SIMPLE STRESS

PART 1
ENGS 24- MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
PREPARED BY: ENGR. KATHERINE GRACE J. PENA
CONTENT

▪ OBJECTIVES
▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES
▪ COPLANAR LOADINGS
▪ SAMPLE PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVES

► In this chapter we will review some important

principles of statics and show how they are used to
determine the internal resultant loading in a body.
Afterwards the concepts of normal and shear stress
will be introduced, and specific applications of the
analysis and design of members subjected to an
axial load or direct shear will be discussed.
 INTRODUCTION

The three fundamental areas of engineering mechanics are

statics, dynamics and strength of materials.
❖ Statics and dynamics are devoted primarily to the study of
the external effects of forces on rigid bodies.
❖ Strength of materials/mechanics of deformable bodies deals
with the relations between externally applied loads and their
internal effects on bodies. Moreover, the bodies are no
longer assumed to be rigid; the deformations, however
small, are of major interest.
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

Consider a body of arbitrary shape acted upon by

the forces shown in the figure.
In statics , we would start by determining the
resultant of the applied forces to determine whether
or not the body remains at rest. If the resultant is zero
we have static equilibrium-a condition generally
prevailing in structures.
If the resultant is not zero, we may apply inertia
forces to bring about dynamic equilibrium.

In strength of materials, we make an additional

investigation of the internal distribution of the forces.
This is done by passing an exploratory section a-a
through the body and exposing the internal forces
acting on the exploratory section that are necessary
to maintain the equilibrium of either segment.
In general, the internal forces
reduce to a force and ac
couple that, for convenience,
are resolved into components
that are normal and tangent to
the section, as shown in the
figure.

The origin of the reference

axes is always taken at the
centroid which is the key
reference point of the section.
Each component reflects a different effect of the applied
loads on the member and is given a special name as
follows:

Pxx Axial force. This component measures the pulling (or

pushing) action perpendicular to the section. It is often denoted
by P.
Pxy, Pxz Shear forces. These are components of the total
resistance to sliding the portion to one side of the exploratory
section past the other. The resultant of shear force is usually
designated by V, and its components by Vy and Vz to identify
their directions.
Mxx Torque. This component measures the resistance to twisting
the member and is commonly given the symbol T.
Mxy , Mxz Bending moments. These components measure the
resistance to bending the member about the y or z axes and are
often denoted merely by My, Mz
Coplanar Loadings

If the body is subjected to a coplanar

System of forces as shown in the figure.
Then only normal-force, shear-force,
and bending-moment components
will exist at the section as shown in the
figure.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the cantilevered beam
shown in the figure.
SOLUTION:

1. Support Reactions
2. Free-Body Diagram
3. Equations of equilibrium

Ans. Nc = 0
Vc = 540 N
Mc = -1080N.m
EXAMPLE PROBLEM NO.2

The 500-kg engine is suspended

from the crane boom as shown in the figure.
Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section of the boom at point E.
Ans. NE = -9.81 kN
VE = - 2.45 kN
ME = -2.45 kN.m
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the machine
shaft shown in the figure. The shaft is supported by journal bearings at A and B, which only
exert vertical forces on the shaft.
Ans. Nc = 0
Vc = -58.5 kN
Mc = -5.69 kN.m
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at
G of the beam shown in the figure. Each joint is pin connected.
Ans. NG = -62 N
VG = 3150 N
MG = 3150 N.m