02-03 Work Measurement

IE–313
Work Study and Methods Engineering
B.Sc. Industrial Engineering – 5th Semester (2016)

IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Instructor: Zahid Shah
zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk
Module 02 2
Work Measurement
IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

3
02-03
Maynard Operation Sequence
Technique (MOST)

What Will You Learn 4
• Levels of MOST system

• MiniMOST
• Basic MOST
• MaxiMOST
• Three activity sequence models in Basic MOST

• General Move
• Controlled Move
• Tool Use
• Detailed description and use of Basic MOST

Introduction 5
• A high-level predetermined motion time system that is based on MTM
• Uses the same time unit as MTM: the TMU (time measurement unit)
• 1 TMU = 0.00001 hr
• With MOST, analysts can establish standards at least five times faster than
with MTM-1, with little if any sacrifice in accuracy

Levels of MOST System 6
• Similar to MTM, there are three levels of MOST system
1. MiniMOST
• Used for very short and very frequent operations (like MTM-1)
• Consequently, the analysis is very detailed and precise but quite time-consuming
2. Basic MOST
• Level of detail and accuracy in between MiniMOST and MaxiMOST
3. MaxiMOST
• The highest level MOST system
• Used to analyze long, infrequent operations
• Quick and less accurate (like MTM-3)

Basic MOST 7
• The focus of Basic MOST is on work activity involving the movement of

objects
• The underlying premise of Basic MOST is that the movement of objects

consists of a pattern of body motions and actions
• This pattern of body motions and actions is nearly the same for all moves
• Only the details of the pattern differ; depending on the object being moved and
circumstances of the work activity

Basic MOST… 8
• Basic MOST consists of activity sequence models that are concerned

with moving things
• These activity sequence models are collections of basic motion elements

Activity Sequence Models in Basic 9
MOST
• There are three activity sequence models in Basic MOST
• Each model consists of a standard sequence of actions
1. General Move
2. Controlled Move
3. Tool Use

Activity Sequence Models in Basic 10
MOST…
• General Move: This sequence model is used when an object is moved
freely through space from one location to the next
• e.g. picking something up from the floor and placing it on a table
• Controlled Move: This sequence model is used when

• An object is moved while it remains in contact with a surface e.g. sliding the object
along the surface or
• The object is attached to some other object during its movement e.g. moving a lever
on a machine
• Tool Use: This sequence model applies to the use of a hand tool
• e.g. a hammer or screwdriver

11
Basic MOST activities and subactivities.

Assign index value based on complexity.
General Move 12
• Get means reaching some distance with hands, perhaps with body motion or steps, for
an object and gaining manual control of the object. It uses three of the subactivities, A,
B, and G, to define this phase of the general move
• Put is moving the object some distance to new location (A), perhaps with body
motion (B), and placing the object at a specified location (P)
• Return means walking back some distance to the workstation (A)

• This is not meant for the hands and if the operator remains at the workstation, there is no
return

General Move… 13
• General Move sequence is applicable when an object is moved through the air from one
location to another
• There are four parameters (actions) in General Move, symbolized by letters of the
alphabet:
A – Action distance, usually horizontal.

• This parameter is used to describe movements of the fingers, hands, or
feet (e.g., walking).
• The movement can be performed either loaded or unloaded.
B – Body motion, usually vertical.

• This parameter defines vertical body motions and actions (e.g., sitting,
standing up).

General Move… 14
G – Gain control.
• This parameter is used for any manual actions involving the fingers, hands,
or feet to gain physical control of one or more objects.
• It is closely related to the grasp motion element in MTM e.g., grasp the
object.
P – Placement.
• The placement parameter is used to describe the action involved to lay
aside, position, orient, or align an object after it has been moved to the new
location e.g., position the object

General Move… 15
• These parameters occur in the following standard sequence in the General Move:
A B G A B P A
Action Body Grasp Action Body Placement Action
distance motion distance motion distance
• The first three parameters (A B G) represent basic motions to get an

object.
• The next three parameters (A B P) represent motion to put or move the

object to a new location.
• The final parameter (A) applies to any motions at the end of the sequence,
such as return to original position.

General Move… 16
• Each parameter is assigned a numerical value in the form of a subscript or index
number
• The index number represents the time to accomplish that action
• The value of the index number depends on

• The type of action
• Its motion content
• Conditions under which it is performed
There are the basic 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, and 16 index values with larger ones for more
complicated actions
• The time for the sequence model is determined by summing the index values for
all parameters and multiplying by 10 to obtain the total TMUs

17

18
General move subactitivities

General Move – Example 19
• Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time for the following work activity:
• A worker walks 5 steps, picks up a small part from the floor, returns to his original
position, and places the part on his work table.
• Referring to the table, the indexed activity sequence model for this work activity is:
A10 B6 G1 A10 B0 P1 A0
Where
A10 = walk 5 steps B6 = bend and arise G1 = gain control of light A10 = walk back to
part original position
B0 = no body motion P1 = lay aside part on table A0 = no motion
The sum of index values = 10 + 6 + 1 + 10 + 0 + 1 + 0 = 28

Multiplying by 10, we have 280 TMUs = ……………. seconds

General Move – Example 20
 About 50 percent of manual work occurs as general moves.

Controlled Move 21
• The Controlled Move sequence model is used when an object is moved

through a path that is somewhat constrained
• The object cannot be moved freely through the air
• This situation arises when
• An object is slid across a surface or
• When the object is attached to something else and it can be moved only through a
controlled path
• e.g., the operation of machinery where the move involves a lever, crank, switch button etc.
attached to the machine

Controlled Move… 22
• The parameters in the Controlled Move include the A, B, and G parameters from the
General Move. In addition, three new parameters are introduces:
M – Move, controlled.
• This parameter is used to describe any manual body motions required to move
an object over a controlled path.
X – Process time.
• Since the Controlled Move can include the operation of machinery, there is
often a process time associated with the machinery (e.g., time to turn the
workpiece on a lathe).
• No manual motions are included in this parameter.
I – Align.
• This parameter is used when manual motions are performed at the end of the
controlled move to align objects.

Controlled Move… 23
• These parameters occur in the following standard sequence in the Controlled Move:
A B G M X I A
Action Body Grasp Move, Process Align Action
distance motion controlled time distance
• The first three parameters (A B G) are the basic motions to get an object.
• The next three parameters (M X I) represent moving or actuating the object

followed by a process time and alignment.
• Final parameter (A) provides for a possible return at the end of the sequence.

24
 There are the basic 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, and 16 index values with larger ones for more
complicated actions
25
Controlled move subactivities.

Controlled Move – Example 01 26
• Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time for
the following work activity:
• A worker takes 2 steps, grasps the waist-level feed lever on the

lathe, pulls up the lever approximately 15 cm to engage the feed.
The process time to turn the part is 25 sec. There is no alignment
and no action by the worker at the end of the process time.

Controlled Move – Example 01… 27
• The indexed activity sequence model for this work activity is:
A3 B0 G1 M1 X70 I0 A0
Where
A3 = take 2 steps B0 = no body motion G1 = gain control of M1 = pull the lever
lever up 15 cm
X70 = process time I0 = no alignment A0 = no motion
of 25 sec.
(The 25 sec process time is multiplied by 2.78 to obtain a value of 69.5 for the X parameter; round up
to 70).
• The sum of the index values = 3 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 70 + 0 + 0 = 75
• Multiplying by 10, we have 750 TMUs = …………… sec

Controlled Move – Example 02 28

Tool and Equipment Use 29
• The Tool Use sequence model applies to the variety of work situations that involve the use
of a hand tool
• Has five phases of subactivities
1. Get tool,
2. Put tool in place for use,
3. Use the tool,
4. Put the tool aside, and
5. Return to workplace (if needed).

Tool and Equipment Use… 30
• The hand tools covered by this model include
• Screwdrivers
• Ratchets
• Hammers
• Scissors
• Knives
• Wrenches
• Common measuring instruments
• The sequence model also covers

• Writing
• Marking
• Reading
• Thinking
• inspecting

• The parameters in the Tool Use sequence include

• A, B, G, and P as they were used in the General Move and Controlled Move
• Only one new parameter is included in Tool Use: the specific action that applies to the
tool being used in the activity sequence
• The possible parameters include the following:
• F – Fasten
• L – Loosen
• C – Cut
• S – Surface treat
• M – Measure
• R – Record
• T – Think

F – Fasten.
• This parameter is used to describe any fastening motion that is
performed with the fingers, hand, or a tool such as a screwdriver or
wrench.
L – Loosen.
• This parameter is similar to Fasten, except the objective is to unfasten
or disassemble an object.
C – Cut.
• This parameter describes the manual actions required to slice, slit, or
otherwise separate an object.
• Common tools for cutting include knives, scissors, and pliers.
S – Surface treat.
• This parameter is used for applying a coating to the surface of an object
(e.g., using a brush) or to remove a material from the surface (e.g.,
wiping the surface).
Only one of these 7 parameters is included in the standard sequence for the Tool Use
activity sequence model.
M – Measure.
• The use of measuring instruments (e.g., linear scales, calipers,
micrometers) or gauges is modeled by this parameter.
R – Record.
• The manual action involving the use of a pen, pencil, or other marking
tool to record data are covered by this parameter.
T – Think.
• This parameter models visual and mental activities required to read or
inspect an object.

• The placement of the Tool Use parameter in the sequence model is

indicated by the asterisk ( * ) as shown below:
ABG ABP * ABP A
• The first three parameters (A B G) are the motions to get the tool.
• The next three parameters (A B P) put or place the tool into position.
• * Is the tool use code (F, L, C, S, M, R, or T).
• The next three parameters (A B P) put the tool aside.
• The final parameter (A) is to provide for the worker to return to some
previous position.

35

36

Tool Use – Example 01 37


• Develop the activity sequence model and determine the normal time for
the following work activity:
• A worker picks up a screw from his workplace, position it into a
threaded hole, and turns it three spins with his fingers. He then
picks up a screwdriver from the worktable, positions it on the
head of the screw, fastens the screw with six turns, and lays the
screwdriver aside.

Tool Use – Example 03… 40
• The solution requires two activity sequence models, corresponding to the

two sentences of the work description. The first model is developed as
follows:
A1 B0 G1 A1 B0 P3 F6 A0 B0 P0 A0
• Where A1 B0 G1 = pick up screw from worktable

A1 B0 P3 = position screw into threaded hole
F6 = turn screw three spins with fingers
A0 B0 P0 A0 = no motion

Tool Use – Example 03… 41
• The second activity sequence model is the following:
A1 B0 G1 A1 B0 P3 F10 A1 B0 P1 A0
• Where
A1 B0 G1 = pick up screwdriver from worktable
A1 B0 P3 = position screwdriver on screw head
F10 = turn screwdriver six turns
A1 B0 P1 = lay screwdriver aside
A0 = no motion
• The sum of the index values is 12 for the first model, and 18 for the second, a total of 30.
• Multiplying by 10, we have 300 TMUs = 10.8 sec

42
BasicMOST calculation form

43
MOST analysis of flashlight

assembly.

General Rules to Use Basic MOST 44
Each activity sequence is fixed; i.e., no letter may be added or omitted
Index values are fixed as given; i.e., there is no interpolation; round up if

necessary
There may be some adjustments for the amount of simultaneous activity

(similar to MTM)

Advantages of Using PMTS 45
Compared to other work measurement techniques, all PMTS claim the following
advantages:
• There is no need to actually observe the operation running. This means the estimation of
time can be made even before the job is actually done
• This feature is very useful in production planning, forecasting, equipment selection, etc.
• The use of PMTS eliminates the need of troublesome and controversial performance
rating
• A bye-product of the use of PM times is a detailed record of the method of operation
• This is advantageous for installation of method, for instructional purposes, etc.
• The PM times can be usefully employed to establish elemental standard data for setting
time standards on jobs done on various types of machines and equipment

Limitations of Using PMTS 46
• There are two main limitations to the use of PMTS for establishing time
standards
1. Its application to only manual contents of job and
2. The need of trained personnel

• Although PMT system eliminates the use of rating, quite a bit of judgment is
still necessarily exercised at different stages

Elemental Data Method 47
• Standard Elemental Times are derived from a firm’s own historical

time study data
• Over time, a file of accumulated elemental times that are common to many jobs will
be collected
• In time, these standard elemental times can be retrieved from the file, eliminating the
need to go through a new time study to acquire them

Elemental Data Method… 48
Procedure:
1. Analyze the job to identify the standard elements
2. Check the file for elements that have historical times and record them. Use time
studies to obtain others, if necessary
3. Modify the file times if necessary
4. Sum the elemental times to obtain the normal time, and factor in allowances to
obtain the standard time

Recap 49
• Levels of MOST system

• MiniMOST
• Basic MOST
• MaxiMOST
• Three activity sequence models in Basic MOST

• General Move
• Controlled Move
• Tool Use
• Finding normal times using Basic MOST

Thank you for your attention. 50
Any Questions !

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IE–313

Work Study and Methods Engineering

B.Sc. Industrial Engineering – 5th Semester (2016)

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• Levels of MOST system

• Three activity sequence models in Basic MOST

• Detailed description and use of Basic MOST

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• A high-level predetermined motion time system that is based on MTM

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• Similar to MTM, there are three levels of MOST system

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The focus of Basic MOST is on work activity involving the movement of

• The underlying premise of Basic MOST is that the movement of objects

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• Basic MOST consists of activity sequence models that are concerned

• These activity sequence models are collections of basic motion elements

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• Controlled Move: This sequence model is used when

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

Basic MOST activities and subactivities.

• Return means walking back some distance to the workstation (A)

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

A – Action distance, usually horizontal.

B – Body motion, usually vertical.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The first three parameters (A B G) represent basic motions to get an

• The next three parameters (A B P) represent motion to put or move the

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The value of the index number depends on

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

General move subactitivities

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

The sum of index values = 10 + 6 + 1 + 10 + 0 + 1 + 0 = 28

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

 About 50 percent of manual work occurs as general moves.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The Controlled Move sequence model is used when an object is moved

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The next three parameters (M X I) represent moving or actuating the object

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

Controlled move subactivities.

• A worker takes 2 steps, grasps the waist-level feed lever on the

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The sequence model also covers

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The parameters in the Tool Use sequence include

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

• The placement of the Tool Use parameter in the sequence model is

• * Is the tool use code (F, L, C, S, M, R, or T).

• The next three parameters (A B P) put the tool aside.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

IE-313: WS & ME zahid.iqtm@pu.edu.pk IQTM, University of the Punjab, Lahore.