the goal keeper.
Interestingly a match can start with less than 11 players, but not if a team only
has 6 or fewer players.
4. PLAYERS EQUIPMENT:-
Players are shipped with a shirt, shorts, socks and soccer boots. Each team has
their own color kit, and there is a reserve kit with a different color in the event
they clash with the opposition. Players are not permitted to wear anything that
can cause harm to others, like jewelry or extra padding.
5. REFEREE:-
There is always a referee on the field. The referee has full authority to
command and enforce laws during the game. Their decisions are final, and
must be adhered to by the players. There are two assistant referees, and a
forth official. The referee is responsible for checking the player’s equipment,
the ball, and watching the game activity closely.

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6. ASSISTANT REFEREE:-
There are two assistant referees in every match, one on either side of the field.
They call off sides, throw-ins, and fouls. They use a flag the attention of the
referee, discussing and aiding the referee with decisions. Monitoring the goal
and side lines, they flag when the ball goes out of play.
7. MATCH DURATION:-
A professional soccer match is 90 minutes, split into two 45 minutes halves.
The half time break is 15 minutes, only the referee has the authority to change
this. Time will be added to the end of the match to cover injuries,
substitutions, and other stoppages at the discretion of the officials.
8. START AND RESTART OF ANY PLAY:-
There are several instances that play will start and be interrupts. These are:
 Starting a match.
 When a goal is scored.
 At the beginning and end of a half.
 When entering extra time.
 When the referee blows for a foul.

9. BALL GOING IN AND OUT OF PLAY:-

The ball has gone out of the play when the following happens:-
 When it crosses a line on the field parameter.
 When play is stopped by the referee.

10. SCORING GOALS:-

Goals are scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line fully. The goal is
defined by the area between the frames of the goal. This is considering there
has not been a foul called by the referee.
The winning team is the team with the most goals at the final whistle. If the
number of goals is equal, the match is declared a draw.
In some competitions a winner needs to be decided. The outcome can be
decided on a number of factors, such as
 Extra-time added.

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  Penalty shootout.
 Away goals rule.

11. OFFSIDE RULE:-

The offside rule is confusing for new soccer fans. If a player is offside when
they are played the ball, that person cannot be involved in the play.
Players are in an offside position when they are closer to the opposition’s goal
line than the last defending player and the soccer ball. This is applicable when
they are in opposition’s half of the pitch.
12. MISCONDUCT AND FOUL:-
The referee has the authority to stop play for fouls and misconduct by players.
Their decision is final during match, disputes can be raised afterwards.

13. FREE KICKS:-

Free kicks are awarded when fouls are called. They are indirect or direct, and
the ball must always be stationary when the kick is taken. The player taking the
free kick cannot touch ball, again until another player has touched it.

14. PENALTY KICKS:-

When a foul is committed in the marked area a penalty kick is awarded. Before
the penalty kick is taken, the referee must make sure the following is in place.
 The nominated kicker is known.
 The ball is on penalty spot.
 The goal keeper is in position.
 All other field players are outside of penalty area.
15. THROW IN:-
When the ball crosses the touchline and goes out of play, the referee calls a
throw in. the team that did not play the ball out of play take a throw in.

16. GOAL KICK AND CORNER KICK:-

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When the ball crosses the goal line outside of the goal posts a goal kick or
corner is awarded. The attacking team take a corner, while the defending team
take a good kick.

LATEST GENERAL RULES

The latest rule which was seen during the FIFA world cup in Russia was the
VAR.
VAR stands for video assistant referee. Just like in the game of cricket there’s
an option for a third umpire, in football VAR was used for referees to check any
situation before deciding the outcome of it in case where the referees wanted
to double check.
Another new technology in football is the GOAL LINE TECHNOLOGY.
Using this, if the ball crosses the goal line, then automatic indication of it is
shown on the referee’s watch and the goal stands.
VAR (video assistant referee)
VAR stands for video assistant referee. It actually is a team of people who work
together to review certain decisions made by the main referee by watching
video replays of the relevant incidents.
That team is composed of the video assistant referee (who will be a current or
former referee), his assistant had a replay
operator. They are situated in a video operation
room which is essentially a bank of monitors
offering different camera angles. Four types of
decisions can be reviewed using VAR: goals (and
violations in the build-up to them), penalties, red
cards and mistaken identity in awarding a card.
For a decision made on the pitch to be
overturned, it must be a “clear error”. The process for reviewing a decision can
work in two ways; either the referee can request a review after making a
decision or the VAR team can recommend one. In the latter situation, if the
VAR judges that there is the potential for a clear error to have been made, he
or she can notify the referee.

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Goal line technology
In association football, goal-line technology (sometimes referred to as goal
decision system) is the use of electronic aid to determine if a goal has been
scored or not. In detail, it is a method used to determine when the ball has
completely crossed the goal line in between the goal-posts and underneath the
crossbar with the assistance of electronic devices
and at the same time assisting the referee in
awarding a goal or not. The objective of goal-line
technology (GLT) is not to replace the role of the
officials, but rather to support them in their
decision-making. The GLT must provide a clear
indication as to whether the ball has fully crosses
the line, and this information will serve to assist
the referee in making his final decision.

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 PLAYGROUND DIMENSIONS
THE GOAL
The adult soccer goal is 24 feet wide by 8 feet high.
OVERALL FIELD DIMENSIONS
The overall dimensions are 100 yards long and 60 yards wide (also 360 ft 11 in
x 246 ft 1 in, 110 x 75 m)
MIDFIELD LINE
The middle of the field is divided lengthwise by the midfield line.
CENTER CIRCLE
In the center of the field, there is a 10-yard circle which defenders must stay
out at the start of play.
PENALTY AREA (ALSO CALLED THE PENALTY BOX)
A rectangular box, 44 yards wide by 18 yards deep, is centered on the goal.
Fouls committed in this area may be result in penalty kick. Penalty mark is 12
yards from the end line, inside the ‘penalty area’ where ‘penalty kicks’ are
placed.
GOAL AREA
The goal area is the box, boxes 20 yards wide by 6 yards deep inside the
‘penalty area’, also centered on the goal. This box marks the area from which a
goal kick must be placed.
CORNER KICK CIRCLE
A one yard quarter circle
is marked on each corner
of the field, indicating
where a player must place
the ball prior to a corner
kick

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TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO FOOTBALL

 ATTACKER: - a player whose job is to play the ball forward towards the
opponent’s goal area to create a scoring opportunity.
 DEFENDER: - a player whose job is to stop the opposition.
 BACK HILL: - a ball kicked using the back (heel) of the foot.
 BACK PASS: - a pass that a player makes back toward their own goal,
usually made back to the goalkeeper. This is often a defensive move to
restart a new phase of play.
 BALL CARRIER: - the player in possession of the ball.
 BENDING THE BALL: - striking the ball off- center so that it travels in a
curved path, ideally for shots at goal.
 BICYCLE KICK: - a spectacular move in which a player jumps in the air in a
back flip motion, kicking the ball backward over their head. The names
come from sections which mimic their legs moving as if pedaling bicycle.
 Dribble: - Keeping control of the ball while running. A dribble applies to
an attacker taking the ball past an opponent.

 Foot Trap: - A player's use of the bottom or sides of his/her shoe to

control a rolling or low-bouncing ball.
 Foul: - Any illegal play. A violation of the laws for which an official
assesses a free kick.
 Full time: - Full-time is the point of the game when the referee blows
the final whistle and the match is over. Normally after 90 minutes and
any added injury or stoppage time.
 Goal: - When the ball passes completely over the goal line and under
cross bar, one point is scored per goal.
 Goal Line: - The two boundary lines located at each end of the field. The
field boundary running along its width at each end; also called the end
line; runs right across the front of the goal.
 Kick-off: - The kick-off is taken from the centre spot at the start of play at
the beginning of each half and after a goal has been scored. The method
of starting a game or restarting it after each goal.
 Knockout: - A knockout is used to eliminate other teams from a
competition.
 FAR POST: - the goal post farthest from the ball.
 FREE KICK: - a kick awarded to an opposition player when a player has
committed a foul. Free kicks can either be direct or indirect.
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 GOAL KEEPER: - the specialised player who is the last line of defence,
who is allowed to control the ball with his hands when in the goal area.
 HEADER: - using of the head to pass or control the ball.
 INDIRECT FREE KICK: - a free kick awarded to a player from which a goal
may not be scored directly.
 INSWINGER: - a kick that curves in towards the goal.
 MAN TO MAN MARKETING: - a defensive system where defenders are
designated one attacking player to track continuously.
 MIDFIELDIER: - the playing position for players that are responsible for
linking play between attackers and defenders.
 NEAR POST: - the goal post nearest the ball.
 OBSTUCTION: - causing obstruction, which is blocking and opponent
with the body, is penalized by awarding an indirect free kick to the
oppositions.
 OFFSIDE TRAP: - a technique used by defenders to put attacking players
in an offside positions, by moving quickly away from their own goal to
leave attackers offside.
 OFFSIDE: - a player is an offside position if he is nearer to his opponent’s
goal line than both the ball and the second-to-last opponent. This does
not apply if the player is on their half of the field. An indirect free kick is
awarded to the opposing team at the place where the offside occurred.
 ONE-TOUCH PASS: - a pass in which the ball is played on with a player’s
first touch.
 OUT SWINGER: - a kick that swerves away from the goal.
 PENALTY AREA: - the rectangular area in front of the goal in which the
goalkeeper may handle the ball. It is also known as the 18- yard because
of its dimensions.
 PENALTY SPOT: - the marked spot 12 yards from the goal from which a
penalty kick is taken.
 PENALTY: - the soccer field of play.
 RED CARD: - a red card is issued to a player when that player has
committed a serious infraction or has been issued with two yellow card
within the same game. The red card is held up by the referee to signal
that a player is being sent off. The player sent off cannot be replaced.
 REFEREE: - the official who is in charge of the game.
 SHOT: - a kick, header, or any intended deflection of the of the field of
play before making one- footed contact with the ball.
 SLIDING TACKLE: - a tackle in which the defender slides along the
surface of the field of play before making one- footed contact with the
ball.

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 STRIKER: - an attacking player whose job is to finish attacking plays by
scoring a goal.
 SWEEPER: - a defensive player whose job is to roam behind the other
defenders. A sweeper has no specific marking duties and is the last line
of defense before the goalkeeper.
 TACKLE: - to take the ball away from the opponent using the feet.
 THROUGH PASS: - a pass played past defenders into free space to allow
a teammate to run onto the ball.
 THROW-IN: - the ball is thrown in after the ball has crossed the touch
line. A player taking a throw in must have both feet on or behind the
touch line, must maintain contact with the ground, and must use a two-
handed throw made from behind the head. A goal cannot be scored
directly from a throw-in.
 TOE POKE: - use of the toe to strike the ball.
 TOUCH LINE: - the line that defines the outer edge of the longer sides of
the play.
 TRAPPING THE BALL: - controlling the ball with the sole of the foot.
 VOLLEY: - striking the ball in the mid- air with either foot.
 WINGERS: - attackers who play on the wings/ flanks of the field.
 YELLOW CARD: - a yellow card is held up by a referee to signal a caution
for a minor infringement.
 ZONE DEFENCE: - a defensive system where defenders mark a
designated area of the field of play instead of tracking of tracking players
across the field.

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 SPORTS AND EQUIPMENT: -
THE BALL:-
Soccer equipment begins with the ball. The football dates to ancient times.
Sculls, pig’s bladder, and round objects made from animal skins all served to be
kicked in competitive, often violent and even ritualistic ways. Pagan customs
prompted humans to smack a bell around an open field for the promise of a
bountiful harvest, for the ball symbolised the sun.

In the nineteenth century, soccer balls began to be manufactured out of

rubber. Charles Goodyear invented the first vulcanized rubber soccer ball in
1855. Until then, players had to tolerate inconsistencies and unpredictability
of a ball made from pig’s bladder. In 1862, H. J. Lindon created the first
inflatable rubber bladder, making the ball easier to kick and control with
destroying its shape. The English Football Association gave to the ball an
official design complete with shape, measurement and materials from which to
make the ball. The first official soccer ball served the first match between US’s
Oneida Football Club, and a team from the Boston Latin and English schools.
The ball stands today on the Boston Common to commemorate that game.

Size matters when it comes to soccer balls. Shoppers of youth soccer

equipment should take into consideration: generally, players aged 12 and over
use size 5, children aged 8 to 12 use size 4, and younger ones will need size 3.
Regulation balls may be more expensive than others. If it’s a ball that meets
official regulation rules, on it you will find a stamp that indicates FIFA approval,
or shows its official size and weight. Beginners might prefer a softer ball, more
experienced players a harder one.

Continual advances in soccer equipment technology have made soccer balls

lighter and better – performing.

SHOES
Finding the right shoe is an important part of completing your soccer
equipment package. In a few hundred years soccer footwear has gone from a
pair of heavy leather boots made by Cornelius Johnson in 1525 and famously
worn by King Henry Vill, to high – performing lightweight shoes specially
designed for kicking, lifting and manipulating the ball. Having undergone much
change over the centuries, the soccer shoes were first traceable history began
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in the 1800s with the steel – toed work boot. Metal tacks were pounded into
the soles for traction. The Football Association’s 1863 ruling prohibited only
the use of “projecting nails, iron plates,” or plastic made from tree rosin
(“gutta percha”) projecting out of the soles or sides of boots. Eventually, the
slipper shoe called “succus” replaced the heave steel – toed boot, and for once
player’s feet began to look the same. But much progress was on the horizon
for the soccer shoe, as it sought to become more resilient, light weight and less
prone to absorbing moisture. And that would be the work of the next century.
To this day, science and technology have combined to create more superior,
high performing soccer shoes.

A quick tip about finding the bright soccer shoe: unless its well-constructed,
injuries can occur so best to shop around for quality. Take a pair of socks with
you. Soccer shoes “fit like a clove”, that is, snuggly, because your feet may get
blisters if not. Toes should hug the front of the shoe when standing. Advanced
players should use leather cleats; beginning and intermediate players will do
fine with cleats made from synthetic materials.

A word about indoor soccer shoes: to prevent injury, its best to buy a pair of
flat soled shoes, although many outdoor soccer shoes have molded cleats and
can be used indoors.

SHIN GUARDS:
This is a necessity for completing your soccer equipment package. We have all
banged our shins at some time. It’s surprising painful! Safety soccer equipment
such as shin guards become more prominent after soccer rules (laws of the
game – 1863) became a permanent fixture to protect against the brutal forces
that soccer was famous for. Shin guards protect the shin from injury during the
game. Today a wide range of choices are available, so knowing what you or
your youngster needs is essential. Different brands feature different styles and
advantages. Adidas is known as a leader in design and protection, but other
names such as Umbro, are known as comfort, and many people like Estero.
From novice to expert, shin guards are an important piece of safety soccer
equipment.

To get the best fit, make sure the shin guard is appropriate for the age of the
wearer. A shin guard should fit snuggly around the ankle and underneath the
knee, and try them on with socks designed to hold the pad in the place. Its also
a good idea to try them on with cleats or soccer shoes, and wear them to a few
practices to make sure they hold up well during a game. The pan should allow

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free range of motion while arming the shin. When you’re shopping for a shin
guard, know that their size according to the length of the shin. Measuring the
length of the shin from an inch above the ankle to an inch just below the knee
cap should provide the correct size. Something else to keep in mind about
proper fit is to make sure the ankle cup fits snuggly around the ankle. Shin
guards require proper care, and are best maintained by being hand washed.
They are machine washable, and make sure to fasten straps before washing. A
tip: apply talc before wearing them to absorb sweat and if a shin guard cracks,
replace it immediately to prevent injury.

SOCKS:
The main job of socks is to support the shin guards. Staying in place is the most
important element of any good – fitting sock. They should neither slip down,
nor impede circulation. You generally what you paid for, so buy the best pair
your budget can afford.

GOAL KEEPER EQUIPMENT:

You may not have thought about how important a goal keeper is. Without the
goal keeper, there would be no points scored in the game. Some people say
the goal keeper is the reason soccer was invented. So, soccer goalie equipment
is of utmost importance and includes gloves, shirts, shorts, pants, and goal
keeper kit.

GLOVES:

Padded gloves prevent injury resulting from catching the ball. It’s best to
choose a pair that is durable and flexible. Today’s gloves are designed a little
stiff for added protection to the fingers. Parents of children in the goal keeper
position should be looking for a glove that offers maximum protection from
finger injury. And as the game is often played in wet conditions, look for a
durable pair of protective, water resistant gloves. Goal keeper gloves should be
comfortable, good - fitting and offer great grip.

GOAL KEEPER UNIFORMS

SHIRT:

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You might even say the goal keeper is the distinguished member of the team.
His or her shirt is going to look different from that of team mates. Usually, it’s a
different colour and is long – sleeved to prevent injury.

SHORTS:

Goal keeper shorts are generally longer and padded compared to those of
team mates in order to prevent injury. Often goal keepers wear long, padded
pants.

TRAINING EQUIPMENT:

Soccer training equipment for the serious team is a must. Training equipment
can include the soccer ball machine, corner flags, cones, hurdles, balls, and net
design to improve speed agility.

Corner flags come in many choices and styles, such as stakes, spring loaded
bases, hollow plastic bases, or a weighted bases for fields that cannot take
stakes. Know your team’s need. They all have one thing in common: their
height is 5 feet 16 inches or 1.42 meters. Whichever the case for your team it is
important corner flags are well maintained and the best to find a style that will
meet all weather and field conditions.

MARKER CONES:

Marker cones are important as they designate outlying areas of the field.

Other recommended items of training equipment can include spiked pole

bases, and passing arcs, which improve passing techniques, and agility ladders,
and slalom poles to improve a player’s flexibility and speed.

REFEREE EQUIPMENT:

What would a soccer game be without the referee? There was a time when
soccer was played without a referee, or rules for that matter, other than a set
of common rules teams would agree on. The referee was added to the game to
make sure rules and order are followed. A referee’s main duty is to enforce the
laws of the game. Soccer referee equipment includes a whistle, watch, and of
course a uniform.

THE WHISTLE:

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Before the whistle, referee waved a handkerchief in the air to communicate
with players. It wasn’t until the 1870s with the production of the pea whistle
by the ACME whistle company that soccer referees began to signal players
using a high pitched device.it is thought that the first whistle was used in a
match between nothingham forest and Sheffield Norfolk, in 1878 and only
recently added to the laws of the game, whistles today are used to signal the
start, stop, or delay of the play. That, and verbal and body communication, are
important tools of any good soccer referee.

THE UNIFORM:

During soccer’s earliest days, a person donning black and white from head to
heel would have most likely been a referee, simply known as ‘man in black’.
Prior to the mid-20th century, the referee often wore a black blazer, or an
otherwise bright or eye- catching colour, like red, that distinguished him from
his team. The referee uniform has changed little. Today, refs and their
assistants sports a uniform consisting simply of jersey, socks and shorts. FIFA
allows jersey to come in five colours: black, yellow, red, green and blue.
Besides the jersey, refs in most cases must wear black shorts, black socks, with
black shoes.

INDOOR SOCCER EQUIPMENT:

Indoor and outdoor soccer equipment share similarities. The main difference is
that indoor soccer is played in an enclosed is played in an enclosed space, as
opposed to a field. Among other differences, such as goals and boundaries,
generally indoor soccer is faster-paced, has fewer players, and can be more
exciting to watch. Indoor soccer generally uses five to six players, while the
outdoor uses about 11 players per team, depending the league. As for the
indoor arena; its smaller, about 200 feet long by 85 feet wide, whereas the size
of the outdoor field varies but can no larger than 120 meters (394 feet) long by
90 (295 feet) meters wide, as allowed by the U.S. soccer federation.

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IMPORTANT TOURNAMENTS AND VENUES
Tournaments:
1. The FIFA world cup

Often simply called the “world cup”, is the largest international soccer
tournament in the world. Hosted by the federation Internationale de football
Association, or FIFA, it draws in more viewers than the entire Olympic Games.

Inspired by the success of soccer at the Olympic Games, FIFA began its attempt
to organize an international soccer tournament of its own in 1904. It took until
1930 before they pulled it off, hosting the first world cup in Uruguay, with the
home team as the first champions. Since then, excluding the years when World
War II prevented the championship, the world cup has been played every four
years, rising above its early obstacles of the intercontinental conflict to become
the world’s premier football event.

But these intercontinental conflicts aren’t just limited to war. Travel concerns
between teams were also a huge concern. For example, early on many south
American teams didn’t want to travel all the way to Europe, concerns about
international travel costs persist to the present day, especially considering the
already- expensive tickets to the game itself.

2. Olympics soccer

Soccer was first introduced in the Olympic Games in 1908 as an official

competition, with women’s soccer being introduced in 1928. In the early years,
soccer in the Olympics was only played by amateurs and was more for show
than an actual serious competition. But the rising popularity of the sport raised
the skates. To this day, it is one of the most popular, viewed, and followed
sport competitions in the summer Olympics, and the second most in the sport
itself.

3. UEFA champions league

The union of the Europe football Associations Champions league is an annual

continental club football competition played between the top-division
European football clubs. It is one of the most prestigious athletic competitions
in the world and the most prestigious club competition in Europe football. The
league plays all year, with the first qualifying rounds beginning in the middle of
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July and ending with the final championship in late May of the following year.
Real Madrid of Spain is currently the league’s most successful club, having won
the competition a total of ten times.

Since the champion’s league have games running for nearly ninety-percent of
the year, it is easier to attend a game in your own home country (if you’re
European) than it would be for the FIFA world cup or the Olympics. But since
Champions league is the most prestigious in European, football, and tickets are
still expensive and sell fast, making them hard to come by, so be prepared and
plan and buy in advance.

Europe is the second only to the Americans in its passion for and popularity of
football, and is arguably their equal in talent. That means the cream of the
crop in Europe is playing in the UEFA champions league, and these games
determine the best of the best in one of the best places for football in the
world.

4. UEFA European league championship

Simply called the “the euros”, the UEFA European championship is the
primary football competition between the senior men’s national teams of
the UEFA’s member countries. Originally called the UEFA European
nationals cup, this championship determines the continental champion of
Europe. It is held every four even-numbered years, from second week of
June to the second week of July, between the world cup tournaments so as
to not cause any overlap or conflict. The European championship can be co-
hosted by two neighboring qualified European countries. The championship
winner have added bonus of earning the opportunity to compete in the
FIFA confederations cup.

5. COPA AMERICA

Copa America is an international men’s association football tournament

based in the Americans, which is arguably the most passionate and popular
place for football in the world long with Europe. 2016 marks the centennial
celebration of the Copa America championship and also its first time being
hosted outside of South America in its one-hundred-year-long history, in
the United States. Although soccer is not nearly as popular in the United
States compared to Latin America and Europe, hosting the Copa America in
the United States boosts its identity as an international though still
especially American tournament.

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Ticket must be purchased a year in advance and travel arrangements made
as soon as the new hosting country is announced, which is typically two
years before the next cup or a year after the previous cup.

The Copa America is special because it is the oldest international

continental football competition in the history of the sport and is the most
prestigious football competition in the Americas, which is one of the best
places for the sport in the world.

6) COPA LIBERTADORES

The Copa Libertadores de America is an annual international club football

competition in South America. It is one of the most prestigious football club
competitions in the world and the most prestigious club competition in
Latin American football. It includes thirty-eight teams from eleven
associations from around the world. It is hosted every year in a different
Latin American country, with rounds happening for the majority of the
yearlong season and the final championship happening sometime in the
middle of May. The winning team of the Copa Libertadores is qualified to
play in the FIFA World Cup Championship.

Named after the Libertadores, the main leaders of the South American wars
for independence, the cup was founded in 1960. Since it is such a
prestigious event, tickets are incredibly hard to come by, as they are
expensive and sell quickly, but games happen on an annual rather than a
quarter-annual basis, making the chances of attending at least one game
more likely and giving you plenty of chances to go or plan in advance. It is
easier to go if you live in Latin America but since it is an international
tournament, it is possible to make travel arrangements in advance of the
final championship from wherever you live.

7) UEFA-EUROPA LEAGUE

Previously simply called the UEFA Europa League is an annual football

association club competition organized by the UEFA. Founded in 1971,
regional European football clubs can qualify for the competition based on
their performance in their national leagues and club competitons. It is held
annually with games happening all year round, with the final championship
hosted by a different member European country sometime during early
july. Tickets must be purchased and travel arrangements made several
months in advance of the final championship, or a week in advance of a

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regular game. The UEFA Europa League is special because it is one of the
most important and popular football tournaments in Europe, with winners
being qualified for higher-ranking UEFA competitions like the Champions
League or the European Championship.

8) AFRICA CUP OF NATIONS

Also referred to as CAN or AFCON, the Africa Cup of Nations is the main
international football association competition in Africa, which, like Latin
America and Europe, is one of the most important and popular places for
soccer/football in the world. The Africa Cup of Nations was founded in 1957
and is sanctioned by the Confederation of African Football, or CAF. Since
1968, it has been held every two years in June in a different African city,
with winners being qualified for the FIFA World Cup championship. If you
don’t live in Africa but want to attend, tickets must be purchased and travel
arrangements made a year in advance. The Africa Cup of Nations is special
and unique because it is the most important football competition on the
continent.

9) FA CUP

The Football Association Challenge Cup, or the FA Cup, is an annual

knockout football association competition between English men’s football
teams. Unlike other prestigious or premier global soccer/football games,
the FA Cup is exclusively English and follows the straight-knockout format
rather than a multiple-round format. First played in 1871, it is the world’s
oldest association football competition and is organized by the Football
Association, England’s primary football association. It is held every year in
the month of June in a different English city. Tickets are still expensive but
easier to come by, since the games are annual. If you live outside of
England, however, travel arrangements must be made several weeks to a
few months in advance. The FA Cup is special and unique because it is the
world’s oldest football competition.

10) CONFEDERATIONS CUP

The FIFA Confederations Cup is an international football association

tournament for national teams. Founded in 1903, the Confederations Cup is
held every four years from late June to early July in the same country that is
hosting the World Cup that year, as the Confederations Cup acts as a
prelude to the FIFA World Cup. Since this is an important event leading up

23
to the even bigger World Cup, tickets are extremely hard to come by but
can be purchased in travel packages through the FIFA website. Plan and
make arrangements a couple years in advance and act fast when
purchasing, as they sell out quickly. The Confederations Cup is special
because it acts as a prelude to the World Cup, carrying some of its symbolic
significance for peace, unity and diversity.

11) COPA DEL REY

Finally, the Copa Del Rey is an annual football competition for Spanish
football teams. Out of all the European countries, Spain is one of the most
passionate and talented countries for football, having broken records for
various European and international football championships for the most
wins. Founded in 1903, and held every year in a different Spanish city
during the month of June, it is the oldest Spanish football competition.
Winners of the Copa Del Rey qualify for the more prestigious UEFA Europa
League and UEFA Champions League. Tickets and travel arrangements must
be planned and purchased several weeks to a few months in advance of the
competition. What makes the Copa Del Rey special is that it is the oldest
football competition in a country where football reigns supreme, and
features the best players in not just Spanish but European and international
football as well.

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 VENUES
1. FNB STADIUM

South African national team and Kaiser chiefs- Johannesburg, South African
capacity: 94,736

2. ESTADIO ANTONIO VESPUCIO LIBERTI

Argentine national team and river plate- Buenos Aires, Argentina
Capacity: 67,664

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3. MARCANA STADIUM

Flamingo and Fluminese- Rio de Janeiro, brazil

Capacity: 78,838

4. SAN SIRO
A.C. Milan and internationale- Milan, Italy
Capacity: 80,018

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5. ALIANZ ARENA
Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich- Munich, Germany
Capacity: 75,024

6. VOLGOGRAD ARENA
The Volgograd Arena is a football stadium in Volgograd, Russia. The stadium
was one of the venues for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Capacity: 45,568

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 OFFICIAL AND THEIR DUTIES
THE REFEREE:
The referee is the most important of the four officials on the pitch. Only he
carries a whistle and he uses it to signal the start the start and stops of play.
Those include kick-off, half-time, full-time, goals, and fouls.
In the event of a foul, the referee can blow his whistle to award a free kick – or
a penalty kick if it happens to occur inside the penalty area – and penalize the
player who committed it. A referee’s first recourse is usually a stern verbal
warning.
But beyond that, the referee can show the player a yellow card and take his
name- this frequently known as “booking” because the referee writes the
name down in a little book, a player who receives two yellow cards in a game is
sent off and his team will have to continue with one fewer player on the pitch.
Besides the yellow card, the referee also carries a red card which he can use to
punish especially serious infractions. The red card mean an immediate
dismissal. The referee also has the power to dismiss a manager from the side-
line.

THE LINESMEN:
There are two linesmen in an officiating crew, each assigned to one half of the
field. As their name indicates, they patrol the length of the touchline between
the halfway line and one goal line. They each carry a brightly-coloured flag and
use it to signal when the ball has left the pitch either for a throw-in, a goal kick,
or corner kick.
Linesmen will also wave their flags to catch the referee’s attention if they
believe they have spotted a foul.
Finally, it is also the linesman’s responsibility to signal when an attacking player
is in an offside position by raising his flag. In order to have the best possible
view to make that call, the linesman stays level with the last defender of the
team in his half of the field at all time. You can read more about the offside
rule.
No matter what, however, a linesman’s call does not take effect unless the
referee blows the whistle.

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THE FOURTH OFFICIAL:
The fourth official, positioned on the touchline between the two opposing
benches has three primary functions. First, he keeps track of all the stoppages
during the game. And at the end of each half, he informs the players how
much time will be added on to make up for them by flashing a number on a
board.
The fourth officials also in charge of verifying substitutions. He check a
substitute’s equipment before recording the change and posting the numbers
of the players involved on the board.
Finally, the fourth official is also the manager’s primary liaison to the referee.
All too often, they bear the brunt of a manager’s dissatisfaction with the
referee’s decisions.

A FIFTH OFFICIAL?
There is a vocal movement inside soccer to include in-game replays in order to
guarantee the currency of those refereeing decisions that turn matches- was a
player offside when he scored, did the ball cross the line, did the foul really
merit a penalty.
Some of the plans for introducing video replays call for adding a fifth official,
stationed in a booth above the field, to review every consisted decision. But so
far, soccer’s world governing body has been reluctant to move in that
direction.

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 SPORTS PERSONALITIES

MARC-ANDRE TER STEGEN:

Born 30 April 1992) is a German
professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper
for La Liga club Barcelona and the Germany national
team. Known for his reflexes, passing, and ball-playing
ability.
He won the treble in his first season in Spain, playing
for Barcelona in Copa Del Rey and UEFA Champions
League.
Ter Stegen represented Germany at several youth
levels and made his senior international debut in 2012.
He was part of the German squads that reached the
semi-finals of UEFA Euro 2016 and won the 2017 FIFA
Confederations Cup, and was also a member of the
German side that took part at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

ROBERT LEWANDOWSKI:
 Born 21 August 1988) is a Polish
professional footballer who plays as a striker for La
Liga club Barcelona and captains the Poland national
team.
Lewandowski is considered one of the best strikers of
all time, as well as one of the most successful players
in Bundesliga history. He has scored over 600 senior
career goals for club and country.
He won honours including two consecutive Bundesliga
titles and the league's top goal scorer award. In
Munich, he has won the Bundesliga title in each of his
first eight seasons. Lewandowski was integral in
Bayern's UEFA Champions League win in 2019–20 as
part of a treble.

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IKER CASILLAS:
 Born 20 May 1981) is a Spanish retired
professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Casillas is widely considered to be one of the
greatest goalkeepers of all time. He is known for his
athleticism, quick reactions and outstanding shot-
stopping ability. Casillas is one of the few players to
achieve over 1000 professional career matches, and
holds the record for the cleanest sheets in the UEFA
Champions League, as well as for the Spain national
team.
At club level, Casillas started his career with the Real
Madrid youth team, eventually gaining promotion to the main team in 1999,
where he became the youngest goalkeeper to play in the final of the
Champions League, and to win the title, at 19 years and four days.

CRISTIANO RONALDO:
Born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese
professional footballer who plays as
a forward for Premier League club Manchester
United and captains the Portugal national team.
Often considered the best player in the world and
widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all
time, Ronaldo has won five Ballon d'Or awards and
four European Golden Shoes, the most by a European
player. He has won 32 trophies in his career,
including seven league titles, five UEFA Champions
Leagues, and the UEFA European Championship. 
Ronaldo holds the records for
most appearances (183), goals (140), and assists (42)
in the Champions League, goals in the European
Championship (14), international goals (117), and international appearances by
a European (189). He is one of the few players to have made over 1,100
professional career appearances, and has scored over 800 official senior career
goals for club and country.

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LIONEL MESSI:
born 24 June 1987), also known as Leo Messi, is an
Argentine professional footballer who plays as
a forward for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-
Germain and captains the Argentina national team.
Often considered the best player in the world and
widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all
time, Messi has won a record seven Ballon
d'Or awards, a record six European Golden Shoes, and
in 2020 was named to the Ballon d'Or Dream Team.
He had spent his entire professional career
with Barcelona, where he won a club-record 35
trophies, including ten La Liga titles, seven Copa Del
Rey titles and four UEFA Champions Leagues.

NEYMAR:
Neymar da Silva Santos Junior (born 5 February 1992),
known as Neymar, is a Brazilian
professional footballer who plays as
a forward for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and
the Brazil national team. He is considered a versatile
player, being able to play as either a central
striker, second striker, winger or occasionally as
an attacking midfielder. A prolific goal scorer and
renowned playmaker, he is regarded as one of the
best players in the world. Neymar has scored at
least 100 goals for three different clubs, making him
one of three players to achieve this.

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 SPORTS INJURY AND PREVENTION

MAINTAIN FITNESS:
Be sure you are in a good physical condition at the start of soccer season.
During the off- season, stick to a balanced fitness program that incorporates
aerobic exercise, strength training, and flexibility. If you are out of shape at the
start of the season, gradually increase you activity level and slowly build
backup up to higher fitness level.
 Warm up
Always take time to warm up. Research studies show that cold muscles are
more prone to injury. Warm up with jumping jacks, or running or walking in
place for 3 to 5 minutes. Many warm-up includes sport or position-specific
stretches. If your warm-ups includes stretching, he sure to perform them
slowly and gently, holding each stretch for 30 seconds. Ballistic, “bouncing”
stretches are usually not recommended.
 Cool down and stretch
Stretching At the end all practice is too often neglected because of busy
schedules. Stretching can help reduce muscles soreness and keep muscles
long and flexible. Be sure to stretch after each training practice to reduce your
risk of injury.
 Hydrate:
Even mild levels of dehydration can hurt athletic performance. If you have not
had enough fluids, your body will not be able to effectively cool itself through
sweat and evaporation. A general recommendation is to drink 24 ounces of
non- caffeinated fluid 2 hours before exercise. Drinking an additional 8 ounces
of water or sports drink right before exercise is also helpful. While you’re
exercising, break for an 8 Oz Cup of water every 20 minutes.

ENSURE APPROPRIATE EQUIPMENT:

 Where shin guards to help protect your lower legs. Soccer tournament
records show that lower leg injuries are most often caused by

33
 inadequate shin guards. Where shoes with moulded cleats or rubber
soles. Choose with screw-in cleats open are associated with a higher risk
of injury. However, choose with screw-in Please should be warm When
more traction is needed , such as on a wet field with high grass first up
use synthetic, non- absorbent balls on wet playing fields. Leather balls
can become water- logged and every heavy when wet, putting players
at high risk of injury.

ENSURE A SAFE ENVIRONMENT:

 Soccer goals should be well padded and properly secured. Padding the
goal decreases the incidence of head injuries when the goal line and
other team members collide with posts.
 The playing surface must be kept in good condition. Hold on playing
field should be filled, bed sports receded, and debris removed.
 Secure the goals at the end of the play. A simple bicycle lock can change
the goals together and prevent them from tipping over. Unsecured,
unsupervised soccer goals can fall onto children and result in severe
injuries.
 Pay attention to the weather conditions. Thunderstorm, leave the field
and get inside immediately. In hot weather, take sufficient water breaks.
In cold weather, where appropriate clothing including gloves and hats.
Consider shortening practices in severe temperature extremes.
 Do not crawl or sit on goal, or hang from the net. Injuries and deaths
have occurred when goals have fallen onto players.

PREPARE FOR INJURIES:

 Coaches should be knowledgeable about first aid and be able to
administer it for minor injuries, such as special cuts, bruises, or minor
strains and sprains.
 Playing on artificial grass fields make sure to adequately clean any skin
scraps or alterations to reduce the chance of getting infected.
 Be prepared for emergencies. All coaches should have planned to reach
medical personnel for help with more significant injuries such as
concussions, this locations, sprains, abrasions, and fractures.

SAFE RETURN TO PLAY:

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  A player’s symptoms must be completely gone before returning
to play. For example:
1. In case of a joint problem, the player must have no pain, no
swelling, full range of motion, and normal strength.
2. In case of a concussion, the player must have no symptoms
at rest or with exercise, and should be cleared by
appropriate medical provident.

SPECIFIC WARM-UPS AND EXERCISES

WARM-UP FOR FOOTBALL:

 Before performing any exercise, it is important to prepare the body by
performing a warm up. Warming up better prepare the body for sports
performance and can help decreasing the risk of injury. The warm up for
football should be done before each exercise session- whether it be
competition matches, on the pitch training sessions and gym session.
1. 3 laps of soccer pitch at a slow run (including running
sideways/ backwards, lifting knees up and kicking heels
backward).

Example:
 10- Minute stretch involving dynamic and static stretches.
 1 lap of the soccer pitch.
 10 x 20m length run( work from 50% effort sprint to maximal sprint)
 10 zig zag runs (75% efforts).
 Soccer specific drills.
Special considerations:
 The goal keeper has very specific fitness demands. Warmups for the
goalkeeper should concentrate on explosive power and flexibility. Prior
to matches, the goalie will also do a session in the goals to hone their
reflexes.

35
 If there are extended rest periods where the players are not performing,
for example resting on the bench, they may have to go through some of
the procedures again to keep the muscles and joints ready to safely and
consistently perform.

36
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.footballscience.net
 www.complex.com
 https://www.syossetsoccer.org/home/68380
 www.wikipedia.com
 https://www.footballhistory.org
 Saraswati lab manual and physical education- XII

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